PO'WER SYSTEM

PROTECTION
Volume 1 : Principles and components
Edited by The Electricity Training Association

Volume 2: Systems and methods

Edited by The Electricity Training Association

Volume 3: Application
Edited by The Electricity Training Association

Volume 4: Digital protection and signalling

Edited by The Electricity Training Association

The Institution of Electrical Engineers

Published by: The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, United Kingdom First published 1969 by Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Limited 1969; The Electricity Council Revised edition 1981 by Peter Peregrinus Limited on behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers @ 1981: The Electricity Council Reprinted with minor corrections 1986 Reprinted 1990 Second revised edition 1995 by the Institution of Electrical Engineers 1998: Electricity Association Services Limited Reprinted 1997 This publication is copyright under the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any forms or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the copyright holder and publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Inquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: The Institution of Electrical Engineers, Michael Faraday House, Six Hills Way, Stevenage, Harts. SG1 2AY, United Kingdom While the editor and the publishers believe that the information and guidance given in this work is correct, all parties must rely upon their own skill and judgment when making use of it. Neither the editor nor the publishers assume any liability to anyone for any loss or damage caused by any error or omission in the work, whether such error or omission is the result of negligence or any other cause. Any and all such liability is disclaimed. The moral right of the authors to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 85296 834 5 Printed in the United Kingdom at the UniversityPress, Cambridge

Published by: The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, United Kingdom First published 1969 by Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Limited 1969: The Electricity Council Revised edition 1981 by Peter Peregrinus Limited on behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 1981: The Electricity Council Reprinted with minor corrections 1986 Reprinted 1990 Second revised edition 1995 by the Institution of Electrical Engineers 1995: Electricity Association Services Limited This publication is copyright under the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any forms or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the copyright holder and publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: The Institution of Electrical Engineers, Michael Faraday House, Six Hills Way, Stevenage, Herts. SG1 2AY, United Kingdom While the editor and the publishers believe that the information and guidance given in this work is correct, all parties must rely upon their own skill and judgment when making use of it. Neither the editor nor the publishers assume any liability to anyone for any loss or damage caused by any error or omission in the work, whether such error or omission is the result of negligence or any other cause. Any and all such liability is disclaimed. The moral right of the authors to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 0 85296 836 1

Printed in United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

Published by: The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, United Kingdom First published 1969 by Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Limited 1969: The Electricity Council Revised edition 1981 by Peter Peregrinus Limited on behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 1981: The Electricity Council Reprinted with minor corrections 1986 Reprinted 1990 Second revised edition 1995 by the Institution of Electrical Engineers 1995: Electricity Association Services Limited Reprinted 1997 This publication is copyright under the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any forms or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the copyright holder and publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: The Institution of Electrical Engineers, Michael Faraday House, Six Hills Way, Stevenage, Herts. SG1 2AY, United Kingdom While the editor and the publishers believe that the information and guidance given in this work is correct, all parties must rely upon their own skill and judgment when making use of it. Neither the editor nor the publishers assume any liability to anyone for any loss or damage caused by any error or omission in the work, whether such error or omission is the result of negligence or any other cause. Any and all such liability is disclaimed. The moral right of the authors to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Bdtish Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 0 85296 837 X

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

Published by: The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, United Kingdom 1995: Electricity Association Services Limited Reprinted 1997, 2005 This publication is copyright under the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any forms or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the copyright holder and publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: The Institution of Electrical Engineers, Michael Faraday House, Six Hills Way, Stevenage, Herts. SG1 2AY, United Kingdom While the editor and the publishers believe that the information and guidance given in this work is correct, all parties must rely upon their own skill and judgment when making use of it. Neither the editor nor the publishers assume any liability to anyone for any loss or damage caused by any error or omission in the work, whether such error or omission is the result of negligence or any other cause. Any and all such liability is disclaimed. The moral right of the authors to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 85296 838 8

Printed In Great BrlUan at the University Press, Cambridge

Foreword

The four volumes which make up this publication owe their origin to a correspondence tuition course launched in 1966 by the UK electricity supply industry, written by expert engineers from both the supply industry and manufacturers, and administered by the Electricity Council. The correspondence course continues to be provided to meet the needs of staff in the electricity supply industry throughout the world. Since privatisation of the industry in the UK the course is now provided by the Electricity Training Association, the industry's training organisation. It became apparent soon after its inception that the work met a widespread need in the UK and overseas for a standard text on a specialised subject. Accordingly, the first edition of Power System Protection was published in book form in 1969 and has since come to be recognised as a comprehensive and valuable guide to concepts, practices and equipment in this important field of engineering. Because the books are designed not only to provide a grounding in the theory but to cover the range of applications, changes in protection technology mean that a process of updating is required. The second edition therefore presented a substantial revision of the original material and, although only minor changes have been made to the first three volumes, the publication of the fourth book in 1995, along with revised versions of existing works, reflects the considerable developments in the field of digital technology and protection systems. The four revised volumes comprise 23 chapters, each with a bibliography. The aim remains that of providing sufficient knowledge of protection for those concerned with design, planning, construction and operation to understand the function of protection in those fields, and to meet the basic needs of an engineer intending to specialise in the subject. In the use of symbols, abbreviations and diagram conventions, the aim has been to comply with British Standards. The Electricity Training Association wishes to acknowledge the work both of the original authors, and of those new contributors who undertook the work of revising the first three volumes for this new edition; they are referred to at the head of the appropriate chapter. The Association also acknowledges the valuable assistance of National Grid Company, East Midlands Electricity,

Foreward

Norweb, and Yorkshire Electricity staff and the help of the following in permitting reproduction of illustrations and other relevant material: Allen West Company Limited, ASEA Brown Boverie Company Limited, BICC Limited, Electrical Apparatus Company, ERA Technology Limited, GEC Switchgear Limited, GEC Transformers Limited, Price and Belsham Limited, ReyroUe Protection Limited. Extracts from certain British Standards are reproduced by permission of the Bridsh Standards Institution from whom copies of the complete standards may be obtained. A particular indebtedness is acknowledged to the Chairman and members of the Editorial Panel, who directed and co-ordinated the work of revision for publication.

Chapter authors

R.K. Aggarwal N. Ashton K.AJ. Coates P.C. Colbrook L. Csuros D. Day EM. Dolby L.C.W. Frerk EW. Hamilton J. Harris J.W. Hodgkiss L.Jackson G.S.H. Jarrett M. Kaufmann EJ. Mellor K.G. Mewes P.J. Moore J.H. Naylor C. Ohl6n H.S. Petch J. Rushton E.C. Smith C. Turner H.W. Turner J.C. Whittaker

B Eng, PhD, C Eng, MIEE, SMIEEE C Eng, FIEE, ARTCS C Eng, MIEE BSc Tech, AMCST, C Eng, MIEE Dipl Eng, C Eng, FIEE BSc, C Eng, MIEE C Eng, MIEE BSc (Eng), C Eng, MIEE, FI Nuc E B Eng, C Eng, FIEE C Eng, MIEE MSc Tech, C Eng, MIEE BSc, PhD, C Eng, FIEE Wh Sc, BSc (Eng), C Eng, FIEE C Eng, FIEE TD Dip EE, C Eng, MIEE B Eng, ACGI, PhD, C Eng, MIEE BSc (Eng), C Eng, FIEE, AMCT, DIC MSc Electrical Engineering BSc (Eng), MIEE, M Amer IEE PhD, FMCST, C Eng, FIEE AMCT, C Eng, FIEE DSc, F Inst P BSc, F Inst P BSc (Eng), C Eng, FIEE

Editorial panel
J.A. Aspinall S. Boswell A.J. Dick J.A. Downes G. Hensman D.J. Howarth B.Judd G.P. Keogh R. Rosling J.L. Ryan C. Taylor R.N. Warren B Tech, C Eng, MIEE Technical Training Adviser (Transmission) BSc (Eng), ACGI, DMS, C Eng, MIEE BSc (Eng), M Tech BSc (Eng), ACGI, AMIEE C Eng, MIEE, ARTCS B Eng (Project manager) BSc Dip Ed, C Eng, MIEE, MIPD B Tech, AMIEE BSc (Eng), ACGI, C Eng, MIEE AMIEE, FIPD Technical Training Adviser (Distribution)