H THNG CUNG CP KH BIOGAS CHO NG C KO MY PHT IN 2HP

BIOGAS SUPPLYING SYSTEM FOR A GROUP 2HP SPARK IGNITION ENGINE-GENERATOR

BI VN GA TRNG L BCH TRM Trung tm NCBVMT, i hc Nng TRNG HONG THIN PHM DUY PHC NG HU THNH Trng i hc Bch khoa, i hc Nng JULIAND ARNAUD Universit Corse, France

TM TT Bi bo trnh by h thng cung cp kh biogas hon chnh cho cm ng c t trong-my pht in 2HP. Kh biogas sau khi qua h thng kh H2S v hp th CO2 c cung cp cho ng c nh la cng bc nh b ph kin chuyn i nhin liu biogas/xng. B ph kin ny c pht trin trn c s b ph kin GA5 s dng trn xe gn my chy bng LPG bng cch b sung thm b iu tc ph. Nh vy ng c c th lm vic n nh tt c cc ch ti khc nhau ca my pht. ABSTRACT The paper presents a complete biogas supplying system for a group 2HP spark ignition engine-generator. The biogas after passing H2S treatment apparatus and CO2 absorption column is supplied to the spark ignition engine by biogas/gasoline conversion kit. The kit is developed on the basis of GA5 LPG/gasoline conversion kit of motorcycles by adding the supplementary regulator. Thanks to the system, the engine can be stabilized at any load regime of the generator.

1. GII THIU Trong nhng nm gn y, ngi dn nng thn nc ta bt u quen dn vi vic s dng biogas lm cht t. Cc hm biogas ny mt mt, cung cp cht t cho ngi dn v mt khc, gip ngi dn x l cc cht thi t chn nui v cc hot ng sn xut khc, gp phn bo v ti nguyn v mi trng. Tuy nhin vic s dng biogas un nu ch mi p ng c mt phn tin ch v ngi dn cn nhiu nng lng hn chy cc my cng tc phc v sn xut. V vy vic s dng biogas chy ng c t trong c nh s gp phn ng k vo vic ci thin i sng ca ngi dn nng thn. Biogas cha phn ln methane (50-75%), ngoi ra cn c CO2 (25-50%), H2 (0-1%), H2O (0-1%) v H2S (0-3%). Trong cc thnh phn trn, H2S d ch chim mt t l rt nh, nhng l kh c hi nht. Khi s dng nu bp, H2S gy n mn cc ng dn, bp nu, v lm cho biogas c mi hi kh chu. H2S khi chy to thnh SO2 cng l kh c hi i vi sc khe con ngi. Khi s dng cho ng c, H2S gy n mn cc chi tit ca ng ng a. b. Hnh 1: Phoi st trc khi b oxy ha (a) np-thi v bung chy, lm gim tui th ca ng v v sau khi b oxy ha (b)

c. Kh CO2 tuy khng gy n mn nh H2S, nhng s hin din ca n vi hm lng ln lm gim nhit tr ca nhin liu. Thnh phn hi nc cng gy nh hng tng t nh CO2. Trong cc cng trnh trc y chng ti tinh luyn kh biogas chy th nghim trn ng c xe gn my [4], [5]. Bi bo ny trnh by mt h thng cung cp nhin liu biogas hon chnh cho ng c tnh ti ko my pht in c nh c cng sut 2HP bao gm h thng lc biogas n gin, b to hn hp nhin liu kh v b iu tc ph kiu in t. 2. H THNG LC BIOGAS 2.1. Thit b tch H2S Trong nghin cu ny chng ti s dng phoi st tch H2S [1], [3]. Cht ny c EPA (Cc bo v mi trng M) chng nhn khng gy nhim ngun nc ngm v c th thi trc tip ra cc bi rc [2]. Trc khi s dng, phoi st c oxy ha to thnh mt lp oxyt st trn b mt. Qu trnh ny c th thc hin mt cch t nhin bng cch phi phoi st ngoi khng kh mt thi gian hoc t tng tc oxy ha. Phn ng oxy ha phoi st din ra nh sau: Fe + 1/2 O2 FeO 2Fe + 3/2O2 Fe2O3 3Fe + 2O2 Fe3O4 Oxyt st to thnh l hn hp ca cc oxyt FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4. Cc phn ng trn c th c xc tin nhanh hn bng cch ti nc trn phoi st. Qu trnh oxy ha st t yu cu khi b mt Hnh 2: Thit b tch H2S phoi st chuyn t mu xm sang mu vng xp, hoc xp (hnh 1). Khi kh biogas i qua thit b lc cha oxyt st, H2S c tch ra theo cc phn ng sau: Fe2O3 + 3H2S Fe2S3 + 3H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2S FeS+Fe2S3 + 4H2O FeO + H2S FeS + H2O Kh nng tch H2S ca thit b gim dn theo thi gian. Sau 1 tun s dng u tin (trung bnh 4 gi/ngy), kh nng kh ca thit b t trn 99,4%. Sau 1 thng s dng, hiu sut ca thit b vn cn t trn 98%. Khi hiu sut ca thit b gim thp, chng ta c th ti sinh li lc bng cch phi phoi st ngoi khng kh. Phn ng ti sinh din ra nh sau: Fe2S3 + O2 Fe2O3 + 3S FeS + O2 FeO + S Phn ng trn l phn ng ta nhit, c th t xy ra trong iu kin nhit mi trng. gia tc qu trnh ti sinh, chng ta c th t phoi st s dng trong 15 pht. Tuy nhin qu trnh ny to ra cht kh nhim SO2: Fe2S3 + 9/2O2 Fe2O3 + 3SO2
ng 23 Li ra ca biogas Li vo ca nc

ng 60

Thn 114

2500
a c l ng 60 ng 42

150
Li ra ca nc

Li vo ca biogaz

Hnh 3: Thp tch CO2 2

FeS + 3/2O2 FeO + SO2 Phoi st c th c ti s dng t 3-5 ln. Phoi st sau khi t c trn vi v bo ca vi t l 1:1 v th tch, sau c cho vo thit b lc (hnh 2). Vi lu lng biogas l 0,86 m 3/h, khi lng phoi st s dng l 8kg lp y mt thit b bng PVC c chiu cao 1,5m, ng knh ngoi 200mm. Tn tht p sut trung bnh khi qua thit b tch H2S l 0,3mbar. Thit b nh trn c s dng lc kh H2S cho ngun kh biogas ti Trung tm bo tr x hi, Sn, Ha Khnh Nam, Nng. Kt qu phn tch kh trc v sau khi i qua lc cho bng 1. Chng ta thy hiu sut lc t kh cao (trn 99%). 2.2. Thp tch CO2 Vic tch CO2 ra khi biogas c thc hin da vo tnh cht hp th kh carbonic ca nc. Nguyn l ca phng php ny l cho kh tip xc ngc chiu vi nc trong , kh i t di ln, cn nc chy t trn xung. tng cng s tip xc ca kh v nc, nhm s dng cc vt liu tr nh g, , gch lm m. c nh lp m trong bn trong thp, nhm s dng mt a c l bng mica, t phn di ca thp. Vi kch thc thp tch CO2 nh hnh 3, lu lng biogas l 0,86 m3/h, thnh phn CO2 u vo thp l 36,47%, thnh phn CO2 u ra ca thp l 19,22%, chng ta t c hiu qu x l CO2 l 47,30%. Tn tht p sut khi i qua thit b hp th CO2 l 5mbar. Bng 1: Hiu qu lc H2S
Sau 1 gi s dng Sau 20 gi s dng Trc x Trc x Sau x l Sau x l l l Hm lng H2S (mg/l) ppm th tch 0,17 112 0,0005 0,33 0,20 132 0,001 0,66

Hnh 4: Ton cnh thit b lc biogas ti Trung tm b bo tr x hi Sn

3. H THNG CUNG CP KH BIOGAS CHO NG C KO MY PHT IN Kh biogas sau khi qua h thng lc H2S v CO2 trn y c tiu chun lm nhin liu cho ng c t trong. Trong nghin cu ny, kh biogas sau khi qua lc c dng cung cp in cho ng c 2 m lc ko my pht in. Yu cu c bn ca h thng cung cp nhin liu trong trng hp ny l phi m bo dng in pht ra c tn s khng thay i (50Hz) bt k ch ti no ca my pht. Khi ti cn bn ngoi t dao ng, v nguyn l chng ta c th dng b ph kin chuyn i nhin liu LPG/xng GA5 [6], [7] cung cp Hnh 5: Cm ng c-my pht nhin liu biogas cho ng c tnh ti. Kt qu th nghim lp t b ph kin GA5 trn ng in 4HP chy bng biogas vi c ko my pht in 4HP chy bng biogas (hnh 5) cho thy h thng lm vic tt khi ti b ph kin GA5 [8] bn ngi khng thay i [8]. Khi tng ti t ngt (nh khi khi ng ng c my bm nc B ph kin chng hn) th ng c t trong b lm my v tt. iu ny d hiu v khi tng ti t ngt, GA5 tc ng c gim, mt d b iu tc nguyn thy ca ng c m rng bm ga nhng do chn khng ti hng b, khng sc m van cng sut, kt qu l ng c cht my do hn hp qu ngho.

 hon thin h thng cung cp kh biogas cho ng c tnh ti, trong nghin cu ny, chng ti b sung thm b iu tc ph vo b ph kin GA5. S nguyn l ca h thng to hn hp cho ng c t trong ko my pht in chy bng kh biogas c gii thiu trn hnh 6. H thng gm van cng sut 1 vi vi phun chnh 3 t ti hng b ch ha kh; Van khng ti 11 vi vi zicl khng ti 10 ni thng vi l cp kh 6 t sau bm ga; Van lm m kiu in t 12 vi zicl lm m 9 mc song song vi cm 11, 10; Mch iu khin van in t 14 c cung cp in mt chiu 12 volts thng qua cc cc 13 v nhn tn hiu t my pht in thng qua u ni 15. H thng cung cp nhin liu xng nguyn thy ca ng c khng thay i gm b ch ha kh 7, kha xng 8, bm gi khi ng 2, bm ga 5 c iu khin bi b iu tc thng qua cnh tay n 4. Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng c m t tm tt nh sau: - Khi ng c chy bng xng, kha ga cung cp cho h thng v tr ng, kha xng m, ng c hot ng bnh thng nh trc khi ci to. - Khi chy bng biogas, kha xng ng, kha ga m, kh biogas sau khi qua lc c a vo h thng u ng 16. - Khi ng c khi ng ng c, van in t 12 v tr ng, chn khng pha sau bm ga ln m van khng ti thng qua zicl khng ti 10 cung cp cho ng c mt lng ga ti thiu m bo cho ng c lm vic n nh ch khng ti. - Khi tng ti t t, b iu tc ng c thng qua tay n 4, m rng dn bm ga 5, lng khng kh vo ng c tng dn, chn khng ti hng tng, thng qua vi phun chnh 3 m van cng sut 1 cung cp mt lng biogas ln m men ng c pht ra cn bng vi m men cn.
1 2 3 4 5

16

15 Khng kh

14

13

Hn hp

12 11 10 9 8 7 6

Hnh 6: S nguyn l h thng to hn hp cho ng c t Khi tng ti trong ko my pht in chy bng biogas t ngt, tc ng c b gim tc thi khin chn khng ti hng b ch ha kh b tt, khng sc m ln van cng sut lm ng c b lm dn n cht my. khc phc hin tng ny, nhm nghin cu s dng b iu tc ph gm van in t 12 vi mch iu

khin 14 v zicl lm m 9 cung cp mt lng biogas ph m bo cho ng c pht m men ng ln thng s gia tng t ngt ca m men cn. Nguyn l lm vic ca b iu tc ph nh sau. Khi tng m men cn t ngt, in p my pht tt xung di 200volts. Tn hiu in p c a vo mch iu khin 14 lm pht sinh mt xung iu khin cung cp cho cun dy ca van in t 12: van m mt lng ga ph qua zicl 9 cung cp vo hng b ch ha kh, duy tr ch tc n nh ca ng c. Khi in p my pht tng trn 200volts, van in t ng, ch cng tc ca ng c c khng ch bi b iu tc chnh. in p tc ng ca b iu tc ph c th iu chnh nh bin tr ca mch in 14. nh chp ca h thng iu tc ph kiu in t s dng trong th nghim c gii thiu trn hnh 7. Cm my pht in c cng sut cc i 1,5kW, cng sut nh mc 0,8kW. Trong th nghim ny, my pht cp in cho ti ngoi gm 10 bng n, cng sut mi bng l 100W (hnh 8). Th nghim c tin hnh ng vi hai trng hp thay i ti bn ngoi. Trng hp th nht, ti bn ngoi thay i t t, khi cc bng n c bt sng ln lt. Th nghim cho thy trong trng hp ny, nu c lp b iu tc ph, ng c vn hot ng bnh thng nh van cng sut, van khng ti v b iu tc chnh ca ng c. Trng hp th hai, ti bn ngoi thay i t ngt. Trong trng hp ny, mi ln chng ta bt sng 5 bng n. Th nghim cho thy nu khng c b iu tc ph, ng c cht my. Kt qu nghin cu ny cho thy b iu tc ph khng th thiu trong h thng cung cp kh biogas cho ng c ko my pht in.

Hnh 7: B iu tc ph kiu in t

Hnh 8: Th ti my pht in 2HP chy bng biogas vi b iu tc ph

4. KT LUN 4.1. s dng lm nhin liu cung cp cho ng c t trong, kh biogas c th c tinh luyn bng cch dng phoi st kh kh H2S (t hiu sut 99%) v dng nc hp th kh CO2 (t hiu sut khong 50%). Phng php tinh luyn ny n gin, r tin c kh nng ng dng rng ri trong iu kin nng thn Vit Nam. 4.2. m bo cho ng c ko my pht in chy bng biogas lm vic n nh cc ch ti khc nhau chng ta cn b sung thm b iu tc ph vo b ph kin chuyn i nhin liu LPG/xng GA5 s dng trn xe gn my. TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Hydrogen sulfide removal from anaerobic digester gas. Agricultural Wastes, Volume 11, Issue 3, 1984, Pages 167-179. [2] Biogas Utilization Handbook, published by the Environment, Health and Safety Division, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, 1988. [3] http://www.connellygpm.com/ironsponge.html [4] BUI VAN GA, NGO VAN LANH, NGO KIM PHUNG, VENET CEDERIC: Th nghim kh biogas trn ng c xe gn my. Tp ch Khoa hc v Cng ngh, i hc Nng, s 1(18), pp. 1-5, 2007. [5] BUI VAN GA, NGO VAN LANH, NGO KIM PHUNG: Tinh luyn kh biogas chy ng c t trong. Khoa hc v Pht trin, Nng 4-2007. [6] BUI VAN GA, TRAN VAN NAM: Combustion of LPG-Air Lean Mixture: A solution for pollution reduction of motorcycles in Vietnam. The 6th General Seminar of the Core University Program Environmental Science and Technology for sustainability of Asia, Kumamoto, Japan, 2-4 October 2006, pp. 361-367. [7] BUI VAN GA: Bng quyn sng ch s 5940 B ph kin chuyn i nhin liu LPG/xng cho xe gn my. Cc S hu tr tu, 2006. [8] NHAN HONG QUANG: S dng biogas chy ng c t trong. ti s 206/06TL, Phn vin Bo h lao ng v Bo v mi trng Min Trung-Ty Nguyn, 2007.