Modes of transmission Simplex: one way communication only. Communication in one direction only E.g. reading books/mags. TV.

Radio.

Half-Duplex: communication in both directions BUT only at one time. talkie, string and cup, letter (snail-mail), email.

E.g. talk-back radio, walkie-

or

Full-duplex: communication in both directions at the same time. E.g. phone, talking face-toface, Skype video conferencing.

Activities: page 261 Identify Question1: explain why we use URLs rather than an IP addresses on the internet? Answer: people use URLs rather than using the IP address of a computer because they are easier to remember. Question2: what do we mean by the term packet header? Answer: in a sense it is the subject title; the packet header is the subject title of an email. Analyse Question3: why do you think open protocols generally take longer to develop than proprietary protocols developed by a commercial company? Answer: the reason on why the open protocols take longer to develop is because, a committee has to agree on a set of terms and even then, the open-protocols maybe changed. Investigate Question4: find out what each of the following protocols are used for: SOAP, SMTP, FTP. Explain how they work, using a diagram similar to figure 13.2. Answer: SOAP simple object access protocol; used to send application data through the web. SMTP simple message transfer protocol; used to send e-mail messages, usually over the internet

FTP File transfer protocol; widely used for file transfers, mostly over the internet. (file: including any type of data) Copy Fig 13.2 pg.261 Fig 13.3 pg.262 TCP breaks the document into smaller packets, adding its own header and footer, and giving the packet sequence number. Data The sending application passes the document to the TCP/IP software in the operating system.

Transmission control protocol 4 DATA

IP adds its own header and footer. The header provides the IP address of the destination and the other data to help the error

Internet protocol 192.148.139.194 DATA

The network interface card transmits the packet onto the network

Network interface card

Network cable

192.148.139.194 2 DATA

192.148.139.194 DATA 1