4.5 Enzymes 1. Enzymes are that increase the rate of biochemical reaction. 2.

Enzymes enable biochemical reactions to take place in the cells. Example of biochemical reactions are of food, synthesis of substances, of muscles and respiration. 3. General Characteristics of Enzymes (a) Enzymes are produced by living cells. (b) The action of enzymes is highly (c) Enzymes the end of the reaction. (d) Enzymes are needed in . Each enzyme can only act on one substrate. or destroyed at

biochemical reactions but are not

amount to produce a large chemical change.

(e) Chemical reactions catalysed by enzymes are reactions. The enzymes can affect the reaction in both directions. amylase Starch + water Maltose (f) Enzymes are to temperature. At high temperature,(400C 600C), enzymes are . The activity of enzyme . At low temperature, enzymes are less . The temperature for most enzymes is 350C 400C. (g) Enzymes are sensitive to . Each enzyme has its own optimum pH. Most enzymes are active at . Some enzymes require condition (pH less than 7) or condition (pH more than 7). 4. Naming of Enzymes (a) The name of enzymes is formed by adding to the main part of the name of substrate. (b) Substrate Enzyme Maltose Sucrose lactose Protein lipids Examples of enzymes that are not named this way are pepsin, erepsin, and 5. The site for enzyme synthesis is located at the 6. cell. 7. The production of extracellular enzymes involves specific organelles in the cell. (a) Protein is produced in the . (b) The protein enters the lumen of the and is transported to the vesicles at the end of the endoplasmic reticulum. (c) These transport vesicles carry the protein to the . (d) Golgi apparatus modifies the protein into . (e) The enzyme is packed into of the Golgi apparatus and transported to the in the protoplasm of cells.

enzymes are enzymes produced in the cell and functions within the cells. enzymes are enzymes secreted out of the cell and functions outside the

(f) The secreting vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane to secrete the enzyme out of the cell.