ERFAN ZAMANIAN

84104085
ASSIGNMENT 3
Problem 1:

256 / 2 = 128
= 128 8
<------ = 8 = 256

= = = 8
IR .

Problem 2:
:
2 .
.
programable ) (.
:
. .
:
:

Problem 3:
](96/100) * 2 * 10-9 + (4/100)*(99/100) * (2 + 5) * 10-9 + (4/100)(1/100) * [(7*10-9) + 10-3
= 402.2 * 10 -9

Problem 4:
.
bus IR
Add
.
control unit Add decode ALU
PC operand
.
) (Accumulator
12
-4 PC operand

15 bus
.
Accumulator
ALU 12 15

.
Problem 5:
Memory-mapped-I/O:
Maped I/O port. cpu , Logic
.
port-mapped-I/O:
.
.

The main advantage of using port-mapped I/O is on CPUs with a limited addressing
capability. Because port-mapped I/O separates I/O access from memory access, the full
address space can be used for memory. It is also obvious to a person reading an assembly
language program listing when I/O is being performed, due to the special instructions that
can only be used for that purpose.
The advantage of using memory mapped I/O is that, by discarding the extra complexity
that port I/O brings, a CPU requires less internal logic and is thus cheaper, faster and
easier to build; this follows the basic tenets of reduced instruction set computing. As 16bit CPU architectures have become obsolete and replaced with 32-bit and 64-bit
architectures in general use, reserving space on the memory map for I/O devices is no
longer a problem. The fact that regular memory instructions are used to address devices
also means that all of the CPU's addressing modes are available for the I/O as well as the
memory.

[edit]