THIT K VI MCH VLSI ASIC

p dng cho ngnh K thut My tnh Ti liu tham kho: - ASIC lp trnh c, Tng Vn On, NXB Thng K, 2004 - Thit k h thng VLSI, inh S Hin, NXB HQG TPHCM

- The VLSI Handbook, Wai Kai Chen

Bin son: BM: Web:

Thi nguyn 08/2008

Nguyn Vn Huy KTMT H KTCN Thi Nguyn http://ktmtcn.tk

Slide 1

Thit k vi mch VLSI - ASIC - FPGA

Chng 1 TNG QUAN

1.1. Tm hiu v VLSI 1.2. L do VLSI c chn v pht trin 1.3. ASIC l g? 1.4. FPGA l g? 1.5. Nguyn l lp trnh cho vi mch 1.6. So snh vi lp trnh phn mm

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1.1. Tm hiu v VLSI

SSI (Small Scale Integration Mch tch hp c nh) 1970

Trn mch ch c th cha c t 1 n 10 cng logic (NAND, NOR, .v.v.) Ch yu p dng cho cc bi ton nh nh thit k cc my tnh in t cm tay.

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1.1. Tm hiu v VLSI

VD My tnh cm tay Hnh 1.1 Kch thc chip ln nhng chc nng nh

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1.1. Tm hiu v VLSI

MSI (Medium Scale Integration Mch tch hp c trung bnh).

Ngoi vic tch hp cc cng logic, cc mch cn c m rng tch hp thm cc b m v cc chc nng logic tng ng .

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1.1. Tm hiu v VLSI

LSI (Large Scale Integration Mch tch hp c ln)

c tch hp vi nhiu chc nng logic hn, thm ch c c b vi x l hon chnh trong mt chip.

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1.1. Tm hiu v VLSI

V d chip iu khin mn hnh LCD Hnh 1.2 Kch thc IC gim nhng chc nng ln

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1.1. Tm hiu v VLSI

VLSI(verry large scale integation)

Mi th u c trong mt chp. c cc b x l 64 bt, cc b s hc du phy ng. Trn mt triu transistor ch trn mt ming Silic

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1.1. Tm hiu v VLSI

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1.1. Tm hiu v VLSI

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1.2. L do VLSI c chn v pht trin

Trc y, khi mun thit k mt h thng mch, chng ta phi thit k t nhng IC chun thit k sn s dng cng ngh TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic).

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Hnh 1.3 Mt v d v 1 mch c thit k trn cc IC chun TTL

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1.2. L do VLSI c chn v pht trin

Khi cng ngh CMOS ra i, hng triu transistor c th cha trong mt ming silic nh Cc k s bt u nhn ra li ch ca vic thit k mt IC p ng yu cu c th cho mt h thng thay v phi thit k chng t cc IC chun ring bit.

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1.2. L do VLSI c chn v pht trin

Cc k s s phn tch v thit ra mt IC duy nht gii bi ton , khng cn s chp ni ca nhiu IC khc nhau, gim kh nng li, gim thi gian ch gia cc IC, gi thnh h.

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1.3. ASIC l g?
ASIC vit tt ca: Application-Specific Integrated Circuit L mt IC c thit cho mt mc ch hoc mt h thng c th (Full custom IC ) Thc cht l mt di cc transistor MOS cha c kt ni. Vic kt ni to thnh mch c th phc thuc vo ngi s dng
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1.4. FPGA l g?
FPGA l tp hp cc cell logic lp trnh c ni vi nhau bng ma trn chuyn mch lp trnh c. tr thnh mt mch c th, ma trn chuyn mch s c lp trnh nh tuyn cc tn hiu gia cc khi logic

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1.4. FPGA l g?
Cu trc ca FPGA

Cc khi logic c bn lp trnh c (logic block) H thng mch lin kt lp trnh c Khi vo/ra (IO Pads) Phn t thit k sn khc nh DSP slice, RAM, ROM, nhn vi x l...

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1.4. FPGA l g?
So snh FPGA vi ASIC

Xt cng mt ng dng th thit k trn ASIC t c mc ti u hn thit k trn FPGA FPGA hn ch trong cc tc v c bit FPGA c kh nng ti lp trnh n gin, thit k ng dng d dng nn chi ph v thi gian sn xut gim.

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1.4. FPGA l g?
Cc chip FPGA v ASIC cng vi cc gi phn mm thit k mch thng c cc cng ty thit k sn cho ngi s dng nh Xilinx, Altera. Cc gi phn mm ny tch hp y quy trnh t bt u n ra sn phm, mi thao tc hon ton trong sut vi ngi s dng
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Slide 22

 tng

Thit k

M phng Chy th

Lp trnh ln mch

Phn mm thit k ASIC/FPGA

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1.4. FPGA l g?
ng dng:

X l tn hiu s, hng khng, v tr, quc phng, tin thit k mu ASIC (ASIC prototyping), nhn dng nh, nhn dng ting ni, mt m hc, m hnh phn cng my tnh...

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1.4. FPGA l g?
ng dng:

Do tnh linh ng cao trong qu trnh thit k cho php FPGA gii quyt lp nhng bi ton phc tp m trc kia ch thc hin nh phn mm my tnh Ngoi ra nh mt cng logic ln FPGA c ng dng cho nhng bi ton i hi khi lng tnh ton ln v dng trong cc h thng lm vic theo thi gian thc.
Thit k vi mch VLSI - ASIC - FPGA

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1.5. NL lp trnh cho vi mch

To cc kt ni hp l gia cc Cell logic hoc gia cc transistor tch hp sn to thnh mch c chc nng theo yu cu.

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1.5. NL lp trnh cho vi mch

C hai cng ngh to lin kt:

1 l tt cc cell hoc transistor c lin kt y vi nhau, khi c lp trnh h thng s ph b cc mi lin kt ch gi li cc lin kt thuc v mch. 2 l tt c cc cell hoc transistor cha c lin kt, h thng lp trnh s to lin kt gia cc cell to thnh mch.

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1.6. So snh lp trnh vi mch v lp trnh phn mm

Tho lun so snh.

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Chng 2: Cng ngh CMOS

Complementary Metal Oxide Silicon (oxit kim loi b) L mt loi vi mch tch hp cao nhng li tiu tn t nng lng.

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Chng 2: Cng ngh CMOS

"complementary" ("b"), v cc vi mch CMOS s dng c hai loi tranzito PMOS v NMOS v. Ti mi thi im ch c mt loi tranzitor trng thi ng (ON).

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Chng 2: Cng ngh CMOS

Cu trc ca p-mos v n-mos

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2.1. Chun mch Transistor MOS

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2.2. Logic CMOS

Cng o:

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2.2. Logic CMOS

Nguyn tc ghep cng CMOS

Nguyn tc mc song song cho logic OR Nguyn tc mc ni tip cho logic AND
Vit hm cho F (dng ba cacno nhm phn t 1) Vit hm cho F (dng ba cacno nhm phn t 0, hoc ly o ca F)
Thit k vi mch VLSI - ASIC - FPGA

Nguyn tc thit k mch CMOS

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2.2. Logic CMOS

Thit k cng AND hai u vo
a F = a.b

f
F = a.b {dng mch ni tip} F = a + b {dng mch song song}

0 0

1 0

1
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1
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2.2. Logic CMOS

Thit k cng AND hai u vo
VDD a

F = a.b b VSS

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Slide 36

2.2. Logic CMOS

Cng NAND 2 u vo:

F = a.b
b

Xy dng: Bng chn l S mch:

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2.2. Logic CMOS

Cng OR 2 u vo:

a
b

F= a+b

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2.2. Logic CMOS

Cng NOR 2 u vo:

F= a+b

Xy dng: Bng chn l S mch:

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2.2. Logic CMOS

Bi tp

Thit k mch thc hin hm logic sau s dng phn t c bn CMOS F = a.b.c // phn t and 3 u vo F = a + b + c // phn t or 3 u vo F = a.b.c + a.d + e

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2.2. Logic CMOS

Mch cht:

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2.2. Logic CMOS

Flip-Flop:

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2.2. Cng truyn CMOS

Cng truyn:

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2.2. Cng truyn CMOS

B ghp knh CMOS 2 u vo:

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2.2. Cng truyn CMOS

B ghp knh CMOS 2 u vo:

MUX l phn t c bn to ra cc khi logic trong thit k cho ASIC MUX cn c dng thit k ra cc phn t logic c bn v cc mch logic. (s c chi tit chng 4)

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Chng 3: Cc ASIC lp trnh c

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Lin kt lp trnh c
ASIC/FPGA c cu to t cc phn t hoc cc khi logic c bn. Cc khi ny c lin kt vi nhau mt cch ton din, tc l mi tip im u c lin kt vi nhau Cc lin kt ny s tr nn dn khi khi c lp trnh, gi l antifuse phn cu tr
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Slide 47

3.1. Phn cu tr (antifuse)

Tri ngc vi cu tr, phn cu tr c in tr rt ln, tng ng vi mt mch h.
I=>0 R>>>

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3.1. Phn cu tr (antifuse)

Khi c 1 dng in lp trnh khong 5mA chy qua, phn cu tr s tr ln dn in
I=5mA R

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3.2. RAM tnh

SRAM c th c tao ra bng vic lp trnh ASIC to ra cc phn t nh nh sau:
Q READ or WRITE DATA Q

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3.3. Cng ngh EPROM v EEPROM

Cu trc 1 cell EPROM
Gate 2 GND +Vpp=12V Gate 1

Vi in p lp trnh >12V Vpp p vo drain, cc in t s nhy ln Gate1

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Source

Drain

electrons

Thit k vi mch VLSI - ASIC - FPGA

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3.3. Cng ngh EPROM v EEPROM

Cu trc 1 cell EPROM
Gate 2 GND +Vpp=12V Gate 1

Khi cc in t b by Gate1, transistor tr ln khng dn. Cell EPROM c lp trnh

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Source

Drain

No channel

Thit k vi mch VLSI - ASIC - FPGA

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3.3. Cng ngh EPROM v EEPROM

Cu trc 1 cell EPROM
Gate 2 GND +Vpp=12V Gate 1

Khi cc in t b by Gate1, transistor tr ln khng dn. Cell EPROM c lp trnh

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Source

Drain

No channel

Thit k vi mch VLSI - ASIC - FPGA

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3.3. Cng ngh EPROM v EEPROM

Cu trc 1 cell EPROM
nh sng cc tm Gate 2 GND +Vpp=12V Gate 1

Khi tc ng bi nh sng cc tm, cc in t li tr v nn => transistor tr nn dn EPROM b xa

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Source

Drain

Thit k vi mch VLSI - ASIC - FPGA

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3.3. Cng ngh EPROM v EEPROM

EEPROM cng tng t EPROM ch khc l thay v dng nh sng cc tm xa chip( tc y cc in cc v v tr nn) th loi ny cng c th dng in xa.

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Chng 4 Cell logic ca cc ASIC lp trnh c

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Dn nhp
Cc ASIC hoc cc FPGA u cu to t cc cell logic c bn, c b tr lin tip trn chip. C 3 loi cell c s dng:

Cell da trn b ghp knh Cell da vo bng tm kim Cell da vo mch logic di lp trnh c

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4.1. ACT ca Actel

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4.1.1. Module logic ca ACT 1

Cc cell logic c bn trong h FPGA ACT ca Actel gi l cc cc module logic LM. H ACT 1 ch s dng mt loi LM

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4.1.1. Module logic ca ACT 1

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4.1.1. Module logic ca ACT 1

Cc hm logic s c xy dng thng qua vic kt ni cc tn hiu logic n mt s hoc tt c cc ng vo ca cc module logic. Cc ng cn li s c ni vi VDD hoc GND.

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4.1.1. Module logic ca ACT 1

V d mt hm logic c xy dng t 1 cell logic:

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4.1.2. /L khai trin Shannon

tng ca nh l ny bt ngun t hm logic ca b ghp knh 2 u vo:
F= S.A + S.B
B 0 F A 1

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4.1.2. /L khai trin Shannon

Pht biu:
Mi hm logic F c th c trin khai theo bin A nh sau: F = A.F(A=1) + A.F(A=0) Trong :

F(A=1) l biu din ca F vi A=1 F(A=0) l biu din ca F vi A=0

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4.1.2. /L khai trin Shannon

Vi d: F = A.B + A.B.C + A.B.C = A.(B.C) + A.(B + B.C) Vy mc ch l mi hm F cn phi chuyn v dng F = A.F(A=1) + A.F(A=0). Nhm s dng phn t MUX

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4.1.2. /L khai trin Shannon

Vi d thit k mch s dng ACT 1 cho hm sau: F = A.B + (B.C) + D

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4.1.3. To hm t ACT1
S dng ACT1 to ra cc phn t logic c bn v cc hm logic thng dng

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4.1.3. To hm t ACT1
Bi tp:
1. Thit mch cho cc hm sau s dng ACT1 F1 = a.b.c.d F2 = a+b+c+d F3 = F3 2. Thit k b cng 4 bit s dng ACT1 3. p dng nh l shannon vo MUX gii bi 1 4. Thit mch thc hin hm sau:
F = a + b + a.d + b.d

5. Thit k mch gii m ti a ch 314h

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4.1.4 ACT 2 v ACT 3

(a) The C-Module for combinational logic. (b) The ACT 2 SModule (c) The ACT 3 SModule. (d) The equivalent circuit (without buffering) of the SE (sequential element). (e) The sequential element configured as a positive-edge triggered D flip-flop.

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4.2 Xilinx LCA

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4.2.1 XC3000 CLB

Da vo cc MUX lp trnh c F/G c th dc ni ti X/Y.

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Slide 72

4.2.1 XC3000 CLB

Bng tm kim (LUT Look up table) lp trnh c.

Xt hm F = a.b + c c bng trn l nh sau: a b

GM

F
c

00 01 10 11 0 0 0 1

0
GM

1
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Vi mi t hp u vo a,b,c bt k c c gii m tng ng ti mt trong LUT xc nh gi tr ca hm

Thit k vi mch VLSI - ASIC - FPGA

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4.2.1 XC3000 CLB

0
1 000 001 010

b
c

GM

111

Look up table (EPROM)

Thit k vi mch VLSI - ASIC - FPGA

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4.2.2 XC4000 Logic Block

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4.3 Altera MAX

Phn t chnh ca Altera MAX l cc mng cng lp trnh c Thc cht l dy cc phn t not, and, or c tch hp vi s lng ln v mt IC, v cc hm logic c lp trnh bng vic lin kt cc phn t logic

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4.4 Altera MAX

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Pht trin mt ng dng bng vi mch lp trnh c

Bi ton bm nc Bi ton my git

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