1.3. Cm bin o nhit 1.3.1.

. Khi qut v o nhit Cm bin l thit b dng o, m, cm nhn, cc i lng vt l khng in thnh cc tn hiu in. V d: Nhit l 1 i lng khng lin quan n in chng ta phi chuyn n v 1 i lng khc (in tr, in p) ph hp vi cc c cu in t. Cm bin nhit s hp th nhit t mi trng, ti y ty theo c cu ca cm bin s bin i lng nhit ny thnh mt i lng in no . Nh th mt yu t ht sc quan trng l nhit mi trng cn o v nhit cm nhn ca cm bin. C th iu ny l: Cc loi cm bin m chng ta trng thy n u l ci v bo v, phn t cm bin nm bn trong ci v ny (bn dn, lng kim) do vic o c chnh xc hay khng ty thuc vo vic truyn nhit t mi trng vo n phn t cm bin tn tht bao nhiu (mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh gi thnh cm bin nhit). Nh vy mt nguyn tc t ra l: Tng cng trao i nhit gia cm bin v mi trng cn o. 1.3.2. Cc phng php o nhit o nhit l mt phng thc o lng khng cn in, o nhit duc chia thnh nhiu di: + o nhit thp. + o nhit trung bnh. + o nhit cao. Vic o nhit c tin hnh nh cc dng c chuyn bit nhu: + Cp nhit . + Nhit k, in k kim loi. + Nhit in tr kim loi. + Nhit in tr bn dn. + Cm bin thch anh. Vic s dng cc IC cm bin nhit o nhit l mt phng php thng dng c nhm s dng trong n ny, nn y ch gii thiu v IC cm bin nhit.

1.3.3. Nguyn l chung ca cm bin nhit IC o nhit l mt mch tch hp nhn tn hiu nhit chuyn thnh tn hiu in di dng dng in hay in p. Da vo c tnh rt nhy ca bn dn vi nhit , tao ra in p hay dng in t l thun vi nhit tuyt i. o tn hiu in ta bit c gi tr ca nhit cn o. S tc ng ca nhit to ra in tch t do v cc l trng trong cht bn dn, Bng s ph v cc phn t, bt cc electron thnh dng t do di chuyn qua vng cu trc mng tinh th to s xut hin cc l trng. Lm cho t l in t t do v l trng tng ln vi quy lut hm m ca nhit 1.3.4. Mt s loi cm bin nhit Cp nhit in (Thermocouple). Nhit in tr (RTD - Resitance Temperature Detector). Thermistor.Bn dn (Diode, IC ,...) Ngoi ra cn c loi o nhit khng tip xc (ha k - Pyrometer). Dng hng ngoi hay lazer. a. Cp nhit in (Thermocouples). Cu to: Gm 2 cht liu kim loi khc nhau, hn dnh mt u. Nguyn l: Nhit thay i cho ra sc in ng thay i (mV). u im: Bn, o nhit cao. Khuyt im: Nhiu yu t nh hng lm sai s. nhy khng cao. Thng dng: L nhit, mi trng khc nghit, o nhit nht my nn, Tm o: -100 oC < 1400 oC

Hnh 1.1.1 Cu to Thermocouples.

Cu to gm 2 dy kim loi khc nhau c hn dnh 1 u gi l u nng (hay u o), hai u cn li gi l u lnh (hay l u chun). Khi c s chnh lch nhit gia u nng v u lnh th s pht sinh 1 sc in ng V ti u lnh. Mt vn t ra l phi n nh v o c nhit u lnh, iu ny ty thuc rt ln vo cht liu. b. Nhit in tr ( RTD - Resitance Temperature Detector ). Cu to ca RTD gm c dy kim loi lm t: ng, Nikel, Platinum, c qun ty theo hnh dng ca u o. Khi nhit thay i in tr gia hai u dy kim loi ny s thay i, v ty cht liu kim loi s c tuyn tnh trong mt khong nhit nht nh. Ph bin nht ca RTD l loi cm bin Pt, c lm t Platinum. Platinum c in tr sut cao, chng oxy ha, nhy cao, di nhit o c di. Thng c cc loi: 100, 200, 500, 1000 Ohm ti 0 oC. in tr cng cao th nhy nhit cng cao. RTD thng c loi 2 dy, 3 dy v 4 dy.

Hnh 1.1.2 Cu to ca nhit in tr RTD c. Thermistor Cu to: Lm t hn hp cc oxit kim loi: mangan, nickel, cobalt Nguyn l: Thay i in tr khi nhit thay i. u im: Bn, r tin, d ch to. Khuyt im: Dy tuyn tnh hp.

 Thng dng: Lm cc chc nng bo v, p vo cun dy ng c, mch in t. Tm o: 50 <150 oC.

Hnh 1.1.3 Cc loi Thermistor Thermistor c cu to t hn hp cc bt oxit. Cc bt ny c ha trn theo t l v khi lng nht nh sau c nn cht v nung nhit cao. V mc dn in ca hn hp ny s thay i khi nhit thay i. C hai loi thermistor: H s nhit dng PTC - in tr tng theo nhit ; H s nhit m NTC - in tr gim theo nhit . Thng dng nht l loi NTC. Thermistor ch tuyn tnh trong khong nhit nht nh 50 -150oC do vy ngi ta t dng dng lm cm bin o nhit. Ch s dng trong cc mc ch bo v, ngt nhit. d. Bn dn: Cu to: Lm t cc loi cht bn dn. Nguyn l: S phn cc ca cc cht bn dn b nh hng bi nhit . u im: R tin, d ch to, nhy cao, chng nhiu tt, mch x l n gin. Khuyt im: Khng chu nhit cao, km bn.

 Thng dng: o nhit khng kh, dng trong cc thit b o, bo v cc mch in t. Tm o: -50 <150 oC.

Hnh 1.1.4 Cu to cm bin nhit bn dn Cm bin nhit bn dn l nhng loi cm bin c ch to t nhng cht bn dn. C cc loi nh Diode, Transistor, IC. Nguyn l ca chng l da trn mc phn cc ca cc lp P - N tuyn tnh vi nhit mi trng. Ngy nay vi s pht trin ca ngnh cng ngh bn dn cho ra i rt nhiu loi cm bin nhit vi s tch hp ca nhiu u im: chnh xc cao, chng nhiu tt, hot ng n nh, mch in x l n gin, r tin. Ta d dng bt gp cc cm bin loi ny di dng diode, cc loi IC nh: LM35, LM335, LM45. Nguyn l ca chng l nhit thay i s cho ra in p thay i. in p ny c phn p t mt in p chun c trong mch. Trong ti ny chng ta s ch yu nghin cu v loi cm bin nhit LM35. 1.3.5. Mt s tnh cht c bn ca LM35: LM35 c bin thin theo nhit : 10mV / 1oC. Thng s k thut: Tiu tn cng sut thp. Dng lm vic t 400A - 5mA. Dng ngc 15mA. Dng thun 10mA.

 chnh xc: khi lm vic nhit 25oC vi dng lm vic 1mA th in p ng ra t 2,94V - 3,04V. Theo thng s ca nh sn xut LM35, quan h gia nhit v in p ng ra nh sau: Vout = 0,01 to K = 2,73 + 0,01to C. Vy ng vi tm hot ng t 0oC - 100oC ta c s bin thin in p ng ra l: 0oC th in p ng ra Vout = 2,73 (V). 5oC th in p ng ra Vout = 2,78 (V). ................................................................... 100oC th in p ng ra Vout = 3,73 (V). Tm bin thin in p tng ng vi nhit t 0oC - 100oC l 1V.

Hnh 1.1.5 IC cm bin nhit LM35 cm bin nhit dng diode