60 Chng 5

k thut FM tn s thp
5.1 B chuyn i in p sang tn s 5.1.1 S khi
ICC I2 Rin I1 IC =I2 I1 = I2 + Vin/Rin C x So snh in p IC np
RC

t1

MonoStable

t1

t2 t1: I2 m t2: I2 tt

fout VC
0V

Vin1 > Vin2 > Vin3

Hnh 5.1 K thut FM tn s thp l mt phng thc bin i in p sang tn s gi tt l chuyn i V TO F. K thut ny c s dng kh ph bin trong cc mch x l tn hiu truyn ti hay lu tr thng tin. u im ca k thut ny l nh cng ngh ch to vi mch c tuyn tnh cao trong chuyn i V sang F. di tn c th t n gi tr cc i. Cc ng dng ph bin l trong cc mch thu pht hng ngoi, thng tin quang, thu pht tn hiu iu khin t xa, cc loi tn hiu s, hoc lu tr d kin, thng tin trn bng cassette. Thng thng b chuyn i c th kt hp vi mt

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PLL c chnh xc cao v lun lun c tnh thun nghch, ngha l c th chuyn i t in p sang tn s v ngc li t F sang V. 5.1.2 Hot ng ca mch B chuyn i V sang F thng c 3 khi: - Mch tch phn kt hp vi ngun dng I2. - Mch so snh in p pht hin mc in p u ra ca b tch phn. - Mch monostable nhm to xung u ra m mc cao c thi gian t1 khng i (quyt nh bi mch RC ca Monostable). Trong thi gian t1, xung u ra c mc 1 (mc cao). N c a tr v m ngun dng to ra dng khng i I2. Dng I2 chia lm 2 phn: I2 = IC+I1, trong IC l dng np cho t C ca mch tch phn lm cho in p trn t (tc l in p u ra ca b tch phn) c dc m nh hnh v. Cn dng I1 th chy qua Rin. B so snh in p s so snh mc in p trn u ra b tch phn v gi tr 0 (masse) to 1 xung kch m mch Monostable. Trong thi gian t2, in p trn u ra ca mch Monostable bng 0 lm ng (tt) ngun I2. T C s phng in qua Rin bng dng I1. Nng lng np cho t C trong thi gian t1 s c phng ht trong thi gian t2. cui thi im ca t2, mch so snh to ra 1 xung kch m mch Monostable to xung u ra mch Monostable c rng t1 Gi T =t1 + t2 l chu k hot ng ca mch. T ph thuc vo vin, I2, Rin v C. 5.1.3 Thit lp quan h gia vin v fout Trong thi gian t1: t np in bng dng IC
I C = I 2 I1 = I 2 + vin v vi I 1 = in Rin Rin

in tch np cho t trong thi gian t1:

qC = I C .t1 = ( I 2 I 1 )t1 = ( I 2 + vin )t1 Rin

(1)

Trong thi gian t2: dng I2 = 0, t C s x in bng dng c nh I1= (-vin/Rin). in tch do t x:

62
qC = I 1 .t 2 = vin t2 Rin

(2)

in tch np v x trn t bng nhau nn t (1) v (2) ta suy ra:

( I2 + v vin )t1 = in t 2 Rin Rin I 2 Rin .t1 vin

T = t1 + t 2 =

Vy:

f out =

v 1 = in T I 2 Rin t1

(3)

T (3) suy ra: fout t l vi vin vi iu kin I1<< I2

C: khng xut hin trong biu thc do C khng cng phi l loi c chnh xc cao lm.
f out = vin I 2 Rin t1

5.2 Mt s vi mch chuyn i V sang F 5.2.1 Kho st IC RC 4151

C2 .1 R0 6.8K R0 R1 Vin 100K .1
6 7 8 1 5

Vlogic RL 47K f0

RC4151
3 4 2

CB R2

1F 47K R3 100K

R4 RS

12K R5 5K

C0 .01

Hnh 5.2 Loi IC ny c s dng rt rng ri trong cc mch tiu biu v tn s ng ra t n 10KHz.

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Hot ng ca mch v cc tham s: Ngun dng I2 c m trong thi gian t1. Dng ny s np qua t C0. CB tham gia vo mch tch phn. phi tuyn ca qu trnh chuyn i V sang F l 1%. I2 c gi tr danh nh l 135 A. Rs iu chnh tm hot ng cc i. R0: ni tip vi mt in tr nhm iu chnh thi gian t1, R0 phi nm trong dy in tr sau y: (R0 + R0): 0,8K 680K C0: 1000pF 1F t1= 1,1R0C0 (thi gian tn ti xung Monostable) I2 = 1,9/RS , (RS = R4+R5) Pttmax= 500 mW
f out = vin I 2 R1t1

VCC = 8 22V Vin = 0,2V +VCC

Cc in tr phi dng loi chnh xc cao c sai s: (0,5 1)% . Cc t c dng l loi Mylar hay mica. Ngun cung cp phi ly t ngun n p cht lng cao. IC ny c ng ra cc thu h. Mun bin tn hiu ra bng bao nhiu ta thit k chn Vlogic thch hp bng cch thay i RL. 5.2.2 Kho st IC VF-9400
+5V .1 4.7K 4.7K
11 6 14 8

Cin Vin 250K 9.09K CREF

12 3 5 2 7 1 4

fout

VF-9400

10

500K +5V

R1 10K -5V

R2 50K -5V .1

fout/2

Hnh 5.3

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c im: - Hot ng vi ngun cung cp 5V - Ng vo l mt OPAMP dng k thut MOSFET hot ng nh mt b tch phn. - VF 9400 c thit k sao cho dng in vo Iin: (0 10)A - in tr bn ngoi 250K, 9.09K n nh tm hot ng vi dng in vo nh mc thch hp vi vin no . Ta c th thc hin cc tm in p khc nhau bng cch chnh bin tr mi tm thay i mt Rin. - T CREF (Reference) nh hng trc tip n c tnh chuyn mch do phi c n nh cao, h s nhit thp v hp thu mi trng thp. - T Cin c chn t (3 10)CREF. - Chn 7 ni trc tip n ngun 5V to nn in p chun v vy in p cung cp phi c chnh xc v n nh cao. - Ng ra l dng cc thu h vi BJT bn trong l loi NPN vi hai ng ra l fout v fout/2. - in p cung cp gia chn 14 v 4 khng c vt qu 18V. 5.2.3 Kho st IC AD537

+15V 5K .01
9 10 13 14 12

Vlogic

1000p C

AD 537
11 5 4 3 8 1

fout

Vi

1K Rin 1.09K Rs 2K

Hnh 5.4

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- IC chuyn i AD 537 l mt dng xut hin kh ph bin trong in t cng nghip, n c thit k t mt mch dao ng a hi ghp cc pht, c iu chnh bng ngun dng. - Thun li ca n l fout c dng xung vung rt l tng phi tuyn l 0,05% trn ton b tm hot ng. - foutmax = 100KHz. - Rin v C quyt nh tm in p nhp cn chuyn i. - AD 537 tiu th dng ti a 200 mA. - Hai chn 6, 7 (khng dng trong mch) c s dng vi mc ch o nhit trong chn 7 phi c ni n ngun in p chun 1V. - Chn 6 l ngun in p c ly t b cm bin nhit . Lc ng ra s c in p tuyn tnh theo nhit vi chn 6 nhn in p c c tnh 1mV/10K - 2K l bin tr loi POT-LIN. 5.2.4 Kho st IC LM331

66
5.3 B chuyn i F V 1. Hu ht cc IC chuyn i V F u c tnh thun nghch, ty theo mi IC, dng bin i ny khc nhau.
Rf

RC

fin

Mch sa dng

MonoStable t1

I2

Vout

Hnh 5.5 *Mch sa dng: nhm to ra dng sng thch hp iu khin mch n n. in p u ra s t l vi tn s u vo fin, in tr Rf ngun dng I2 v thi gian t1. *Mch n n (Monostable): Nhm to ra xung c rng t1, trong thi gian ny ngun dng I2 m.

vout = fin.Rf.I2.t1
5.4 Mt s vi mch chuyn i f sang v 5.4.1 Kho st IC chuyn i F V RC4151
+15V 10K 5K
8 1

V0 CB RB

10K

RC4151
.022 fin 10K R0 6.8K C0 .01
6 5 4

2
3

RS 14K

Hnh 5.6

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Mch bin i F V RC4151 c cc c tnh sau y: vo = fin.RB.I2.t1 Trong : I2 = 1,9/Rs, I2 140 A, t1 = 1,1R0C0 . Khi fin = 10 KHz vout= 10V, phi tuyn 1% vout t l vi fin. 5.4.2 Kho st IC chuyn i F V LM331

5.5 ng dng cc b chuyn i trong IN T THNG TIN 5.5.1 B nhn v chia tn s

f1 K R K f2

F/V
V1 V2 K

V/F

Hnh 5.7
Tn s f2 u ra (f2= K1f1) v K1 c th (K1>1 hay K1<1) ty thuc vo bin tr R. Mt c im ca mch nhn v chia tn s ny so vi cc nguyn tc trc y l K c th l 1 s l (thp phn) v ty thuc vo bin tr R.

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5.5.2 B tch sng pha
R R

F/V
f1 K f2 V2 R VO R V1

F/V
K

VO = (V2-V1) = K(f2-f1)

Hnh 5.8 in p ra ca b tch sng pha:

v0= (v2-v1)=K(f2-f1)
5.5.3 Mch iu ch FM
VREF R2 Vi K Vout

V/F
R1

Mch lc

Trong VREF : ngun in p chun Vi : R2: ngun tn hiu vo chnh tn s trung tm

Dng mch m Opamp loi b dng vo V/F, t mi tnh c fIF v f.

f out = KR1 KR2 VREF + Vi = f IF f R1 + R2 R1 + R2

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5.5.4 iu ch FSK (Frequency Shift Key)
VREF R2 Vi R1 Mch m K

V/F

Mch lc
fout

V1

R3 C

1 Vout R4 0

FSK

iu ch FSK c s dng rng ri trong truyn thng tin s. V c bn n c m ho 2 trng thi c bn 0-1. Cc tn s f1, f2 ny khng cn c phn cch cao. Hnh v trn trnh by mch iu ch FSK vi ng vo c 2 trng thi 0, 1, tng ng u ra 2 tn s f1, f2. Hai in tr R1 v R2 dng n nh f1 v f2. u ra ca b chuyn i, tn hiu c bin thnh hnh sine nh 1 b lc, c cht lng cao th c th s dng b lc dng vi mch. T tn hiu c truyn trn dy in thoi hoc c th lu d trn bng cassette nh bin thnh tn hiu sine . Trong trng hp ny th ta nn dng b chuyn i c chnh xc cao v d VF 9400 hay AD 537. Vi = 0 Vi = 1 Suy ra thay i, suy ra V0ut c dng sine iu kin thi hng = RC >>. . Nu thay b lc thng thp trn bng L, C th dng sine chun hn. . Khi cho Vi = 0 V0 s c tn s f1
f out = f out = KR1 VREF = f1 R1 + R2 KR1 KR2 VREF + Vi = f 2 R1 + R2 R1 + R2

f2 > f1

Chui xung t u ra ca b V- F qua mch lc nh hnh v vi rng xung

70
. Khi cho Vi = 1 V0 s c tn s f2 > f1

5.5.5 Gii iu ch FSK Trc tin gim nhiu, u vo ta dng b lc di thng t f1 n f2. B gii m FSK nhn tn hiu c 2 tn s f1, f2, qua mch tch im 0 sa dng tn hiu, sau i qua mch chuyn i F-V v nh b so snh vi mc in p chun tm li c tn hiu c 2 mc 0-1.
f2

f1

Lc

Tch im 0

F/V
Vch

So snh

5.5.6 Lu tr d kin trn bng cassette D kin s c th lu tr trn bng cassette bng cch s dng cc b bin i V-F. cc b iu ch: cc ng vo t 0 n 5V. D liu ny c a vo b V-F vi tn s lm vic t 5KHz n 10KHz, qua b chia v b lc thng thp v ghi vo bng t. qu trnh chuyn i ngc li ta ly c d liu nguyn thy, qua b gii m v ly li tn hiu. Trong trng hp mun lu tr d liu s ta dng cc b bin i V-F nh b iu ch FSK.

71

VREF R2 Vi R1 Ghi Ln Bng

V/F

:2

Lc thng thp
A

Tch im 0

F/V

So snh

Trong trng hp chng ta ghi nhiu d liu trn bng t th s c nhiu b chuyn FSK tng ng.

Vi1 Vi2

FSK 1

GHI
FSK 2 Demod FSK 1 Demod FSK 2

Pht

Trong trng hp truyn dn tnhiu trn nhiu knh in thoi, khi s dng cc b chuyn i F-V v V-F cn phi s dng thm cc b lc loi b cc loi nhiu trn ng dy v thng thng phng php ny rt thch hp cho di tn s t 300Hz n 3kHz. Phng php x l tn hiu qua b iu ch v gii iu ch FSK cng tng t nh lu tr trn bng cassette.

72
5.5.7 MCH CHIA HAI IN P TNG T

Mt trong nhng mch kh xy dng l mch chia tn hiu tng t cho mt tn hiu tng t. Tuy nhin nu sa dng b chuyn i V-F th mch ny c xy dng d dng theo nguyn l c biu din nh hnh v. T s gia 2 in p tng t s c hin th bng s trn mn hnh. 5.5.8 MCH O TC VNG QUAY CA MOTOR HIN TH S

73

5.5.9 mCH GI n nh tc motor

5.5.10 mch o nhit

74
5.5.11 mch o in p t xa

5.5.12 mch truyn d liu c tnh khng nhiu cao