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r-un punct care se

ULL QX VH SRDWH DWLQJH SULQ DOWH FUHWHUL DOH WD[HL

DVFKLPEXOXLVLWXDW PDLVXVGHFLQXVHSRDWHUHDOL]D

o ridicare a niYHOXOGHEXQ VWDUHvQ DU 

Un asemenea caz descrie SXQFWXO 7 GLQ ILJXUD  'XS

 FXP V D DU WDW

WD[D YDPDO  GH UHWRUVLXQH D ,WDOLHL D FRQGXV OD FXUED VFKLPEXOXL &6 Y L OD

echiliEUXO VFKLPEXULORU vQ SXQFWXO 9 Q DFHVW SXQFW FXUED )UDQ HL GH LQGLIHUHQ  D
schimbului CISF HVWH WDQJHQW  OD FXUED GH VFKLPb a Italiei CSIY DVWIHO F   R
HYHQWXDO  WD[  YDPDO  PDL ULGLFDW  D )UDQ HL Q-DU PDL SXWHD vPEXQ W L VLWXD LD
DSURYL]LRQ ULLDFHVWHL
ULQWUXFkW)UDQ DQXDUHQLFLXQPRWLYV -LPRGLILFHFXUED
schimbului CSFv, nu apare nici pentru Italia vreun motiv GH DFRUHFWDWD[D YDPDO 
QSXQFWXO7HVWHDVWIHOUHDOL]DWXQHFKLOLEUXGHILQLWLYLDUU ]ERLXOYDPDOvQFKHLDW
(VWH GH VXEOLQLDW F OLPLWDUHD YROXPXOXL VFKLPEXULORU vQ FXUVXO XQXL DVWIHO
GHU ]ERLYDPDOWUHFHUHDGHOD4OD7GLQILJXUDSRDWHILIRDUWHvQJULMRU WRDUH
$FHVW OXFUX HVWH HYLGHQ LDW GH H[SHULHQ D

ULORU RFFLGHQWDOH FDUH vQ SHULRDGD PDULL

FUL]H GLQ DQLL  XUP UHDX V  RE LQ  ILHFDUH FkW PDL PXOW GLQ FRPHU XO
LQWHUQD LRQDO

FX

asiguraUHD RFXS

DMXWRUXO

WD[HORU

YDPDOH

2ELHFWLYXO

SULQFLSDO

ULL LQWHUQH SULQ OLPLWDUHD LPSRUWXULORU L vPEXQ W

XUP ULW

HUD

LUHD LQL LDO  D

UDSRUWXOXL GH VFKLPE UHSUH]HQWD XQ HIHFW VHFXQGDU IDYRUDELO 'DU H[SHULHQ D
SUDFWLF  L DQDOL]D WHRUHWLF  GRYHGHVF IDSWXO F  DWXQFL FkQG SDUWHQHUXO FRPHUFLDO

trece la taxe vDPDOH GH UHWRUVLXQH DYDQWDMXO PHQ LRQDW WUHEXLH SO

WLW FX R UHGXFHUH

D H[SRUWXULORU 'HFL SROLWLFD LPSXQHULL YDPDOH RSWLPH SUH]LQW  SHULFROXO GH D L

JUHL

LQWD 'H DFHHD XQXO GLQWUH RELHFWLYHOH FHOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH DOH 2&'(

2UJDQL]D LD SHQWUX &RRS

erare

U ]ERDL

L 'H]YROWDUH (FRQRPLF   HVWH WRFPDL HYLWDUHD

elor comerciale.

6.5

7D[DYDPDO

HIHFWLY

Q DQDOL]D GLQ SDUDJUDIHOH DQWHULRDUH DP SUHVXSXV LPSOLFLW F  SURFHVXO GH

SURGXF LH HVWH LQWHJUDW YHUWLFDO GHFL F  VH RE LQ GRDU SURGXVH ILQLWH QX L SURGXVH

iQWHUPHGLDUH 6WUXFWXUD SH UDPXUL D XQHL HFRQRPLL PRGHUQH DUDW

 vQV  F  DFHDVW 

SUHVXSXQHUH HVWH QH UHDOLVW  'H H[HPSOX LQGXVWULD DXWRPRELOHORU vL SURFXU  GH
H[HPSOX DQYHORSH YRSVHOH R HO L VWLFO  GH OD DOWH UDPXUL IRORVLQGX

-le ca inputuri

vQ SURGXF LD VD Q H[HPSOXO OXDW DO LQGXVWULHL WH[WLOH ILUHOH UHSUH]LQW  LQWU UL

inWHUPHGLDUH

6 

FRQVLGHU P

F 

ILUHOH

WH[WLOH

VH

FRPHUFLDOL]HD] 

SH

SODQ

LQWHUQD LRQDO vQ WLPS FH DOWH LQWU UL FXP DU IL PXQFD L FDSLWDOXO U PkQ vQ

continuare factori primari. AceWL GRL IDFWRUL GH SURGXF LH VXQW VXUVD FUH

ULL YDORULL

vQLQGXVWULDWH[WLO QD LRQDO 

7UHEXLH FHUFHWDW FkW HVWH GH PDUH SURWHF LD UHDO  HIHFWLY   GH FDUH VH

buFXU  GH H[HPSOX IDEULFLOH WH[WLOH HOYH LHQH SH ED]D WD[HORU YDPDOH SHUFHSXWH
asupra stofeL L ILUHORU WH[WLOH &X DOWH FXYLQWH FHUFHW P FDUH HVWH HIHFWXO

7HRULLLPRGHOHSULYLQGUHOD LLOHHFRQRPLFHLQWHUQD LRQDOH

SURWHF LRQLVW DO vQWUHJXOXL WDULI YDPDO SHQWUX LQGXVWULD WH[WLO  *UDGXO vQ FDUH R
UDPXU HVWHSU

oWHMDW

GHFRQFXUHQ D VWU LQ VH P VRDU FXDMXWRUXOWDULIXOXLHIHFWLY

VDX D UDWHL SURWHF LHL HIHFWLYH ,PSXQHUHD YDPDO  HIHFWLY  DUDW  GH FkWH RUL SRDWH
GHS L YDOR UHD DG XJDW  GLQWU R LQGXVWULH vQ FRQGL LLOH DSOLF ULL WD[HL YDPDOH SH

FHDFRUHVSXQ] WRDUHOLEHUXOXLVFKLPEDGLF I U WD[HYDPDOH

3URWHF LD YDPDO  D LQGXVWULHL WH[WLOH GHSLQGH DDGDU QX QXPDL GH WD[D

vaPDO  DVXSUD SURGXVXOXL ILQLW VWRI  FL L GH vQF UFDUHD YDPDO  D SURGXVXOXL
intermeGLDU ILUH WH[WLOH 'DF  GH H[HPSOX DVXSUD ILUHORU WH[WLOH VH SHUFHSH R WD[ 
YDPDO  VF ]XW  L DVXSUD VWRIHL R WD[  ULGLFDW  HV WRULLOH VH EXFXU  GH R SURWHF LH
HIHFWLY ULGLFDW  3HGHDOW SDUWH RWD[ YDPDO ULGLFDW SHUFHSXW ILUHORU WH[WLOHL
R WD[  VF ]XW  VDX QXO  SHUFHSXW  VWRIHL DUDW  F  HV WRULLOH DXWRKWRQH WUHEXLH V 
SO WHDVF XQSUH PDLULGLFDWGHFkWFHOPRQGLDOSHQWUXLQWU ULOHORULQWHUPHGLDUHLvQ
DFHVWH FRQGL LL V  FRQFXUH]H FX RIHUWDQ LL VWU LQL Q DFHVW FD] LPSXQHUHD YDPDO 
HIHFWLY HVWHIRDUWHVF ]XW VDXFKLDUQHJDWLY 

6.5.1 Calculul taxei vamale efective

Pentru calculul taxei vamale efective vePVXQWQHFHVDUHGRX

cturi *):

FRUH

6XPDWD[HORUYDPDOHSHUFHSXWHEXQXULORULPSRUWDWHWUHEXLHGLPLQXDW FX
LPSXQHUHD YDPDO  D LQWU ULORU LQWHUPHGLDUH FHUXWH GH SURGXF LD LQWHUQ  SHQWUX

fiecare bun.
 $FHDVW  YDORDUH FRUHFWDW  D LPSXQHULL YDPDOH WUHEXLH UDSRUWDW  OD

valoaUHD FUHDW

 vQ DU  DYkQG vQ YHGHUH F  GRDU DFHDVWD WUHEXLH SURWHMDW  L QX

LQWU ULOHLQWHUPHGLDUHLPSRUWDWH

,PSXQHUHDYDPDO HIHFWLY HVWHSULQXUPDUHGDW GH

( F V
A P

6.100

unde:
e

7D[D

YDPDO 

HIHFWLY 

UHVSHFWLY

SURWHF LD

HIHFWLY 

HQJO

effective rate of protection )

VP
7D[D YDPDO  VSHFLILF  QRPLQDO   VXPD SHUFHSXW  SH XQLWDWHD
fi]LF DSOLFDW DVXSUDSURGXVXOXLGHLPSRUWFRQFXUHQWSHXQiWDWHVWRIDLPSRUWDW 
VF
7D[DYDPDO VSHFLILF QRPLQDO DSOLFDW SURGuselor intermediare,
pe unitate ( fire textile importate )
F
Cantitatea de produse intermediare pe unitatea de output ( fire
textile )
AP
9DORDUHD FUHDW   DG XJDW   vQ SURGXFHUHD SURGXVXOXL ILQLW 
engl.added value)
3ULQvPS U LUHDWD[HORUYDPDOHVSHFLILFHSULQSUH XULOH3P L3FRE inem:

ve P =

VP / PP ( VF / PF ) ( F PF / PP )
AP / PP
Apoi, putem defini:
vP = VP/ PP WD[DYDPDO

*)

cf. Corden (1966)

6.11

QRPLQDO DG YDORUHPSHUFHSXW DVXSUDVWRIHL

7D[HOHYDPDOHLFRPHU XOLQWHUQD LRQDO

vF = VF / PFWD[DYDPDO

QRPLQDO DG YDORUHPSHUFHSXW DVXSUDILUHORU

textile
aFP = F* PF/ PP coeficient input  RXWSXW DGLF

 YDORDUHD LQSXWXOXL SH

XQLWDWHDYDORULF GHRXWSXW

= AP/ PPSRQGHUHDYDORULLFUHDWHDG

XJDWHvQSUH XOVWRIHL

'DF VXEVWLWXLPDFHVWHP ULPLvQRE

a FP v
vP

v j a ij v i
vj

6.12

Generaliznd asupra XQXL EXQM FX L

( 6.13 ), astfel:

ve j =

inem:

 Q LQSXWXUL VH RE LQH HFXD LD

v j a ij v i

6.13

1 a ij

,PSXQHUHD YDPDO  HIHFWLY  DVXSUD SURGXVXOXL ILQLW HVWH GDW  GHFL GH WD[D
YDPDO  QRPLQDO  PLQXV WD[HOH YDPDOH QRPLQDOH DVXSUD LQWU ULORU LQWHUPHGLDUH

ponGHUDWH FX FRHILFLHQ LL FRUHVSXQ] WRUL GH LQWU UL  LHLUL WRWXO vPS
pondeUHDYDORULLFUHDWHDG XJDWHSHSODQLnWHUQvQSUH XOSURGXVXOXLILQLW
OCH PFXWD[

CH

YDPDO

U LW OD

DV

upra firelor)

OCHPI

60

40

elor)

U W[YDPDO DVXSUDILU

OW Pv
OW Pv+ OCHP

OW P
OW P+ OCHP

Q
CCH P
OCHF

Q
20

10

OW Fv

OW F

N
S S

Z W

OW F+ OCH F

Figura 6,PSXQHUHDYDPDO

HIHFWLY LHIHFWXOSURWHF LRQLVW

3kQ]

7HRULLLPRGHOHSULYLQGUHOD LLOHHFRQRPLFHLQWHUQD LRQDOH

Q ILJXUDVXQWWUDVDWHDFHOHDLFXUEHLQWHUQHDOHRIHUWHLLFHUHULLSHQWUX
VWRI  L FXUED RIHUWHL LQWHUQD LRQDOH SHQWUX VWRI  FD L vQ ILJXUD  6H PDL

CH
F

UHSUH]LQW  L FXUED RIHUWHL HOYH LHQH SHQWUX ILUH WH[WLOH 2

OWF &RQVLGHU

L FXUED RIHUWHL

mondiale pentru fire textile

P (OYH LD GUHSW DU  PLF  DVWIHO vQFkW
elastiFLWDWHD FXUEHL RIHUWHL H[WHUQH HVWH LQILQLW  DWkW SHQWUX VWRI  FkW L SHQWUX ILUH
textile. Este H[FOXV  VSHFLDOL]DUHD FRPSOHW  6  FRQVLGHU P XQ FRHILFLHQW FRQVWDQW
G penWUXILUHOHWH[WLOHDVWIHOILLQGH[FOXVHSRVLELOHHIHFWHGHVXEVWLWXLUHvQWUHLQWU UL
LQSXWXUL vQ SURGXF LD GH VWRI  8QLW

LOH vQVFULVH vQ ILJXUD  VXQW DVWIHO DOHVH

nct pentUX SURGXF LD XQHL XQLW L GH VWRI  HVWH QHFHVDU  H[DFW R XQLWDWH GH ILUH
textiOHQDFHVWIHODPEHOHFDQWLW LSRWILWUDVDWHSHRD[ DDbVFLVHORUFRPXQ 
'DF  (OYH LD V-DU OLPLWD vQ DSURYL]LRQDUHD FX WH[WLOH QXPDL OD SURGXF LD
SURSULH SUH XO GH HFKLOLEUX DU DYHD XQ QLYHO IRDUWH ULGLFDW 'HRDUHFH OD SUH XO 32


L PRQHWDUH SH XQLWDWHD IL]LF  IXUQL]RULL GH SH SLD D PRQGLDO  VXQW

 XQLW

W
P

GLVSXL V  OLYUH]H RULFkW GH PXOW  VWRI  IXQF LD DJUHJDW  D RIHUWHL 2

+ OCHP este

RUL]RQWDO Q XUPD LPSRUWXULORUFRQVXPDWRULLHOYH LHQLSO WHVF GRDUSUH XOPRQGLDO

32 LDU DSURYL]LRQDUHD ORU VH ULGLF  OD 2. XQLW

L VWRI  'LQWUH DFHVWHD 2* XQLW

VXQWIXUQL]DWHGHLQGXVWULDWH[WLO HOYH LDQ LDU*.XQLW

3HQWUXDSURYL]LRQDUHDFX2.XQLW
2. XQLW

L

LSURYLQGLQLPSRUW

LVWRI VXQWQHFHVDUHSRWULYLWSUHPLVHL

L ILUH WH[WLOH 'LQ DFHVW WRWDO GRDU 2= SURYLQ GH OD SURGXF WRULL HOYH LHQL

GH ILUH UHVWXO vQ YROXP GH =* VH LPSRUW  OD SUH XO PRQGLDO 12 

moneWDUH SH XQLWDWHD IL]LF

 QWUXFkW GLQFROR GH SXQFWXO

 XQLW

L

S orice cantitate de fire

WH[WLOHVHRE LQHODDFHVWSUH IL[FRVWXOPDUJLQDOvQSURGXF LDGHVWRI vQ(OYH LDYD

FUHWH PDL SX LQ UDSLG SHVWH YROXPXO 2= XQLW

CH
P

PLF DIXQF LHLRIHUWHL2

L IDSW UHIOHFWDW GH vQFOLQD LD PDL

dincolo de punctul Q. n condL LLGHHFKLOLEUXDOSLH HL

SXQFWXO)GLQILJXUDSUH XOVWRIHLHVWHGHXQLW

LPRQHWDUHLDUSUH XOILUHORU

WH[WLOH HVWH GH  XP DVWIHO vQFkW YDORDUH FUHDW  vQ LQGXVWULD WH[WLO  HOYH LDQ  HVWH
GHXP

31SHXQLWDWHDIL]LF 

6 FRQVLGHU PF VHSHUFHSHDVXSUDLPSRUWXOXLGHVWRI RWD[ YDPDO DG

YDORUHP GH  

monGLDO

5332 DGLF   XP   XP &RQFXUHQ LL GH SH SLD D

 SRW RIHUL DDGDU vQ (OYH LD GRDU OD XQ SUH  GH 52 

W
Pv

DJUHJDW  D RIHUWHL 2

+ OCHP trece acum

DSURYL]LRQDUHD FX VWRI  VH UHGXFH OD 2- XQLW

LPSRUWXUL GRDU $% 

 XP )XQF LD

SULQ SXQFWHOH &$% DVWIHO F 

L 'LQWUH DFHVWHD VH DFRSHU  DFXP FX

,- SH D[D DEVFLVHORU  vQ WLPS FH SURGXF LD LQWHUQ  OD

DG SRVWXOWD[HLYDPDOHVHH[WLQGHOD2,&RQFRPLWHQWFUHWHYDORDUHDFUHDW GHHD
GH OD 31 

  OD 51 

 XQLW

L PRQHWDUH SH XQLWDWHD IL]LF  3HQWUX FDOFXOXO

SURWHF LHLYDPDOHHIHFWLYHHVWHLPSRUWDQW FUHDUHDGHYDORDUHGLQVLWXD LDLQL LDO Q

H[HPSOXOGLQILJXUDWD[DYDPDO HIHFWLY HVWHY

= RP/PN = 20/30, deci 67 %.

'DF  DU IL SHUFHSXW  RWD[  YDPDO  SH ILUHOH WH[WLOH LPSRUWDWHV  ]LFHPvQ
YDORDUH QRPLQDO  GH 0112 UH]XOWDWXO SHQWUX LQGXVWULD WH[WLO  DU IL R LPSXQHUH
YDPDO  HIHFWLY  QHJDWLY  ) U  SURWHF LD YDPDO  DVXSUD SURGXVXOXL ILQLW VWRI 

echilibrXO SLH HL HVWH

UHGDW vQ ILJXUD  SULQ SXQFWXO ) $FHVWHD ILLQG GDWHOH

SUREOHPHL FRQVXPXO GH ILUH WH[WLOH VH ULGLF  OD 2. XQLW
SURGXF LHL QD LRQDOH GH 0/ 

textile inGXV

2: XQLW

L FX R SDUWLFLSDUH D

L ([WLQGHUHD SURGXF LHL QD LRQDOH GH ILUH

 SULQ SURWHF LD YDPDO  DUH FD HIHFW FUHWHUHD FRVWXULORU PDUJLQDOH vQ

SURGXF LD GH VWRI  SH XQ LQWHUYDO PDL PDUH SRWULYLW SDUDPHWULORU IXQF LHL RIHUWHL

OCHP; indusWULD WH[WLO  vQ ORF V  SURILWH GH SUH XO PRQGLDO FRQVWDQW SHQWUX ILEUH
ncepnd cu punctul Q, profiW  GHDFHDVW vPSUHMXUDUHIDYRUDELO  DELDvQFHSkQGFX

7D[HOHYDPDOHLFRPHU XOLQWHUQD LRQDO

SXQFWXO 4 9ROXPXO SURGXF LHL VDOH OD SUH XO GH GHVIDFHUH GH 32 

 XP VH

UHVWUkQJH GLQ DFHDVW  FDX]  OD 34 vQ WLPS FH LPSRUWXO GH VWRI  FUHWH OD 4)


<.3URWHF LDHIHFWLY DSURGX

c LHLGHVWRI

HVWHGDW vQDFHVWFD]GH

veP = - MN/PN = -10 / 30 = -0,33

Q

FRQVHFLQ

 ID

6.14


GH

FRPSHWLWRULL

VWU LQL

SR]L LD FRQFXUHQ LDO  D

HV WRULLORUHOYH LHQHV

-a deteriorat.

QILQDOV DQDOL] PFD]XOvQFDUHVHDSOLF RWD[ YDPDO DWkWLPSRUWXULORU

GH VWRI  FkW L FHORU GH ILUH WH[WLOH 'XS  FXP V D HYLGHQ LDW DQWHULRU WD[D YDPDO 

SHUFHSXW  DVXSUD VWRIHL DUH XQ HIHFW SURWHF LRQLVW SR]LWLY LDU FHD DIHUHQW  ILUHORU

textile - unul negativ. Utiliznd segmentele din figurD  UH]XOW

expresie pentru impuQHUHDYDPDO HIHFWLY GLQLQGXVWULDWH[WLO 

 XUP WRDUHD

veP = (RP MN)/PN

6.15

'DF  LQWURGXFHP vQ UHOD LD  GDWHOH FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH GLQ ILJXUD 
RE LQHP

veP = (RP MN)/PN = (20-10)/30 = 0,33

6.16

n mod alternativ, putem calcula nti taxele vamale nominale, pe care

DSRLV OHLQWURGXFHPvQHFXD LD

veP =

vP aFPvF RP PO( NO POMN NO) 0,5( 0,251)

=
= 0,33
=
0,75
vP
PN PO

6.17

,PSXQHUHDYDPDO HIHFWLY MRDF XQUROLPSRUWDQWvQHYLGHQ LHUHDIDSWXOXL

FH P VXU  VXQW SURWHMDWH GH FRQFXUHQ D VWU LQ  GLYHUVHOH UDPXUL DOH HFRQRPLHL

QD LRQDOH &KLDU GDF  WD[D YDPDO  QRPLQDO  SHUFHSXW  DVXSUD SURGXVXOXL ILQLW VH
PHQ LQHFRQVWDQW SURWHF LD YDPDO  HIHFWLY D XQHLUDPXUL VHSRDWHPRGLILFD GDF 
VHVFKLPE GRDUXQDGLQWUHWD[HOHYDPDOHSHUFHSXWHLQWU ULORULQWHUPHGLDUH7UHEXLH
VXEOLQLDW GHFL F  KRW UkWRDUH SHQWUX SURWHF LD HIHFWLY  D XQHL LQGXVWULL HVWH
FRQILJXUD LD GH DQVDPEOX D WD[HORU YDPDOH L QX QXPDL vQF UFDUHD YDPDO  DVXSUD
SURGXVXOXL ILQLW )LUHWH S

rin structura de ansamblu a taxelor vamale, ne referim

GRDU OD FHOH DSOLFDWH LQWU ULORU LQWHUPHGLDUH GLUHFWH 7D[HOH YDPDOH DIHUHQWH
LQSXWXULORU SHQWUX LQWU ULOH LQWHUPHGLDUH QX VXQW UHOHYDQWH 'H H[HPSOX WD[D

vaPDO

SHQWUXOkQ FDUHODUkQGXOHLHVWHRLQWUDUHLQWHUPHGLDU SHQWUXSURGXF LDGH

ILUHWH[WLOHQXHVWHOXDW vQFRQVLGHUDUHODFDOFXOXOLPSXQHULLYDPDOHHIHFWLYHSHQWUX
HV WRULL +RW UkWRDUH vQ DFHVW FD] VXQW GRDU WD[HOH YDPDOH SHQWUX LQWU ULOH GLUHFWH
FXPDUILILUHOHWH[WLOHLSHQWUXSU

6.5.2

oduVXOILQLWVWRI



(YLGHQ LHUHDHIHFWXOXLWD[HORUYDPDOHDVXSUDSURGXVXOXL
ILQLWLFHOXLLQWHUPHGLDU

&D L vQ SDUWHD DQWHULRDU  D DQDOL]HL GHRVHELP vQWUH GLYHUVHOH FRQVHFLQ H

DOH WD[HL YDPDOH HIHFWLYH DVXSUD SURGXF LHL FRQVXPXOXL UHQWHL SURGXF WRULORU L
YHQLWXULORU VWDWXOXL (IHFWHOH VLWXD LHL SUH]HQWDWH vQ ILJXUD  VXQW VLQWHWL]DWH vQ

taEHOHOHL

7HRULLLPRGHOHSULYLQGUHOD LLOHHFRQRPLFHLQWHUQD LRQDOH

Tabel 6.1: Efectul taxelor vamale asupra produsului finit (stofa)

7D[DYDPDO

ProGXF LD
inWHUQ

Consumul

apliFDW

QFDV ULOH

Numai stofei

GI

- JK

lor
RACP

ABEX

Numai firelor

- YG

-QQQC

6WRIHLL

GH

- JK

RAQP

ABED

Renta
SURGXF WRUL

statului

fibrelor

Tabel 6.2: Efectul taxelor vamale asupra produsului intermediar (fire textile)
7D[DYDPDO

Consumul

apliFDW

ProGXF LD
inWHUQ

Renta
SURGXF Worilor

QFDV ULOH

Numai stofei

- JK

Numai firelor

ZW

MLSN

LTUV

6WRIHLL

ZW

- JK

MLSN

LHHV

statului

fibrelor
RezXOWDWXO HVWH FRQFOXGHQW 7UHEXLH GRDU V  LQHP VHDPD GH GHSODVDUHD
CH
CH
FXUEHL HOYH LHQH D RIHUWHL GH VWRI  GH OD 2
P la O P, FD XUPDUH D DSOLF ULL WD[HL
YDPDOHGHLPSRUWDVXSUDILUHORUWH[WLOH$VWIHOSULQDFHDVW GLQXUP vPSUHMXUDUHVH
ULGLF SUH XOLQWHUQSHQWUXILUHWH[WLOHLvQFRQVHFLQ

FRVWXULOHSHQWUXSURGXF LDGH

VWRI FHHDFHFRQGXFHODRFXUE DRIHUWHLSHQWUXVWRI VLWXDW PDLVXV

6.6

Rezultate empirice

6.6.1

&HUFHW

ULvQOHJ

WXU

FXWD[HOHYDPDOH

0 VXUDUHD HPSLULF  D HIHFWHORU WD[HORU YDPDOH HVWH GLILFLO  1RWDELO  HVWH

ncercarea58 GH D HVWLPD FkWLJXO WRWDO RE LQXW GH HFRQRPLD 68$ vQ OHJ WXU  FX
structura tarifului vamal. Pornind de la ratele efective ale impunerii vamale, Basevi
L-D FRQFHQWUDW DWHQ LD DVXSUD HIHFWHORU vQ GRPHQLXO UDSRUWXOXL de schimb, rezultate
GLQ VLVWHPXO YDPDO DPHULFDQ )RORVLQG GLYHUVH YDORUL SHQWUX HODVWLFLW

58

Basevi (1968)

LOH ID

 GH

7D[HOHYDPDOHLFRPHU XOLQWHUQD LRQDO

SUH  DOH FXUEHORU FHUHULL GH LPSRUW UHVSHFWLY RIHUWHL GH H[SRUW DDMXQV OD FRQFOX]LD
F SRVLELOHOHFkWLJXULPHGLLDQXDOHGLQLQWHUYDOXO

1962 s-au situat ntre 258

L  PLOLRDQH GRODUL $FHVWH FkWLJXUL VXQW VXUSULQ] WRU GH PRGHVWH GDF  OH

raSRUW

PODSURGXVXOL

6.6.2

nWHUQEUXWDPHULFDQQXGHS

&HUFHW

HVFR]HFLPHGHSURFHQW

ULUHIHULWRDUHODUDWDSURWHF LHLHIHFWLYH

Eforturi mai mari s-au depus pentru a calcula taxele vamale efective
penWUX JUXSH GH SURGXVH RUL UDPXUL UH]XOWDWH GLQ VWUXFWXUD H[LVWHQW  D WD[HORU
vamale nominale59 3ULPHOH VWXGLL LQ DFHDVW  GLUHF LH DX DMXQV OD FRQFOX]LD F  WD[D
YDPDO QRPLQDO QX HVWH XQLQGLFDWRUUHDOLVWSHQWUXH[SULPDUHD SURWHF LHLWDULIDUHD
XQHLUDPXULvQWUXFkWQXLDvQFRQVLGHUDUHWD[HOHYDPDOHDIHUHQWHPDWHULLORUSULPHL

proGXVHORU LQWHUPHGLDUH $VWIHO vQ PXOWH UDPXUL UDWD SURWHF LHL QRPLQDOH GLIHU 
consiGHUDELO GH D FHOHL HIHFWLYH L UDWD PHGLH D SURWHF LHL YDPDOH OD QLYHO GH DU 
GLIHU  GXS  FXP HVWH DSOLFDW FRQFHSWXO GH UDW  QRPLQaO  VDX HIHFWLY  vQ FDOFXOXO
acesteia.
'LQ FHUFHW ULOH PHQ LRQDWH UH]XOW  F  ODPDMRULWDWHD
UDWD SURWHF LHL HIHFWLYH HVWH DSURDSH GXEO  ID

conVWDWDUH GHVSULQV

ULORU LQGXVWULDOL]DWH

 GH FHD PHGLH QRPLQDO  2 DOW 

 GLQ DFHVWH FHUFHW UL HVWH FHD F  UDWD SURWHF LHL QRPLQDOH QX

RIHU QLFLRLQGLFD LHUHIHULWRDUHODSURWHF LDHIHFWLY DXQHLUDPXUL'HH[HPSOXvQ

68$ H[LVW  UDPXUL DOH HFRQRPLHL  VHPL

- fabricate ) la caUH UDWD SURWHF LHL

efective este de peste zece ori mai mare dect a celei nominale. n alte ramuri cele
GRX UDWHVXQWDSURDSHLGHQWLFHDYLRDQHLDUvQDOWHOHSURWHF LDHIHFWLY HVWHFKLDU

neJDWLY

  SURGXVH ODPLQDWH GH R HO  L vQ FHOHODOWH

UL GH]YROWDWH VLWXD LD

SURWHF LHL YDPDOH SH UDPXUL DOH HFRQRPLHL HVWH FRPSDUDELO  FX FHD GLQ 68$ 'H
UHPDUFDW F  HIHFWXO SURWHF LRQLVW OD QLYHOXO XQHL UDPXUL HVWH QHJDWLY DWXQFL FkQG
WD[D YDPDO  PHGLH SRQGHUDW  OD SURGXVHOH LQWHUPHGLDUH HVWH VXSHULRDU  WD[HL
YDPDOHDSOLFDW SURG

usului finit.

&RQVHFLQ

 )D

 GH UDWD QRPLQDO

 D SURWHF LHL WDULIDUH SUH]HQWDW 

oficiDO VH PDL SRDWH FDOFXOD L UDWD SURWHF LHL HIHFWLYH FDUH HYLGHQ LD]
LQWHQV HVWH DS

UDW  YDORDUH FUHDW  DG

FRQFXUHQ DVWU

LQ

XJDW

 FkW GH

 D XQHL UDPXUL OD LQWHUQ ID

 GH



Q ILQDO WUHEXLH VXEOLQLDW F  GHWHUPLQDUHD UDWHL SURWHF LHL HIHFWLYH HVWH

difiFLO
vaPDO

 GDF  LQWU ULOH LQWHUPHGLDUH VXQW UHFLSURF VXEVWLWXLELOH 'H H[HPSOX R WD[ 
 ULGLFDW  DSOLFDW ILUHORU WH[WLOH RE LQXWH GLQ ILEUH QDWXU

ale, poate conduce la

vQORFXLUHD DFHVWRUD FX ILUH WH[WLOH VLQWHWLFH 'DU vQ DFHDVW  SUREOHP  FHUFHW ULOH

sunt abia la nceput.

6.6.3

&HUFHWDUHDHPSLULF

SULYLQGHIHFWHOHXQHLLPSXQHUL

vamale optime implicite.

Obstacolele n calea schimburilor comercialHLQWHUQD LRQDOHDSDUvQXOWLPLL
DQL WRW PDL UDU VXE IRUPD WD[HORU YDPDOH L WRW PDL IUHFYHQW VXE IRUPD DD

numiteORU

EDULHUH QH WDULIDUH FXP DU IL FRQWLQJHQWHOH OD LPSRUW OLPLW ULOH

YROXQWDUH OD H[SRUW L UHVWULF LL GH RUGLQ FDOLWDWLY 5HIHULWRU OD UDWD SURWHF LHL
YDPDOHLPSOLFLWHQHREVHUYDELOHY VHSRWIDFHGRX DILUPD LLLDQXPH
&X FkW HVWH PDL VF ]XW HODVWLFLWDWHD ID

 GH SUH  D RIHUWHL GHH[SRUW D

SDUWHQHUH FXDWkWDHVWHPDLPDUHY FRQIRUPHFXD LHL

59

Balassa (1965), Basevi (1966)

ULL

7HRULLLPRGHOHSULYLQGUHOD LLOHHFRQRPLFHLQWHUQD LRQDOH

Cu ct sunt mai apropiate YDORULOH DEVROXWH DOH FRHILFLHQ LORU

FXFkWHVWHPDL ULGLFDW SRQGHUHDHODVWLFLW
FDUHDSOLF WD[DYDPDO vQVXPDHODVWLFLW

LLID
LORUID

 L

 DGLF 

GHSUH DFHUHULLGHLPSRUWvQ DUD

GHSUH 

FXDW

t mai ridicat va

ILY FRQIRUPHFXD LHL

.9).

$FHVWH SUHGLF LL DX R PDUH UHOHYDQ

 SHQWUX UHOD LLOH 8QLXQLL (XURSHQH FX

SDUWHQHUL FDUH QX DSDU LQ DFHVWHL JUXS UL &X FkW HVWH PDL PLF  DUD SDUWHQHU  FX
DWkW HVWH PDL UHGXV  vQ JHQHUDO IOH[LELOLWDWHD VD vQ SURGXF LH 'DWRULW  FDSDFLW

sale limLWDWH XQ DVWIHO GH RIHUWDQW DUH R FDSDFLWDWH UHGXV

 GH UHDF LH OD R UHGXFHUH

VDX FUHWHUH D SUH XULORU VDOH GH GHVIDFHUH (ODVWLFLWDWHD ID

 GH SUH  D RIHUWHL VDOH 

HVWH DVWIHO UHGXV  7RWRGDW  HVWH GH SUHVXSXV F  vQ FXUVXO FUHWHULL

ULORU UHODWLY

marLDOH8QLXQLL(XURSHQHFRQVLGHUDWHFDEORFFRPHUFLDOOHYLQHXRUV
OLYU ULOH GLQ UHVWXO OXPLL (ODVWLFLWDWHD ID

LL

VXEVWLWXLH

 GH SUH  D FHUHULL GH LPSRUW D

ULORU

UniuQLL(XURSHQHvQDQVDPEOXDUWUHEXLV VSRUHDVF SHP VXU FHFUHWH3URGXVXO

Intern BUXW $FHVWH vPSUHMXU UL IDF V  QH DWHSW P FD R DU  SUHFXP (OYH LD
ntmpiQ vQFRPHU XOFX8(FRQVLGHUDELOHEDULHUHWDULIDUHvQFUHWHUHFDUHvPEUDF 
forma unor obstacole comerciale ascunse.
Aceste presupuneri s-au verificat empiric60 vQ DD-numitul model
JUDYLWD LRQDO DO UHOD LLORUHFRQRPLFH LQWHUQD LRQDOH $FHVW PRGHOIRORVHWHDQDORJLD
FXDWUDF LDUHFLSURF DGRX FRUSXULGLQIL]LF SHQWUXDH[SOLFDYROXPXOFRPHU XOXL
H[WHULRU GLQWUH GRX 

UL )RU D GH DWUDF LH HVWH FX DWkW PDL PDUH FX FkW VXQW PDL

PDUL PDVHOH FHORU GRX  FRUSXUL L FX FkW GLVWDQ D GLQWUH HOH HVWH PDL PLF  0DVD
FRUSXULORU HVWH HFKLYDODW  FX 3,% XO

ULORU LDU GLVWDQ D GLQWUH HOH FX FRVWXULOH GH

WUDQVSRUW $FHVW PRGHO JUDYLWD LRQDO SDUH D DYHD SUHD SX LQ GH

economiF

 7RWXL GXS  FXP V

61

-a demonstrat

-a face cu teoria

 XQ PRGHO GH VFKLPEXUL FX GRX 

UL FXSULQ]kQG XQ EXQ LQWHUQ ORFDO L XQXO FRPHUFLDOL]DELO SH SODQ LQWHUQD LRQDO

caUDFWHUL]DW GH SDUWHD FHUHULL SULQ IXQF LL GH XWLOLWDWH FX HODVWLFLWDWH FRQVWDQW

 GH

VXEVWLWX LH  &(6  L GLQ SDUWHD RIHUWHL GH FXUEH GH WUDQVIRUPDUH FX HODVWLFLWDWH
FRQVWDQW GHWUDQVIRUPDUH&(7FRQGXFHODSUHGLF LLFHFRLQFLGFXFHOHVSHFLILFH

modelului gravita LRQDO

Q SULQFLSLX H[SRUWXULOH (OYH LHL 

EuropenH 

DUD L  vQ

DUD PHPEU  D 8QLXQLL

DUD M  DU WUHEXL V  VSRUHDVF  R GDW  FX FUHWHUHD 3,% DO

ULL PHPEUH

8( &X WRDWH DFHVWHD FX FkW FUHWH 3,% GLQ DUD PHPEU  8( FX DWkW PDL PXOW VH
vQFHDUF  V  VH DSOLFH R SURWHF LH YDPDO  LPSOLFLW  SULQ GLYHUVH REVWDFROH

comerciale. Din acest motLY UHOD LD GLQWUH H[SRUWXULOH HOYH LHQH vQ DUD M GLQ 8( L
62
SURGXVXOLQWHUQEUXWDODFHVWHLDHVWHQHOLQLDU 6-a testat
o asemenea ne liniaritate,
LQWURGXFkQG vQ HFXD LD GH UHJUHVLHFD YDULDELO  H[SOLFDWLY  SH OkQJ  3,%   <j ) al
2
ULLFXPS U WRDUHLS WUDWXODFHVWHLYDULDELOH<j ), astfel:
ln ( pij * Xij ) = k 

 OQ'ij

+ ( 1 

Sj

 OQSi

 OQ(ij

+ c * Yij + d * Yj2 +

) + g * ln Zij

6.118

([SOLFD LDVLPEROXULORU

i
j
pij
Xij
60

Ghermi (1989)
Bergstrand (1985)
62
Ghermi (1989)
61

(OYH LD
LQGLFHSHQWUXFHOH

UL(*

SUH XOSURGXVXOXLHOYH LDQSHSLD D

ULLMvQ6IU

YROXPXOH[SRUWXOXL(OYH LHLVSUHSLD D

ULLM

7D[HOHYDPDOHLFRPHU XOLQWHUQD LRQDO

HODVWLFLWDWHDGHVXEVWLWX LHDFHUHULLGHP UIXULD

ULLLPSRUWDWRDUH

MvQOHJ WXU FXGLYHUVHOHEXQXULGHLPSRUW

GLVWDQ DvQOLQLHDHULDQ

Dij
Eij

QXP UXO GH XQLW

meGLDDQXDO
Yj
pi
pj

; pentru simpliILFDUHVHFRQVLGHU  j 
vQWUHFHQWUHOHHFRQRPLFHDOH riORULLM

L PRQHWDUH DOH

SURGXVXOLQWHUQEUXWDO

ULL M SHQWUX XQ IUDQF HOYH LDQ

ULLMWUDQVIRUPDWvQIUDQFLHOYH

LQGLFHOHSUH XOXLODH[SRUWSHQWUX(OYH LD

ieni)



LQGLFHOH SUH XOXL PHGLX OD LPSRUW SHQWUX DUDM 

  SULQ

OXDUHD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH D SUH XULORU WD[HORU YDPDOH QRPLQDOH FRVWXULORU GH WUDQVSRUW
LDFXUVXULORUGHVFKLPE

factorul taxei vamale nominale ( Zij 

Zij

  D

ULL M SHQWUX

imporWXULGLQ(OYH LD
$FHDVW  HFXD LH V-D HVWLPDW R GDW  SHQWUX SHULRDGD    L R GDW
pentru perioada 1967 &RHILFLHQ LLDFHVWHLHFXD LLHVWLPD LSHQWUXFHOHGRX
perioade, suQWSUH]HQWD LvQWDEHOXO

Tabel 6([SRUWXULOHGHP

UIXULDOH(OYH LHLvQ8QLXQHD(XURSHDQ

Variabile explicative

Termen liber (k)

'LVWDQ D'ij)
Cursul valutar (ln Eij)
3,%DO

ULLMUHDO<j

3 WUDWXO3,%DO

)
2

ULLMUHDO<j

)
/ pj)
Variabila dummy pentru intrarea
Danemarcei n UE (valori: 1 pentru anul

5DSRUWXOGHSUH OQSi

1960 1987

1967 1987

22,67
-1,42
-0,13
-2,4E-04
3,7E-09
0,02
-0,43

22,77
-1,37
-0,14
-2,0E-04
3,1E-09
-0,05
-0,54

0,72

0,58

1,32

0,66

-0,25

-0,33

-0,02

-0,07

0,56

0,50

-7,0E-02

-4,1E-02

-1,5E-02

-1,6E-02

-2,4E-02

-2,4E-02

LGXS UHVWXO

Var. dummy pentru intrarea Marii

Britanii n UE (valori: 1 pentru anul 1973
LGXS UHVWXO

Var. dummy pentru intrarea Irlandei n

8(YDORULSHQWUXDQXOLGXS 

restul 0)
Var. dummy pentru intrarea Greciei n
UE (valori: 1SHQWUXDQXOLGXS 
restul 0)
Var. dummy pentru intrarea Portugaliei
vQ8(YDORULSHQWUXDQXOLGXS 

restul 0)
Var. dummy pentru intrarea Spaniei n
8(YDORULSHQWUXDQXOLGXS 

restul 0)
nF UFDUHDYDPDO
PHPEU 8(OQ=j

PHGLHGHF WUH DUD

; produse industriale)

5HJOHPHQW ULVSHFLDOHSHQWUXKkUWLHOQ

ZjP; produse de hrtie)

5HJOHPHQW ULVSHFLDOHSHQWUXPHWDOHOQ

ZjM; produse de metal)

R2 = 0,823 (1960 1987), R2 = 0,864 (1967 1987); 308, respecWLYREVHUYD LL
Sursa: Ghermi (1989), pag. 297




7HRULLLPRGHOHSULYLQGUHOD LLOHHFRQRPLFHLQWHUQD LRQDOH

3H ED]D GDWHORU SUH]HQWDWH vQ WDEHOXO  VH SRW GHVSULQGH XUP WRDUHOH
REVHUYD LL
'LVWDQ DMRDF LD]LXQUROvQVHPQDWODRFUHWHUHDGLVWDQ HLFX

exporturile elYH LHQHVFDGFDHWHULVSDULEXVFX

3HWHUPHQVFXUWLPHGLXSUH XULOHUHODWLYHVXQWGRPLQDWHGHPRGLILF ULOH
FXUVXULORUGHVFKLPE2VFXPSLUHDYDOXWHLHOYH LHQHFXFRQGXFHODR
GLPLQXDUHvQDFHODLDQDH[SRUWXULORUHOYH LHQHFXFLUFD

3. Taxele vamale asupra produselor industriale au fost eliminate pe baza

acordului de liber-VFKLPEvQWUH&((L$(/6vQFXUVXODFLQFLUHGXFHUL
succesive, n perioada 1973 1.7.1977. Coeficientul negativ al variabilei
YDPDOHDUDW F H[SRUWDWRULLHOYH LHQLDXSURILWDWGHDFHDVW vQO WXUDUHD

taxelor vaPDOHFKLDUGDF

vQSURSRU LHPLF 

&RPSDUDWLYFXXQDQWHULRUVWXGLXGHUHIHULQ

63

, apar aici semne privind

efectul de deturnare a schimburilor. n special intrarea Danemarcei n C.E.E.

vQDQXODI FXWHYLGHQWPDLGLILFLOH[SRUWXO(OYH LHLVSUHDFHD DU 

ReGXFHUHDHVWLPDW HVWHGHFLUFD$FHDVWDUH]XOW GLQFRHILFLHQWXO

variabilei fictive (dummy) pentru intrarea Danemarcei. de 0,43, care este
logaritmul natural al lui 0,65, coeficient nregistrat ncepnd cu anul 1973.
nainte de acest an, coeficientul respectiv avea valoarea 1.
3HED]DHFXD LHLVHSRDWHFDOFXODHODVWLFLWDWHDH[SRUWXULORUHOYH LHQH
ID

GHSURGXVXOLQWHUQEUXWDO

ULLLPSRUWDW

oare, astfel:

ln( pij Xij ) ln( pij Xij ) Yj

2
=

= c Yj + 2d Yj
lnYj
Yj
lnYj

6.19

'DF  vQORFXLP SH <jFX YHQLWXO PHGLX DQXDO DO XQHL

UL PHPEUHD &((

LG PFRHILFLHQ LORUFLGYDORULOHHVWLPDWHvQWDEHOXORE LQHPSHQWUXH[SUHVLD

(6.19) valoarea de  FRUHVSXQ]

WRDUH SHULRDGHL

1960   L YDORDUHD

 FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH SHULRDGHL   'HGXFHP GH DLFL F  SH P VXUD

FUHWHULLSURGXVXOXLLQWHUQEUXWGLQ
DFHVWH

ULOHPHPEUHDOH&((H[SRUWXULOH(OYH LHLvQ

ULFDHWHULV SDULEXV QX DU IL FUHVFXW FL GLPSRWULY  DU IL VF ]XW GLQ SXQFW GH

YHGHUH YDORULF FRQIRUP XQHL HODVWLFLW

L vQ YDORDUH DEVROXW  GXEO  ID

 GH FHD

FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH GH]DUP ULL YDPDOH GH GXS  DQXO  8Q DVHPHQHD UH]XOWDW

oaUHFXP QHDWHSWDW VH LQWHUSUHWHD]  SULQ LQWHQVLILFDUHD REVWDFROHORU QH WDULIDUH ale
UiORUGLQ&((SXVH(OYH LHLFDVWDWQHSDUWLFLSDQWODJUXSDUH
&RQVHFLQ : &RQFHSWXO GH SURWHF LH YDPDO  RSWLP  VH SRDWH DSOLFD L
obVWDFROHORU QH WDULIDUH vQ FD]XO H[SRUWXULORU (OYH LHL vQ 8QLXQHD (XURSHDQ 
acesta pare a avea reOHYDQ HPSLULF 

63

Balassa (1974)