Rn luyn k nng t hc cha kha hc tp c hiu qu

PhN I: TM HIU V K NNG T HC

Mc tiu hc tp Ti liu ny nhm gp phn gip cho sinh vin H xy dng k nng hc tp c hiu qu. Sau khi tham kho ti liu ny, SV c kh nng: Pht biu c v tm quan trng ca vic xy dng k nng hc tp c hiu qu. M t v gii thch c nhng ni dung ca vic lp k hoch hc tp, phng php hc SQ3R. K c mt s chin thut, phng php v k thut xy dng k nng hc tp c hiu qu. I/ M u Nhiu sinh vin cho rng ch cn c gng hc l c th t kt qu tt, nhng tht ra, hc H khc vi hc trung hc rt nhiu, v bit cch hc c hiu qu H l mt iu quan trng m c khi cha c ch ng mc. H qu ca phng php hc khng tt l lng ph thi gian, thnh tch hc tp km, thm ch thi rt dn n chn nn, tht vng v bt mn. Hc i vi SV l cuc sng, l tng lai. Vy nn thi gian hc tp v cng qu gi, khng th lng ph c. Do , ngay ngy hm nay, cc bn hy to v pht trin ni mnh mt k nng hc tp c hiu qu. Nhng chin thut, phng php v k thut hc tp c bn c m t trong ti liu ny c c kt t kinh nghim hc tp ca nhng SV gii, xut sc gip cc bn SV tip thu bi v tt hn, t thnh tch hc tp cao hn v ni chung hc tp c hiu qu hn. II/ K nng hc tp c hiu qu 1/ K hoch hc tp: a/ Lp k hoch hc tp l iu cn thit: Trc khi lm bt c chuyn g, nn lp k hoch. Nu khng c k hoch th khng lm ch c thi gian, nht l khi c iu g bt trc xy n. Mt k

hoch hc tp tt cng ging nh chic phao cu h vy. Mi ngi, ty vo nhu cu ca mnh, s lp mt k hoch hc tp ring, k hoch c th thay i khi cn, nhng iu quan trng l phi tun th k hoch ra. b/ K hoch hc tp gip qun l thi gian: Bt c ai cng c 168 gi mi tun, nhng c ngi s dng qu thi gian c hiu qu hn ngi khc. SV c rt nhiu th lm, bn hy lit k tt c cng vic cho tng ngy ( ng, chng din, i li, n ung, kim tin, i chi, tham gia cng tc on th, x hi, th thao) sau , nu bn thy cn t hn 30 gi mi tun t hc th bn hy kim im li xem ti sao mnh ph thi gian nh vy. c/ Hc u: Bn c th hc bt k ni no, mc d r rng c mt s ni thun li hn cho vic hc. Th vin, phng c sch, phng ring l tt nht. Quan trng l ni khng lm phn tn s tp trung ca bn. Cho nn hy lm cho vic la chn ni hc thch hp tr thnh mt phn ca thi quen hc tp ca bn. d/ Khi no nn hc tp: Ni chung ch nn hc lc chng ta thoi mi, minh mn, vo ng khong thi gian ln k hoch hc. Nguyn tc l khng hc trong vng 30 pht sau khi n, v trc khi i ng,khng hc ngn vo gi cht trc khi n lp. e/ Hc cho gi l thuyt: Nu bn hc trc chun b cho gi ln lp, cn c tt c nhng ti liu, cn c trc v ghi ch thch nhng im cha hiu. Nu bn hc sau gi ln lp, cn ch xem li nhng thng tin ghi chp c. f/ Hc cho gi cn pht biu, tr bi ( chng hn gi Ngoi ng): Bn nn dng khong thi gian ngay trc cc gi hc ny luyn tp k nng pht biu vi cc hc vin khc ( nu cn). iu ny s gip bn hon thin k nng pht biu. g/ Sa i k hoch hc tp. ng lo ngi khi phi sa i k hoch. Tht s k hoch ch l cch bn d tnh s dng qu thi gian ca mnh nh th no, cho nn mt khi k hoch khng hiu qu, ta c th sa i n. Nn nh rng, vic lp k hoch l gip bn c thi quen hc tt hn v khi vic lp k hoch s tr nn d dng hn. Bn phi thc mt s tht n gin l tun theo ng k hoch hc tp nh l mt chuyn rt kh lm, trong khi v k hoch l mt vic d lm nht trn th gian ny.

2/ Cc chin thut hc tp c hiu qu. a/ Pht trin k nng t duy: Mi ngi u c k nng t duy, nhng khng phi ai cng dng n mt cch c hiu qu. K nng t duy c hiu qu kh t c ngay nhng c th pht trin dn dn. Ngi c t duy tt s thy c li ra trong khi ngi t duy km ch thy ton ng ct. V th, nu bn khng phi l ngi c t duy tt, hy to cho mnh thi quen t t cu hi trong lc c. Bn cng c th trao i vi cc hc vin khc m bn cho l nhng ngi c t duy tt, hi h xem, lc h thc mc mt vn , hay c mt sng kin g th h lm g. Dn dn bn s thu nhp c nhng kinh nghim qu gi gip mnh c t duy tt hn. b/ Lin h vic hc hin ti vi nhng mc tiu lu di. C sinh vin thch hc ch hc v c nhng sinh vin ngh l vic hc s c ch cho nhng mc tiu lu di hn. Do cn hiu ngng iu mnh hc (mt bi) lng ghp vo bi cnh rng hn (mt chng mt mn hc) nh th no. c/ Hc tp mt cch tch cc. ng hc th ng m hy bin vic hc tp thnh mt qu trnh tch cc. S l tt c nhng iu c c, nghe c bng ngn t ca chnh mnh c ngha hn. d/ Xc nh cch thc hc ph hp nht vi mnh. C nhiu cch phn loi cch thc hc ( learning styles ) : + Nhn, nghe, cm nhn c v s ( Dunn) + Tng tng, phn tch, l gch v hnh ng (Kolb v Mc Carthy) + Cn xc nh cch thc no ph hp nht vi mnh v s dng n cng nhiu cng tt trong lc hc tp tip thu bi. e/ Tp kin nhn: Hc tp l mt qu trnh i hi s u t thi gian, khng nng vi c v tin b cng phi tng bc. f/ S dng nhiu phng php hc tp: hc thuc bi ch cn c li nhiu ln, tuy nhin c nhiu cch lp li: xem li phn ghi chp v lp phiu, lm bi tp, hc nhm Phng php hc ty theo ngi hc, v cng ty theo mn hc. g/ S dng phng php hc SQ3R (survey,question,read, recite, review).

SQ3R l vit tt ca cc t ting Anh survey, question, read,recite,review (quan st, hi, c, tr bi v n tp). Vic c sch gio khoa khng ging nh c mt cun tiu thuyt, t chng u n chng cui m cn phi hiu v ghi nh cc thng tin. SQ3R khng phi l mt phng php c sch gio khoa nhanh hn, m l mt chin thut hc tp tip thu bi nhanh hn, su rng hn, sau gip gim thi gian xem li bi trc khi thi, nh chng ta u t thi gian nhiu hn cho vic hc tp trc . + Survey - Quan st tng th: L nhn tng th v vn m bn sp c trc khi i vo chi tit, cng ging nh bn xem bn trc khi ln ng. Nu bn cha tng bit ni bn cn n, th vic xem bn l iu khng th thiu. Bc ny ch mt khong 5-10 pht nhng rt quan trng v n gip bn tp trung vo chng ang c: o c ta gip no bn bt u tp trung vo ch ca chng . o c phn gii thiu hay tm tt, gip bn thy c chng ph hp vi mc tiu ca tc gi nh th no ng thi cho bn mt ci nhn tng qut v nhng im chnh. o Xem cc tiu nh gip hnh thnh mt khung sn gn cc chi tit c chng. o Quan st cc biu , bn , hnh v v nhng h tr v hnh nh khc. + Question - t cu hi: Nhng vn quan trng m bn cn phi hc thng chnh l cu tr li cho nhng cu hi. Cu hi nn tp trung vo ni dung hc( Ci g, ti sao, bng cch no, ngi no, khi no v u). Trong qu trnh c hay hc, bn nn t t cho mnh nhiu cu hi v sau t tr li. Lm nh vy bn s tip thu ti liu hn v nh cc chi tit d dng hn, v qu trnh ny s li mt du n su sc hn trong k c ca bn. ng ngi ghi li nhng cu hi ln l sch, tp chp hay bt c ni no bn cm thy thun tin. + Read - c : c khng phi l lt mt qua cun sch, m phi ch ng c th tr li cc cu hi bn t t ra, hay thy c, tc gi nu ra. Nn ch cc t in nghing hoc in m v tc gi mun nhn mnh nhng iu ny. Khi c khng c b qua cc bng, th, hnh nh minh ha, v i khi chng c th din t mt no cn r rng hn c on vn. Thng cc chnh c minh ha bng nhiu th d. Khi c bn hy c gng tch cc chi tit ra khi chnh v tuy cc chi tit c th gip hiu chnh hn nhng kh c th nh ht c.

+ Recite - Tr bi : i khi bn cn ngng c nh li nhng tiu chnh, nhng khi nim quan trng cn nm trong cc dng ch in nghing hay in m, ngha ca nhng hnh minh ha. C gng t xy dng li ni dung chnh ca on bn va c bng ngn t v t duy ca ring mnh. Lin h nhng iu mnh va c vi nhng iu bit. thc hin bc ny, bn c th ly tay che phn tr li cho cu hi mnh t t ra v tr li thuc lng. Nu khng tr li c th c li mt ln na on cha cu tr li. Nu bn lp i lp li iu ny trong lc c th bn s nh tt hn. + Review - n tp : n tp gip hon chnh vic t chc t liu hc trong t duy ca mnh v a vo b nh. Chng ta nh l nh c i c li nhiu ln v tr li i tr li li nhiu ln. c li l mt bc quan trng giai on ny. c li nh gi xem mnh c g sau qu trnh hc tp. Trong lc n tp nn xem li nhng iu ghi chp lm sng t nhng im b b xt hay cha hiu. Thi im tt nht n tp bi l ngay sau khi hc, khng nn ch n trc ngy thi mi n li. n li trc ngy thi l ln n tp sau cng. Nu bn phn b thi gian tt nht th y c xem l bc hon chnh kin thc ca mnh i vi ti liu hc tp. Lm th no bt u p dng SQ3R ? Cn phi ln k hoch v bt u sm v phng php SQ3R i hi nhiu thi gian chun b bi. c bi trc khi nghe ging s bin bi ging thnh mt bui n tp v cho php hiu bi su hn, ng thi s xc nh nhng iu kh hiu hi gio vin trong lp hoc sau . h/Khi no nn v khng nn dng phng php SQ3R ? Phng php ny t hiu qu Nu bn ang c mt cun sch gio khoa tp trung vo vic gii quyt vn (v d nh sch ton), hay sch hc ngoi ng. Cn i vi sch ngoi ng th vn s l t vng, cu trc cu v cc th s dng ch khng phi ni dung ca phn ang c. Phng php SQ3R c bit hu ch vi cc li sch cung cp tht nhiu thng tin v bn cn phi nm vng vn su (V d nh sinh hc, tm l, x hi hc). Hng ngn sinh vin theo cc bc hc tp ca phng php SQ3R v t thnh tch cao vi t stress hn.

3/ Mt s k thut hc tp c hiu qu : + c i c li : c li nhng g ghi chp sau bui hc hay trc khi i ng s gip nh bi tt hn. Sau 9 tun, nhng sinh vin xem li bi trong ngy cn nh 75% bi, nhng sinh vin khng lm iu khng nh n 50% sau mt ngy v t hn 25% sau 9 tun. C th c mt ti liu nhiu ln, mi ln vi mt mc tiu khc. Do , trc mi ln c, bn nn xc nh mc tiu ca ln c l g v c theo ng mc tiu . + Nm chnh: Nm c chnh ca tc gi trong mi on vn v hiu n theo cch ring ca mnh l iu ct li ca vic hc c hiu qu. Bn nn to thi quen tm ra chnh cu on dn dn tm lc c c quyn sch. + Trch lc nhng chi tit quan trng : Thng thng mi chnh trong mt bi u c lin quan n mt chi tit quan trng. Nhn din c cng nhiu chi tit quan trng th cng chun b tt cho thi c v lin h c cc tng v kin thc nn tng. Xc nh cng nhiu lin h gia cc chi tit v cc , gia cc vi nhau th hc tp t hiu qu cng cao hn. + ng c to : c to khng gip nh bi tt hn. Bn khng nn c to ln v mp my mi khin vic c b chm li v km hiu qu. Mun b thi quen th nn b ngn tay ln mi. Bn nn c gng tp c nhanh hn v nh nhiu hn. Sau mt thi gian bn s ngc nhin v lm c iu d dng hn. Rn luyn kh nng c nhanh, c su l v cng cn thit, v hy duy tr kh nng ny sut i. + Ghi chp nh th no: Khng th ghi ki tt c nhng g thy gio ni v tc ni l 150-200 ch trong mt pht m kh nng ghi chp ti a l 25 ch trong mt pht. Cho nn ch c th ghi li nhng chnh v b sung sau. Ghi chp l mt kh nng cn c hc v rn luyn m a s mi hc sinh khng c. Phng php ghi chp c coi l Modified outlie : t ta ring co mc. Ghi li sang phi tng chi tit lin quan vi mc.

Dng nhng chm ring cho tng dng. Xung dng cho mi chi tit Cha ch trng nhiu. Cha l tri rng 1/3 chiu ngang t giy. + K thut ghi nhanh : Dng t vit tt. Khng vit nguyn m. Dng ch bt u mt t. Dng k hiu quy c. To nhng t vit tt ring cho mnh nhng trnh thay i. + Ghi chp u. Bn cn lu tr nhng iu ghi chp sao cho hp l v d hc. Nn nh rng ngay c bn cng khng th c c nhng g bn ghi chp th ghi tht v ch. Tt nht l nn lu tr trong mt tp, gm nhiu trang giy ri, c ngn cch gia cc mn hc. Nn to cho mnh thi quen ghi vo tp ghi chp ny. Nu bn qun khng mang theo tp ny th t ra cng phi c mt tp giy ri sn v nhanh chng gn t giy vo vo tp ghi chp . C gng bo qun tp giy ny v n rt d sn rch. + nh du trong sch : Bn nn dng bt d quang thay v gch chn cc on, v kinh nghim cho thy nhng on c nh du bng bt d quang d nh hn. Tuy nhin, khng nn c ri t nhng on quan trng v n t c hiu qu. + Ghi chp ci g . Tm hiu, t cu hi v lng nghe. Ghi chp chnh xc v xc tch l iu cn thit. Bn nn tp thi quen ghi chp nh m t trong phng php SQ3R. V d : Nh khi bn nghe ging, nn hnh thnh cc cu hi trong u. Cng vic ca bn l phi ch tp trung vo cc iu chnh ca bi, chp li v sp xp chng theo ngn t ca mnh. Nu bn thc hin tt bc ny, vic n bi s n gin v hiu qu. + Sp xp nhng iu ghi chp. Tt c nhng g c ghi chp cn c sp xp theo tng mc trn th. Bn c th phn loi, xp cc th theo nhu cu ca mnh.iu quan trng l ghi chnh xc tiu tham kho trn phn u ca th. Dng th ny hc,n bi, t chc thng tin cho cc bi bo co u rt tt. Nu c my tnh th nn sp xp theo tp tin. Mt khi sp xp c cc d liu ny th vic tm kim sa i tht l n gin. Nu bn c my in th c th in bi ra di nhiu hnh thc.

III kt lun Mt s phng php, chin lc v k thut hc tp c trnh by trn gip cc bn sinh vin nng cao hiu qu hc tp gm: - Kim sot thi gian hc bng k hoch hc tp - S dng phng php SQ3R tip thu bi tt hn,c k thut c nhanh hn, ghi chp nhanh v lu gi thng tin ghi chp Tuy nhin, k nng hc tp c hiu qu ch yu da vo ch v quyt tm ca bn thn mun tin b v hc tp tt. Nu bn khng chu c gng v hi sinh th c hng dn bao nhiu cng v ch. Bn chnh l ngi chu trch nhim v vic o to ca mnh v hc c hiu qu c th gip bn lm vic ny tt hn. Cui cng xin c li nhn nh vi cc vinh vin l : Hy hc mt cch thng minh, ng hc mt cch kh s.

PhN II: K NNG T O TO TRONG T HC TING ANH I. By Kinh nghim t hc ting anh
Theo ng Tim Hood, Ph gim c Hi ng Anh, hc ting Anh khng nht thit ch tp trung vo hc ng php v lm bi tp. Ci chnh l phi chn cch hc hp l, i khi nhng cng vic n gin hng ngy cng gip ta luyn tp ting Anh. Di y l kinh nghim sau nhiu nm ging dy Anh vn ca ng. 1. Thch ni ting Anh v thoi mi khi ni Khi s dng ting Anh, bn ng s mc li. Nu bn khng mc li, c ngha l bn khng hc c g. Thng th khi bn s mc nhng li nho nh khi ni ting Anh vi ngi nc ngoi. Nhng iu quan trng l nhng g bn rt ra sau khi mc li. Cng ging nh cc em b s khng th t bc i c nu nh s vp ng. 2. Xc nh xem bn thch hp vi cch hc no Nghin cu gn y cho thy rt nhiu ngi c cch hc ring m mnh yu thch. Nu bn l ngi yu thch hnh nh, bn c th to ra mt mi lin h gia ting Anh v hnh nh v d bn c th xem phim c ph ting Anh, c gng hnh dung mnh ang trong ng cnh cn s dng ting Anh, lin tng cc t cn hc vi cc hnh nh. Nu bn l ngi c s thch nghe, th bn hy nghe

cng nhiu bi ht ting Anh cng tt v xem cc phim ting Anh. Cn nu bn l ngi c u c phn tch, hy dnh nhiu thi gian hc ng php v so snh ting Vit vi ting Anh. D nhin, mt ngi hc ting Anh tt s dnh thi gian cho tt c nhng vic ny. ng tic l trn th gii, rt nhiu ngi vn b dy theo cch truyn thng l ch ch trng vo ng php v nghe. 3. Hc cch ghi nh Bn c th luyn tr nh ca mnh qua rt nhiu sch hng dn. Hu ht tt c cc hc sinh gii ting Anh u rt coi trng vic ny. 4. To ra cho mnh mt mi trng ting Anh Mt doanh nhn thnh t ngi Ty Ban Nha hc ting Anh bng cch dn nhng mu giy vng khp ni trong nh mnh i ti u d l xung bp pha mt tch c ph, vo nh tm co ru hay dng iu khin ti-vi i knh, anh u nhn thy nhng t ghi trn . Khi anh thuc nhng t ny ri, anh thay bng nhng t mi. Bng cch ny, ngy no anh cng hc c khong 10 t, c 7 ngy trong tun. Bn hy tranh th c, nghe v ni ting Anh mi ni, mi lc. 5. Hy ni mng Mt c gi ngi ngoi thnh H Ni. C 3 ln mt tun, c i xe my n mt ni m c c th ni ting Anh vi nhng ngi bn ca mnh ti Anh, c v M. l mt qun c ph Internet c dch v voice chat. Internet mang n nhiu li ch cho ngi hc ngoi ng. Bn c th tm thy rt nhiu website hu dng hc ng php, t vng, pht m v by gi, quan trng hn c l: giao tip. 6. Hc t vng mt cch c h thng Xin bn lu rng hc ting Anh khng ch n thun l hc ng php. Khi giao tip, bn la chn t vng, kt hp chng v to thnh cu biu t kin ca mnh. Khi hc t vng, bn hy b tr s ghi chp ca mnh sao cho hp l. ng lit k mt dy di cc t, ng mi m hy chia s ca bn ra thnh tng mc chng hn:

Ch : shopping, holidays, money vv ng t v danh t i lin k: do your homework, make a cake vv ng t kp: to grow up, to fell off, to look after vv Ng c nh: on the other hand, in my opinion, by the way vv Thnh ng: once in a blue moon, to be over the moon, out of the blue vv Ng c gii t: at night, at the weekend, in March, in 2003 vv.. 7. Bn hy phn khch ln Bn hy khi ng v lm ngay nhng vic bn c th lm ngy hm nay, ng n ngy mai. Hi cn London, ti c mt c bn ngi Thi Lan theo hc nghnh thit k thi trang. C y ni ting Anh rt siu. T khi c 15 tui, c t xc nh mc ch v c m ca mnh l hc ngnh thi trang London. C tm hiu mc im IELTS cn thit c th vo trng m c m c ri bt tay vo hc ting Anh ngay lp tc. n nm 19 tui, ngha l tui c nhn vo hc, th c sn sng mi th. S khi u sm ca c qu l khn ngoan v mt nm sau, khi kho hc kt thc, c tr v Thi Lan th lc bn b c vn ang cn mn hc ting Anh ch thi im i nc ngoi. By gi th c y l mt ngi ni ting Anh thnh tho, c trnh v thnh t.

II. Chia s kinh nghim hc ting Anh thi ly chng ch : TOEFL, IELTS Nghe, ni, c, vit, dch l nhng k nng m hc vin phi luyn tp tht s th mi mong c th t c n mt trnh kh d. C rt nhiu cch hc v ty tng ngi, tng giai on m phng php c thch hp hay khng. Nu chng ta a ra nhng cu hi chung chung, chng ta s nhn c cu tr li tng t. Kt qu l o cy gia ng - khng i n u. Theo kinh nghim ca ti, chng ta c th p dng mt s im cn ch sau, cng vi s kin tr luyn tp hng ngy, bn s tin b v t c kt qu mong mun.

1. Chn mt ngi hng dn chun. 2. T vng: l gc gc pht trin cc k nng nghe, ni, c, vit, dch v sau. Nn phi hc k ngay t u. + Luyn vit: tp vit nhiu dng hng ngy (t nht mi t 5 dng) nh chnh t. + Luyn m: va vit tp - va pht m nhng t ang vit v ngh v ngha, ng cnh trong bi ca t . Lu n phn luyn m, phi chun. Nu sai, chng ta s khng ni chun v nghe chun trong tng lai. + t cu: tp t cu, cng nhiu cng tt vi nhng t mi theo nhng ng cnh tng t trong bi. Nh ngi hng dn chnh sa lun. ng s sai. Nu chng ta t cu nhiu v c sa cha, vn t chng ta mi pht trin v khng s b qun. (T sng - khng cht: Trong t c v nh ht ging v vn cnh nh mi trng sng - t v nc). 3. Ng php: - C v ng php ring v ghi ch nhng hin tng ng php theo s d hiu, d hc, d nh v lu qun. - T t cu theo nhng cu trc ng php v y/c Gv hng dn sa. - Tham kho v lm bi tp ng php trong Practical Grammar (trnh s trung cp; luyn thi i hc ); trong University Grammar, TOEFL, IELTS (trnh nng cao). 4. Luyn c: c nhng on tin, bi c ngn hng ngy. c to, r. Ngng ngh ng nhp. Trong giai on u, khng cn c nhanh. Hy tng tc dn dn. Nhng sau khi trnh trung, cao cp th bt buc phi ch n trng m, ng iu v nhp iu. Trong mt cu cn ch n nhng im nhn trng m chnh. c chun s gip chng ta rt nhiu trong vic nghe chun theo bng hoc i thoi trc tip sau ny. Hy kin nhn luyn tp v luyn tp to nn s hon thin (Practice makes perfect!) - Luyn c hiu: Ti s cp sau. 5. Luyn nghe: Hy tng tng ta ang nghe mt bn tin ting Vit 2 pht trn radio. Sau , hy ghi li nhng ni dung chnh ca bn tin . Nu bn ghi c

70% ni dung chnh: Bn l ngi tuyt vi. Cn nu khng, th khi nghe ting Anh cng vy. ng bun nu bn khng nghe c nhiu. Bn phi luyn tp thi v y l mt s kinh nghim chia s vi bn. Giai on 1: S cp - Trung cp B1: + Nghe c on: 3 ln nm ni dung chnh. B2: + Nghe tng cu mt. Ch n nhng im nhn trng m, ng iu. Ni li theo bng, a n khi no thy nhuyn th thi. B3: + Nghe li c on. Ni li bng ting Anh ni dung chnh ca on va nghe. Giai on 2: Trung cp (intermediate) tr ln. B1: Nghe v chp chnh t. ng thi nhc li theo ng trng m, ng iu, nhp iu. B2: Nghe v ghi li ni dung chnh ca c bi. Giai on 3: Nghe v ni li ni dung chnh ca c on, bi. Giai on 4: Dnh cho chuyn nghip. Tp dch Cabin. C ngha l bng, ngi ni ting Anh v mnh dch ting Vit v ngc li. Lc u chm v sau nhanh dn. III. K nng hc ting Anh hiu qu Hc ngoi ng ni chung v ring v ting Anh, trc ht chng ta nn hiu iu ny: 1. Ngn ng l li ni ch khng phi l ch vit V vy vic u tin, chng ta cn ch tp nghe hiu v ng thi l ni c mt s cu ht sc thng dng v n gin. - Phi luyn nghe lm sao t ti k nng ngi nc ngoi ni l ta c th hiu c, tc l phi bit pht m, nhn ging hay ln xung nhng mc tiu cn thit trong cu, nh vy chng ta mi c th hiu v nghe c.

2. Ngn ng cn l mt tp hp ca thi quen: - Cn phi rn luyn, bt chc v hc thuc nhng cu i thoi trong sch, ng thi tp c ln ting nhng cu mu cho ti khi to c phn ng my mc qua b c ca chng ta mt cch tinh nhu nh chng ta ang ni ting m vy. * iu kin hc ngoi ng thun tin: Mun hc tht tt mn ting Anh, chng ta cn c nhng yu cu sau y: a/ Bng nghe - phim nh (nu c), nhiu sch tham kho (1.) Bng nghe: - Nn chn nhng bng c ging c chun, chnh xc, r rng v hay. ng tng bng no cng ging nhau. Nu c th bn nn nghe qua, chon lc trc khi mua. - C loi bng nghe chm, c loi bng nghe nhanh. D sao bn cng nn lm quen c hai loi bng. Bc u bn nghe bng chm trc, mt khi quen ri thnh tho ri, hy nghe bng nhanh. Bng cch no, min bn nghe c, hiu c l tt. (2.) Phim nh: Trc tin, cho d hiu, d tip thu, bn hy chn nhng cun film ting Anh gm nhng mu chuyn nh, n gin c nhiu t vng thng thng gip bn d hiu. Dn dn bn s s dng nhng b film c vn t phc tp hn i tr hn. (3.) Sch tham kho: C kh nhiu sch nhm cung cp cho yu cu hc ting Anh. Bn nn cn trng khn ngoan trong vic chn sch. - Tm c nhng sch ca tc gi no vit hay. Nn bit mnh mua th loi no, cn cung ng cho bn iu g. nh rng cn nhiu sch tham kho nhng

khng phi b sch no dy ting Anh l mua, ca bt c tc gi no cng khng cn cht lc. C mt s hc vin, h mi ln ra ph gp dng sch vit v ting Anh l mua, bt k l ca ai. C nhng quyn sch h cha c dp c ti mt ln. V vy tha bn, lm nh th ho ra bn qu ph phm khng ng ch. Bn nn cht lc khi mua sch vit v ngoi ng, nhm yu cu quyn sch y s mang li li ch cho bn.

b/ Bi hc: cn phi hc thuc t vng song song vi cc cu mu. Mun thnh tho Anh ng bn khng th thiu nhng yu cu ny l nn hc t vng song song vi cu mu. Hay ni mt cch khc: trong cu mu c lng t vng. V nh vy hiu c cu, bn phi thuc t vng trc . c/ Thi gian hc ting Anh phi nh th no? - Nu bn him hoi thi gian trong ngy, bn c th rt bt thi gian dnh cho mn rn luyn ting Anh. Nhng ngy no bn cng phi c thi gian hc lin tc. V nu mt ngy bn qun hc, vn ting Anh trong u bn s khng nhy na. Hc ting Anh cng ging nh chic xe cn bi du m hng ngy, nu khng n s tr nn r st v kh khi ng. Cng v l ny, mt s ging vin dy mn ngoi ng mt hn cc mn dy khc khi truyn th kin thc cho hc vin, song l iu rt c li cho ging vin, bng qui cch ging dy, i a s ging vin n li kin thc v ngoi ng ca h. VI. Cc bc luyn k nng trong ting Anh 1.Luyn t Ci ln bt u t ci nh. Mun ni c cu chun th phi ni tng t chun. S c ngi ci khy, t th lm sao m sai c. Va ri, c ngi bn ca ti i hc mt lp luyn ni, ng thy c cho c lp c mt cu rt n gin, v d "ecological thinking and ecology protection should go together". Bn ti chc mm lm sao mnh c th c sai mt cu ni n gin n nhng vy. Nhng nhm to, vn sai nh thng, cc bn t pht hin ci sai d mc y l g nh.

Khi luyn t cn ch cc im sau: a. Pht m: (hay m c, khng tnh trng m) ting Anh l th ting khng c quy tc, nhng ci khng c quy tc ca n cng li c quy tc, m ci s quy tc y cng li chng c quy tc g. pht m ng tng t, ta va phi hc thuc, va phi lin tc t duy pht hin v ghi nh cc quy tc n du ca n. Mt vn t vng c coi l ti thiu dng l 5000, th cng vic ca cc bn khng phi l nh u, ti ngh rng bn s phi nh ti thiu c ngn trng hp khc nhau. T nhng ci bt quy tc thng thng nh doubt (dawt), debt (det) cho n nhng th qui thai nh bury ('be:ri) th ta khng c cch no khc l hc vt. b. Trng m: ci ny mi gi l khoai. Sai v pht m th cn chm trc c, v ting Anh a phng thng khng p ng c nhu cu ny, chng hn ting Anh-Latin, h c ch khc g ting Ty Ban Nha. Nhng trng m th phi tuyt i ch . Bn c th pht m sai, thm ch sai tot, nhng nu ng trng m th ngi nghe vn nm bt ngon. Chc l mi ngi u bit, ting Anh cng nh mt s ngn ng phng Ty, ngi ta nghe trng m l chnh. Nu ni ng trng m, th d c ni nh, hay b nhiu (nh nghe qua ng in thoi r, hay trong lc n o) ngi nghe vn c th on ra c mnh nh ni. Mt ln na, luyn trng m t phi luyn word by word, ngha l tng t mt, v vi 5000 t vng th cng vic ca cc bn khng phi l nh. Tuy nhin quy tc trng m th c hm b lng hn. Theo ti, phi mt 3 thng ch rn luyn hng ngy, th bn mi c th thay mu, hay t ra hiu nh c cch pht m cho ci vn t vng chc chn khng phi l nh ca cc bn. Mt s li trng m v pht m thng gp: No hy bt tay vo kim tra vn t ni (speaking vocabulary) ca mnh xem. Hy kh kh bn mnh cun t in, v check cch c ca mnh vi mt vi t ph thng, ri nhn vo phn phin m, xem cc bn pht m v nhn trng m ng n c no. Cc bn pht hin ra ch d sai ca ci cu v d trn kia cha? C rt nhiu im c th sai khi pht m v nhn trng m, nhng c nhng li c bn thng mc nh sau:

a. c nh nhau khi bin trng thi t Mi ngi khi hc ni mt cch t pht thng c tnh t, danh t, ng t (hay bin th) vi cng mt kiu cho n d (cha ni nhng ngi c c bn yu cn khng phn bit c u l tnh, danh, ng). Nhng chng thng bin khc so vi nhau trong cch vit, v t , pht m ln trng m cng khc nhau. Hy dng t in tra cc cp t sau k v trng m ln pht m: export(n)export (v); technology-technological; economy-economic; photographphotography, onservation-conservative.... No cc bn thy mnh khng n cha. Nhng bn no m khng sai nhng t ny l cng l rt tt ri, c c bn v pht m. Bn no m sai nhiu, th phi rt ch trng, bn cm thy con ng ni chun (cha ni l hay) cng khng h d dng, y l mt nguyn nhn c bn ti sao ngi Vit ni sai nhiu. C rt nhiu nguyn tc nh trng m cng nh pht m, ti khng mun ni ngay ra y, v cng mt thi gian, nhng quan trng l ti mun cc bn t tm hiu trong qu trnh thay mu vn t ca mnh. b. Thiu trng m ph Trong mt t di 3-4 m tit tr ln, thng c trn 1 trng m. Ngoi trng m chnh (biu din bi du phy pha trn u, trc trng m) cn c trng m ph (biu din bi du phy pha di chn, trc trng m). V d environmental (in,vairn'mentl). Cc bn cn phi c r c trng m ph ny, cn cc m cn li c th nut i. Quy tc thng thng i vi trng m ph l lun ng cch trng m chnh mt m (trc hoc sau). c. Trng m nhn cha Cc bn t sai trng m t vn thng mc li ny. ni c hay, th trng m chnh cn phi c m lng gp 2-2.5 ln m thng, v c di cng tng t, cn i vi trng m ph th cng phi 1.5-2 ln. Nhiu khi cc m khng phi trng m c th nut (c rt nh trong c hng), nhng phi nhn cc trng m rt r, rt to v di (cha ni l cn phi luyn na). Tm li l phi !

2. Luyn ng v cu (phrases and sentences) Ngay t khi bt u thay mu vn t vng, bn c th bt u vo luyn ni cc ng v cu ngay. Ti gi Ng, hay ng ni, y c ngha l cc cm t trong mt cu m khi ni cn phi ni lin tip. Ng ni c th ging, c th khc vi Ng thng thng trong ng php. V vy, Ng y c th gi l nhp. Trong mt cu c th phn ra nhiu ng. (Ch y l khi nim ca ring ti t ra tin gi, khng c tnh kinh vin, quy tc trn thc t). V d mt cu ni thng thng nh nh sau: Being informed that the examination result is ready, I want to go to school right now.(3) Nu cc bn phi c chm ri, th thng thng cc bn ch gim tc c i (nh kiu quay chm), i vi tng t, tng t mt kiu: Being informed that the examination result is ready, I want to go to school right now. Nhng trn thc t, ngi ta ch gim tc c cc t n i i cht, cn li c chm ri, ta nn phn cu ra thnh cc ng c nhp ngn 2-4 t nh sau: Being informed/ that the examination result/ is ready, I want /to go to school/ right now. Sau khi phn on nh vy, vic c chm s ch yu c thc hin nh vic ngt ngh gia cc Ng. V vy, mun c chm ri bao nhiu, ta ch vic ngh di tng ng by nhiu gia cc ng, ch khng h phi c a ko di tng ch nh thng thng trong ting Vit. Cu trn s c ni chm ri theo phong cch sau: Being informed that the examination result is ready, I want ........to go to school ........right now. Ti sao phi ngh, ni chung l ta c thi gian ngh s ni tip ci g (nh cc c thng dy un li by ln trc khi ni). Cn trong tp ni, th n gin l ta c thi gian chun b cho vic ni tip cc ng tip theo. Vic ngt ngh

ny gip ta khoan thai, trnh hp tp, trnh vic b ni dn dp m vp vp, kh khan. Cc bn c th xem, s thy ngay mnh ni chm kh d dng, v c v kh hay. H h, thc ra nu cc bn nghe CNN, BBC, s thy cc chnh khch (Bill, Bush chng hn) u ni kh chm ri theo phong cch ny. Cc ng ny thng ngt ngh rt hp l trong cu ni, c khi ngh kh lu mc d tc trong mt ng cng khng chm hn bnh thng l my. Vic ngt ngh ny khin cu ni tr nn c NG, c nhp. Mt iu ch na trong cu v d trn, l ngoi ngt nhp, th cc trng m cng cn c nhn mnh v DI hn cc m khc. Trong s cc trng m , li c cc trng m c nhn bt ln so vi cc trng m khc. Ta gi l cc trng m cu. Trng m cu l trng m ca cc t quan trng a m tit hay chnh l t quan trng n m tit. Cu trn thng thng s phi ni nh sau: Being info...rmed that the e..xamina....tion resu..lt is re....ady, I wa....nt ........to g..o to scho....ol ........right no...w. ( di chm biu hin di tng i) Trong cu trn, cc t quan trng l examin(a)tion, w(a)nt, sch(oo)l, n(ow), v n mang li thng tin chnh cho cu. Vic chn trng m cu thc ra tu theo mi ngi ni v tu vo vn cnh m ta nn nhn vo cc m tit khc nhau. Vic nhn trng m t v trng m cu , l mt yu t quan trng gip ta ni khng b nh sng bn, khin tc trong mt ng cng gim ng k. y l iu m to thnh ci gi l NG IU ni. No, gi l lc thc hnh, cc bn hy kim ngay mt trang ting Anh no m bn cho l ph hp v cm sn cy bt ch. Trc ht c lt qua ri dng bt ch ngt nhp cu, ng thi gch chn cc trng m cu. Sau l luyn c, vi cc yu cu sau: - Thong th ni chung - To v r rng - Nhn trng m t (1.5-2 ln di v to hn bnh thng) - Nhn trng m cu (2-2.5 ln so vi bnh thng) - Ngh gia cc ng (tu vo mi ngi, thng thng l khng di 1/3-1/2 giy)

- Dn dn nut cc m tit khng quan trng nh cc qun t (a, an, the); cc gii t (to, in, on, up tr khi ta mun nhn mnh cc qun t ny); v cc m khng phi trng m trong t a m tit. K thut nut m l c nh v lt nhanh, gn nh khng m thot ra khi cung hng. Luyn ht (nht l nhng bi ht c li nhanh th loi Pop Rock) l mt cch rt tt luyn nut m, t b tr cho luyn trng m (v khi cc m thng b nut th nhng m cn li s phi l trng m). Tuy nhin, cng phi lu , khng nhng nhp iu ht khc vi nhp iu ni, m i khi cc m cn b thay i so vi bnh thng ph hp vi bi ht (v d, cc qun t ng nh phi c lt th trong bi ht thnh thong vn c nhn di p ng cc giai iu). (4) Ti liu tham kho: 1. Hnh Hng - Phng php hc Ting Anh - NXB tng hp ng Nai 2. Ngun Internet