Code Talker

By Joseph Bruchac

YouTube: Navajo Code Talkers Honored in New York

 Navajos were traditionally

hunters and gatherers- a very peaceful people. 1855: Manuelito elected as head chief of the Navajos. 1859: raids occurred between Navajos, United States, and New Mexicans. 1860: Undeclared War between Navajos and U.S. in New Mexico and Arizona

 Long Walk- September 1863

Go to the Bosque Redondo [Fort Sumner], or we will pursue

and destroy you. We will not make peace with you on any other terms. You have deceived us too often and robbed and murdered our people too long-to trust you again at large in your own country. This war will be pursued against you if it takes years . . . until you cease to exist or move' " (Brigadier General Carleton)

Long Walk was terrifying for the Navajos; Navajos were an

independent, free, and self-sufficient people. 1866- Carleton removed as commander.

Indian Affairs.

1867- Control of Navajos shifted from Army to Bureau of

1868- Treaty signed for Navajos to return to their own land.

 Treaty on June 1, 1868

provided 3.5 million acres of land to the Navajos. 1885- Round Rockfirst trading post on the reservation 1868- Education provided for Navajo children

YouTube: Navajo Caterpillar Story

 Trading: Spinning and

weaving Silverwork Turquoise

All life is lived

with a sacred relationship to the land; there is no word for their religion.

Hogan: The traditional Navajo home made of mud and logs with a door facing the east to welcome the sun each morning.