59

A. LATAR BELAKANG
A.1 Pengenalan

Malaysia sebuah negara yang beriklim Khatulistiwa,
dianugerahkan taburan hujan yang banyak dengan
purata 3,000 mm setahun, serta jaringan sungai yang
meluas sebagai sumber air negara. Malaysia
memanfaatkan sumber ini kepada pertanian,
perindustrian dan perumahan, sehingga pengguna dapat
menikmati kemudahan sumber air dengan mudah.
Permintaan air sentiasa meningkat sejajar dengan
pertumbuhan penduduk dan peningkatan taraf hidup.
Oleh itu, pengurusan sumber air hendaklah diberi
perhatian supaya dapat memenuhi permintaan pengguna
yang semakin meningkat.

A.2 Sumber air

Di Malaysia, air permukaan meliputi 97 peratus daripada
bekalan air, manakala baki tiga peratus adalah air bawah
tanah. Sungai menyumbangkan lebih daripada 90
peratus bekalan air mentah. Air bawah tanah mula
diterokai sejak 70 tahun yang lalu yang mana Kelantan
merupakan negeri pertama menggunakan air bawah
tanah untuk bekalan awam seperti yang dicatatkan
dalam Kajian Sumber Air Negara 20002050 oleh Unit
Perancang Ekonomi (UPE).

Kapasiti pengeluaran air merupakan keupayaan
pengeluaran air bagi loji-loji yang beroperasi sepenuhnya
dalam tahun berkenaan. Kapasiti pengeluaran berbeza
setiap tahun tertakluk kepada reka bentuk loji.

Jadual 2.1 menunjukkan kapasiti pengeluaran air
mengikut negeri dari 2005 hingga 2009. Kapasiti
pengeluaran air meningkat 10.0 peratus daripada
14,796 juta liter sehari (JLH) pada 2005 kepada
16,281JLH pada 2009.

Pada 2009, kapasiti pengeluaran air meningkat di enam
buah negeri (Johor, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Sabah dan
Sarawak). Sementara itu, dua negeri mengalami
penurunan (Negeri Sembilan dan Terengganu),
manakala negeri-negeri lain tidak berubah berbanding
2008.
A. BACKGROUND

A.1 Introduction

Malaysia by virtue of its equatorial climate, is blessed
with abundant rainfall, averaging 3,000 mm annually, as
well as an extensive river system as national water
resource. Malaysia has harnessed this abundant
resource for agriculture, industries and homes, where
consumers have the convenience of running water at the
turn of a tap. The demand for water has been increasing
in tandem with the growing population and improvement
in the standard of living. As such, the management of
water resources should be addressed in order to meet
the increasing demand.


A.2 Water resources

In Malaysia, surface water constitutes 97 per cent of
water supply while the remaining three per cent consists
of groundwater. Rivers contribute more than 90 per cent
of the raw water supply. Groundwater has been explored
since 70 years ago where Kelantan was the first state to
utilise groundwater for public supply as stated in the
National Water Resources Study 20002050 by the
Economic Planning Unit (EPU).


Water production capacity is the ability to produce water
by fully operated plants in the respective year. The
production capacity varies every year according to the
design of the plants.

Table 2.1 shows the production capacity of water by
state from 2005 to 2009. The production capacity of
water increased by 10.0 per cent from 14,796 million
litres per day (MLD) in 2005 to 16,281 MLD in 2009.


In 2009, the water production capacity increased in six
states (Johor, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Sabah and
Sarawak). Meanwhile, two states (Negeri Sembilan and
Terengganu) recorded a decrease, while other states
remained unchanged as compared to 2008.
60

Jadual 2.1: Kapasiti pengeluaran air mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 20052009
Table 2.1: Production capacity of water by state, Malaysia, 20052009


Negeri
State
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Jumlah
Total
14,796 15,164
r
15,737 15,891
r
16,281
Johor 1,632 1,641 1,605 1,604
r
1,612
Kedah 1,153 1,208 1,185 1,185 1,185
Kelantan 319 354 346 356
r
360
Melaka 488 493 489 489 489
Negeri Sembilan 730 734 717 748
r
747
Pahang 843 834 1,176 1195
r
1,197
Perak 1,221 1,391 1,403 1,413 1,726
Perlis 102 102 107 110 110
Pulau Pinang 1,280 1,266 1,273 1,273 1,273
Sabah 755 763
r
789 869 1,076
Sarawak
1
1,091 1,196 1,201 1,201 1,202
Selangor
2
4,481 4,481 4,481 4,483 4,483
Terengganu 641 641 905 905 761
W.P. Labuan 60 60 60 60 60
Punca: Jabatan Bekalan Air (2005-2006) dan Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (2007-2009)
Source: Department of Water Supply (2005-2006) and National Water Services Commission (2007-2009)












1
Termasuk Lembaga Air Kawasan Utara (LAKU), Lembaga Air Sibu, Lembaga Air Kuching dan JKR Sarawak
Includes The Northern Sarawak Water Board (LAKU), Sibu Water Board, Kuching Water Board and JKR Sarawak

2
Termasuk W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan Putrajaya
Includes W.P. Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya
Juta liter sehari (JLH)
Million litres per day (MLD)

61

Kuantiti air yang dibekalkan meningkat sebanyak
2.1 peratus kepada 13,493JLH pada 2009 berbanding
13,213JLH pada 2008. Kuantiti air yang dibekalkan bagi
semua negeri menunjukkan peningkatan melainkan
Negeri Sembilan yang mengalami sedikit penurunan
(-0.9%) dan Pahang kekal tidak berubah. Peningkatan
tertinggi ialah bagi negeri Sabah (7.0%), diikuti oleh
Sarawak (6.2%).
The quantity of water supplied rose by 2.1 per cent to
13,493MLD in 2009 compared to 13,213MLD in 2008.
The quantity of water supplied for all states showed
increases except for Negeri Sembilan which experienced
a slight decrease (-0.9%), while Pahang remained
unchanged. The highest increase was for the state of
Sabah (7.0%) followed by Sarawak (6.2%).


Jadual 2.2: Kuantiti air yang dibekalkan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 20052009
Table 2.2: Quantity of water supplied by state, Malaysia, 20052009



Negeri
State
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Malaysia 11,563 12,192 12,826 13,213
r
13,493
Johor 1,003 1,363 1,387 1,430 1,466
Kedah 976 1,029 1,088 1,157 1,173
Kelantan 275 295 328 341 343
Melaka 415 393 411 428 443
Negeri Sembilan 642 746 690 665
r
659
Pahang 709 701 890 915 915
Perak 955 963 973 1,014 1,039
Perlis 92 95 97 108
r
109
Pulau Pinang 819 840 865 896 913
Sabah 740 743 772 820 877
Sarawak
1
748 748 940 956 1,015
Selangor
2
3,728 3,776 3,814 3,889 3,926
Terengganu 424 465 525 547 567
W.P. Labuan 37 35 46 47 48
Punca: Jabatan Bekalan Air (2005-2006) dan Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (2007-2009)
Source: Department of Water Supply (2005-2006) and National Water Services Commission (2007-2009)





1
Termasuk Lembaga Air Kawasan Utara (LAKU), Lembaga Air Sibu, Lembaga Air Kuching dan JKR Sarawak
Includes The Northern Sarawak Water Board (LAKU), Sibu Water Board, Kuching Water Board and JKR Sarawak

2
Termasuk W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan Putrajaya
Includes W.P. Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya
Juta liter sehari (JLH)
Million litres per day (MLD)
63

B. KEADAAN
B.1 Kualiti air sungai

JAS telah memantau kualiti air sungai semenjak 1978
bagi mengesan perubahan dalam kualiti air sungai serta
mengenal pasti sumber-sumber pencemaran. Terdapat
1,063 stesen manual yang terletak di 143 lembangan
sungai untuk mengumpul dan merekod data kualiti air
sungai di Malaysia.

Indeks Kualiti Air

ndeks Kualiti Air (KA) digunakan untuk menentukan
status kualiti air sungai yang diklasifikasikan kepada tiga
kategori iaitu Bersih (B), Sederhana Tercemar (ST) dan
Tercemar (T). Pengkelasan sungai juga dilaksanakan
setiap tahun berdasarkan KA dan nterim Standard
Kualiti Air Kebangsaan (NWQS) iaitu Kelas , , , V
dan V. Enam parameter iaitu Keperluan Oksigen
Biokimia (BOD5), Keperluan Oksigen Kimia (COD),
Ammoniakal Nitrogen (NH3-N), Pepejal Terampai (SS),
nilai pH dan Oksigen Terlarut (DO) digunakan dalam
pengiraan KA. Klasifikasi kualiti air ditunjukkan di
Kotak 2.1.

B. THE STATE

B.1 River water quality

Since 1978, DOE has been monitoring the river water
quality to detect its changes and identify the sources of
water pollution. A total of 1,063 manual stations are
located within 143 river basins for collecting and
recording the river water quality data in Malaysia.


Water Quality Index

Water Quality Index (WQI) is used to determine the river
water quality status which is classified into three
categories namely, Clean (C), Slightly Polluted (SP) and
Polluted (P). The classification of river water is also
implemented every year based on WQI and Interim
National Water Quality Standards (INWQS) which are
Class I, II, III, IV and V. The six parameters namely
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD), Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N),
Suspended Solids (SS), pH value and Dissolved Oxygen
(DO) are used to derive WQI. The water quality
classification is shown in Box 2.1.
Kotak 2.1: Klasifikasi kualiti air berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air
Box 2.1: Water quality classification based on Water Quality Index
Parameter

ndeks
Index
Bersih (B)
Clean (C)
Sederhana Tercemar (ST)
Slightly Polluted (SP)
Tercemar (T)
Polluted (P)
ndeks Kualiti Air (KA)
Water Quality Index (WQI)
81 100 60 80 0 59
Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia (BOD5)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
91 100 80 90 0 79
Ammoniakal Nitrogen (NH3-N)
Ammoniacal Nitrogen
92 100 71 91 0 70
Pepejal Terampai (SS)
Suspended Solids
76 100 70 75 0 69
Punca: Jabatan Alam Sekitar
Source: Department of Environment





64

B.2 Status kualiti air sungai
Jadual 2.4 menunjukkan bilangan dan peratusan
lembangan sungai mengikut kategori dari 2005 hingga
2009. Bilangan lembangan sungai bersih mencatatkan
pengurangan daripada 76 pada 2008 kepada 70
lembangan sungai pada 2009. Sebaliknya, bilangan
lembangan sungai sederhana tercemar dan tercemar
masing-masing bertambah sebanyak empat dan dua.
B.2 River water quality status

Table 2.4 shows the number and percentage of river
basins by category from 2005 to 2009. The number of
clean river water basins decreased from 76 in 2008 to 70
in 2009. On the other hand, the number of slightly
polluted and polluted river basins increased by four and
two respectively.

Jadual 2.4: Bilangan dan peratusan lembangan sungai mengikut kategori, Malaysia, 20052009
Table 2.4: Number and percentage of river basins by category, Malaysia, 20052009

Kategori
Category
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Bil.
No.
%
Bil.
No.
%
Bil.
No.
%
Bil.
No.
%
Bil.
No.
%
Jumlah stesen pengawasan
Total monitoring stations
1,085 1,086 1,064 1,063 1,063
Jumlah lembangan sungai yang dipantau
Total river basins monitored
146 100.0 146 100.0 143 100.0 143 100.0 143 100.0
Bersih
Clean
80 54.8 80 54.8 91 63.6 76 53.1 70 48.9
Sederhana Tercemar
Slighty Polluted
51 34.9 59 40.4 45 31.5 60 42.0 64 44.8
Tercemar
Polluted
15 10.3 7 4.8 7 4.9 7 4.9 9 6.3
Punca: Jabatan Alam Sekitar
Source: Department of Environment


Tiga bahan pencemar utama yang dikesan dalam
pencemaran air sungai ialah NH3-N, BOD5 dan SS
seperti yang ditunjukkan di Jadual 2.5.
The three major pollutants detected in river water
pollution were NH3-N, BOD5 and SS as shown in
Table 2.5.

Jadual 2.5: Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar utama, Malaysia, 20052009
Table 2.5: Status of river water quality based on main pollutants, Malaysia, 20052009

Tahun
Year
Jumlah lembangan
sungai yang diawasi
Total river basins
monitored
NH3-N BOD5 SS
B
C
ST
SP
T
P
B
C
ST
SP
T
P
B
C
ST
SP
T
P
2005 146 49 54 43 77 41 28 90 22 34
2006 146 49 56 41 96 28 22 84 20 42
2007 143 48 59 36 94 37 12 62 39 42
2008 143 72 38 33 79 46 18 57 33 53
2009 143 56 47 40 28 73 42 54 32 57
Punca: Jabatan Alam Sekitar B-Bersih ST-Sederhana Tercemar T-Tercemar
Source: Department of Environment C-Clean SP-Slightly Polluted P-Polluted






65

Ammoniakal Nitrogen
Berdasarkan Jadual 2.5, sejumlah 56 lembangan sungai
dikategorikan sebagai bersih, 47 sungai sebagai
sederhana tercemar dan 40 sungai tercemar dengan
Ammoniakal Nitrogen (NH3-N) pada 2009. Peratusan
lembangan sungai yang bebas daripada NH3-N
mencatatkan penurunan daripada 50.3 peratus pada
2008 kepada 39.1 peratus pada 2009. Penurunan
bilangan sungai bersih secara tidak langsung
meningkatkan peratusan bagi sungai yang sederhana
tercemar (32.9%) dan sungai yang tercemar (28.0%)
pada 2009. Punca utama kewujudan NH3-N di dalam
lembangan sungai, adalah disebabkan oleh kumbahan
domestik dan pembuangan sisa haiwan.
Ammoniacal Nitrogen

Based on Table 2.5, 56 river basins were categorised as
clean river, 47 as slightly polluted and 40 as polluted with
Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N) in 2009. The chart below
shows that the percentage of river water basins free from
NH3-N recorded a decrease from 50.3 per cent in 2008
to 39.1 per cent in 2009. Thus, the decrease in the
number of clean river basins indirectly increase the
percentage of slightly polluted river basins (32.9%) and
polluted river basins (28.0%) in 2009. The main sources
of NH3-N existence in river basins were wastes from
livestock farming and domestic sewage.
Carta 2.1: Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar NH3-N, Malaysia, 20052009
Chart 2.1: Status of river water quality based on NH3-N pollutant, Malaysia, 20052009












































0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
3
3
.
6
3
3
.
6
3
3
.
6
5
0
.
3
3
9
.
1
3
7
.
0
3
8
.
3
4
1
.
2
2
6
.
6
3
2
.
9
2
9
.
4
2
8
.
1
2
5
.
2
2
3
.
1
2
8
.
0
Peratus
Per cent
Tahun
Year
Bersih
Clean
Sederhana Tercemar
Slightly Polluted
Tercemar
Polluted
Bersih
Clean
Sederhana Tercemar
Slightly Polluted
Tercemar
Polluted
66

Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia
Peningkatan Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia (BOD5) di
dalam lembangan sungai, kebiasaannya disebabkan oleh
kumbahan yang tidak atau separa dirawat akibat dari
pencemaran organik, yang kebanyakannya berpunca
daripada pelepasan efluen industri dan domestik. BOD5
merujuk kepada ukuran jumlah oksigen terlarut yang
diperlukan untuk mengurai bakteria dalam sisa organik di
dalam air.

Peratus lembangan sungai bersih yang bebas dari bahan
pencemar BOD5 menurun daripada 55.2 peratus pada
2008 kepada 19.6 peratus pada 2009. Oleh itu, secara
tidak langsung ia meningkatkan bilangan lembangan
sungai sederhana tercemar daripada 32.2 peratus
kepada 51.0 peratus. ni diikuti oleh lembangan sungai
tercemar meningkat dari 12.6 peratus kepada 29.4
peratus bagi tempoh yang sama.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand

The increase in Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) in
river basins was mostly due to untreated or partially
treated sewage which was caused by organic pollution
mostly from industrial and domestic effluents. BOD5
refers to the amount of dissolved oxygen required for the
bacterial decomposition of organic waste in water.



The percentage of clean river basins free from BOD5
pollutant declined from 55.2 per cent in 2008 to
19.6 per cent in 2009. Consequently the number of
slightly polluted basins increased from 32.2 per cent to
51.0 per cent. This was followed by polluted river basins
which rose from 12.6 per cent to 29.4 per cent during
the same period.


Carta 2.2: Status kualiti air sungai berdasarkan pencemar BOD5, Malaysia, 20052009
Chart 2.2: Status of river water quality based on BOD5 pollutant, Malaysia, 20052009






































0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
5
2
.
7
6
5
.
7
6
5
.
7
5
5
.
2
1
9
.
6
2
8
.
1
1
9
.
2
2
5
.
9
3
2
.
2
5
1
.
0
1
9
.
2
1
5
.
1
8
.
4
1
2
.
6
2
9
.
4
Peratus
Per cent
Tahun
Year
Bersih
Clean
Sederhana Tercemar
Slightly Polluted
Tercemar
Polluted
Bersih
Clean
Sederhana Tercemar
Slightly Polluted
Tercemar
Polluted
68

Logam Berat
Logam berat dengan molekul yang tinggi seperti kuprum,
zink, kadmium, nikel, plumbum, arsenik dan raksa yang
digunakan dalam industri untuk menghasilkan
pengeluaran merupakan penyumbang utama pencemar
logam berat di lembangan sungai. Pencemaran logam
berat biasanya terjadi apabila pembuangan sisa tidak
dirawat dengan sempurna oleh sektor industri disalurkan
ke dalam lembangan sungai. Kepekatan logam berat
yang tinggi di dalam lembangan sungai akan memberi
kesan yang membahayakan kesihatan manusia dan
alam sekitar.

Bacaan purata kepekatan lima logam berat iaitu raksa,
kadmium, arsenik, plumbum dan zink di dalam
lembangan sungai pada 2009 telah meningkat
berbanding tahun sebelumnya. Walau bagaimanapun,
bacaan purata bagi kelima-lima logam berat ini masih
berada dalam bacaan nilai yang boleh diterima
berdasarkan Panduan untuk Kualiti Air Minuman Negara.
Heavy Metals

Heavy metals with high molecules such as copper, zinc,
cadmium, nickel, lead, arsenic and mercury used by
industries in their production are the main contributors of
heavy metal pollutants in river basins. Heavy metal
pollution usually occurs when inadequately treated waste
water by the industrial sector is discharged into the river
basins. High concentration of heavy metals in the river
basins is harmful and poses risk to human health and
environment.



In 2009, the readings of average concentration for all the
five heavy metals i.e. mercury, cadmium, arsenic, lead
and zinc increased when compared to previous year.
However, based on the National Guideline for Drinking
Water Quality, the readings of these five heavy metals
were within the acceptable value.
Jadual 2.6: Purata tahunan kepekatan logam berat di sungai, Malaysia, 20052009
Table 2.6: Annual average concentration of heavy metals in river, Malaysia, 20052009

Logam berat
Heavy metal
Nilai boleh diterima
1
Acceptable value
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Raksa
Mercury
0.0010 0.0002 0.0002 0.0007 0.0001 0.0002
Kadmium
Cadmium
0.0050 0.0005 0.0005 0.0040 0.0010 0.0020
Arsenik
Arsenic
0.0500 0.0076 0.0077 0.0110 0.0030 0.0040
Plumbum
Lead
0.1000 0.0053 0.0051 0.0150 0.0100 0.0150
Zink
Zinc
1.5000 0.0524 0.0434 0.0400 0.0180 0.0410
Punca: Jabatan Alam Sekitar
Source: Department of Environment






1
Garis Panduan Kebangsaan untuk Kualiti Air Minuman oleh Kementerian Kesihatan
National Guideline for Drinking Water Quality by the Ministry of Health
69

1
Rancangan Malaysia Kesepuluh (2011-2015)
Tenth Malaysia Plan (2011-2015)
C. TEKANAN
C.1 Punca pencemaran air
Lebih 90 peratus bekalan air di Malaysia berpunca
daripada sungai. Justeru, usaha menangani
pencemaran sungai akan terus diberi penekanan. Di
Malaysia, antara punca utama pencemaran air sungai
adalah daripada loji rawatan kumbahan, industri
berasaskan pertanian, ladang ternakan, kerja
pembersihan kawasan dan kumbahan domestik. Bahan
buangan yang mengandungi sisa toksik ini bukan sahaja
berbahaya kepada manusia tetapi juga merosakkan
habitat serta alam sekitar
1
.
C.2 Sumber air mentah
Sumber air mentah di negara kita kebanyakannya
diperoleh daripada sungai, empangan dan air bawah
tanah. Seperti dinyatakan dalam Kajian Sumber Air
Negara (Semenanjung Malaysia) 2000-2050, pihak
kerajaan akan memfokuskan dalam mengenal pasti
permintaan dan menentukan sumber air di Semenanjung
Malaysia pada masa hadapan adalah mencukupi dan
mengambil kira permintaan dan keperluan air negara
sehingga 2050. Permintaan air dalam industri domestik
dan lain-lain dijangka meningkat sebanyak 63 peratus
dari 2000 hingga 2050. Masalah kualiti air sungai akan
memberi kesan kepada sumber air negara sekiranya
tiada tindakan segera diambil bagi mengatasi masalah
tersebut.

Bekalan air

Jadual 2.7a menunjukkan jumlah bekalan air mentah
yang diambil terus dari sungai telah meningkat sebanyak
23.9 peratus iaitu dari 3,708,012 juta liter pada 2005
kepada 4,592,743 juta liter pada 2009. Peningkatan
yang paling tinggi berlaku di Johor daripada 154,049 juta
liter pada 2005 kepada 461,556 juta liter pada 2009 dan
Pahang daripada 255,489 juta liter kepada 397,934 juta
liter bagi tempoh yang sama.
C. THE PRESSURE

C.1 Sources of water pollution

More than 90 per cent of Malaysia's water supply comes
from rivers and streams. As such, efforts to overcome
river pollution will be continuously emphasised. In
Malaysia, the major sources of pollution include improper
discharge from sewerage treatment plants, agro-based
factories, livestock farming, land clearing activities and
domestic sewage. These waste contain toxic which are
not only harmful to humans but also to habitats as well as
the environment
1
.


C.2 Raw water resources

The main source of raw water supply in our country
comes from rivers, storage dams and groundwater. As
stated in the National Water Study (Peninsular Malaysia)
2000-2050, the government will be focusing on
identifying the demand and water resources to meet
future needs in Peninsular Malaysia as well as to
determine the availability of water resources up to 2050.
The water demand in domestic industries and others is
expected to rise by 63 per cent from 2000 to 2050. The
problem of river water quality will give an impact to
national water sources if there is no immediate action
taken to overcome this problem.



Water supply

Table 2.7a shows the supply of raw water extracted
directly from rivers increased by 23.9 per cent i.e. from
3,708,012 million litres in 2005 to 4,592,743 million litres
in 2009. The highest increase was in Johor, i.e. from
154,049 million litres in 2005 to 461,556 million litres in
2009 and Pahang from 255,489 million litres to
397,934 million litres for the same period.

70

Jadual 2.7a: Bekalan air mentah yang diambil terus dari sungai mengikut negeri, 20052009
Table 2.7a: Supply of raw water extracted directly from rivers by state, 20052009


Entiti air
Water entities
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Jumlah
Total
3,708,012
r
3,563,111
r
4,382,724
r
4,545,003
r
4,592,743
Johor 154,049 133,233 360,942 380,145 461,556
Kedah 371,613 391,883 441,621
r
448,686
r
454,756
Kelantan 57,610 62,380 71,512
r
75,717
r
73,121
Melaka 110,667 114,362 116,578 125,220 105,598
Negeri Sembilan 162,468 178,684 223,355 257,447
r
185,944
Pahang 255,489 255,489 345,672 355,343 397,934
Perak 348,618
r
316,342
r
411,323
r
415,109
r
372,553
Perlis 15,817 16,793 17,165 17,330 18,335
Pulau Pinang 286,200 298,996 305,160 314,653 326,793
Sabah 196,448 198,774 207,183 218,050 218,646
Sarawak
1
256,620
r
276,504
r
296,925
r
314,010
r
325,737
Selangor
2
1,364,153
r
1,187,260 1,376,929
r
1,406,543
r
1,428,655
Terengganu 115,238 115,761 193,847 201,819 208,503
W.P. Labuan 13,022 16,650 14,512
r
14,932
r
14,612

Punca: Jabatan Bekalan Air (2005-2006) dan Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (2007-2009)
Source: Department of Water Supply (2005-2006) and National Water Services Commission (2007-2009)


Jadual 2.7b: Bekalan air mentah yang diambil dari empangan mengikut negeri, 20052009
Table 2.7b: Supply of raw water from storage dams by state, 20052009


Entiti air
Water entities
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Jumlah
Total
1,084,513 1,247,094 558,772
r
615,928
r
715,714
Johor 382,343 403,903 148,390 145,725 121,903
Kedah 2,453 2,453 6,027
r
6,225
r
6,022
Kelantan 1,231 750 n.a n.a n.a
Melaka 51,070 51,070 51,704 53,189 79,010
Negeri Sembilan 80,645 80,646 34,092 134,712
r
153,135
Pahang n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a
Perak n.a n.a 44,472
r
46,596
r
116,534
Perlis 15,278 15,278 19,316
r
19,413
r
19,300
Pulau Pinang 27,317 25,932 26,929 28,497 34,912
Sabah 74,294 73,150 84,367 88,308 88,695
Sarawak
1
32,728 33,521 35,048 36,532 36,500
Selangor
2
363,771 490,321 105,243 53,118
r
55,827
Terengganu 52,016 67,965 n.a n.a n.a
W.P. Labuan 1,367 2,105 3,185 3,613 3,876
Punca: Jabatan Bekalan Air (2005-2006) dan Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (2007-2009)
Source: Department of Water Supply (2005-2006) and National Water Services Commission (2007-2009)
1
Termasuk Lembaga Air Kawasan Utara (LAKU), Lembaga Air Sibu, Lembaga Air Kuching dan JKR Sarawak
Includes Lembaga Air Kawasan Utara (LAKU), Lembaga Air Sibu, Lembaga Air Kuching and JKR Sarawak

2
Termasuk W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan Putrajaya
Includes W.P. Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya
Juta liter
Million litres
Juta liter
Million litres
71

Jadual 2.7b pula menunjukkan jumlah bekalan air
mentah yang diambil dari empangan mengikut negeri
yang telah menurun sebanyak 34.0 peratus iaitu dari
1,084,513 juta liter pada 2005 kepada hanya
715,714 juta liter pada 2009. Penurunan yang ketara
berlaku di Selangor (termasuk Kuala Lumpur dan
Putrajaya) sebanyak 84.7 peratus iaitu dari
363,771 juta liter pada 2005 kepada hanya
55,827 juta liter pada 2009 dan ini diikuti oleh Johor
(-68.1%).

Jadual 2.7c menunjukkan jumlah bekalan air mentah
bawah tanah mengikut negeri bagi tempoh 2005 hingga
2009. Air mentah bawah tanah merupakan sumber
kedua terpenting bagi sumber bekalan air di Kelantan.
W.P. Labuan mula meneroka bekalan air mentah bawah
tanah pada 2009.
Table 2.7b shows the total supply of raw water from
storage dams by state decreased by 34.0 per cent from
1,084,513 million litres in 2005 to only 715,714 million
litres in 2009. Selangor (including Kuala Lumpur and
Putrajaya) recorded a significant drop of 84.7 per cent
i.e. from 363,771 million litres in 2005 to only
55,827 million litres in 2009 and this was followed by
Johor (-68.1%).



Table 2.7c shows the supply of raw groundwater by state
for the period of 2005 to 2009. Raw groundwater is a
second major source of water supply in Kelantan.
W.P. Labuan began to explore raw groundwater in 2009.
Jadual 2.7c: Bekalan air mentah bawah tanah mengikut negeri
1
, 20052009
Table 2.7c: Supply of raw groundwater by state
1
, 20052009


Entiti air
Water entities
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Jumlah
Total
48,150 62,387 67,661 71,242 75,206
Kelantan 45,189 44,428 48,294 49,387 54,038
Negeri Sembilan 325 - - - -
Pahang - - 2,062 2,062 1,365
Perlis 2,562 2,562 2,390 3,305 3,080
Sabah 12,575 13,842 14,831 16,409 16,425
Sarawak
2
4,130 1,458 7 - -
Terengganu 74 87 84 79 34
W.P.Labuan - - - - 264
Punca: Jabatan Bekalan Air (2005-2006) dan Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (2007-2009)
Source: Department of Water Supply (2005-2006) and National Water Services Commission (2007-2009)



1
Sumber bekalan air bawah tanah masih belum diterokai di Johor, Kedah, Melaka, Perak, Pulau Pinang dan Selangor. Isipadu air
mentah bawah tanah hanya sebagai panduan memandangkan tidak semua loji rawatan dilengkapi dengan meter bagi mengukur
kuantiti pengambilan sebenar
Groundwater resources not yet explored in Johor, Kedah, Melaka, Perak, Pulau Pinang and Selangor. Volume of raw groundwater is only for
guidance since not all treatment plants is equipped with metre to quantify the actual intake volume

2
Sumber air bawah tanah tidak diterokai di kawasan yang air dibekalkan oleh JKR Sarawak, Lembaga Air Kuching dan
Lembaga Air Sibu. Kos mengepam air bawah tanah adalah tinggi, maka sumber sungai alternatif (iaitu Sungai Bakong) telah
digunakan pada 2006 dan 2007. Air bawah tanah kini disimpan untuk musim kemarau
Ground raw water resources not explored in areas water supplied by JKR Sarawak, Kuching Water Board and Sibu Water Board. Pumping
groundwater is costly, so alternative river source (i.e Sungai Bakong) is applied instead in 2006 and 2007. The groundwater resource is
presently stored as a reserve for the drought season
Juta liter
Million litres
72

Jadual 2.8: Penggunaan air bermeter mengikut sektor dan negeri, Malaysia, 20052009
Table 2.8: Metered water consumption by sector and state, Malaysia, 20052009



Negeri
State
Domestik
Domestic
Bukan Domestik
Non-Domestic
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Jumlah
Total
4,992 5,025 5,381 5,476 5,547 2,366 2,603 2,694 2,868 3,004
Johor 621 644 664 682 684 235 255 289 301 313
Kedah 421 434 471 471 474 137 132 164 167 171
Kelantan 111 116 120 122 124 46 48 49 51 53
Melaka 150 155 196 202 173 135 133 93 98 138
Negeri Sembilan 181 190 231 238 213 121 108 87 92 122
Pahang 223 233 308 321 271 134 143 104 112 96
Perak 487 486 496 508 526 175 182 185 191 194
Perlis 50 51 50 54 49 9 10 14 9 11
Pulau Pinang 400 408 427 441 451 261 275 293 306 288
Sabah 254 294 294 252 307 62 26 44 112 136
Sarawak
1
327 352 400 409 438 220 226 259 267 277
Selangor
2
1,579 1,460 1,520 1,566 1,621 717 933 969 1,006 1,029
Terengganu 172 185 187 191 198 105 124 135 149 155
W.P. Labuan 18 17 18 19 18 10 11 11 12 18
Punca: Jabatan Bekalan Air (2005-2006) dan Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (2007-2009)
Source: Department of Water Supply (2005-2006) and National Water Services Commission (2007-2009)





1
Termasuk Lembaga Air Kawasan Utara (LAKU), Lembaga Air Sibu, Lembaga Air Kuching dan JKR Sarawak
Includes The Northern Sarawak Water Board (LAKU), Sibu Water Board, Kuching Water Board and JKR Sarawak
2
Termasuk W.P. Kuala Lumpur dan Putrajaya
Includes W.P. Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya
Penggunaan air mengikut sektor
Jadual 2.8 menunjukkan penggunaan air bermeter
mengikut sektor domestik dan bukan domestik bagi 2005
hingga 2009. Pada keseluruhannya, penggunaan air
sektor domestik meningkat sebanyak 1.5 peratus dari
5,466 JLH kepada 5,547 JLH. Bagi sektor bukan
domestik, jumlah penggunaan meningkat sebanyak
4.7 peratus dari 2,868 JLH kepada 3,004 JLH pada
2009. Penggunaan air bermeter mengikut sektor dan
negeri ditunjukkan di Peta 2.1.
Water consumption by sector

Table 2.8 shows the metered water consumption by
domestic and non-domestic sectors for 2005 to 2009.
Overall, domestic consumption increased by 1.5 per cent
from 5,466 MLD to 5,547 MLD. Total usage for the non-
domestic sector increased by 4.7 per cent from
2,868 MLD to 3,004 MLD in 2009. Metered water
consumption by sector and state is shown in Map 2.1.
Juta liter sehari (JLH)
Million litres per day (MLD)
74

C.3 Air permukaan
Pengeluaran akuakultur
Jadual 2.9 menunjukkan bilangan, keluasan dan
pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar di Malaysia dari 2006
sehingga 2010. Anggaran jumlah keseluruhan
pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar pada 2010 dijangkakan
meningkat sebanyak 59.2 peratus kepada
242,987.7 tan metrik apabila dibandingkan dengan 2009.
Jumlah pengeluaran bagi semua sistem ternakan
dijangka meningkat pada 2010. Pengeluaran akuakultur
dari kolam mencatatkan pengeluaran tertinggi dengan
181,061.3 tan metrik. a diikuti dengan bekas lombong
28,793.4 tan metrik, kandang 14,344.5 tan metrik,
sangkar 12,659.1 tan metrik, tangki simen 5,292.6 tan
metrik dan tangki kanvas 836.8 tan metrik.

Pada 2010, bilangan sangkar, tangki simen, kandang
dan tangki kanvas menunjukkan peningkatan berbanding
2009, manakala kolam dan bekas lombong mencatatkan
penurunan.

C.3 Surface water

Aquaculture production

Table 2.9 shows the number, area and freshwater
aquaculture production in Malaysia from year 2006 to
2010. The overall total estimation of freshwater
aquaculture production in 2010 rose by 59.2 per cent to
242,987.7 tonnes when compared to 2009. Total
production for all types of aquaculture is estimated to
increase in 2010. The production from ponds was the
highest, amounting to 181,061.3 tonnes. This was
followed by ex-mining pools 28,793.4 tonnes, pen culture
14,344.5 tonnes, cage 12,659.1 tonnes, cement tank
5,292.6 tonnes and canvas tank 836.8 tonnes.



In 2010, the number of cages, cement tank, pen culture
and canvas tanks showed an increase compared to
2009, while pond and ex-mining pool recorded a
decrease.
Carta 2.4: Jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar, Malaysia, 20062010
Chart 2.4: Total freshwater aquaculture production, Malaysia, 20062010


0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010e
6
1
,
6
5
2
.
5
7
0
,
0
6
4
.
2
9
5
,
8
4
6
.
2
1
5
2
,
6
0
8
.
7
2
4
2
,
9
8
7
.
7
Tan metrik
Tonnes
Tahun
Year
2010
e

75

Carta 2.5: Jumlah pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar mengikut sistem ternakan, Malaysia, 2009 dan 2010
Chart 2.5: Total aquaculture production of freshwater by culture system, Malaysia, 2009 and 2010






















Jadual 2.9: Bilangan, keluasan dan pengeluaran akuakultur air tawar, Malaysia, 20062010
Jadual 2.9: Number, area and production of freshwater aquaculture, Malaysia, 20062010

Sistem ternakan
Culture system
Perkara
Items
2006 2007
r
2008
r
2009
p
2010
e
Jumlah pengeluaran (tan metrik)
Total productions (tonnes)
61,652.5 70,064.2 95,846.2 152,608.7 242,987.7
Kolam
Ponds
Bilangan
Number
36,959 34,604 45,854 38,504 32,332

Luas (hektar)
Area (hectare)
5,015.2 4,670.5 4,916.2 5,429.6 6,236.3

Pengeluaran (tan metrik)
Production (tonnes)
41,275.4 48,532.1 70,361.5 113,715.8 181,061.3
Bekas lombong
Ex-mining pool
Bilangan
Number
370 391 1,238 678 371

Luas (hektar)
Area (hectare)
1,537.1 1,642.4 2,414.8 2,074.7 2,382.9

Pengeluaran (tan metrik)
Production (tonnes)
10,182.1 12,039.4 14,976.2 18,083.7 28,793.4
Sangkar
Cages
Bilangan
Number
17,006 17,323 17,404 24,897 35,279

Luas (m
2
)
Area (m
2
)
275,635.5 286,522.1 336,594.2 495,481.9 569,090.6

Pengeluaran (tan metrik)
Production (tonnes)
8,018.2 7,074.8 7,438.4 7,950.6 12,659.1
Tangki simen
Cement tank
Bilangan
Number
1,032 2,253 4,865 6,344 8,273

Luas (m
2
)
Area (m
2
)
79,868.2 118,808.5 178,351.2 188,563.3 216,576.2

Pengeluaran (tan metrik)
Production (tonnes)
1,912.0 2,074.8 2,569.0 3,324.0 5,292.6
Kandang
Pen culture
Bilangan
Number
543 415 389 493 625

Luas (hektar)
Area (hectare)
82.6 37.7 117.0 56.0 64.3

Pengeluaran (tan metrik)
Production (tonnes)
264.8 334.7 225.3 9,009.1 14,344.5
Tangki kanvas
Canvas tanks
Bilangan
Number
- 160 2,356 4,292 7,819

Luas (hektar)
Area (hectare)
- 953.2 27,351.1 33,852.0 38,881.0

Pengeluaran (tan metrik)
Production (tonnes)
- 8.4 275.8 525.5 836.8

Punca: Jabatan Perikanan
Source: Department of Fisheries
0
40,000
80,000
120,000
160,000
200,000
Kolam
Ponds
Bekas
lombong
Ex-mining
pool
Sangkar
Cages
Tangki
simen
Cement
tank
Kandang
Pen culture
Tangki
kanvas
Canvas
tanks
1
1
3
,
7
1
5
.
8

1
8
,
0
8
3
.
7

7
,
9
5
0
.
6

3
,
3
2
4
.
0

9
,
0
0
9
.
1

5
2
5
.
5

1
8
1
,
0
6
1
.
3

2
8
,
7
9
3
.
4

1
2
,
6
5
9
.
1

5
,
2
9
2
.
6

1
4
,
3
4
4
.
5

8
3
6
.
8

Tan metrik
Tonnes
2009 2010
Kolam
Ponds
Bekas
lombong
Ex-mining
pool
Sangkar
Cages
Tangki
kanvas
Canvas
tanks
Tangki
simen
Cement
tank
Kandang
Pen culture
76

C.4 Penggunaan baja
Baja
Baja ialah sebatian kimia digunakan untuk menggalakkan
pertumbuhan tumbuh-tumbuhan. Baja terbahagi kepada
dua jenis iaitu baja organik dan bukan organik. Baja
organik atau baja asli dihasilkan menggunakan bahan-
bahan organik atau berasal daripada tumbuhan/haiwan/
organisma hidup. Baja bukan organik atau baja kimia/
buatan pula, dihasilkan melalui proses kimia mudah
menggunakan bahan kimia bukan organik atau galian.
Penggunaan baja yang tidak terkawal boleh
menyebabkan sumber bekalan air mudah tercemar,
melalui resapan baja ke tanah. a akan menjejaskan
kesihatan manusia dan ekosistem alam sekitar itu
sendiri.

Jadual 2.10 menunjukkan pengeluaran dan import baja
di Malaysia bagi 2006 hingga Jun 2010. Pada 2009,
pengeluaran baja merekodkan penurunan sebanyak
11.8 peratus, manakala import baja menurun sebanyak
36.3 peratus berbanding 2008.
C.4 The use of fertilisers

Fertilisers

Fertilisers are chemical compounds applied to stimulate
plant growth. There are two types of fertilisers i.e.
organic and inorganic. Organic or natural fertiliser is
composed mainly from organic material or decayed
plant/animal/living organism. Inorganic or chemical
fertilisers/artificial fertilisers, are manufactured by a
simple chemical process with inorganic chemical
materials or minerals. Uncontrolled usage of fertilisers
can lead to contaminated water supply through the
leaching residue from fertilisers into the soil. It may affect
human health as well as the environment ecosystem
itself.


Table 2.10 shows the production and imports of fertilisers
in Malaysia for 2006 to June 2010. In 2009, the
production of fertilisers recorded a decrease of
11.8 per cent, while the imports of fertilisers decreased
by 36.3 per cent as compared to 2008.




Jadual 2.10: Pengeluaran dan import baja, Malaysia, 20062010
Table 2.10: Production and imports of fertilisers, Malaysia, 20062010



Tahun
Year
Pengeluaran
1
Production
mport baja
Imports of fertilisers
2006 2,271,618 3,623,648
r

2007 2,363,805 4,074,897
r

2008 2,276,957 3,959,771
r

2009 2,007,298 2,523,137
2009 (Jan.Jun)
(Jan.June)
987,916 977,233
2010 (Jan.Jun)
(Jan.June)
1,147,380 2,315,641
p





1
Termasuk urea
Includes urea
Tan metrik
Tonnes
77

Pengeluaran racun herba
Jadual 2.11 menunjukkan pengeluaran racun herba di
Malaysia dari 2006 hingga Jun 2010. Pengeluaran racun
herba (bukan cecair) pada 2009 telah meningkat lebih
daripada tiga kali ganda kepada 7,733 tan metrik
berbanding 2,464 tan metrik pada 2008. Walau
bagaimanapun, pengeluaran racun herba (cecair) pula
menurun sebanyak 22.8 peratus kepada 42.7 juta liter.
Bagi tempoh enam bulan pertama 2010, pengeluaran
racun herba (bukan cecair dan cecair) masing-masing
menunjukkan peningkatan berbanding tempoh yang
sama pada 2009.

Production of herbicides

Table 2.11 shows the total production of herbicides in
Malaysia for 2006 to June 2010. Production of
herbicides (non-liquid) in 2009 increased more than three
times to 7,733 tonnes compared to 2,464 tonnes in 2008.
However, production of herbicide (liquid) decreased by
22.8 per cent to 42.7 million litres. For the first six
months of 2010, production of both herbicides (non-liquid
and liquid) showed an increase as compared to the same
period of 2009.
Jadual 2.11: Pengeluaran racun herba, Malaysia, 20062010
Table 2.11: Production of herbicides, Malaysia, 20062010


Tahun
Year

Racun herba (bukan cecair)
Herbicides (non-liquid)
(Tan metrik/tonnes)

Racun herba (cecair)
Herbicides (liquid)
('000 liter/litres)
2006 1,734 44,203
r

2007 1,768 58,449
2008 2,464 55,343
2009 7,733 42,715
2009 (Jan.Jun)
(Jan.June)
3,348 21,506
2010 (Jan.Jun)
(Jan.June)
4,428 33,010


















78

D. TINDAK BALAS KEPADA KESAN
ALAM SEKITAR
D.1 Pengurusan kualiti air
Dalam pengurusan kualiti air, JAS telah melakukan
pemantauan ke atas 1,063 stesen daripada
143 lembangan sungai di seluruh negara pada 2009.
Sampel air diambil dan dianalisis bagi menentukan
ndeks Kualiti Air (KA) berdasarkan enam parameter:
BOD5, COD, NH3-N, SS, nilai pH dan DO. Status kualiti
air sungai mengikut kategori bersih, sederhana tercemar
dan tercemar ditunjukkan di Lampiran 2a hingga 2c.
D.2 Pengurusan sumber dan bekalan air

Malaysia dianugerahkan dengan bekalan air yang
banyak dengan sumber air per kapita berjumlah 21,536
meter padu setahun. Walau bagaimanapun, dengan
pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pesat, Malaysia perlu lebih
berhemat dan lebih cekap dalam mengurus sumber dan
bekalan airnya. Cabaran dalam pengurusan sumber air
berkait rapat dengan isu memadan keperluan sumber air
di antara kawasan yang mempunyai lebihan sumber air
dengan kawasan berkepadatan penduduk dan aktiviti
ekonomi yang tinggi, justeru permintaan air yang
meningkat.

Dalam Rancangan Malaysia Kesepuluh (RMK10), Dasar
Sumber Air Negara (DSAN) merupakan usaha penting ke
arah merintis proses bagi memastikan bekalan air yang
terjamin dalam era pembangunan ekonomi, pertumbuhan
perbandaran serta pertambahan penduduk yang pesat,
yang memberi kesan besar kepada negara dalam
pengurusan sumber air pada masa hadapan.

Langkah lain yang akan dilaksana dalam tempoh RMK10
termasuk peluasan pelaksanaan kaedah Pengurusan
Sumber Air Bersepadu dan Pengurusan Lembangan
Sungai Bersepadu dalam perancangan, pengurusan,
perlindungan serta pemulihan sumber air. Sebanyak
RM5 billion akan disediakan untuk program tebatan
banjir. ni termasuk penggunaan pendekatan
Pengurusan Banjir Bersepadu bagi mengurus risiko
kerosakan akibat banjir melalui sistem ramalan dan
amaran, pembangunan program kesediaan menghadapi
bencana dan kesedaran masyarakat serta peta bencana
banjir. Di samping itu, usaha penyelidikan dan
D. RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS

D.1 Water quality management

In the management of water quality, DOE has monitored
1,063 stations located within 143 river basins throughout
Malaysia in 2009. The water samples were taken and
analyzed for the computation of Water Quality Index
(WQI) based on six parameters: BOD5, COD, NH3-N,
SS, pH value and DO. The river water quality status of
clean, slightly polluted and polluted is shown in
Appendix 2a to 2c.

D.2 Managing water endowment and supply

Malaysia is blessed with an abundant supply of water,
with water resources of 21,536 cubic meters per capita
per year. However, due to its growing economy,
Malaysia will need to be more prudent and efficient in the
management of its water resources and supply. The
challenges in managing water resources lies in
addressing the mismatch between regions that have
abundant water resources and those where there are
economic and population growth, and hence demand is
high.


In the Tenth Malaysia Plan (10MP), the National Water
Resources Policy (NRWP) marks an important milestone
because it will establish a process for ensuring the
security of water supply in an era of rapid economic
development, growing cities and population growth, all of
which have important implications on how Malaysia
manages its water resources in the coming years.

Other measures to be implemented during the 10MP
period include expanding the implementation of the
Integrated Water Resources Management and Integrated
River Basin Management approaches in planning,
managing, protecting and rehabilitating water resources.
The Government will provide RM5 billion for flood
mitigation programmes. This includes the application of
the Integrated Flood Management approach to manage
the risks of flood damage through forecasting and
warning facilities as well as the development of disaster
preparedness and community awareness programmes
and flood hazard maps. In addition, research and
79

pembangunan dalam pemuliharaan sumber air negara
akan dipergiat bagi menyokong usaha membangun
sektor air yang mampan untuk keperluan ekonomi
negara.
D.3 Peraturan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling
Terdapat tiga peraturan kualiti alam sekitar iaitu Seksyen
25 Akta Kualiti Alam Sekitar 1974, Peraturan-peraturan
Kualiti Alam Sekeliling (Kumbahan dan Effluen-Effluen
Perindustrian) 1979 dan Seksyen 10 (Zon Ekonomi
Eksklusif).

Jadual 2.12 menunjukkan bilangan kes pendakwaan
kesalahan bagi pencemaran air di Malaysia mengikut
akta daripada 2005 hingga 2009. Secara
keseluruhannya, jumlah kes kesalahan yang didakwa,
meningkat kepada 175 kes pada 2009 berbanding
121 kes pada 2008. Pada 2009, di bawah Seksyen 25
Akta Kualiti Alam Sekeliling (AKAS) 1974 telah
merekodkan peningkatan sebanyak 53 kes kepada
173 kes berbanding 2008. Tiada pendakwaan kesalahan
dicatatkan di Seksyen 10 (Zon Ekonomi Eksklusif) sejak
2005.
development efforts will be intensified in areas of
conservation of water resources to support efforts to
develop a sustainable water sector for the national
economy.

D.3 Environmental Quality Regulations

There are three environmental quality regulations
namely Section 25 Environmental Quality Act 1974,
Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents)
Regulations, 1979 and Section 10 (Exclusive Economic
Zone).

Table 2.12 shows the number of offences prosecuted for
water pollution by acts in Malaysia from 2005 to 2009
Overall, the total number of offences prosecuted
increased to 175 cases in 2009 compared to 121 cases
in 2008. In 2009, offences prosecuted under Section 25
Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1974 recorded an
increase of 53 cases to 173 cases compared to 2008.
No prosecution case was recorded under Section 10
(Exclusive Economic Zone) since 2005.

Jadual 2.12: Pendakwaan kesalahan bagi pencemaran air, Malaysia, 20052009
Table 2.12: Offences prosecuted for water pollution, Malaysia, 20052009

Akta
Act
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Jumlah
Total
79 75 128 121 175
Seksyen 25 AKAS 1974
Section 25 EQA 1974
79 75 127 120 173
PKAS (KEEP) 1979
EQR (SIE) 1979
0 0 1 1 2
Seksyen 10 (ZEE)
Section 10 (EEZ)
0 0 0 0 0
Punca: Jabatan Alam Sekitar AKAS-Akta Kualiti Alam Sekeliling PKAS-Peraturan-Peraturan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling
Source: Department of Environment EQA-Environmental Quality Act EQR-Environmental Quality Regulations

ZEE-Zon Ekonomi Eksklusif KEEP-Kumbahan dan Effluen-Effluen Perindustrian
EEZ-Exclusive Economic Zone SIE-Sewage and Industrial Effluents