Normality of solutions Normality refers to compounds that have multiple chemical functionalities, such as sulfuric acid, H2SO4: a 1M solution

of H2SO4 will contain only one mole of H2SO4 in 1 liter of solution, but if you titrate the solution with base, say NaOH, you will find that it contains two moles of acid. This is because a single molecule of H2SO4 contains two acidic protons. Thus, a 1M solution of H2SO4 will be 2N. Normality is the number of equivalent weights per liter of the solution. How many milliliters of concentrated sulfuric acid do you need to make 250 mL of a 1 N solution? Grams of compound needed = (N desired)(equivalent mass)(volume in liters desired). Substituting the above numbers into the equation, we get: for H2SO4 grams of compound needed = (1 N)(49)(0.250 liters) = 12.25 grams. A 1 N solution requires 12.25 g of a pure sulfuric acid powder (if one existed) diluted to 250 mL. But the acid is a liquid and it is not one hundred percent pure active sulfuric acid. You will need to calculate what volume of the concentrated acid that contains 12.25 grams of sulfuric acid. The formula for this is: Volume of concentrated acid needed = (grams of acid needed) / (percent concentration x specific gravity) Continuing with the sulfuric acid example, plug into the formula the percent concentration and specific gravity from the label on the acid container. For this example, I am using those values previously mentioned in this article: volume of concentrated acid needed = (12.25 grams)/(0.97 x 1.84) = 6.9 mL If you took 6.9 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid and diluted it to 250 mL, you would have a 1 N H2SO4 solution. Reagen t HCl HNO3 H2SO4 H3PO4 CH3COO H NH3 Approximate % 35 70 96 85 99. 5 72 Sp. Gr 1.18 1.42 1.84 1.69 1.05 0.90 Nor m. 11.3 16 36 41.1 17.4 14.3 Volume for 1L 1N soln. (ml) 89 63 28 23 62 70