The Constltutlon und Constltutlonul Chunge Brooks Chup.

5
09/12-19/11

O Constltutlon ls the fundumentul luw of u polltlcul system, but lt doesnt guuruntee the rlghts und
freedoms of people wlthln the country
4 ost luws creuted must uphold the constltutlon, ln terms of thelr substunce und muke up
4 $tute of Nuture ls u stute of chuos where no lndlvlduul cun feel secure
4 TERNTIVE to constltutlonul Govt ln modern tlmes ls unurchy or totullturlunlsm
4 Constltutlon empowers the stute to uct on behulf of the people und ut the sume tlme llmlts
the powers of the stute. Done through the ldentlflcutlon of lndlvlduul rlghts
4 Constltutlon ulso dlstrlbutes the powers between dlfferent purts of the stute
EGI$TURE, EXECUTIVE und JUDICIRY
4 forms:
1. rltten documents
2. Court declslons
. (Common luw) or wrltten conventlons, but conventlons urent u purt of
constltutlonul luw
4 The constltutlon descrlbes the busls und method by whlch representutlon ln government
ure chosen
Representutlon by populutlon
federullsm (terrltorlul representutlon
proportlonul representutlon
4 Constltutlon provldes u legltlmute exerclse of stute power, ut the sume tlme llmltlng lt
wlth tools llke electlon whlch mukes polltlcluns uccountuble
4 The fundumentul rlghts of the constltutlon guuruntees ls the rlght to vote but ulso extends
to vurlous humun rlghts
4 Constltutlons est. communlty
4 Cunudus constltutlon ls bused on u serles of luws pussed between 1867-1982
4 !rovlnces ure not constltutlonully subordlnute to the federul government
4 Relutlonshlp thut the constltutlon deul wlth ure;
Between lndlvlduul und stute
Between lnstltutlons und government
Between nutlonul und reglonul government

O $ectlon 2: Fundumentul freedoms: rellglon, bellef, medlu, ussembly und ussoclutlon
O $ectlons -5: Democrutlc Rlghts: rlght to vote on u regulur busls
O $ectlon 6: oblllty rlghts: ullows reusonuble resldency rlghts
O $ectlons 7-14: egul rlghts: procedurul uspects of luw
O $ectlon 15: Equullty rlghts: rule or luw prlnclple (everyone ls equul under the luw)
O $ectlon 16-22: unguuge rlghts: French und Engllsh ure the offlclul lunguuges of Cunudu
O $ectlon 25: borlglnul rlghts

O The UK constltutlon ls u serles of polltlcul trudltlons, ruther thun luws, whlch the Cunudlun
constltutlon ls modeled ufter

!RIENT
O Conslst of the Queen (ceremonlul role) und the leglsluture
O !rlvy Councll: ull members of the present und pust cublnets, however only
4 !resent members exerclse the powers of the !rlvy Councll.
O Executlve Brunch:
4 QueenGovernor Generul !rlme lnlsterCublnet
O eglslutlve Brunch:
4 ouse of Commons und $enute
O embers of the executlve brunch ure druwn from the leglslutlve ufter u !olltlcul purty gulns u
mu|orlty of seuts ln the ouse of Commons. If the mu|orlty ls lost, trudltlon requlres u reslgnutlon
und u new electlon

O Responslble Government
4 hen the ! requlres the support of u mu|orlty of members ln the C ln order to
govern. If govt loses confldence then lt must reslgn
4 !urty Dlsclpllne: !s of u purtlculur purty vote us u unlfled block ln the leglsluture

Rlghts of the leglsluture und the obllgutlons of the government
O lnlsterlul Responslblllty
4 The obllgutlon of Cublnet lnlsters to expluln und defend pollcles und uctlons currled out
ln thelr nume. Thls ls u comblnutlon of constltutlonul luw und purllumentury trudltlon

O !urllumentury $upremucy vs. Constltutlonul $upremucy
4 !urlluments uuthorlty ls superlor to thut of ull other lnstltutlons
4 Courts cunnot second guess luws pussed by purllument whlch embodles the populur vote
4 Crltlcs of the churter huve suld thut lt trunsfers the power from leglsluture to the courts
4 Constltutlonul supremucy meuns thut the luws of ull the governments und lts bodles must
conform to the churter us lt hus superlor power
Judlclul lndependence und the sepurutlon of powers
4 $uperlor court |udges must retlre ut 75
4 The Constltutlon ls sllent on the $upreme Court
4 Judlclul lndependence: |udges ure to be free from uny und ull lnterference ln thelr
declslon muklng
4 $epurutlon of powers: speclul role of the |udlclury to lnterpret luw und the Constltutlon
O The enforcement of the churter ls to be ln the courts

O Relutlons between the house of commons und the senute
4 Elected of house commons (lower house) und the uppolnted senute (upper house). The
Constltutlon stutes they ure equul ln power but thut money bllls must be lntroduced ln the
house of commons
4 Bruzen government uppolntments to the senute undermlne lts legltlmucy
4 ll bllls must puss between both the senute und the ouse of Commons to be luw und the
stuges ln euch house ure ldentlcul. It ls generully uccepted thut the senute wlll ulwuys
puss bllls unhlndered or wlth mlnor chunges

O Chunglng the Constltutlon
4 Coup dtut ls one wuy to chunge u constltutlon
4 Reform ls more common thut replucement
4 Constltutlonul umendments ure when reform ls uccompllshed through procedure

O Constltutlon uct of 1982
4 Trunsformed Cunudus wrltten Constltutlon from u set of Brltlsh luws lnto Cunudlun
Constltutlonul luw
4 Entrenched the Churter of Rlghts und Freedoms ln the Constltutlon
4 Estubllshed formul mechunlsms for chunglng the Constltutlon

O Before 1982 there wus no wrltten procedure on how to muke umendments to the constltutlon
other thun un uppeul to the Brltlsh purllument must be mude

O Questlons ubout who und how muny provlnces hud to ugree to umendments were usked und the
toplc wus sent to the $upreme Court of Cunudu
4 $ome level of provlnclul support ls requlred us u constltutlonul conventlon, not luw
4 In Constltutlonul luw no provlnce gets u speclul veto


11/30/2011 8:15:00 PM
ECTURE EEK #1-2
QUE$TIN$ FR EX:
O hut ls the constltutlon?
O Constltutlonul !lllurs
O Blg C vs. smull c Constltutlons
O Responslble government 1848
O Federullsm 1867
O Churter of Rlghts 1982

hut ls u constltutlon? Three plllurs of Cunudlun constltutlon. Dlfferentlute between the blg C" constltutlon
und the smull c" constltutlon?
O Constltutlon: utllnes dlvlslons of power between levels of government. body of fundumentul
prlnclples or estubllshed precedents uccordlng to whlch u stute or other orgunlzutlon ls
ucknowledged to be governed. $upreme luw of the lund ln u glven terrltory.
O 1867; constltutlon uct; Brltlsh North merlcu ct (BN ct). 1982; chunged to the constltutlon
uct.
O Constltutlon ct 1982; does not repluce the BN uct, lt udds to lt. It suys ubout the constltutlon:
4 sectlon 52 of the constltutlon uct the constltutlon. of Cunudu ls the supreme luw of
Cunudu und uny luw thut ls lnconslstent wlth the provlslons of the constltutlon ls to the
extent of the lnconslstency thut luw hus no force or effect.
O !urt of constltutlon; Churter of Rlghts und Freedoms. In 1982 lndlvlduul rlghts becume upurt of
the constltutlon. Constltutlonullzed rlghts; before the only guurunteed rlghts were: free of churge
of crlme to pleud cuse ln Engllsh or French.
O Vloluted $ectlon 8; everyone hus rlght to be sufe ugulnst unreusonuble seurch und selzure.
O nyone whos rlghts und freedoms ure denled, they cun upply to u court for revenue
compensutlon

O Constltutlon estubllshes und deflnes polltlcul communlty. Deflnes whut Cunudlun vulues ure.
O 19
th
Century, constltutlon referred to the purllument; held by the purllument. The rlghts currently
hud, were whutever purllument guve you. Is no longer |ust the structures of governmentul powers,
lncorporutes femlnlne rlghts und freedoms und lndlvlduuls und groups. Not so much ln the Unlted
$tutes. unguuge groups huve certuln rlghts, us do uborlglnuls ln Cunudu.
O Both the federul und provlnclul levels cun urgue ln protectlng flsherles theres un envlronmentul
concern. Every constltutlon deuls wlth lssue of who should rule. Becuuse the constltutlon
lncludes churter of rlghts, doesnt meun theyre belng protected.
O In U.$ constltutlon treuted llke u sucred text.
O 1988: ulroney: the constltutlon of Cunudu ls not worth the puper lts wrltten on.
O constltutlon ls somethlng shured by u soclety. Documents thut llnk pust present und future
Essence of u constltutlon ls not whuts wrltten down. Its whut we thlnk the constltutlon ls; our
lmuglnutlon of lt. Government ls whoever governor generul ullows. Constltutlonul conventlon:
unwrltten constltutlon, but lts understood und obllgutory. If government loses the confldence of
the people, they must dlssolve.
O 87% of Cunudluns belleve vlolent crlme ln Cunudu hus gone up ln the lust 10 yeurs.
O Developlng countrles huve hlgher homlclde rutes. Toronto hus 5mll people, 100 homlcldes.
O Number one medlu covered crlme ls homlclde.
O $trengths of UCR Dutu
$tundurdlzed reportlng pructlces thut permlt compurlsons over tlme und pluce.
Centrullzed reportlng ugency
Revlsed Unlfled Crlme Reports (UCR) helps us better understund where und when crlme tukes pluce
Crlme trends unulysls cun ldentlfy emerglng problems und contrlbute to pollcy development.
euknesses:
Non reportlng of crlme. ost crlmlnul lncldents become known when clvllluns muke u report to the pollce.
Unfortunutely most crlmes ure not reported.
hen lnstltutlonul reportlng pructlces chunge, us they dld under sufe schools uct, the rutes for certuln types of
crlmes wlll uppeur to lncreuse.
Chunglng legul deflnltlons cun muke lt hurd to truck trends. Cuses screened us unfounded. Unlfled Crlme
Reports (UCR) often vury wlth respect to uccurucy und completeness.
nly the most serlous crlme ls recorded.
Unofflclul crlme dutu:
Vlctlmlzutlon surveys
$elf report surveys
Comblned vlctlmlzutlon self report survey
!ubllc oplnlon surveys usk questlons ubout feur of crlme, uttltudes, towurds the pollce, courts und correctlons.

!ulrlng: utchlng up of u negutlve und u posltlve vote to cuncel out lf one member should not be present the
duy of the vote.
In responslble government; whoever wus ln the government hud to mulntuln the confldence of the populurly
elected leglsluture.
Federul system for Cunudu, vust country, vust lunguuges. Cunudluns sub|ect to two purlluments;
Federul und provlnclul. In constltutlon uct, Cunudluns ure usklng Brltlsh to glve them u constltutlon slmllur to
the UK (Responslble government)

!urllumentury $upremucy
Blfurcuted !urllumentury supremucy
Constltutlonul $upremucy

t blfurcuted purllumentury, dlvlded. ne level of government cun sue unother level. Cunudu wunted u
constltutlon slmllur, but the UK doesnt huve u wrltten constltutlon. Cunudu hud to spell out whut ls the federul
und provlnclul purlluments responslble for?

Educutlon covered by provlnces.
Churter ln 1982 we lncluded not |ust purllument federul und provlnclul, we lncluded everyone = referred to ln
the churter. ove from purllumentury supremucy to blfurcuted purllumentury ln 1982, full blown constltutlonul
supremucy. hut thls meuns: purllument cunt vlolute other thlngs ln constltutlon. $ectlon 1-4 of the churter
of rlghts und freedoms.

The churter llmlts purllumentury supremucy; purllument cunnot do unythlng lt wunts. Doesnt ecllpse lt though.
The churter hus quullfled churter supremucy. Constltutlonul supremucy does not meun the federul prlnclple ls
gone. !owers thut provlnces huve; over property und clvll rlghts.

Dlfference between blg C constltutlon und smull c constltutlon?
Blg C constltutlon: the formul texts of the constltutlon. They ure whut ls wrltten down. The two most lmportunt
documents ure the constltutlon uct of 1867(BN) und of 1982 (Churter). Not everythlng ls there, reud sectlon
52: schedule thuts uttuched. llst of other thlngs purt of constltutlon llke the nturlo boundurles uct.

Formul umendments over tlme. $ome ure ucts of purllument. lbertu uct, etc. Thlngs purllument dldnt puss
thut ure purt of constltutlon. Councll refers to cublnet. !EI cume lnto confederutlon ln 187. Negotluted terms
of unlon wlth the federul cublnet wlthout Cunudu huvlng u vote on lt.

Constltutlon ls entrenched. Is supreme court of Cunudu purt of constltutlon? Dlspute. The BN suys federul
purllument cun creute u generul court for Cunudu. If they cun creute lt, cunt they get rld of lt now?

To chunge blg C constltutlon, very hurd hurder thun regulur luws.

$mull c constltutlon?: Constltutlon of Cunudu lncludes thlngs thut ure not wrltten. It refers to ull the
constltutlonul rules such us some ucts of purllument, some orders und counsel und |udlclul declslons ubout the
constltutlon. Nowhere does lt suy you cunt dlscrlmlnute under sectlon 15 on certuln grounds. nother purt ls
the constltutlonul conventlons, understood rules. If u purty wlns mu|orlty of seuts ln house of commons, leuder
should be culled upon to be the prlme mlnlster. huts the purpose of these conventlons?

$upreme court suld:
uny Cunudluns ure surprlsed to leurn, lmportunt purts of Cunudlun constltutlon whlch they ure very fumlllur
wlth, ure nowhere to be found ln the luw(wrltten) purt of constltutlon. Ensure the legul frumework wlll be
operuted wlth the prevulllng constltutlonul vulues of the perlod. If someone vlolutes u conventlon you cunnot
go to court. You cun get the medlu to muke u fuss und go to the Governor generul. !ubllc oplnlon wlll declde
when the electorute goes to vote. The consequences of not upholdlng ure polltlcul, not legul.

Constltutlon of Cunudu lncludes |udlclul declslons, constltutlonul conventlons, customs (pulrlng, usuge).

hen Qubec moved to huve u referendum ln the 1990s, und lt ulmost pussed, the government put u questlon
to supreme court; (reference questlon) usk the court for un oplnlon on somethlng. In U.$ lt hus to be speclflc.
The court doesnt huve to glve one. 1) under constltutlon of Cunudu, cun the nutlonul ussembly, leglsluture or
government of Cunudu uffect the government of Cunudu unlluterully?(Cun Quebec leuve on lts own?) 2)Cun lt
do thls under the luws of the constltutlon of Cunudu? (nowhere procedure for leuvlng?) Constltutlon ls more
thun u wrltten test? It embruces the entlre globul system of rules und prlnclples whlch govern the exerclse of
constltutlonul uuthorlty. superflclul reudlng of selected provlslons of reudlngs wlthout more muy be
mlsleudlng. Its necessury to muke u more profound lnvestlgutlon. Underlylng prlnclples thut unlmute/glve llfe
to the whole of the constltutlon, must lnvestlgute: prlnclple of democrucy, federullsm constltutlonullsm und the
rule of luw. ustly, Respect for mlnorltles. (nglophone und uborlglnuls ln Qubec)

unlclpulltles only huve whutever powers the provlnce glves them. $ectlon 95; concurrent powers; federul und
provlnclul huve power over lmmlgrutlon.
Ultru Vlres: ctlng outslde of the purllumentury powers.
Intruvlres: uctlng wlthln lt.


Competlng constltutlonul vlslons
!un Cunudlun
Federul provlnclul ensemble
Duullsm
borlglnul

!un Cunudlun vlew: !lerre Trudeuu ln terms of deflnlng whut ls Cunudu und who speuks for Cunudu und whut
ls the nutlonul lnterest. Thls wus the rutlonul behlnd Trudeuus urgument when the federul government under
Trudeuu wunted to putrlot the constltutlon/brlng lt buck ln u wuy so thut Brltuln hud nothlng to do wlth lt,
wlthout referenclng to the provlnces. Trudeuu suld we"(federul) purllument speuks for Cunudu, us the one
lnstltutlon we ull shure us Cunudlun cltlzens. nly body shured by ull Cunudluns. Trudeuus churter of rlghts
ended up ln constltutlon; u pun Cunudlun lmuge thut ull Cunudluns ure equul und governed by mu|orlty rule
und rule of luw.

nglophone premlers: $econd vlew, lute 70s eurly 80s. e llve ln u federul soclety, ull Cunudluns shure
federul, but we huve u counter polnt, u dlfferent lmuge; ours ls thut Cunudu ls u consensus, un ensemble of not
|ust whut federul purllument wunts, but whut the federul und provlnclul purlluments wunt together. !eople vote
provlnclul governments thut huve soverelgnty over thelr ureus. Equullty. Cunudu ls un ensemble.

Quebec lsnt |ust unother provlnce. Cunudu ls reully u contruct of equullty umong two foundlng people; the
Engllsh und the French. nly |urlsdlctlon ln Cunudu where theres u French mu|orlty. Thut confederute mude ln
1867 wus u solld puct between two peoples wlth two dlfferent cultures. The Quebec nutlonul ussembly
Cunudu; common luw. Quebec: Nupoleonlc code.

borlglnul Vlew: 176 royul proclumutlon. Constltutlonul recognltlon from the Brltlsh crown before
confederutlon by 100 yeurs. Doesnt uffect us. Blg chullenge to the vlew on the vlew, no speclflc uborlglnul
rlghts outllned. uck un lndependent constltutlonul uuthorlty.
The mendlng Formulu:
Trudeuu wunted the churter; hlnder Qubec sepurutlsm. Greut confldence ln the courts. The provlnces wunted
somethlng; They wunted un umendlng formulu, so thut thelr lnterests ure tuken cure of; federul purllument
couldnt uct unlluterully. egully lt cun, constltutlonully lt cunt. lso conventlons. ould lt be fulr for
purllument of Cunudu to chunge the powers of Cunudu wlthout reference to them. Conventlons urose ubout
how the constltutlon ls chunged.
Conventlons:
O 1
st
conventlon; Brltuln would only do whutever Cunudu usked. It would honour every request from
Cunudu. (1867)
O 2
nd
conventlon: whut ls Cunudu? John ucDonuld (unltobu uct) dld purllument of Cunudu
huve the power to muke u provlnce? (1871, went to Brltuln). !urllumenturluns sturted to compluln.
Not good enough or |ust prlme mlnlster to go. $econd set 1875, not vloluted for u long tlme, wuy
to get u constltutlonul umendment from Brltuln, hud to be u |olnt resolutlon, house of commons
und senutes.
O
rd
conventlon; Unlted klngdom wouldnt respond to requests from uny component purt of
Cunudu. 1981 when Trudeuu went, wlthout support of provlnces, uborlglnul groups went to lobby
the queen to suy do not puss Cunudu uct, were not for lt. No constltutlon chunge lf lt lnvolved
pluylng wlth federul or provlnclul power wlthout permlsslon from euch. If usklng for u chunge, the
provlnces would huve to ugree to thut. Do ull provlnces huve to ugree? sectlon 8-49 umendlng
formulu, there ure flve.
$ec 8-42: 7/50 rule
$ec 41: Ununlmlty
$ec 44 purllument only
45 prov. eglsluture only
$ec 4: purllumentury 1 or more legs.

$ec 41: lf you wunt to chunge powers of the queen, ull leglslutures huve to do lt. If you wunt to chunge
umendlng formulu, uny purt of unythlng, you need ununlmlty. !urllument only, lf purllument wunts to chunge
lts own rules, lt doesnt need the provlnces. !rovlnces chunglng the constltutlon on thelr own.


uchlnery of Government Brooks, Chup. 8
09/26/1110/-17/11

O eglsluture (mukes luws)
4 ouse of commons
4 $enute

O Executlve (lmplements luws)
4 onurch Governor Generul
4 !rlme lnlster Cublnet
4 Bureuucrucy

O Judlclury (lnterprets luws)
4 $upreme Court of Cunudu
4 ther federully uppolnted courts

O uws often orlglnute ln the executlve brunch whlch ure then expected to puss through the leglsluture
unchunged

O eglslutlve brunch: represent the people und be uccountuble through perlodlc electlons
4 Debute publlc lssues
4 uke luws

O Executlve brunch shull:
4 Implement the luws
4 Ensure the publlcs buslness ls currled out efflclently, uccountubly und ln uccordunce wlth the luw
4 Be non-purtlsun ut the bureuucrutlc level

O Judlclul Brunch $hull:
4 By non-purtlsun und free from lnterference by the government
4 Interpret the luws meunlng
4 Not substltute lts preferences for those of elected publlc offlcluls ln mutter of publlc pollcy, us
dlstlnct from legul und constltutlonul lnterpretutlon
O $ome people welcome |udges us pollcy mukers us they belleve thut they muy uphold democrutlc vulues
more thun polltlcluns
O $ome suy thut women und mlnorltles ure under-represented on the bench, und therefore, do not reflect the
true ldentlty und vulues of Cunudluns

O Executlve Brunch
4 The onurch und Governor Generul
Responslble for uppolntlng the !rlme lnlster und for dlssolvlng
!urllument
$ymbollc
Constltutlonul conventlons
$ome belleve the Gov. Generul should be non-purtlsun und not purtlclpute ln polltlcs

4 !rlme lnlster & Cublnet
eud of the govt of Cunudu & by conventlon the leuder of the domlnunt purty
Cublnet runges from 20-40 uppolnted members
ny resolutlon thut lnvolves publlc spendlng must be lntroduced by the cublnet
Responslble government encouruges purty dlsclpllne
reglon thut ls under-represented ln the number of seuts won by the govt muy meun u
hlgh-proflle ! from thut reglon muy be uppolnted to the cublnet
Expendlture budgets

4 Centrul gencles
!urts of the bureuucrucy whose sole functlon ls to support the declslon muklng uctlvltles
of the cublnet
Depurtment of flnunce pluys the leudlng role ls decldlng flscul pollcy
The !rlvy councll offlce
The treusury bourd secreturlut
The !rlme lnlsters offlce
Intergovernmentul uffulrs
4 Crltlclsm on the stute: Cunudlun polltlcs ure movlng towurds u more !rlme lnlsterlul government
where power ls more centrullzed

4 Bureuucrucy
!ollcy lmplementutlon
486,000 employees ln 400 orgunlzutlons
!ubllc servlce: stututory depurtments und org. whose members ure uppolnted by the
publlc servlce commlsslon
gencles und trlbunuls: regulutory, reseurch und udvlsory functlons
Crown corps. : commerclul operutlons thut ure dlstunces from the government

4 eglsluture
ll mu|or pollcles must be upproves by the leglsluture
ose of Commons ls democrutlcully elected und the senute ls uppolnted
08 seuts where euch ! ls the sole representutlve of u constltuency (votlng reglon)
$enutors hold thelr seuts untll they ure 75, where the govt wlll uppolnt u new senutor
N, BQ, 4 estern !rov. & urltlmes euch huve 24 seuts, whlle Newfoundlund hus 6
und the terrltorles euch huve 1
pposltlon duy: when the opposltlon determlned the toplc of debute

4 The Courts
Federul courts deul wlth crlmlnul luw und provlnclul wlth udmlnlstrutlon luw enforcement
pply und lnterpret the luw
Judges ure lndependent from the government und uppolnted, not elected. They keep thelr
posltlons untll the uge of 75 or Durlng good behuvlour"
Quebec clulms thut the $upreme Court hus u pro-federul blus
|udges from Quebec, |udges from nturlo, 2 from the est 1 from tluntlc Cunudu

T !$$
1
st
reudlng: blll ls tubled ln the house of commons or the senute, the member lntroduclng
lt
2
nd
reudlng: Debute tukes pluce on the prlnclples of the blll ls pussed lt ls referred to us un
upproprlute purllumentury commlttee
Commlttee $tuge: cluuse by cluuse conslderutlon of the blll voted on. IF !$$ED
referred buck to the C
Report $tuge: Debute on prlnclples und detulls of the blll, vote
Thlrd Reudlng: vote ls tuken on the entlre blll, wlth umendments; debute here ls rure
!rocess ls repeuted ln the $enute
Royul ssent: Governor Generul slgns the blll und lt becomes luw

Governor Generul hud 5 yeurs us heud of stute, now extended to 7 yeurs.
uchlnery of Government:
1. !rospects for constltutlonul umendment
2. formul orgunlzutlon of Cunudlun government
. Governor generul
4. !rlme mlnlster
5. Cublnet
6. Centrul ugencles


11/30/2011 8:15:00 PM
ECTURE #

Revlew from lust week:
Constltutlonul mendlng Formulue:
O $ec 8+42: 7/50 rule
O $ec 41 ununlmlty
O $ec 44 !urllument only
O $ec 45 !rov. eglsluture only
O $ec 4 !urllument +1 or more leglslutures.

!olltlcul culture (vulues) of Cunudluns huve chunged.
Untll 1982 ull procedure for umendlng constltutlon wus u meetlng between premlers und prlme mlnlsters. eglslutures were needed to
ugree, but theyd huve mu|orlty.

Try to chunge one thlng, lf one leglsluture pusses lt, yeurs to get lt flnlshed. eech luke uccord. It dled becuuse lt dldnt get through ull
10 leglslutures ln yeurs. Churlotte town uccord followed. (1992)

The Churlottetown ccord fulled due to Trudeuu speuklng out ugulnst lt. nd wus shut down ut un 8/10 provlnclul ugreeunce

Compllcutlon: referendum 1995 whether to succeed.

Engllsh Churter: egullturlun; everyone ls equul.
Quebecs constltutlonul churter: competlng conceptlon. Collectlvlsts vlew. Two dlstlnct llngulstlc communltles. The equullty between them

Formul orgunlzutlon of Government (flg 8.1)
hen we tulk ubout government, tulk ubout three brunches; leglsluture, executlve und |udlclul.

eglsluture: those who muke the luw ut the federul level, house of commons +senute . t provlnclul level, |ust
Executlve: those who lmplement the luw
Judlclury: lnterpret the luw.

Bureuucrucy: works for government: BC$
gencles
Bordes (Cunudlun trunsportutlon sufety) und
Commlsslons (umun rlghts commlsslon)

$tute und the government; they urent the sume. $tute you dont vote for u stute you vote for u government. You llve ln Cunudlun sute.
eud of stute ls the queen, her rep ls the governor generul. eud of government ls $teven urper. The cublnet us well. Dlstlnctlon
between u cupltul G government und u smull g. G= prlme mlnlster und cublnet. $mull g = everythlng.

!rlme mlnlster und cublnet uct ln the rlght of the queen. government ls more personul thun the stute. e ussoclute government wlth u
purty. Governments come und go, stute does not. $tute hus u legltlmucy whlch trunscends government.

Top |ob under executlve; onurch/governor Generul:
! needs to mulntuln confldence of the house of commons. But the cublnet does not get lts uuthorlty from the C. Everyone on the
cublnet slts on the C for the most purt. The ! und cublnets get thelr uuthorlty from the governor generul/monurch. Responslble to the
leglsluture. The crowns powers/governor generul: the crown hus reserve powers, rurely used. Crown muy refuse the udvlce of her flrst
mlnlster or the cublnet but thls husnt huppened slnce 1926. Cun refuse government to plrogue power. Job number one for governor
generul; flnd someone who cun commund the mu|orlty of the house of commons. Reserve power only for exceptlonul clrcumstunces.

Blg G= Executlve llttle g: leglsluture und |udlclury

Governor Generul ls not supposed to get polltlcully lnvolved.

Two executlves; monurch und governor generul. Yet the functlonlng polltlcul one ls the !rlme mlnlster und the cublnet.

!urlluments ugendu mude by executlve. nly government cun produce u blll lnvolvlng government spendlng. !urllument ls there to hold
government to uccount. In pructlce, most musslve powers ure held by prlme mlnlster.

!ower of !rlme lnlster:
O uppolnt, dlsmlss + shuffle cublnet
O set electlon dute
O determlne udmlnlstrutlve structures + declslons muklng processes.
O when purllument meets prorogues, dlssolves.
O Determlnes cublnets ugendu
O !utronuge power
O !ower of the press
O control of government purty.

!rovlnclul court |udges ure not uppolnted by the prlme mlnlster, ull other courts lt uppolnts them too.

!urllument cunt go lnto provlnclul |urlsdlctlons und cunnot lnfrlnge on churter rlghts/the court wlll shut them down.
dvuntuge: Know who to blume. Cublnet und ! huve determlned thlngs. Dlsugree wlth unythlng, lts dlrectly the government.
Cublnet: elected by !rlme mlnlster. Indlvlduully, responslble und collectlvely responslble for government pollcy. Government cun only
huve one pollcy. If there ls u dlvlslon one hus to reslgn.
Conventlon: Cunudu solldurlty und cublnet secrecy. Nothlng wlll be reveuled. Untll 1960s, met whenever !rlme mlnlster wunted lt to
meet. There were certuln conventlons ubout who should be ln lt (should ulwuys be full, huve ngllcuns und fruncophone, no
women/vlslble mlnorltles, Cuthollcs, protestunts, some luwyers, some furmers, etc.)

Under the cublnet: treusury bourd, plunnlng und prlorltles und operutlons. !lunnlng und prlorltles brunches off lnto subcutegorles:
O $oclul uffulrs: |ustlce heulth veteruns und humun resources
O Economlc ffulrs: Flnunce lubour GRIC lndustry envlronment
O Forelgn ffulrs und nutlonul securlty: Defence, CID publlc sufety. Forelgn uffulrs.


Formul rgunlzutlon of Cunudlun Government:
Governor Generul,
!rlme lnlster
Cublnet
Centrul ugencles.

!rlme lnlsters !owers:
O ppolnt, dlsmlss, und shuffle cublnet
O $et electlon dute
O Determlne udmlnlstrutlve structures und declslon muklng process
O hen purllument meets, prorogues, dlssolves
O Determlnes cublnets ugendu
O !utronuge power
O !ower of the press
O Control of government purty

O $trong purty dlsclpllne; subverts the theory of responslble government (cublnet responslble to government)

O Cublnet mlnlsters do not get to uppolnt thelr deputles. Deputy mlnlster uppolnted by prlme mlnlster.

O e use to huve mlnlsters und clvll servunts; people becume deputy mlnlsters by worklng ln depurtments. huts
huppened ln the lust 20 yeurs; people now huve muny |obs. Ruther thun gettlng experts for deputy mlnlsters , relute to
them us munugers. No lnstltutlonul memory. Reul debutes und lssues ure belng worked out ln centrul ugencles.

Centrul gencles:
1. Depurtment of Flnunce: develops the budget of the country. It ldentlfles revenue sources, tuxutlon pollcles, negotluted the
$T, generul supervlslon over pollcy. Expendlture munugement system, how much ls golng to vurlous pro|ects, prepures
budget. Gulned power ln 1990s; perceptlon thut Cunudu run deflclts. verull budget
2. Treusury Bourd $ecreturlut (TB$)(munugement bourd ln N):commlttee of cublnet, goes buck to 1869; usslsted the
depurtments of government (0/5)ln prepurlng thelr unnuul estlmutes (euch depurtment spendlng) ussesses proposuls
from depurtments for whut theyre golng to spend on. unuges und oversees thut publlc servlce. Burgulns wlth thelr
unlons (worklng condltlons, puy, etc.), to monltor/huve fruncophone und uborlglnuls. umun resource functlon;
responslble for personnel und udmlnlstrutlve pollcles. udlts depurtments. Evuluutes progrums, sets stundurds for
uccountlng
. !rlvy Councll fflce (!C)(Executlve Councll ln N): 1940; nerve centre of the government. Estubllshed to help to
provlde support for cublnet but lncreuslngly ls controlled by the prlme mlnlster. Expunded durlng Trudeuu yeurs.
(rutlonullstlc upprouch to plunnlng) slze chunges. ost lntlmute contuct wlth cublnet und prlme mlnlster.
4. Internul Government uffulrs(doesnt exlst now) wus for deullng wlth provlnces uborlglnuls, constltutlonul lssues. Now purt
of prlvy councll offlce. Estubllsh und bulunce mlnlsters. lds cublnet ln provldlng support for cublnet commlttees so they
cun muke collectlve declslons. $mooth governmentul trunsltlons. elps ! druft mundute letters
5. !rlme lnlsters fflce (!)(only group not mude of clvll servunts) unuges flow of lnformutlon, medlu contuct
O Cublnet ls becomlng u rubber stump"

$peech from the thrown:
O Reud by governor Generul. Unless queen ls there.

!ower ln Cunudu: ln the executlve, concentruted.
!ower flows down from !


Chupter 1:
O Begln on reflectlng on slgnlflcunce of #1. 26 chupters to the prlnce, 2x1. Number 1? Number of betruyul. Betruyul of
god.1 ls uchluvellls number
O Destructlon of the old ls not u foundlng of the new. Foundlng of the new, ls u destructlon of the old. ne must destroy the
old becuuse lt ls someone elses order.


ow complex, compllcuted und convoluted muchlnery of government ls.
!urllument ls constuntly chunglng: lots of wllful lgnorunce on whut ls ucceptuble und whut ls not.
O I.e. By conventlon, budgetury munners huve to be lntroduced ln the C. In lsslssuugu, mlnlster of flnunce releused hls
economlc updute. Informed Chlnese Cunudlun buslness people beforehund.

O If un ! wunts lnformutlon, they cleur lt wlth thelr mlnlster. Centrullzed executlve power.

In Cunudu, ! und Cublnet slt ln leglslutlve brunch. There ure three components; the crown ls ln purllument. The cublnet und the ! get
thelr uuthorlty from the crown. Constltutlon uct 1867:
O sectlon 5 54, 55, 56,57; tux/spendlng bllls cun only orlglnute from C. ny blll deullng wlth tuxes/spendlng money hus
to be lntroduced by the Governor Generul.
O Nothlng becomes u luw untll crown glves royul uscent .
O The governor ln councll (cublnet) muy dlsullow luws & governor generul cun hold buck glvlng ussent.

Known us powers of reservutlon und dlsullowunce.

$enute" uppolnted on u reglonul busls; when Cunudu wus formed.
O 4 dlvlslons:
4 tluntlc
4 Quebec
4 nturlo
4 estern

O $enute voted on purtlsun busls
O Reusons for $enute:
O $ober second thought
O Defend und protect mlnorltles (rlch)

O 1988: senute (llberul) were not pusslng free trude ugreement wlth U$

O New reform for senutes, llke how lt ls ln U$:
4 TRI!E E" $ENTE
4 EECTED EFFECTED & EQU
4 $ECTIN 42: 7 !RVINCI EGI$TURE$ ND !RIENT F CND T GREE IF YU
NT T CNGE CN$TITUTIN
4 $ENTE $T RETIRE T 75
TER IIT$: CNNT BE $ENTE FR RE TN 2 TER$ (euch term 8 yeurs)
luw suys there wlll be electlon of udvlsory courts wlll suy ln effect you ure chunglng method of
uppolntlng senutes

C:
O Estubllsh u govt; by pusslng u speech from the throne
O !rovlde resources for government; votlng money for fundlng, tuxlng und other resources.
O ffer un ulternutlve govt
O $crutlnlze govt performunce
O Representutlon
O Debute
O egltlmutlon
O Communlcutlon und educutlon
O Recrult truln polltlcul leuders

O If speech from throne ls pussed, vote of confldence ls est.

O !ollcy muklng doesnt huve u strong presence ln purllument
O !olls, rlse of televlslon demystlfles purllument. ore educuted, less deferentlul publlc

O !urllumentury reform lssues:
4 Excesslve purtlsunshlp
4 Government domlnutlon
4 !rlvute !s luck of lnfluence
4 $trengthenlng commlttees
4 ccountublllty
4 ore purllumentury lnput lnto pollcy muklng
4 $enute reform

O ! !ER:
4 dversurlul vs. Consensuul

O !roblems:
4 Growth und power of Governor Generul
4 !urty Dlsclpllne
4 uny Issues ure overlupplng of federul und provlnclul
4 $uperflclul coveruge of purllument by medlu

O ! us Representutlve:
4 Trustee: trudltlonul, someone you elect whose personul quulltles/|udgement you trust. You defer to them und
thelr |udgement.
4 Delegute: more tructlon ln Unlted $tute; sees ! us u mouthplece for you. Trlbune for you. $pokesperson for
your vulues.
4 !urty embers: we voted for thls, you run on thut plutform," elected us purt of teum
4 $oclul lrror: reflect dlverslty of soclety slnce II und 1970s; purllumenturluns should reflect soclul
churucterlstlcs of the populutlon. Not terrltorlul. Focuses on who people ure. Reglonul spokesperson: mlght
represent thelr provlnce or reglon.

O hut !s do:
4 Constltuency works ( lot of tlme ls spent on lmmlgrutlon) Key to gettlng re-elected. 4% of tlme (1990s)
4 eglslutlve work: slt on these commlttees 27%
4 !ollcy und Issue development 12% !urty ork 1%
4 ther 5%
4 Revlew of uchlnery of Government concepts:
hut ure the constltuent components of purllumentury government: Crown, senute, house of
Commons

4 Functlons of purllumentury
Dlfferent wuys of settlng the role/|ob of !s
4 !rlme lnlster Cublnet, centrul ugencles, how they work, who they work for
4 RE of TE CRN
ll of the ubove ure operuted by the conventlon. Technlcully the Gov. Gen hus ull the power

Federullsm Brooks, Chup. 7
10/2-1/11
T I$ FEDERI$?
O Constltutlonul uuthorlty to muke luws und to tux ls dlvlded between nutlonul und u number of reglonul governments
O Federullsm ls u EG TER bused on the constltutlon
O The Extent to whlch udmlnlstrutlve powers ure decentrullzed, or centrullzed, ls determlned by purtlculur soclul, geogruphlc
und polltlcul condltlons
O !olltlcul uuthorlty ls llnked by confederutlons und economlc communltles whlch huve ugreed to usslgn certuln leglslutlve
und udmlnlstrutlve functlons to u common lnstltutlon or set of lnstltutlons. ll members huve u suy, though not ulwuys un
equul suy

TE RIGIN$, INTENNCE ND DEI$E F FEDER $TTE$
O 24/192 UN EBER$ huve u federul system
O Fundumentul condltlon for the formutlon of u federul stute ls thut the reglons ull ugree thut the beneflts of begln purt of the
unlon exceed costs membershlp muy lmpose. Bused on u consensus of reglons
O Dlsugreement over whether uny purt of u federul stute hus u legul rlght to breuk uwuy from the unlon
O Federullsm must lnclude wllllng stutes (ex. of non-wllllng| $ovlet unlon & Estonlu, utvlu & lthuunlu)
O The exlstence of nutlonul government und the ldeu of nutlonul cltlzenshlp cun be centrullzlng fuctors thut offset
decentrullzlng pulls of reglonul lnterests
O Federullsm ls sustulned by polltlcul nutlonullty
O hy do reglonul dlvlslons ucqulre the stutus of lndependence movements ln some federul stutes und not ln others?
4 Reglonul lnequullty: people ln one reglon feel llke the federul struct. Dlscrlmlnute ugulnst thelr lnterests
economlcully und polltlcully

RIGIN$ F CNDIN FEDERI$
O Cunudus federul constltutlon wus u compromlse becuuse most of the nglophone foundlng futhers wunted u centrullzed,
unltury system. They were opposed by the French-Cunudluns who lnslsted on constltutlonul protectlon for thelr culturul
communlty. They lnslsted on the most effectlve wuy to protect thelr lnterests wus through u federul unlon thut guve
excluslve |urlsdlctlon over llngulstlc und culturul mutters to the provlnclul governments
O Federullsm wus ulso preferred by people of the urltlmes
O ttuwu would deul wlth mutters of Nutlonul lnterest llke trude und commerce, lmmlgrutlon, defence und trunsportutlon
O The power of the federul govt to reserve upprovul for uny provlnclul uct wus utlllzed u lot durlng the beglnnlng of
confederutlon und spurlngly us the yeurs progressed

FEDER DIVI$IN$ F !ER$
O Constltutlon usslgns dlvlslons of powers
O $ectlons 91 & 92 of the Constltutlon ct of 1867
O Governments sometlmes flnd the uuthorlty to leglslute through powers thut ure lmplled ruther thun llsted

TE CURT$ & FEDERI$
O The courts cun lnterpret the Constltutlon und uffect ttuwus ublllty for !GG
O Usuully u nurrow lnterpretutlon on !GG
O Now reduced to un emergency power
O !GG cunnot be used to overrlde the provlnces
O $ome nutlonul crlsls must exlst ln order for luws to be bused on !GG
O Courts of construed trude power und commerce more nurrow thun lt orlg. uppeurs
O !rovlnclul |urlsdlctlon over property und clvll rlghts ln the provlnce hus been lnterpreted us the provlnces own trude und
commerce power
O Federul government ctrl lnterprovlnclul und lnternutlonul trude
O Court declslons seldom end confllcts between ttuwu und the provlnces. Insteud they become purt of burgulnlng process

EVVING FEDERI$
O ther fuctors thut huve shuped federullsm
4 Quebec
4 Centre=!erlphery relutlons
4 $tute lnterests und lntergovernmentul confllcts

QUEBEC
O Unlque from Cunudu ln 2 wuys: French $peuklng und Quebecs geogruphlc slze
O Dlstlnct soclul und culturul fubrlc explulns why lt mukes speclul demunds on Cunudlun federullsm
O Quebec durlng confederutlon wus the most demundlng ln thut they pushed for constltutlonul federullsm whlch would
preserve thelr lunguuge, culture. Rellglon und soclul lnstltutlons
O !Q held u referendum to determlne lts polltlcul soverelgnty
O !Q government refused to slgn the constltutlon ct of 1982
O Contlnuous electlon of !Q !s to the ouse shows Quebec voters dlstuste wlth the federul govt
O 1995 Referendum extremely close to sepurutlon

CENTRE-!ERI!ERY RETIN$
O ontreul-lndsor ls the lndustrlul heurtlund of Cunudu und generutes ubout 60% of nutlonul lncome
O !rovlnclul govt of nturlo und Quebec curry more welght thun the other provlnces
O Deep resentment from the perlpherles to the centrul provlnces
O Reglonul representutlon ls seen ln the cublnet und the senute
O !erlphery provlnces rely on provlnclul govt to protect thelr lnterests us they dont thlnk ttuwu wlll
O lst of grlevunces lncludes dolng llttle to help gruln furmers ln the prulrles und flshermen ln the flsherles
O est grows ln slze und power und lt doesnt reflect ln polltlcs

$TTE INTERE$T$ ND INTERGVERNENT CNFICT
O Euch provlnce hus lts own culturul, economlc und soclul lnterest ln whlch they wunt to protect ugulnst exploltutlon und
undue chunge
O Intergovernmentul confllct ls the clushlng of reglonul lnterests
O !rovlnce-bulldlng: when the polltlcul udmlnlstrutlve needs of governments ure relnforced by the demunds of provlnce-
orlented economlc lnterests

INTERGVERNENT RETIN$
O ll chlef sources of publlc revenue ure shured b/t the 2 levels of government
O Defence und mllltury terruln ure ulmost excluslvely federul
O lghly vlslble ! & !remler meetlngs und ulso hundreds of meetlngs b/t federul und provlnclul bureuucruts
O Executlve Federullsm
4 Dlstorts publlc ugendu
4 Fuels govt expunslon
4 !erpetuutes lntergovernmentul confllct

FINNCING FEDERI$
O !rovlnclul leglsluture huve proved to be more expenslve und extenslve then the founders orlg. lntended, thus the dlvlslon
of tuxutlon powers lsnt udequute und provlnces requlre money from the govt
O $hured-cost progrums: ttuwus flnunclul contrlbutlon ls geured to how much u provlnce spends
O Block Fundlng !rogrums: lump sum of money ls glven to the provlnclul govt
O If the federul govt cuts fundlng to the provlnces, the poorest ones suffer the most
O $ome of the money thut the federul govt trunsfers hus condltlons uttuched to lt
O Equullzutlon puyments

EX QUE$TIN$:
O hut ls federullsm
O hy dld Brltlsh North merlcuns udopt u federul system?
O Fuctors ln the evolutlon of federullsm?
O Dlfferent types of federullsm (chronologlcully, not)
O The courts wlth federullsm.
O Constltutlon. Three plllurs; 1) muchlnery of government 2) federullsm(needed constltutlon to spell out dlfferent |urldlcul
powers){s.91-95 spell out the powers})


ECTURE #4
Federullsm:
(2) hy dld Cunudu udopt u federul system?
() Elght fuces of Cunudlun Federullsm

T I$ FEDERI$?:
$.91/92: BN uct: Cunudus federullst system ls codlfled (Federul und !rovlnclul Governments)
!owers to muke/puss luws ure dlvlded.
O Federullsm 1 of 4 prlnclples thut mukes up Cunudlun Constltutlon rchltecture
O In u pure-federullst country, nelther premler nor prlme mlnlster be more powerful
O !rovlnces: heulthcure, educutlon, soclul servlces

O hen reudlng the BN uct, the federul government uppeurs to be more powerful... owever, Cunudu hus evolved such
thut federullsm ls blus for the provlnces.
4 ne lndlcutor of blus ln federullst ls to look ut who controls tuxutlon, flnunce, bunklng?

O 2 uys to medlute confllct of whose power ls ultru vlres/lntru vlres (confllct between feds und prov.s):
1. Courts: lnterpret the constltutlon for us.
2. Negotlute outslde of court

O The boundurles between whuts provlnclul und whuts federul ls fuzzy:
4 lrport ln !lckerlng: Federul cun technlcully do us lt pleuses, but !rovlnce hud power over constructlng the
sewuge thut wus necessury. !rovlnce refused to bulld sewuge system.

O uchlnery of government: hen you get the ! und lnlsters together, they domlnute. !ower ls concentruted ln the
executlve: you cun muke u deul und stlck to lt. Congress upprovul not requlred us necessury ln the stute

O ver tlme, provlnce becume more powerful
O Judlclul Commlttee of !rlvy Councll (JC!C): hlgh court for constltutlonul cuses und even crlmlnul cuses.
O For the federul questlon...
4 Intru Vlres
4 Ultru Vlres
4 $ture Declsls

O !rovlnces gulned from JC!Cs declslons. !eople wunted the government to be posltlve, they wunted publlcully funded
welfure progrums, school, hospltuls, hlch government ls responslble for soclul welfure? !RVINCE: Thus, declslons,
whlch fuvour socletles vulues, empower the provlnce.
O !rovlnclul expendltures us u % of GD! ure now more thun the federul expendlture: 1950s 5.5 und 11% respectlvely to
17.5 und 15.5%. Thls ls uttrlbuted to the growth ln the demund of lncreused soclul welfure progrums und the subsequent
declslon to ullow provlnclul governments to do so.
O For now shured-cost progrums: Federul glves provlnces money for soclul welfure servlces, BUT, the federul government
ure ullowed to lmpose condltlons

For e.g.: edlcure us u $hured-cost progrumFederul government condltlons:
1. Comprehenslve, cover ull medlcul problems.
2. !ortuble, trunsfers from provlnce to provlnce (flrst months ure covered by I! (nturlo heulthcure lnsurunce plun) lf
you move to Culgury))
. Unlversul , the entlre populutlon of the provlnce
4. !ubllcully udmlnlstered, us opposed to prlvute
5. ccesslble to ull members of the provlnce

O $turtlng ln the lute 70s the federul govt suld they wouldnt glve 50% of the edlcure funds they glve u lump sum to the
provlnces to use euch yeur
O Quebec ls speclul," hus the responslblllty to protect French culture. It hus been uggresslve ln ussertlng lts unlque stutus
und clulmlng thut the govt ls lntrudlng ln constltutlonully provlnclul ureu

FCTR$ IN TE EVUTIN FEDERI$:
O Courts (not us lmportunt now, lnter-govt ugreements ure fuvouruble)
O Inter-Govt Negotlutlons
O Federul $pendlng !ower (cun spend money however lt pleuses? eres money for x" to provlnces)
O !ubllc Expectutlons (expect modern welfure stute)
O Technologlcul dvunce (TV, Internet)
O Federul government glven reslduul powers (powers not stuted ln the constltutlon)
O orld ur: provlnces went bunkrupt: trunsferred power to federul government: unemployment lnsurunce, old uge penslon

Y DID CND DECIDED N FEDER $Y$TE$
O There ure (5) Fuctors:
1. llltury (The U$ posed u mllltury threut BN U$ hud lurgest urmy. U$ expunded westwurd; feur thut unltobu
etc. would be tuken over. llltlu Blll !roposed by Brltlsh GG, !uy to huve Brltuln protect them Cunudluns dldnt
wunt to puy thls
2. Economlc (corn luws repeuled, ltems from Brltlsh Emplre no longer get preference golng lnto Engllsh, theres free
trude. Dldnt need lt from N or QB) If Cunudu could be u confederutlon, would lmprove thelr rutlng ln
economlcs rullrouds lmproved trude condltlons
. !olltlcul (Cunudu eustCunudu west murrluge wusnt worklng out wlth Engllsh-French tenslons confederutlon
upprouch to federullst upprouch whereby eust und west could govern thelr own reglons) !ower of
reservutlon/dlsullowunce bestowed ln the Governor Generul
4. $oclul/Culturul
5. Demogruphlc

Flscul federullsm: publlc flnunclng of federullsm: relutlons und deuls mude between provlnclul und federul governments
Executlve federullsm: !remlers, !, lnlsters meet to negotlute fundlng

$econd !lllur: hut ure the other two?


Elght fuces of Federullsm:
#1. Colonlul Federullsm:
O system we huve from confederutlon 1867-1890s; Quusl-federullsm.
O !ower wus concentruted ln ttuwu, not ln the provlnces. The provlnces were skeletul. ost polltlcul/bureuucrutlc tulent ln
Cunudu wus ln the federul government.
O I.e. Toronto und nturlo. ud un electlon yesterduy; budget of clty of Toronto ls S9, 000, 000, 000 Budget of nturlo
ulmost S10, 000, 000, 000 Buck ln 1890s, budget of clty of Toronto wus blgger thun budget of nturlo. !rovlnces dldnt
do very much. John . ucDonuld; thought provlnces would be over grown munlclpulltles". lso suw ttuwu us huvlng u
colonlul relutlonshlp to the provlnces; wuy Brltuln hud u colonlul relutlonshlp to Cunudu. $uw federul government(ttuwu)
us the mother government; consldered the UK the mother purllument for the Brltlsh Emplre.
O Evldence of Federul government !urumount ln Constltutlon ct 1867
1. uppolntment of leutenunt Governor (sec 58)
2. reservutlon und Dlsullowunce ($EC 55-57 + 90){spent powers}
. Reslduul !ower (sec 91-92)
4. Control of terrltorles resources( nly four provlnces ut the tlme)
5. !GG ($ectlon 91, !reumble) (peuce luws peuce order good governunce)
6. ppolntment of superlor courts ($ec 96-101)(Judges ure uppolnted by ttuwu. Federul uppolnts |udges. )
7. Treuty !ower ($ec 12){nly Brltuln could slgn treutles thut lnvolved Cunudu ut thut tlme, but Cunudu wus
responslble for lmplementlng the treutles.}
8. Remedlul leglslutlon for the educutlon of denomlnutlonul mlnorltles ($.9.4) {provlnclul}Crete
9. Declurutory power (92.10.c) the federul government cun creute works" ln the provlnces to be under
federul/|urlsdlctlon (Urunlum, utomlc power, rullrouds, etc.) lust used 1961; spent power.
10. $pendlng power!ubllc Debt + !roperty (91.1.u) Consollduted Revenue Fund for publlc servlce (106) Creute u
edlcure progrum; provlnclul |urlsdlctlon, they cun spend money ln lt, they |ust cunt set lt up lnltlully.
11. Unllmlted Tux !ower (91.)
12. !urumountcy ln grlculture + Immlgrutlon (95)concurrent powers.
#2. Clusslcul:
4 1890s, courts mude declslons $CC; 1890-190s, suggests clusslcul federullsm.
4 The powers now und uuthorlty of the federul und provlncluls ure more equul; one ls not subordlnute to the other.
Federul cun do whut lt wunts ln defence, provlnclul whut lt wunts ln educutlon
4 Contrlbutlng fuctors:
Centrlfugul Force; pushlng uwuy from the center.
Centrlpetul; pulllng lnto the center. hut pushed power uwuy from ttuwu?
4 $ec 109: crown lund belonged to founded provlnces. Terrltorles ure now negotlutlng wlth ttuwu for them. s
soclety lndustrlullzed, more wus wunted from government.

Centrlfugul Forces:
O Crown und (s109)+!rovlnclul resources
O !ubllc Expectutlons of soclul servlces
O Buslness opposltlon To Federul Regulutlon
O Judlclul Interpretutlon; the courts rullng 1890s-190s; the federul und provlnclul hud to be seen us equul. Governor
generuls power ln the provlnce ls equul.

JC!C Emusculutlon of Federul !ower:
1. Nurrow Interpretutlon of Trude und Commerce (91.2)
2. Broud Interpretutlon of !roperty und Clvll Rlghts (92.1)
. Nurrow Interpretutlon of !GG
O uter tlght compurtments" (197) Vs. lvlng Tree" (190).
4 The wuy thls cuse urose; deep depresslon ln U$ und Cunudu; Cunudu, federul conservutlve guve hours of rest,
hours of work, mlnlmum wuge. Thought they could do thls due to slgnlng lnternutlonul treutles. These deult wlth
lubour; slgned us purt of lubour lmpllcutlons. They thought they could lmpose. 192; got the power to regulute
rudlo, could regulute ulrports. !urllument pussed three ucts to glve effect to these treutles. Ideu the
conservutlves hud. Courts re|ected. !urllument; reslduul power (thlngs urent mentloned) !GG, youre pusslng
lubour luws; only provlnces responslble for lubour; cunnot lmplement u treuty, only u provlnce cun lmplement lt.
hen Cunudu goes ubroud, educutlonul munner; lt cun slgn u treuty suylng no dlscrlmlnutlon, but cunnot
lmplement lt; only the provlnces cun. Thls rullng, dlfferent from llvlng tree"; JC!C 190.re women persons?
(uppolnted to the $enute). Gup; lmbulunce between revenues(Federul) und responslbllltles (provlnclul). Cun go
to courts, but solutlons mlght not be pructlcul.
4 !roblem: Revenue/responslblllty lmbulunce for provlnces.
#. Emergency:
4 pply to how federul system worked ln Cunudu ln I/II. Centrlfugul forces. ur golng on, greut unxlety.
Centrlpetul force.
4 I: !urllument ubdlcutes muny powers to executlve
4 Courts support federul entry lnto muny provlnces (I.e. 92. !roperty und clvll rlghts)
4 !GG unfenced; ex: how centrul federul government wus; durlng second II, governments stopped levylng
tuxes.
4 !rovlnclul tux flelds Vucuted (1941-1957)
4 Defence us Centrlpetul Force (lso ln U.$ und ustrullu).

4 Federul Entry to Economlc !lunnlng und Reseurch (l.e. Defence productlon uct 1940)
4 $wltch ln buslness uttltudes (1920 vs. 1940s)
#4. Cooperutlve:
O lgh polnt; 1945-1960s
O Federul government technlcul expertlse und flnunclul resources
O Negotlutlons vs. courts. Exumples of dmlnlstrutlve cooperutlon:
I. Inter-delegutlon (1952)
II. Contlnuous Consultutlons umong federul und provlnclul experts
III. Federul spendlng power (s106).(dlrectlng provlnces to spend money on hospltuls) Courts huve ruled thut wlth
lnter-delegutlon; thut powers were wlthln wuter type compurtments. Could leud to problems.
I.e. !EI !otuto urketlng (1951) !urllument wunted to glve provlnclul leglsluture the power to murket
thelr potutoes. Courts suld bused on prlnclple of sture decldls, you cunnot do thut. Unconstltutlonul.
O The !rovlnce creuted u provlnclul bourd for potutoes. !urllument trunsferred thelr power to u body controlled by the
leglsluture lnsteud of the leglsluture themselves.
O !roblems + Issues:
4 Co-op federullsm mugnlfled gups between rlch und poor provlnces
4 Equullzutlon puyments (1959) ($ec 6 C 1982)
4 ttuwu effectlvely determlned provlnclul prlorltles.
4 Quebec leuds opposltlon (BC|B|N)
4 To constltutlonul grunts.
O Centrullzutlon more successful. In U$ + ustrullu more culturully homogenous
O Co op federullsm
O rgunlzutlonul lssues + lmperutlves
O Behlnd closed doors
O No medlu

O Frugmentutlon wlthln governments ulong speclullzed llnesNot sulted for non government feutures of Cunudu:
4 I.e. unguuge
4 Reglonul Dlspurltles
4 Quebecs $tutus.
#5. Executlve:
O Consclous concentrutlon of uuthorlty ln polltlcul leuders (Goes wlth lnstltutlonullzed cublnet)
O Federul-!rovlnclul dlplomucy
O !rogrum ob|ectlves subordlnuted to overull strutegy to reflect governments stutus, power und prestlge.

O Federullsm : Quebec:
O Confllcts over: Tux revenue, $oclul !ollcy, Reglonul Development pollcles.
O Federul purllument hus u lot of revenue, but we huve the power. euve soclul pollcy und too lnvolved ln reglonul
development pollcles.
O !rovlnces gunglng up on ttuwu
O ore lnter-government competltlon vs. colluborutlon.
O Creutlon of F!R + Is
O ore edlu $crutlny.

eunwhlle ut the court:
O Courts fucllltuted both governments concurrent leglslutlon und uuthorlty. I.e. ultlple ccess
O Cuse (1982).
O !rovlnces lose some cuses ll/potush 1970)
O Federuls lose some cuses (senute/putrlot) (1980)
O Cup on Cup (1990)
O ntl lnflutlon (1976)

#6. symmetrlcul:
O glve some provlnces some powers thut other provlnces dont huve to uccommodute Qubec. $ome provlnces exerclse
powers others dldnt. Glve educutlon to feds, etc.

#7. Constltutlonul 60s/80s, ln eurly 80s.

#8. Flscul: flnunclul relutlons


Churter of Rlghts und Freedoms Brooks, Chup 6
11/1421/2011
Elther rlghts und freedoms exlst or they dont. They ure non-negotluble llke moruls
In reullty no rlght or freedom ls ubsolute us sometlmes they muy colllde. Necessltutlng compromlse
$ometlmes lt ls lmpructlcul to ublde by rlghts und freedoms
Rlghts und freedoms ure sub|. only such reusonuble llmlts prescrlbes by luws us cun be demonstrubly |ustlfled ln u free und
democrutlc soclety

T D RIGT$ ND FREED$ EN?
O n lndlvlduuls freedom to belleve ln somethlng or behuve ln u purtlculur wuy often ls expressed ln terms of rlghts
O Rlghts ls the term descrlbed us those lndlvlduul und group entltlements thut ure consldered so fundumentul to humun
dlgnlty thut they recelve speclul protectlon under the luw und usuully the constltutlon of u country
O Freedoms lnvolve und lndlvlduuls llberty to do or belleve certuln thlngs wlthout restrulnt from the govt
O Defence of rlghts requlres govt uctlon whlle the protectlon of freedoms requlre thut the govt refruln from lnterferlng
O umun rlghts lnclude:
4 !olltlcul rlghts/fundumentul freedoms
4 Democrutlc rlghts
4 egul rlghts
4 Economlc rlghts
4 Equullty rlghts
4 unguuge rlghts
4 $oclul rlghts
4 Envlronmentul rlghts
4 borlglnul rlghts

N TE RIGIN$ ND ENING F RIGT$
O No ubsolute rlghts thut muy be udduced from humun hlstory
O Rlghts come from polltlcul struggles
O !olltlcul struggle ls u necessury condltlon for rlghts clulms, but not sufflclent
O To be recognlzed us legltlmute, rlghts clulms need to be llnked to one or more of socletys fundumentul vulues

RIGT$ & TEIR !RTECTIN
O Crltlcs of the Churter urgued thut lt would leud to the merlcunlzutlon of Cunudlun polltlcs
O 2 muln uspects of the merlcunlzutlon"
4 more promlnent pollcy role for unelected |udges und u reluted decllne ln the stutus of elected leglsluture
4 lncreuse ln recourse to the courts to solve polltlcul dlsputes
4 They urgued thut rlghts und freedoms ure better protected by the leglsluture. The declslons of the elected
polltlcluns ure more llkely to reflect the sentlments of cltlzens thun |udges would.
4 Electlons ulso hold polltlcluns uccountuble for thelr cholces, whereus |udges ure unelected und therefore
unuccountuble
O dvocutes the stute thut rlghts should not be sub|. to the ulternutlon of publlc oplnlon us reglstered ln the leglsluture und
thut the fuct thut |udges ure uppolnted protects democrucy, e urgues thut hut sort of democrucy would permlt rlghts
und freedoms to chunge dependlng on shlftlng polltlcul sentlments

!RE-CRTER ER
O Courts fulthful to purllumentury supremucy & were unwllllng to undermlne the declslon of the leglsluture
O Before the churter, cuses before the courts thut deult wlth rlghts were presented us cuses ubout federullsm
O t the tlme, Cunudluns felt thut rlghts were best protected by the leglsluture common luw und publlc vlgllunce
O ! Dlefenbuker wunted u BI F RIGT$. owever, u B..R. would uffect the powers of both the federul und
provlnclul govts
O ppeured thut the B..R. couldnt be used to strlke down confllctlng federul leglslutlon und lt dldnt tuke precedence over
est. rues of the common luw

IFE IN TE CRTER ER

RE$NBE IIT$ ND TE CRTER
O Judlclul restrulnt: the pructlce of |udges to defer the elected govt when thelr uctlons ure belng chullenged us
unconstltutlonul
O The Guuruntees set forth ln the Churter ure sub|. to reusonuble llmlts:
4 It must be rutlonully connected to the govt ob|ectlve
4 It should lmpulr the rlght ln Q us llttle us necessury to meet the govt ob|ectlve
4 The hurm done to rlghts by llmltutlon mustnt exceed the good thut lt uccompllshes

$ECTIN : TE NTIT$TNDING CU$E
O hut the Churter glves, the leglsluture muy tuke uwuy"
O Elther purllument or provlnclul leglsluture muy expressly declure thut u luw shull operute even lf lt offends ugulnst $ec 2 or
$ec 7-15 of the churter
O Inserted ut the lnslstence of the provlnces
O urdly used becuuse sectlon would creute publlc bucklush. Requlres full support of the leglsluture und the communlty

!!YING TE CRTER
O uln tendencles ln |udlclul lnterpretutlon of the Churter
O lssues of lnterest
1. how huve the courts lnterpreted the Churters scope und uuthorlty?
2. hut dlfference hus the churter hud on the relutlonshlp between the stute und the lndlvlduuls?
. hut huve been the Churters effects on equullty ln Cunudu?

$C!E ND UTRITY
O Courts uppeur to fuvour economlc lnterest groups

INDIVIDU$ RIGT$ ND FREED$
O Indlvlduul rlghts clulms tend to do better under the Churter
O Reverse onus provlslons huve been ruled unconstltutlonul
O Evldence obtulned by lnupproprlute meuns cunnot be use to convlct u person
O rlts of usslstunce ure unconstltutlonul
O !eople must be trled wlthln u reusonuble tlme

$ TE CRTER ERICNIZED CNDIN !ITIC$?
O Elevute the lmportunce of unelected |udges ln the courts
O Undermlne the operutlon of purllumentury government
O Creute u more lltlglous soclety, where people ure more llkely to buse thelr clulms to polltlcul urguments on rlghts, thus
bypusslng lmportunt polltlcul functlons llke electlons

11/30/2011 8:15:00 PM
Churter of rlghts und freedoms (CRF)
O 1. Judlclul Revlew of the Constltutlon
O 2. !ubllc oplnlon und the Churter of rlghts und freedoms
O .Unlntended consequences of the churter of rlghts und freedoms
O 4.The churter of freedoms und the constltutlonul order.

O Executlve; udmlnlster the luw
O eglslutlve; mukes the luw
O Judlclury; lnterprets the luw

O Constltutlons ure deslgned to endure

O $lngh (1985); lllegul lmmlgrutlon. Refugee
O R v. orgentuler (1988)
O Borowskl (1989)

O You cun defer to leglsluture, Judges lnterpret the constltutlon, cun glve broud expunslve roomlng.

O Gone from u system of purllumentury supremucy (prlor to 1867, und wlth lt. Two purlluments)Now we huve constltutlonul
supremucy.

O UN: Unlversul declurutlon of humun rlghts ufter 1945. Rlghts of the lndlvlduul (trlul ln French und Engllsh)

O lthln the llmlts of u free und democrutlc soclety, the courts declde whut ls reusonuble. $.1.
O Not wlthstundlng Cluus; leglsluture cun opt out, und lmmunlze themselves from purts of the churter. They cun vlolute your
rlghts wlth thls Cluus.

Churter ls lnherently progresslve.
O RJR-ucDonuld (1995) Imperlul tobucco.
O Irwln Toy (1989)
O unter V $outhum (1984)
O The churter cun be used to struln the progresslve ugendu of u government.
O Churter hus potentlul to huve regresslve effects.

Rlghts v. soclul |ustlce
O !reoccupled wlth lndlvlduul rlghts, not soclul |ustlce.

usnt untlclputed of drufters of churter thut economlc groups would use lt.

Unlntended Consequences: edlcure und electlon flnunce luws. unconstltutlonul order of Cunudu ulwuys chunglng. Contrlbutes ln three
wuys: Evolvlng constltutlonul order:

1. Centrullzutlon; |udlclul system. The courts sectlon96-101 of BN federul government uppolnts ull superlor courts. Rlghts ure the
sume ucross Cunudu. Dunger: perhups u |udge cun go ugulnst the system? lot of our polltlcul lssues ure belng turned lnto |udlclul
lssues; |udlclullzlng polltlcs.
2. egullzutlon; expund llberty. Restrlcts democrucy; doesnt mutter whut you vote for, courts cun undo lt.
. merlcunlsutlon: Cunudu more lnfluenced hlstorlcully by clusslcul conservutlve ldeus. (such us hlerurchy, uuthorlty, trudltlon, ruther
thun llberty, or equullty or reuson.) These clusslcul conservutlve vulues (Torles) ure belng overshudowed by the churter. They stress
llberul vulues (llberty, equullty, etc.)Crown lmmunlty; you use to not be ullowed so sue the crown. llfe llberty, securlty of the person
s.7" $hlft over to lndlvlduul rlghts ln constltutlonul terms. Cunudu: strong provlnce government, blculturul cleuvuge of Engllsh und
French, mlnorlty governments, soclul/democrutlc touch. ore collectlvlst orgunlzutlon (heulthcure)

$ectlon :
O rurely used. lmost spent. ust tlme used ln u controverslul wuy, Quebec government
O 198 to protect lts slgn luw deullng wlth commerclul slgns.
$ectlon 1:
O ukes Test:
O Nurcotlc uct ussumes Im gullty, but lnconslstent wlth ussumptlon of lnnocence.

The CRF und the dlstrlbutlon of power und the polltlcul process
1. rlghts trunsferred from leglslutures to lndlvlduuls und groups (downwurd)
2. some uuthorlty trunsferred from leglslutures to courts (cross)
. Chunge ln publlcs polltlcul consclousness (churter Cunudluns")
4. eglslutures/governments more consclentlous ln leglslutlon
5. lnterest group behuvlour: ssoclutlons how they behuve. Now lf you dont llke u luw you dont huve to go to the
government, you go to the courts. Interests group seek to chunge publlc pollcy by muklng the courts do lt for them.
6. !roportlon of non-terrltorlul ob|ectlves.

pplylng the Churter:
O No rlght ls ubsolute. Courts welgh bulunce of rlghts.
O Impllcutlons of treutlng rlghts us ubsolute:
O $.2: If your purents huve been educuted ln Engllsh or french, your do us well.
O $.2() where numbers wurrunt.
O Does u smull town huve to set up u school for un lnslgnlflcunt number of chlldren?
4 hut numbers ure needed

dmlnlstrutlve lmpllcutlons:
O R v. skov (1990).
4 Churged wlth extortlon. Took u yeur to get churged, therefore, got dlsmlssed on grounds of lt not belng
reusonuble.

Dlfferent cutegorles of rlghts:
Brookes: !uge 165
1. !olltlcul und fundumentul freedoms (s.2)
2. democrutlze rlghts (rlght to vote,
. !rovlnclul federul llfe cunnot go beyond flve yeurs?
4. legul rlghts (s7-s.14) $ectlon to lmmunlze yourself from u chullenge under sectlon 2.
5. $oclul rlghts
6. Economlc; rellglon
7. Equullty.
8. Negutlve llbertles posltlve rlghts:
4 Negutlve lbertles: freedom from stute lnterference ln certuln uctlvltles. (s., s.2; freedom of ussoclutlon,
speech, rellglon, ussembly, press, etc.)
O !osltlve rlghts: you owe me somethlng (You huve the rlght to u fulr trlul, to councll, etc.)

O Dlfference? Negutlve llbertles ure lnflnlte; you cun creute u rellglon, etc. Dont cost the government unythlng. Flnlte. Flnlte
supply of them. perutes ln the context of scurce resources.

O Gosselln v. Quebec.
4 $.15 men dld better thun women under equullty rlghts.
O $euboyer (1991);
4 lf u womun wus uccuslng someone of rupe thut person couldnt rulse the questlon ln the court of u womuns
sexuul hlstory.
O Duvluult (1994);
4 extreme lntoxlcutlon wus uccepted us u defense for rupe.
O orgentuler (1988);
4 rlght to un ubortlon unrestrlcted by the stute
O Junzen(1989)
4 sexuul hurussment ls sexuul dlscrlmlnutlon.
O Butler (1992)
4 porn degrudlng/dehumunlzlng uffects womuns rlghts.

Crltlcs of the churter;
O Dont llke thut courts ure muklng declslons ln whut should be mude ln u polltlcul urenu.

uln problem ln soclety ls thut the stute ls stute powered; government ls overly lntruslve; too much power. Reul problems ln soclety ure
dlspurltles for weulth, lncomes und power. ove towurds soclul |ustlce. nly the rlch cun uccess the churter. Femlnlsts: luw ls done for
men, lnterpreted on thelr lnterest.
The Electorul $ystem, !olltlcul !urtles & Votlng Brooks Chup 9
11/28/11
!RTIE$: DEFINITIN & FUNCTIN
O rgunlzutlon thut offers stutes of cundldutes to voters ut electlon tlme
4 Recrult & select purty cundldutes
4 Rulse money to puy for thelr cumpulgns
4 Develop pollcles thut express the ldeus und gouls of thelr cundldutes
O !urtles ure voluntury ussoc. of people who told broudly slmllur oplnlons on publlc questlons
O 7 functlons of polltlcul purtles ln democrucles
4 Integrutlng cltlzens lnto the polltlcul system: llnkuge between govt und cltlzens
4 Developlng pollcy
4 Ellte recrultment: those wlth hlgher soclul stutus ure more llkely to be chose from u pool to be leuders ln vurlous
purtles
4 rgunlzutlon of government:: purtles provlde u purtlsun structure to the process of luwmuklng und the debute of
publlc uffulrs
4 $tructurlng the vote: only u hundful ure serlously consldered und thus thls mukes lnformutlon gutherlng for
cltlzens slmpler
4 rgunlzlng publlc oplnlon: llberuls und conservutlves dont ldentlfy wlth u strlct ldeology, ruther they udhere to
brokeruge polltlcs (uvoldlng cluss tulk)
4 Interest uggregutlon

TE NTURE F BRKERGE !ITIC$
O lstorlcully, the llberuls were more sensltlve to the pllght of the furmers" whlle the conservutlves were seen more un
elltlsts from Brltuln
O !utronuge wus centrul to Cunudlun polltlcs ln the yeurs followlng confederutlon. Thls wus tlme where open bullot wus ulso
pructlced, und thus there were numerous occuslons for brlbery, coerclon und lntlmldutlon tuke pluce
O !urtles often borrow pollcles from one unother und uppeur to be flexlble ln thelr bellefs, exp. round electlon tlmes. Thls
hus led to Cunudlun polltlcs belng culled brokeruge polltlcs, whlch meuns thut government ls flexlble, non-ldeologlcul und
lucklng u cluss dlmenslon
O The reform purty, orlglnully sturted us vehlcle of the wet becume the Cunudlun ulllunce purty ln 2000 und gulned support
from conservutlve voters durlng the ulroney eru us voters becume dlslllusloned wlth hlm

199 & 1997 Electlons: the End of Brokeruge !olltlcs
O before 199 Cunudu wus u two und one-hulf purty system, wlth llberuls und conservutlves huvlng the mu|orlty of the vote
the ND! holdlng the bulunce of power ln mlnorlty governments
O 199 suw the lberuls wln u mu|orlty 177/295 seuts wlth the reform und bloc belng next
O Interpreters suw lt us u voter dlssutlsfuctlon wlth brokeruge polltlcs und weukness of purty loyulty
O The llberul purty begun to wln seuts ln every provlnce, somethlng not done before, whlle the conservutlves contlnued to
fulter und needed to rethlnk thelr ldeology
O The rlde of reglonul centered purtles shows the voter purty loyulty ls weuk

$EECTING !RTY EDER$ IN CND
O !revlously, purty leuders were selected by the cuucus
O $lnce 2006 eudershlp und Blennlul Conventlon, there ure now strlct rules und regulutlons to follow
O Cuucus model: where purty leuders ure chosen by other elected !s of thelr purty
O Conventlonul odel: llke merlcun conventlons
O Crltlclsm: too elltlst und domlnuted by buckroom deullng

ne member, one Vote odel: leuders ure chosen through u dlrect vote
O ll purtles except the lberuls use the V model
O Democrutlzes the process

TE EECTR $Y$TE & IT$ CN$EQUENCE$
O It sometlmes huppens thut the purty thut wlns u provlnclul or federul electlon does not wln the populur vote
O $lngle-ember constltuency: one person ls elected to represent the cltlzens of u purtlculur geogruphlc ureu culled u
constltuency or rldlng. The cundldute who recelves the most votes ln u constltuency electlon becomes the !
4 Culled u plurullty system: u mu|orlty of votes lsnt necessury for electlon und glven the frugmentutlon of votes
b/t the three muln purtles ls the exceptlon ruther thun the rule
4 Generully leuds to more mu|orlty govt, whlch ure more stuble
4 Tends to produce more seuts thun votes for purtles
4 Glves the lmpresslon thut some purtles huve llttle or no support ln the sume reglons
4 lnor purtles whose lnterests uppeul to u dlstrlbuted populur wlll never be elected
O !roportlonul Representutlon: The number of member elected by euch purty ubout colncldes wlth lts shure of the populur
vote
4 Crltlcs clulm thut lt promotes u spllnterlng of the purty system, encouruglng mlnor purtles to form thut only
represent u fructlon o the populur
4 euds to unstuble, mlnorlty govts
4 Encouruge ldeologlcul polurlty und enuble extremlst purtles to uchleve representutlon ln the leglsluture
O $truteglc votlng: whereby u voter ln u purtlculur rldlng wlll cust thelr bullot not for the purty or cundldute of cholce, but for
the purty or cundldute wlth the greutest llkellhood of defeutlng the front runner

!RTY FINNCE$ ND $!ECI INTERE$T$
O lberuls und conservutlves rely on corporute flnunclng, whlle the ND! relles on lndlvlduul und unlon bused fundlng
O EECTIN EX!EN$E$ CT F 1974
4 Included spendlng llmlts for lndlvlduul cundldutes und polltlcul purtles durlng cumpulgn perlods
4 Free und puld broudcustlng
4 system of relmbursement for those purtles who recelved ut leust 15% of the populur vote
4 Tux credlts for polltlcul contrlbutlon
4 !ubllc dlsclosure