V sao nhin liu sinh hc cha c quan tm nc ta?

? [23/07/2007 - Sinh hc Vit Nam] PGS-TS Huy nh - y vin Hi ng qun tr Cng ty APP, thnh vin Hi ng Chnh sch Khoa hc v Cng ngh (KH&CN) Quc gia l mt nh khoa hc rt say sa, tm huyt v c nhiu nghin cu v nhin liu sinh hc (NLSH) trn th gii v ti Vit Nam. Thng 6.2004, ng xut vi Chnh ph n pht trin NLSH ti Vit Nam. NLSH - vn ang c quan tm hin nay trn th gii nhng v sao cha c quan tm ng mc nc ta v nhng chnh sch, tho g cn thit pht trin ngun nng lng sch ny l ni dung m ng mun chuyn ti ti bn c. An ninh nng lng v bin i kh hu - mi lo ca ton cu Cc hi ngh quc t hay khu vc trong thi gian qua cp rt nhiu n vn an ninh nng lng. Vic m bo ngun nng lng di hn thay th nng lng ho thch ngy cng tr nn cp thit, nht l khi du m ang cn dn v tr nn t . S gia tng dn s, tng trng kinh t, gia tng nng lng phc v i sng ngy mt cao ko theo nhu cu v nng lng ngy cng tng, dn n tnh trng mi trng t nhin ngy mt xu i. Hin tng kh hu ton cu ang nng dn ln l mt trong nhng thch thc ln nht ca ton nhn loi trong th k ny. Trn th gii, gn 2 t ngi ngho cc nc ang pht trin cha c tip cn vi nng lng hin i. Tt c nhng iu ny ch c th t c khi s dng nng lng ti to. Nhiu chuyn gia kinh t - mi trng c chung nhn xt: Mu hnh vn hnh pht trin kinh t - x hi ch yu da vo nng lng ho thch l mu hnh pht trin khng bn vng. Do vy, nhiu quc gia c chnh sch kt hp s dng tit kim v hiu qu cc dng nng lng hin c, vi chnh sch s dng nng lng thn thin mi trng. Ti hi ngh quc t do APEC t chc ti Vancouver (Canada) ngy 27-29.4.2005, quyt nh s dng NLSH thay th xng du khong trong ngnh giao thng c nhiu hng t chp nhn. Th gii quan tm pht trin NLSH Hin nay c khong 50 nc khp cc chu lc khai thc v s dng NLSH cc mc khc nhau. NLSH c hiu l nhin liu ti to (Renewable Fuel) c sn xut t nguyn liu sinh hc - sinh khi. NLSH dng lm nhiu liu cho ngnh giao thng bao gm: Du thc vt sch, ethanol, diesel sinh hc, dimetyl ether (DME), ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) v cc sn phm t chng. Nm 2006, ton th gii sn xut khong 50 t lt ethanol (75% dng lm nhin liu) so vi nm 2003 l 38 t lt, d kin nm 2012 l khong 80 t lt; nm 2005 sn xut 4 triu tn diesel sinh hc (B100), nm 2010 s tng ln khong trn 20 triu tn. Brasil l quc gia u tin s dng ethanol lm nhin liu quy m cng nghip t nm 1970. Tt c cc loi xng quc gia ny u pha khong 25% ethanol (E25), mi nm tit kim c trn 2 t USD do khng phi nhp du m. Hin ti, nc ny c 3 triu t s dng hon ton ethanol v trn 17 triu t s dng E25. Thnh

cng ny bt ngun t chng trnh Proalcool ca Chnh ph c thc thi t nm 1975, chng trnh ny tr thnh mu hnh cho nhiu quc gia khc tham kho. M hin l quc gia sn xut ethanol ln nht th gii (nm 2006 t gn 19 t lt, trong 15 t lt dng lm nhin liu - chim khong 3% th trng xng). Nm 2012 s cung cp trn 28 t lt ethanol v diesel sinh hc, chim 3,5% lng xng du s dng. khuyn khch s dng nhiu liu sch, Chnh ph thc hin vic gim thu 0,50 USD/gallon ethanol v 1 USD /gallon diesel sinh hc, h tr cc doanh nghip nh sn xut NLSH. Ngi ng u Nh trng tuyn b s a nc M thot khi s ph thuc du m t nc ngoi, bng cch u t ln cho R &D to cng ngh mi sn xut nng lng sch v NLSH. Trung Quc mi ngy s dng 2,4-2, 5 triu thng du m, trong s c ti 50% phi nhp khu. i ph vi s thiu ht nng lng, mt mt Trung Quc u t ln ra ngoi lnh th khai thc du m, mt khc tp trung khai thc, s dng nng lng ti to, u t nhiu c s khoa hc nghin cu v NLSH. u nm 2003, xng E10 (10% ethanol v 90% xng) chnh thc c s dng 5 thnh ph ln v sp ti s m rng thm ti 9 tnh ng dn c khc. D kin, ethanol nhiu liu s tng trn 2 t lt vo nm 2010, khong 10 t lt vo nm 2020 (nm 2005 l 1, 2 t lt). Cui nm 2005, nh my sn xut ethanol nhin liu cng sut 600.000 tn /nm (ln nht th gii) i vo hot ng ti Ct Lm. Thng 6.2006, Quc hi Trung Quc thng qua Chin lc pht trin kinh t - x hi, cng nghip ho thn thin mi trng. n hin tiu th khong 2 triu thng du m /ngy nhng c ti 70% phi nhp khu. Chnh ph c k hoch u t 4 t USD cho pht trin nhin liu ti to, mi nm sn xut khong 3 t lt ethanol. T thng 1.2003, 9 bang v 4 tiu vng s dng xng E5, thi gian ti s s dng cc bang cn li, sau s dng trong c nc. pht trin diesel sinh hc dng cho giao thng cng cng, Chnh ph c k hoch trng cc cy c du, c bit l d n trng 13 triu hcta cy Jatropha curcas /physic nut (cy cc ro, cy du m) nm 2010 thay th khong 10% diesel du m. T nm 1985, Thi Lan huy ng hng chc c quan khoa hc u ngnh thc thi d n Hong gia pht trin cng ngh hiu qu sn xut ethanol v diesel sinh hc t du c. Nm 2001, nc ny thnh lp y ban ethanol nhin liu quc gia (NEC) do B trng Cng nghip ph trch iu hnh chng trnh pht trin NLSH. Nm 2003, c hng chc trm phn phi xng E10 Bngcc v vng ph cn. Chnh ph khng nh E10 v B10 s c s dng trong c nc vo u thp k ti. y ban du c Malaixia (MPOB) cho bit, t nay n nm 2015 s c 5 nh my sn xut diesel sinh hc t du c, vi tng cng sut gn 1 triu tn s dng trong nc v xut khu sang EU. Innxia phn u n nm 2015 s s dng B5 i tr trong c nc. Ngoi du c, s u t trng 10 triu ha cy J.Curcas ly du lm diesel sinh hc. Mhic c chin lc pht trin cy du c v J.Curcas cung cp diesel sinh hc dng cho vn ti cng cng th v vng nng thn. Clmbia ban hnh o lut bt buc cc th trn 500 ngn dn phi s dng E10. Achentina ph duyt Lut NLSH (thng 4.2006) quy nh nm 2010 cc nh my lc du pha 5% ethanol v 5% diesel sinh hc trong xng du bn trn th trng. Costa Rica,

Philipin... u c l trnh s dng diesel sinh hc t du c, du da. Cc quc gia thuc chu u u c chng trnh NLSH nh: c, Anh, Php, Ty Ban Nha, Italia, H Lan, Thy in, B o Nha, Thy S, o, Bungari, Ba Lan, Hungari, Ucraina, Belarus, Nga, Slvakia... Ngay ti Lo cng ang xy dng nh my sn xut diesel sinh hc ngoi th Vin Chn. Mt s nc chu Phi nh Gana, Tanjania... cng ang tip cn n NLSH. Nhng li ch khi s dng NLSH Tham gia cn i nhin liu, gim lng xng du nhp ngoi bng ngun nhin liu cung cp trong nc, ci thin cn cn thng mi. S dng NLSH s gim thiu nhim v kh nh knh Hin nay, hng nm ton th gii pht thi khong 25 t tn kh c hi v kh nh knh. Nng kh CO2, loi kh nh knh ch yu, tng trn 30% so vi thi k tin cng nghip (t 280 ppm tng ln 360 ppm), nhit tri t tng 0,2-0, 40C. Nu khng c gii php tch cc, nng kh nh knh c th tng n 400 ppm vo nm 2050 v 500 ppm vo cui th k XXI, nhit tri t nng thm 2-40C, gy ra hu qu khn lng v mi trng sng. S dng NLSH so vi xng du khong gim c 70% kh CO2 v 30% kh c hi, do NLSH cha mt lng cc nh lu hunh, cha 11% oxy, nn chy sch hn. NLSH phn hu sinh hc nhanh, t gy nhim ngun nc v t. S dng NLSH s gp phn nng cao hiu qu kinh t nng nghip Ngnh kinh t nng nghip ngoi chc nng cung cp lng thc thc phm, nguyn liu cng nghip, gi y c thm chc nng cung cp nng lng sch cho x hi, ng gp vo vic gim thiu kh nh knh v kh c hi. c bit, khi pht trin NLSH c th s dng cc ging cy c du, chng hn nh J. Curcas trng trn cc vng t hoang ho hoc ang s dng km hiu qu, gip nng cao hiu qu s dng t. K thut v kinh t nng lng Sn xut v s dng NLSH n gin hn so vi cc dng nhin liu hyr /pin nhin liu, LPG. Khi s dng E20, B20 khng cn ci bin ng c, s dng c cho cc loi t hin c. Cng khng cn thay i h thng tn cha v phn phi hin c. NLSH v nhin liu khong c th dng ln vi nhau c. Cng ngh sn xut NLSH khng phc tp, c th sn xut quy m nh (h gia nh) n quy m ln. Tiu hao nhin liu, cng sut ng c tng t nh dng xng du khong. Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v cn bng nng lng cho thy: T 1 n v nng lng du m sn xut c 0, 87 n v nng lng xng, hoc 1, 02 n v nng lng ETBE, hoc 2, 05 n v nng lng ethanol. T 1 n v nng lng du m (dng cy ba, trng trt, chm sc, vn chuyn n ch bin) s to ra 1, 2 n v nng lng NLSH. Nu k thm cc sn phm ph (b thi, sn phm ph) th to ra 2-3 n v NLSH. Nh vy, cn bng nng lng u ra so vi u vo l dng. Hin ti, gi NLSH cn cao do sn xut nh, gi nguyn liu cao. Khi sn xut quy m ln

vi cng ngh mi s gim gi thnh. Nu xng du khng b gi th NLSH c gi thnh thp hn. C th khng nh, NLSH s em n a li ch. Tnh hnh nghin cu, u t v nhng chnh sch pht trin NLSH Vit Nam T hn 10 nm qua, c mt s c quan thuc cc ngnh giao thng vn ti, cng nghip, nng lng nghin cu v NLSH. Mt s cng ty, vin v trng i hc nghin cu th nghim xng pha ethanol v diesel sinh hc. Cng ty Ma ng Lam Sn (Thanh Ho), Si Gn Petro, Cng ty Ru Bnh Ty, Cng ty Ch Hng cng c d n sn xut ethanol lm nhin liu. Gn y, mt s cng ty ti An Giang, Cn Th, Long An u t xng sn xut diesel sinh hc t m c basa vi tng cng sut khong 40.000 tn /nm, nhng do cha c tiu chun cht lng cho sn phm, nn cha thng mi c. Trong 2 nm qua, c hng chc cng ty nc ngoi mun u t sn xut ethanol v diesel sinh hc; mt s cng ty lin doanh k kt tho thun u t sn xut ethanol v diesel sinh hc t du Jatropha (giai on u nhp du th, sau u t trng ti Vit Nam). Nhn chung, hot ng R &D v u t v NLSH nc ta cn cha tin trin do cha c chnh sch nng lng, cha c c ch, chnh sch r rng cc doanh nghip an tm u t i vi lnh vc kinh doanh c iu kin nh xng du. NLSH cha pht trin c nc ta do mt s nguyn nhn sau: l Ngun nguyn liu cn hn ch do phi dnh t ai m bo an ninh lng thc, trng rng bo h v nguyn liu cho cng nghip; cng ngh hin ti cha m bo nng sut cy trng cao. Nu pht trin t, khng tnh ton s nh hng n an ninh lng thc v din tch rng. l Cng ngh sn xut NLSH hin ti (th h th nht) dng nguyn liu l tinh bt ng cc, mt r ng sn xut ethanol v dng du m ng thc vt sn xut diesel sinh hc, s lng cn hn ch v c gi thnh cao. Cng ngh mi (th h th hai) sn xut ethanol, diesel sinh hc t ph thi cng - nng - lm nghip (lignocellulosic bio mass) mi thnh cng m hnh trnh din, quy m nh, cn 5-7 nm na mi c th p dng quy m cng nghip vi gi thnh h, sn lng ln. l NLSH mi pht trin, cha c u t thch ng, cha snh c vi lch s hng trm nm ca cng nghip du m. Mun khuyn co s dng NLSH cn phi tr gi, hoc c chnh sch khuyn khch ban u, hoc bt buc nh quy nh cc th trn 500 ngn dn phi s dng nhin liu sch. l Cha c c ch, chnh sch u i cho cc nh u t pht trin vng nguyn liu, sn xut v phn phi NLSH. Trong thi gian ti, cn c nhng chnh sch, bin php tho b ro cn: l Trc ht, cn c th ch khung chnh sch u t nng lng, nht l nng lng sch. c c s php l u t cho nng lng lu di, Chnh ph cn sm ph duyt Chnh sch an ninh nng lng quc gia, n pht trin NLSH v l trnh

thc hin. Quc hi sm ban hnh Lut Nng lng, trong cp n nng lng ti to. B KH &CN cn sm xy dng Chng trnh KH &CN quc gia v NLSH trnh Chnh ph ph duyt. l Sm ban hnh tiu chun cht lng sn phm cc doanh nghip n nh sn xut, phn phi sn phm v gip cc c quan qun l gim st cht lng sn phm trong sn xut v lu thng trn th trng. Ban hnh c ch, chnh sch h tr nh u t pht trin vng nguyn liu, sn xut, phn phi NLSH (nh u i tn dng, gim thu, h tr R &D, qung b...). c bit, c c ch h tr vay vn, tr gi cho nng dn cung cp nguyn liu nh cc nc lm. Quy hoch vng nguyn liu, cy nguyn liu ch lc u t; xy dng quy trnh canh tc tin tin, p dng cng ngh sn xut mi nng cao cng sut sn xut, h gi thnh NLSH. l Xy dng m hnh u t thp, phn phi NLSH cho th ng dn c. Xy dng m hnh trng trt, ch bin, pha ch diesel sinh hc cung cp nhin liu cho my mc nng nghip a phng. Khi c ch trng, chnh sch, l trnh c th, vi i ng cn b KH &CN v trang thit b hin c, cng vi hp tc quc t, chng ta hon ton c kh nng pht trin NLSH trong thi gian ti, thc hin Tuyn b APEC 14 m Vit Nam l nc ch nh v hp tc nng lng v pht trin NLSH.

Khi cng xy dng nh my ethanol Bnh Phc

Thnh Trung Th By, 20/3/2010, 12:47 (GMT+7)

Thnh Trung

Tnh Bnh Phc, ni t nh my ethanol, l a phng c din tch trng sn ln v lu i, p ng c nguyn liu cho nh my. nh T Phong. (TBKTSG Online) - Nh my sn xut ethanol c tng mc u t trn 80 triu la M s c khi cng xy dng chiu nay 20-3 ti tnh Bnh Phc. y l d n hp tc gia Cng ty TNHH Nhin liu Sinh hc Phng ng (OBF), tp on ITOCHU (Nht Bn), Tng cng ty Du Vit Nam (PVOil) v Cng ty LICOGI 16. Nh my sn xut ethanol Bnh Phc - t ti x Minh Hng, huyn B ng, trn ng Quc l 14 c, cch thnh ph H Ch Minh 175 kilmt - do Cng ty TNHH Nhin liu Sinh hc Phng ng (OBF) - thnh vin PVOil - lm ch u t, nm trong chng trnh trin khai cc d n nhin liu sinh hc ca tp on Du kh Vit Nam (PVN), theo n pht trin nhin liu sinh hc n nm 2015, tm nhn 2025 do Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt ngy 20/11/2007. Cc nh u t khc gm ITOCHU vi mc vn gp 49%, PVOil (29%) v Cng ty LICOGI 16 (22%); phn vn ca cc tp on trong nc chim 51% vn ca d n. Nh cung cp cng ngh cho d n l Cng ty PRAJ INDUSTRIES (n ). Tng thu EPC (thit k - mua sm - xy dng) l lin danh bao gm Cng ty TOYO Thi (Thi Lan) v Cng ty C phn T vn u t v Thit k du kh (PV Engineering). Tng cng ty C phn Ti chnh Du kh Vit Nam (PVFC) l nh thu xp vn. PVOil cho bit, thi gian xy dng nh my ethanol Bnh Phc d kin l 21 thng. Nh my ethanol Bnh Phc c cng sut thit k l 100 triu lt/nm, tiu th khong 240.000 tn sn lt kh/nm. Sn phm ca nh my l ethanol (cn nhin liu sinh hc) bin tnh s c pha trn vi xng ca Nh my Lc du Dung Qut phn phi trn th trng c nc. Theo nh gi ca cc chuyn gia nhin liu sinh hc, hn hp xng pha ethanol s tng tnh nng hot ng v tui th ca ng c, gim kh thi gp phn ci thin mi trng th. Cc sn phm ph ca nh my gm kh CO2, chng ch gim pht thi CERs v phn vi sinh. Trc , OBF k hp ng bn CO2 th cho Cng ty Messer (c), l nh sn xut v phn phi kh cng nghip, theo Messer s u t nh my sn xut CO2 lng ti nh my Ethanol Bnh Phc vi cng sut 70 tn/ngy.

Chng ch gim pht thi CERs vi sn lng d kin 125.000 tn/nm cng ang c OBF m phn bn cho ITOCHU. Ngoi ra, nh my s kt hp vi Tng cng ty Phn bn v Ha cht Du kh (PVFCCo) sn xut phn vi sinh t b thi ca nh my cung cp cho cc cc cng ty trng cao su, cc h nng dn trng iu, sn v cc cy cng, nng nghip trn a bn ca tnh.

Nng lng sinh hc Ethanol, Brasil

14/12/2009 Brasil l quc gia ng hng u th gii v sn xut v s dng nhin liu sinh hc ethanol t ma ng. Vi li th l quc gia c din tch lnh th trn 8,514 triu km2 (gp 25,7 ln din tch Vit Nam), t ai mu m, sinh hc a dng, cy ci xanh tt, nhiu nh nng mt tri v ma v thu hoch ko di trong nm, Brasil c y iu kin pht trin v ang l nc i tin phong v sn xut cn sinh hc Ethanol t cy ma.
Ngay t thp nin 70 ca th k trc, cc nh khoa hc Cng ho lin bang Brasil xut tng nghin cu v cng ngh sn xut v ng dng nhin liu sinh hc thay th du m thng qua cng ngh iu ch, trng ct trn c s ng ln men t ng cc v cy trng nng nghip nhm gp phn lm gim s ph thuc v nhp khu nng lng t nc ngoi, gp phn hn ch s dng nhin liu nng lng thin nhin khai thc t lng t, gim ngun nhim kh thi, gim ngun nng lng gy nn s nng ln ca tri t v i ph vi xu th gia tng gi du trn th gii. Cng vi mt s quc gia khc trn th gii nh M, Cng ng Chu u, Trung Quc, n , Malaysia, Indonesia..., vic nghin cu v s dng nhin liu sinh hc Ethanol thc s thnh cng ti Brasil. Cho n nay, Brasil l quc gia t p ng nhu cu nhin liu sinh hc s dng trong sn xut v i sng kinh t x hi. T nm 1975 ca th k trc n nay, s tng trng sn xut nhin liu sinh hc Ethanol t ma ng ca Brasil tng trng trn 50 ln. Hin ti, gn mt na s phng tin vn ti hng nh ca Brasil s dng nhin liu Ethanol v khong 95% phng tin giao thng bn ra hng nm c th s dng nhin liu Ethanol thay xng, du hoc hn hp. Lut php ca Bra-xin c bit quan tm n vic sn xut v tiu th loi nhin liu sinh hc ny thng qua vic qui nh tt c cc loi phng tin giao thng phi s dng xng pha vi 20 n 22% cn Ethanol. Hn na, gi ca cn Ethanol rt thp, ch khong 25 -la M mt thng (vi dung tch bng 1 thng xng). Quy nh ca Chnh ph Brasil nu trn to ra hng triu vic lm cho ngi lao ng, tit kim c khong 60 t -la M tin nhp khu du trong vi thp nin va qua. S tin ny ln gp 10 ln tng s tin u t vo chng trnh nghin cu, s dng cng ngh nhin liu Ethanol v gp hn 50 ln s tin u t, tr cp ban u. Cc chnh sch quan trng ca Chnh ph Brasil thc y s bng n ca ngun nhin liu mi ny bao gm: Vic tiu th c m bo bi Cng ty du kh quc doanh Petrobras thng qua vic cho cc doanh nghip sn xut, kinh doanh Ethanol vay vi li sut thp, gi gi Ethanol n nh, bng 59% gi xng do Chnh ph lin bang qui nh. Khong 25% lng xng c thay th bng cn Ethanol, s cn c sn xut trn 5% din tch t nng nghip v trong tng lai chc chn s cn cao hn. Sn lng sn xut cn cng ngh sinh hc hng nm ti Brasil tng trng kh ln (trn 10%), d kin s t khong 32 n 35 t lt vo nm 2015. Nhm gii thiu, qung b nhng kinh nghim ca Brasil trong sn xut Ethanol t ma ng, t ngy 16 n 20 thng 11 va qua, B Nng nghip, Chn nui v Cung ng Brasil t chc Tun l Ethanol ln th 2 ti thnh ph Ribeiro Preto, bang So Paulo. Tun l

Ethanol cp n vic gii thiu chng trnh o to nhng hiu bit c bn v sn xut, iu ch v s dng nhin liu snh hc Ethanol cho cc quan chc Chnh ph, cc doanh nghip t nhn v cc khu vc ang pht trin ca ngnh ng ma v Ethanol. Tham gia gii thiu cng ngh sn xut v s dng Ethanol l cc Gio s, Tin s thuc Trng i hc So Paulo (Trng i hc ln nht v c uy tin nht khu vc M La tinh). Cng tham gia gii thiu cn c cc quan chc ca B Nng nghip, Chn nui v Cung ng Brasil, B Pht trin Cng nghip v Ngoi thng Brasil v i din cc doanh nghip sn xut v kinh doanh Ethanol ca Brasil v bang So Paulo. Cc vn c c bit quan tm ti Tun l Ethanol ln ny lin quan n dy chuyn, thit b sn xut Ethanol, vn ti chnh u t, nhng c hi v cng ngh mi, kh nng bin i kh hu, cng ngh ch to t s dng nhin liu Ethanol cng c trao i ti Tun l Ethanol ln ny. Tham gia Tun l Ethanol ca Brasil ln ny c hn 60 cn b qun l, cc nh nghin cu khoa hc, cc k s, k thut vin t 30 quc gia thuc Chu Phi, Chu , Chu i dng. on i biu Vit Nam do ng V Vn Phung, U vin d khuyt Trung ng ng, Ph B th thng trc Tnh u Ty Ninh lm trng on. Tham gia on cn c ng Nguyn Mnh Tin - Ph Ch tch UBND tnh Ty Ninh, ng Trn Cnh Lc - Ch tch HQT, Tng Gim c Cng ty Ma - ng Ty Ninh, ng V Hng Nam - Ch tch HQT Cng ty T vn Thng Long, ng Nguyn nh Khang - U vin HQT, Tng Gim c Tng Cng ty Ti chnh Ho cht v i din C quan Thng v Vit Nam ti Brasil.

on i biu ca Vit Nam c pha Brasil n tip nhit tnh, chu o. i din pha Brasil nh gi rt cao s tham gia ca on i biu Vit Nam v cng trao i ci m, thng thn v trin vng hp tc nghin cu, sn xut kinh doanh v lnh vc cng ngh nng lng sinh hc ni chung v cn sinh hc Ethanol ni ring. Vit Nam cng l nc c li th v sn xut nng lng sinh hc, nhin liu Ethanol v c mt s doanh nghip quan tm u t vo lnh vc cng ngh ny. Chc chn rng trong tng lai khng xa, Nh nc s c chnh sch khuyn khch, h tr, thc y qu trnh nghin cu, sn xut v ng dng cng ngh nng lng sinh hc p ng nhu cu pht trin ca i sng kinh t, x hi./.

Phn phi nhin liu sinh hc ti Vit Nam

Do xng du l mt hng tiu th c bit c nh hng rt ln n vn lm pht v pht trin kinh t t nc nn Nh nc vn qun l v gim st v gi xng du. Trong nhng nm 2006, 2007, 2008 v 2009 Nh nc lin tc a ra cc quy nh v gi xng du nhm mc tiu kim ch lm pht, thc y pht trin kinh t v m bo an sinh x hi. Trong khi cc doanh nghip kinh doanh xng du li b ng trong vic nhp khu xng du t th trng th gii. Do gi xng du trn th gii tng cao nn cc doanh nghip kinh doanh xng du lin tc b l nng v phi c nh nc b l hng chc nghn t ng m bo s hot ng. hn ch thua l trong kinh doanh xng du, nhiu doanh nghip tm n cc gii php nh nhp khu xng du km cht lng, xng du gi r in hnh l vic kinh doanh xng pha axeton nm 2006, gian ln thng mi trong vic bn xng ti cc trm xng cho khch hng. Cc vic lm ny lm nh hng n quyn li chnh ng ca ngi tiu dng, gy bt bnh d lun. Hoc c doanh nghip ch ng nhp hng nghn tn ethanol vo pha xng bn nm 2007 nhm gim gi thnh xng. Tuy nhin do khng chun b trc c s vt cht cho vic tn tr v phn phi xng ethanol v cha c quy nh v tiu chun xng pha ethanol nn doanh nghip ny phi ti xut ton b s hng. Ngy 15/9/2008 Cng ty c phn kinh doanh ha du v nhin liu sinh hc (PVB), mt n v thnh vin ca Tng Cng ty du Vit Nam (PVOIL) ln u tin gii thiu v bn th im xng E5 ti hai trm bn l xng du H Ni thuc h thng phn phi xng du ca PVOIL. PVB nhp khu ethanol

tuyt i 99,6 % th tch t Trung Quc, sau pha vi xng A95 v A92 vi t l 5 % ethanol theo th tch thnh xng ethanol E5. Xng E5 c bn vi gi 16.500 ng mt lt, r hn 500 ng so vi xng A92 v 1000 ng so vi xng A 95 trong khi vn bo m an ton cho ng c ng thi gim nhim mi trng. Xng E5 ban u c bn th nghim cho 50 xe tc xi gm hai loi: loi 4 ch v 7 ch ngi, thuc hip hi taxi thnh ph H Ni. Thi gian bn th nghim l 6 thng, PVB thu thp cc kin phn hi t khch hng trnh kt qu th nghip vi B Cng thng. S gii thiu v s dng xng E5 c cng chng tip nhn nhit tnh trong iu kin hon cnh gi xng du trong nc v lm pht tng cao. Hng nghn ngi xp hng ch mua v ho hc s dng loi nhin liu mi ny. Tuy nhin B Cng thng yu cu dng bn xng E5 rng ri ra cng chng v n thi im nm 2008, Vit Nam cha c quy chun quy nh v xng pha ethanol, trong khi xng du l mt hng phi tun theo quy chun ca Nh nc nn khng th bn ra th trng nu khng c quy chun. Cng ty PVB ch c php bn th nghim cho cc xe taxi mt thi gian nh gi tc ng ca loi xng mi i vi ng c xe ang lu hnh ti Vit Nam, sau phi c quy chun Nh nc v loi xng ny mi c bn rng ri ra cng chng. Nhiu cng ty v cc t chc khoa hc cng ch ng phi hp nghin cu v thc hin vic nh gi nh hng ca vic xng pha ethanol i vi ng c v vic phn phi th nghim xng E5 thng mi nh trung tm nghin cu du kh (PVPRO), Cng ty taxi Nng, Cng ty xng du Petrolimex min trung, Cng ty c phn sn xut Ethanol ng Xanh,... Vin Nghin cu ru bia v nc gii kht cng nghin cu v a ra cc kt qu v s dng ethanol lm nhin liu thay th cho mt s loi ng c. Vin Cng ngh thc phm v ang nghin cu sn xut ethanol t ph thi nng nghip. Nhiu n v trong c APP, Si Gn Petro, Cng ty Ma ng Lam Sn ln k hoch pha ch th nghim v tin ti sn xut ethanol quy m ph hp v a vo s dng. Tng cng ty xng du Vit Nam (Petrolimex) phi hp vi mt s trng i hc ln nh i hc Bch Khoa H Ni, i hc Bch Khoa TP H Ch Minh tin hnh nhiu nghin cu v vic s dng nhin liu sinh hc, trong chng minh vic s dng xng pha ethanol thay th xng thng thng tt hn cho ng c xng. i tin phong trong vic xy dng v phn phi nhin liu sinh hc l Tng Cng ty Du Vit Nam (PV OIL). PV OIL tin hnh u t hai nh my ethanol vi tng cng sut 200 triu lt/nm, trong d n u t xy dng Nh my ethanol Bnh Phc c thc hin vi s hp tc u t cng Tp on ITOCHU Nht Bn ti tnh Bnh Phc. Sau khi B Cng thng chp thun kt qu th nghim xng E5 ca cng ty PVB v trn c s cc tiu chun v nhin liu E5, B5 mi c ban hnh trong thng 5/2009, Tng cng ty Du Vit Nam thnh Ban chuyn trch (task force) gm cc lnh o v cc nhn s ch cht ca PV OIL tin hnh trin khai bn th im xng E5, B5 trn phm vi 6 tnh thnh ln nht Vit Nam l thnh ph H Ch Minh, H Ni, Cn Th, Nng, Vng Tu, Nha Trang. PV OIL cng c nhin on cn b sang nc ngoi thm quan tm hiu qu trnh xy dng v phn phi nhin liu sinh hc. Thng 5/2009, on cng tc ca PV OIL v i tc ITOCHU Nht Bn sang Thi Lan thm 5 nh my sn xut ethanol ti Thi Lan bao gm: Thai San Miguel, Thai Rungrueng Energy Co, Thai Sugar Ethanol, Sapthip Co.,Ltd, ES Power. on cng i thm mt s ni sn xut cung cp sn lt, tm hiu qu trnh phn phi nhin liu sinh hc ca cng ty xng du quc gia Thi Lan cng ty PTT, gp g chuyn gia hng u trong lnh vc sn xut v phn phi nhin liu sinh hc ca Thi Lan, gio s Klanarong Sriroth.

Tnh hnh pht trin vng nguyn liu cho nhin liu sinh hc
Tp on Du kh quc gia Vit Nam rt coi trng vic pht trin vng nguyn liu m bo vic sn xut nhin liu sinh hc c n nh v bn vng. Tp on giao cho cc cng ty thnh vin (Tng cng ty Du Vit Nam, Tng cng ty Dch V Tng hp du kh xy dng chin lc pht trin vng nguyn liu phc v cho vic sn xut ca cc nh my Nhin liu sinh hc). Cng ty NLSH Phng ng (OBF), mt thnh vin ca PV OIL k vn bn hp tc vi s NN v PTNN ca tnh Bnh Phc v hp tc trng cy sn trn a bn ca tnh. Cng ty cn lm vic vi mt s t chc ti chnh nh Tng cng ty Ti Chnh du kh, ngn hng BIDV, ngn hng Hng Hi, Ngn hng Thng Mi c phn Vit Nam (Vietcombank),... v pht trin nng thn v kh nng cung cp nhng khon vay tn dng cho nng dn trng sn, cho nhng doanh nghip sn xut v kinh doanh, cung cp sn lt cho nh my ethanol Bnh Phc. Song song vi vic pht trin vng nguyn liu phc v cho vic sn xut ethanol, Tng cng ty Du Vit Nam ang tin hnh hp tc vi Cng ty Idemitsu v Cng ty NBF ca Nht Bn nghin cu trin khai vic nhp cc ging cy Jatropha c nng sut cao trn th gii v trng th nghim ti Bnh Thun, Vit Nam lm c s pht ngun nguyn liu phc v sn xut du diesel tng lai. Trn c s chn lc v thun ha cc ging quc t ti Bnh Thun, ging Jatropha c nng sut cao s c trng i tr ti cc ni t kh cn, t hoang ha ti Bnh Thun, Ninh Thun, Qung Tr, Qung Ngi thu du Jatropha. PV OIL s tin hnh nghin cu vic xy dng nh my diesel sinh hc khi sn lng du t cy Jatropha v vic trng cy Jatropha c hiu qu kinh t i vi nng dn.

RAC THAI
Theo , rc thi bao gm cht thi rn th, cht thi nng nghip v cht thi hu c thng phm s c x l nhit to ra kh, sau vi khun s phn hy kh ny thnh ethanol. Tip theo, ethanol s c tinh ch tr thnh nhin liu sch. Vi cng ngh ca INEOS, 1 tn rc thi kh sn xut ra c khong 400 lt ethanol sinh hc, c th dng s dng cho xe t sm nht trong vng 2 nm ti. ng Peter Wiliams, Gim c iu hnh ca INEOS nhn xt: Cng ngh ca chng ti s gp phn rt ln trong vic gim kh gy hiu ng nh knh v nhu cu nhin liu ha thch ca th gii. Khng ging cc nhin liu sinh hc khc, chng ta s khng nht thit cn phi c chn la gia lng thc v nhin liu. Hn na, loi ethanol sinh hc ny s va r va sch.

Cc nh nghin cu Vin Cng ngh Massachusetts (MIT) cho bit bm lng nh ethanol vo ng c

khi xe ang tng tc hoc leo dc c th tit kim nhin liu khong 20-30%.
H thng nh vy c th gip cc hng xe s dng ng c nh hn trong cc loi xe v s gim trng lng v tng hiu sut tiu hao nhin liu so vi cch gn thm ng c lai. c tnh, vic trang b h thng bm ethanol vo xe s tn khong 1.000 USD v xe hi s dng h thng ny s c sn xut i tr vo nm 2011. H thng ch s dng lng nh ethanol v bnh cha nhin liu ny trong xe hi cn (nh: typepad) c bm li sau 3 thng. B np in tuabin c ci thm sn xut in. H thng bm ethanol vi b np in tuabin s cho php sn sinh in nhiu hn ng c thng c cng kch c. p sut v nhit cao hn ca my nn kh kiu tuabin c th dn n tnh trng sc xy ra khi nhin liu v khng kh trong ng c chy sm lm gim hiu sut v c th ph hoi ng c. Cng ngh ca MIT s trnh vn bng cch bm ethanol vo ng c khi hin tng sc c kh nng xy ra. Ethanol s bc hi v lm lnh hn hp nhin liu khng kh, ngn n khng n cho n khi ng c sn sng khi ng.

Nu tha thun lp lin doanh sn xut Ethanol gia Cng ty c phn dch v du lch du kh v Tp on Itochu (Nht) kt thc c hu, qu 1/2008 nh my s khi cng xy dng. 1 nm sau Ethanol made in Vit Nam s c a ra th trng vi cng dng chnh l lm cht ph gia cho xng.
L k tha thun hp tc thnh lp lin doanh gia 2 bn din ra sng nay ti TP HCM. Trao i vi VnExpress, Ch tch Hi ng qun tr Cng ty c phn dch v du lch du kh (Petrosteco) Trn Cng To cho bit, tng vn u t ca lin doanh cng nh t l vn gp hin cha c xc nh v cn ty thuc vo cng ngh sn xut c la chn. 6 thng na, tng vn u t nh my mi c cng b. Tuy nhin Petrosetco v Itochu d kin s rt khong 80-100 triu USD xy dng nh my c cng sut 100 triu lt Ethanol mi nm t ngun nguyn

i din Itochu v Petrosetco ti l k kt tha thun lin doanh Ethanol sng 9/3 TP HCM. (nh: P.A)

liu sn lt. 99,8% sn phm s c cung ng cho th trng pha vo xng nh mt cht ph gia. Nh my s c t ti Khu cng nghip Hip Phc, TP HCM. Ph Ch tch UBND TP HCM Nguyn Trung Tn cho rng, nu t l pha Ethanol vo xng cho php l 10% th thnh ph cn khong 100-150 triu lt nguyn liu mi nm. Nh my sn xut Ethanol nu i vo hot ng cng ch cung ng c 2/3 nhu cu th trng, nn lnh o thnh ph ku gi doanh nghip u t thm im sn xut th 2. Th trng B Cng nghip Hu Ho cng khng nh, Chnh ph khuyn khch doanh nghip tham gia sn xut nng lng sinh hc, trong c Ethanol, tng cng ngun nng lng sch ni a. "B ang son tho cc vn bn php lut c lin quan trnh Chnh ph ph duyt v ban hnh trong thi gian sm nht", ng Ho cho bit. Phan Anh

Trong chin dch tm kim cc ngun nhin liu mi thay th cho xng du, cc ch trang tri nui b M c khuyn khch m rng chung tri khi cc nh khoa hc xc nh cc cht thi ca tru b l ngun nguyn liu qu cho cc nh my ch to nhin liu sinh hc, nht l ethanol.
Ti cc vng nng nghip Hereford ca bang Texas v Mead ca bang Nebraska, mt lot nh my ch bin nhin liu ethanol ang mc ln v cc ch trang tri nui b ang c cho mi gi tng i vi mt hng phn b y ry vng Trung Ty nc M. Hin nay mt s nh my y ang theo ui d n th im tn gi Genesis, theo lm cho cc n gia sc hng ngy thi ra mt lng phn giu nng lng cung cp cho cc nh my ch bin ethanol. Qua th nghim, cc trang tri nui tru b ti khu vc nh my ch bin Ethanol E3 Biofuels Mead, mi ngy thu c khong 726.000 kg phn t 27.000 con b. S phn ny c ch bin thnh kh methane ri vn chuyn vo cc nh my ch bin ethanol. Cc ph phm thu c t qu trnh ch bin ny c th dng bn cho cc cnh ng ng, sau , s ng ny li tr thnh ngun thc phm cho tru b hoc c chng ct thnh ethanol.

(nh: wfbf.com)

ng Ron Lamberty, ngi pht ngn Lin hip thc y nhin liu ethanol ca M cho bit hin nay M c tng cng 117 nh my ch bin ethanol vi cng sut mi nm t khong 5,3 t gallon (1 gallon = 3,78 lt) v c khong 70 nh my khc ang c xy dng. Nhin liu vn hnh ch yu hin nay ca cc nh my sn xut ethanol l kh t hoc than .

Nhiu ngi cho rng xng pha ethanol to ra mt loi nhin liu sch hn xng bnh thung, nhng cc nh nghin cu Canada li rt ra mt kt lun tri ngc.
Theo i CBC Canada, cc nh khoa hc thuc B Mi trng Canada nghin cu bn loi xe mi c sn xut, th nghim cc cht kh thi trong cc iu kin li xe v nhit khc nhau. H ghi nhn rng cc xe chy bng xng pha ethanol cng khng bt gy nhim hn so vi cc loi xe chy bng xng bnh thng. Nu quan st cc cht kh thi t ng b xe v ch n hin tng hiu ng nh knh, th khng c nhiu khc bit gia ethanol v xng, nh khoa hc Grege Rideout, chuyn gia nghin cu cc cht thi c hi thuc B Mi trng cho bit. Cc nh nghin cu Canada thc hin vic so snh gia xng khng ch v xng cha 10% ethanol. Mc d nghin cu cho thy c s gim oxide carbon, mt cht nhim gy hnh thnh sng m, cc cht kh thi khc nh hydrocarbur li tng trong mt s iu kin. Tuy nhin nhng ngi ng h vic s dng ethanol, trong c B trng Mi trng John Baird khng nh rng xe chy bng xng pha ethanol cng c li th. H nhn mnh rng ethanol l mt ngun nhin liu ti sinh t gy hiu ng nh knh.

Cc nh my chit xut sinh hc th h th 2 Cc nh my ny ch to ra nhin liu sinh hc t nhng nguyn liu cht ligno cellulose n h: rm, c v g c thm d t lu k v cho nhng loi cy trng ng cc c cha cht ethanol, nhng mi cho n nay ngi ta mi cho rng cnh tranh vi cng ngh ny qu tht qu tn km.

Theo mt bi bo c xut bn trong n phm u tin ni v Nhin liu Sinh hc, Sn phm Sinh hc & Chit xut Sinh hc: S gia tng gi ng cc hin nay c ngha chi ph sn xut hin ti tng ng vi chi ph sn xut ca cht ethanol chit xut t ng cc v cc loi nhin liu sinh hc th h th 2. S chuyn i t ngt sang cc loi nhin liu sinh hc th h th 2 s lm gim cnh tranh gia ng cc vi thc phm v thc n cho gia sc, gip vic tn dng nguyn liu nh rm thay v vt chng i. Cc nh my chit xut sinh hc cng s s dng cc loi cy trng c mang cht lignocellulosa nh: cy dng v c bi,... nhng loi ny t thch hp cho vic trng trt hn so vi nhng loi cy trng thnh lung theo cch c truyn. Hai nh nghin cu cng tc B Cng trnh C kh ti trng i hc bang Iowa khi cng so snh vn v chi ph sn xut ca nhin liu to ra vi cc nguyn liu c cha tinh bt v cht cellulose. H chng minh rng gi vn phi tr cho 150 triu gallon (1gallon = 4,54 lt Anh, 3,78 lt M) cht gasoline tng ng vi mc khong 111 triu USD xy dng mt nh my sn xut ethanol chit xut t ng cc n con s 854 triu USD i vi mt nh my sn xut tin tin nh Fischer Tropsch. Tuy nhin, s khc bit v chi ph sau cng ca nhin liu li t gay go hn, vi gi 1.74 USD cho mi gi ethanol chit xut t ng cc trong khi gi ng cc l 3 USD mt gi (1 gi = 36 lt), v 1 tn nhin liu sinh hc cellulosa l 1.80 USD trong khi biomass c gi l 50 USD/tn. Cc tc gi so snh cc phng php sn xut bng nhit ha hc v phng php ha sinh vi nhin liu sinh hc, h chng minh c hai u c gi vn cao hn nhiu so vi cc nh my sn xut ethanol chit xut t ng cc thng. Vic so snh cc chi ph ca nhin liu sinh hc rt phc tp bi thc t rng hu ht cc cuc nghin cu rt him khi tn dng nhng nn tng ging nhau nh gi v kinh t. S khc nhau v quy m nh my c tha nhn, cc chi ph nng lng sinh khi, phng php k hoch ti chnh, v thm ch cc phn tch c nu ra trong nm cng c th lm lch i nhng php so snh. Mark Wright, sinh vin tt nghip thuc ISU, mt trong nhng tc gi ca bi bo ni: Mc d chi ph sn xut c th so snh c gia ethanol chit xut t ng cc vi loi nhin liu sinh hc lm t cht cellulosa, nhng cc chi ph vn cao hn nhiu ca cc nh my sn xut cht cellulosa s l mt tr ngi i vi s thng ngip ha ca chng.