INDEKS HARGA PENGELUAR

PRODUCER PRICE INDEX

INDEKS HARGA PENGELUAR

PRODUCER PRICE INDEX

NOTA KETERANGAN

Explanatory Notes

1. Indeks Harga Pengeluar (IHPR) adalah

satu indeks yang disusun menggunakan
formula Laspeyres base-weighted. Ia
bertujuan mengukur perubahan harga
komoditi yang dikenakan oleh pengeluar
tempatan dan yang dibayar oleh
pengimport bagi mengimport barangan
ke Malaysia.

1. The Producer Price Index (PPI) is

compiled using the Laspeyres
base-weighted formula. It is designed to
measure the changes in the price of
commodities charged by domestic
producers and those paid by importers
for importing goods into Malaysia.

2. IHPR yang pertama telah disusun bagi

Semenanjung Malaysia untuk tahun
rujukan 1973 menggunakan tahun asas
1972. Selepas tahun asas 1972, IHPR
telah dikira bagi tahun asas 1978, 1989
dan 2000 merujuk kepada Malaysia.

2. The first PPI was compiled for Peninsular

Malaysia for reference year 1973 with
1972 as its base year. Subsequent to
1972 base year, the PPI was constructed
for base years 1978, 1989 and 2000
refer to Malaysia.

3. IHPR terdiri daripada :

i) ekonomi domestik
ii) pengeluar tempatan
iii) import

3. The PPI constitutes of :

i) domestic economy
ii) local production
iii) import
i) The Domestic Economy Price Index is
a composite index based on the price
data derived from that of the local
production and import price indices.
ii) The Local Production Price Index is an
output based index, which measures the
change in the price of commodities sold
to the domestic market at the point of
leaving the factory gate.

i) Indeks Harga Ekonomi Domestik ialah

indeks komoditi berdasarkan data harga
yang diperoleh daripada indeks harga
pengeluaran tempatan dan import.
ii) Indeks Harga Pengeluar Tempatan
merupakan indeks berasaskan output
yang mengukur perubahan harga
komoditi untuk jualan pasaran tempatan
yang dinilai sewaktu dikeluarkan dari
kilang.
iii) Indeks Harga Import pula adalah
indeks berasaskan input yang mengukur
perubahan harga bahan mentah dan
barangan perantaraan yang diimport oleh
pengeluar tempatan bagi tujuan
menghasilkan produk siap dan dinilai
pada harga pembeli.

iii) The Import Price Index, on the other

hand, is an input based index which
measures the change in the price of raw
materials and intermediate goods
imported by local producers for the
production of their final products and are
valued at purchasers prices.

69

4. IHPR meliputi lima sektor ekonomi iaitu

Pertanian, Perikanan, Perlombongan,
Pembuatan dan Elektrik, Gas dan Bekalan
Air.

4. The PPI covers five broad sectors of

economy, namely Agriculture, Fishing,
Mining, Manufacturing and Electricity, Gas
and Water Supply.

5. Sejumlah 820 item komoditi digunakan

dalam penyusunan indeks harga
pengeluar tempatan, manakala 1,188 item
komoditi digunakan bagi indeks harga
import.

5. A total of 820 commodity items are used in

the compilation of the local production
price index, while 1,188 commodity items
are used in the import price index.

6. Bagi barangan yang dikeluarkan, diproses

atau dipasang di Malaysia, harga
pengeluar merujuk kepada harga selepas
ditolak diskaun dan rebet yang diberikan
oleh pengilang dan tidak termasuk kos
pengangkutan yang disewa serta kos
pengangkutan lain antara pengeluar dan
pembeli. Walau bagaimanapun, duti
eksais dan cukai jualan dimasukkan
sebagai komponen dalam pengiraan
harga pengeluar.

6. As for goods produced, processed or

assembled in Malaysia, producer prices
refer to prices which are net of discounts
and rebates given by the manufacturers
and net of freight by hired transport and
other transport costs between the
producer and purchaser. However, excise
duties and sales tax are included as
components in the computation of the
producer price.

7. Harga pengeluar bagi item yang diimport

dinilai pada harga c.i.f., yang termasuk kos
barangan,
insurans
dan
kos
pengangkutan. Pungutan harga bagi item
komoditi yang diimport turut mengambil
kira duti import, cukai jualan dan caj
tambahan yang berkaitan.

7. The producers prices for imported items

are valued at c.i.f which includes the value
of goods, insurance and freight charges.
The price collection for imported
commodity items also takes into account
import duties, sales tax and surcharges
where applicable.

8. Secara keseluruhannya, sebanyak 4,243

sebut harga yang meliputi 3,783 produk
dipungut setiap bulan melalui agensi
kerajaan dan bukan agensi kerajaan.
Agensi bukan kerajaan terdiri daripada
pelbagai pengilang utama dan syarikat
perniagaan ternama. Pengiraan indeks
harga import adalah berdasarkan data
yang dilaporkan oleh pengimport atau
agen mereka melalui Sistem Maklumat
Kastam.

8. Overall, 4,243 quotations of producer

prices in respect of 3,783 products are
collected on a monthly basis, through
government as well as non-government
agencies. The non-government agencies
comprise various leading manufacturers
and prominent business companies. The
calculation of import price indices are
based on the data lodged with the
Customs Information System by importers
or their agents.

70

9.

Wajaran bagi pengeluaran tempatan

diperoleh daripada Banci Ekonomi 2000,
Akaun Negara Muktamad 2000 dan
sumber data alternatif
bagi nilai
pengeluaran dan import. Bagi import,
selain daripada Akaun Negara Muktamad
2000, wajaran diperoleh daripada nilai
transaksi perdagangan seperti yang diberi
dalam Jadual Perdagangan Akaun Negara
2000. Wajaran item diberikan mengikut
perkadaran sumbangan item kepada
jumlah nilai output dalam ekonomi.

9. The weights for local production are

obtained from the Census of Economy
2000, Final National Accounts 2000 and
other alternative sources of data for the
value of production and imports. As for
import, apart from the Final National
Accounts 2000, the weights are taken from
the value of trade transactions as given in
the National Accounts Trade Table 2000.
The weights of items are assigned in
proportion of their contributions to the total
value of output in the economy

71

JADUAL 6.1 : INDEKS HARGA PENGELUAR (2000 = 100) BAGI BARANGAN DALAM EKONOMI TEMPATAN MENGIKUT
SEKSYEN BARANGAN (SITC), 1978 2009, MALAYSIA
Table 6.1
: Producer Price Index (2000 = 100) for Goods in the Domestic Economy by Commodity Section (SITC),
1978 2009, Malaysia

Tempoh
Period

Jumlah
Total

Makanan
&
binatang
hidup
yang
boleh
dimakan
Food &
live
animals
chiefly
for food

MinumanMinuman
&
tembakau
Beverages
&
tobacco

Bahan
mentah
tak
boleh
dimakan
kecuali
bahanapi
Crude
materials,
inedible
except
fuels

Minyak
galian/
pelicin &
bahan
yang
berhubungan
Mineral
fuels,
lubricants
& related
materials

Seksyen/Section
Minyak
Kimia &
& lemak keluaran
binatang kimia
& sayur- t.t.t.l
sayuran ChemiAnimal
cals and
& vegerelated
table oils products
& fats
n.e.c.

Barang
perkilangan
dijeniskan
mengikut
bahan
Manufactured
goods
classified
chiefly by
material

Alat
jentera &
kelengkapan
pengangkutan
Machinery
& transport
equipment

Pelbagai
barang
keluaran
kilang
Miscellaneous
manufactured
articles

Komoditi
dan tranyang tidak
dikelaskan
dimana
dalam SITC
Comm. and
Trans. not
classified
elsewhere
in the SITC

6.9

0.4

Wajaran
Weights
(2000=100)

100.0

5.3

1.0

4.4

11.9

1978

54.6

46.8

35.4

64.4

40.1

88.2

58.4

62.6

68.7

53.3

53.4

1979

60.9

47.5

36.2

77.5

48.2

101.6

65.5

69.0

72.7

57.3

69.6

1980

66.8

51.0

38.3

84.2

61.3

83.1

73.9

76.3

78.4

61.6

93.5

1981

69.3

55.5

44.1

76.6

71.6

80.9

77.7

78.6

80.8

66.0

110.6

1982

67.6

55.5

46.7

71.0

70.8

68.3

75.1

77.8

80.8

66.6

109.9

1983

69.1

55.5

55.6

77.3

68.2

79.2

74.0

77.1

81.9

66.9

102.5

1984

71.5

58.1

57.9

78.4

67.4

121.8

74.2

76.7

82.8

67.9

108.4

1985

70.0

60.3

58.6

73.2

67.0

91.6

74.5

77.3

83.0

68.3

106.7

1986

65.7

63.1

59.5

69.7

55.4

52.1

74.5

70.6

83.1

70.0

85.3

1987

68.1

67.2

62.6

73.4

54.5

64.7

76.0

71.6

85.4

71.8

79.7

1988

73.1

72.2

63.0

85.6

52.5

86.7

79.7

76.4

88.5

74.5

83.0

1989

75.9

76.6

64.7

86.7

55.9

78.1

83.3

82.6

90.6

77.8

87.6

1990

76.4

77.2

65.4

93.2

58.4

63.0

82.5

83.1

89.9

79.7

88.5

1991

76.6

77.5

71.1

86.6

58.3

72.4

85.3

83.1

90.4

83.5

92.1

1992

79.1

79.2

78.8

89.5

58.8

81.4

88.3

89.0

90.7

83.9

93.4

1993

79.7

80.5

84.8

89.3

58.6

79.6

88.8

90.1

92.8

84.2

97.4

1994

82.9

85.1

86.5

98.4

55.9

94.8

89.2

92.9

93.2

88.7

99.0

3.8

5.1

10.9

50.5

1995

86.2

87.0

88.5

105.2

55.8

119.4

91.1

92.8

91.5

90.7

98.7

1996

88.2

91.9

88.9

103.6

62.8

112.6

92.1

93.6

91.9

93.9

98.9

1997

90.5

94.0

89.0

98.4

67.1

127.1

93.2

93.6

95.0

92.7

98.4

1998

100.2

102.0

90.4

101.4

65.4

208.1

97.5

100.0

100.6

97.7

100.5

1999

97.0

99.6

99.6

98.7

74.7

146.9

99.0

99.1

100.1

99.1

99.6

2000

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

2001

100.2

100.8

101.2

92.2

92.5

83.2

97.0

97.9

104.8

100.2

97.1

2002

99.5

100.1

101.4

102.7

90.3

107.0

97.7

95.8

102.0

97.4

103.5

2003

104.2

100.9

102.1

116.3

103.5

128.9

104.2

99.2

103.3

99.9

112.1

2004

110.7

107.8

104.1

128.2

124.3

140.7

114.7

109.3

105.1

102.0

117.9

2005

117.2

113.2

106.7

131.8

156.7

140.3

122.2

115.6

107.4

102.3

119.7

2006

123.2

116.7

112.9

150.9

173.9

139.9

126.3

119.9

111.2

105.9

135.7

2007

131.4

126.6

112.5

172.2

179.2

205.3

130.8

125.5

116.3

107.5

152.4

2008

142.2

142.1

116.1

181.8

236.7

253.4

143.9

136.3

114.2

109.5

158.3

2009

131.5

142.7

118.0

159.9

185.9

198.9

134.9

132.5

112.3

110.9

151.4

73

JADUAL 6.2 : INDEKS HARGA PENGELUAR (2000 = 100) BAGI PENGELUARAN TEMPATAN MENGIKUT SEKSYEN
BARANGAN (SITC), 1978 2009, MALAYSIA
Table 6.2
: Producer Price Index (2000 = 100) for Local Production by Commodity Sections (SITC), 1978 2009, Malaysia

Tempoh
Period

Jumlah
Total

Makanan
&
binatang
hidup
yang
boleh
dimakan
Food
& live
animals
chiefly
for food

Minuman
&
tembakau
Beverages
&
tobacco

Bahan
mentah
tak
boleh
dimakan
kecuali
bahanapi
Crude
materials,
inedible
except
fuels

Seksyen/Sections
Minyak
Minyak
Kimia
galian/
&
&
pelicin
lemak
keluaran
&
binatang kimia
bahan
dan
t.t.t.l.
yang ber- sayurChemicals
hubungan sayuran &
Mineral
Animal
related
fuels,
&
products
lubricants
vegetable n.e.c.
&
oils
related
and
materials
fats

Barang
perkilangan
dijeniskan
mengikut
bahan
Manufactured
goods
classified
chiefly by
material

Alat
jentera
& kelengkapan
pengangkutan
Machinery
&
transport
equipment

Pelbagai
barang
keluaran
kilang
Miscellaneous
manufactured
articles

Wajaran
Weights
(2000=100)

100.0

6.1

1.3

5.5

15.6

5.7

4.0

10.9

43.6

7.3

1978

53.5

44.0

36.1

64.0

41.2

88.3

62.4

67.6

68.4

49.4

1979

60.2

45.1

36.9

77.7

48.2

101.8

68.6

74.7

69.8

53.7

1980

65.4

48.0

39.4

84.2

58.4

83.2

75.9

82.4

78.9

57.6

1981

66.8

52.0

45.9

76.1

68.1

80.9

79.1

83.4

78.6

61.9

1982

65.1

53.8

49.1

70.3

67.0

68.2

75.9

82.0

79.1

63.7

1983

67.4

54.0

57.3

77.1

65.8

79.2

76.6

82.5

80.3

65.5

1984

70.7

56.8

58.8

78.1

65.9

122.1

77.1

81.2

82.7

67.3

1985

68.5

59.7

59.7

72.4

64.9

91.7

76.7

81.8

82.0

67.8

1986

62.6

63.4

60.6

69.2

50.6

51.9

75.9

71.4

79.9

69.2

1987

65.6

68.1

63.0

73.3

50.6

64.5

76.9

71.8

83.4

71.0

1988

71.2

72.8

62.1

85.9

48.6

86.7

81.1

75.5

87.8

73.9

1989

73.9

76.5

63.7

86.7

53.5

77.9

84.1

81.7

91.9

77.3

1990

74.4

77.2

63.9

93.5

55.6

62.6

84.4

82.3

91.4

79.1

1991

74.4

77.8

69.5

86.5

55.3

72.0

87.2

82.2

90.4

83.6

1992

77.5

79.5

77.4

89.6

55.8

81.0

91.0

88.7

93.9

83.6

1993

77.9

80.3

84.0

89.6

55.3

79.3

91.0

89.7

97.1

83.2

1994

81.8

86.0

85.6

98.6

52.2

94.8

90.2

93.6

98.3

87.9

1995

85.7

87.5

87.7

105.6

52.0

119.8

91.4

92.5

97.2

90.0

1996

88.1

92.8

88.1

104.0

59.6

112.8

91.6

93.5

99.5

93.7

1997

90.3

95.3

88.0

98.6

64.0

127.6

93.0

93.6

101.4

92.6

1998

100.4

102.1

89.6

101.4

62.2

209.9

96.6

99.8

101.5

97.6

1999

96.5

99.5

99.6

98.7

72.5

147.7

98.6

98.9

101.1

99.1

2000

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

2001

98.2

100.5

102.1

91.2

91.9

82.8

95.3

97.9

102.8

101.7

2002

97.9

100.6

102.1

103.2

90.2

107.1

97.2

95.5

98.8

98.3

2003

102.5

100.4

103.2

117.3

103.5

129.1

104.5

99.1

97.8

101.4

2004

108.9

106.5

105.4

129.6

124.4

141.0

117.1

109.8

97.0

103.3

2005

116.9

112.8

108.2

132.8

154.6

140.8

127.4

115.3

100.9

103.0

2006

124.7

116.4

115.3

155.5

169.9

140.4

133.6

119.0

107.6

107.2

2007

134.1

127.1

114.5

181.0

176.1

206.7

138.8

123.9

111.7

108.5

2008

147.9

143.2

117.9

191.0

236.6

255.4

156.7

137.4

106.5

109.2

2009

133.0

142.4

120.7

164.0

179.2

200.4

138.2

132.8

106.0

111.7

74

JADUAL 6.3 : INDEKS HARGA PENGELUAR (2000 = 100) BAGI IMPORT MENGIKUT SEKSYEN BARANGAN (SITC),
1978 2009, MALAYSIA
Table 6.3
: Producer Price Index (2000 = 100) for Imports by Commodity Section (SITC), 1978 2009, Malaysia

Tempoh
Period

Jumlah Makanan Minuman&

Minuman
Total
binatang &
hidup
tembakau
yang
Beverages
boleh
&
dimakan tobacco
Food &
live
animals
chiefly
for food

Bahan
mentah
tak
boleh
dimakan
kecuali
bahanapi
Crude
materials,
inedible
except
fuels

Minyak
galian/
pelicin &
bahan
yang
berhubungan
Mineral
fuels,
lubricants
& related
materials

Seksyen/Section
Minyak
Kimia &
& lemak keluaran
binatang kimia
& sayur- t.t.t.l
sayuran ChemiAnimal
cals and
& vegerelated
table oils products
& fats
n.e.c.

Wajaran
Weights
(2000 =100)

100.0

3.7

0.5

2.2

4.8

0.2

1978

59.9

60.6

37.5

72.0

46.8

1979

65.3

59.3

38.7

75.5

1980

73.4

65.8

39.6

83.7

1981

79.4

72.5

44.3

1982

77.8

64.1

45.4

1983

76.7

62.8

1984

76.7

64.2

1985

77.3

1986
1987

Barang
perkilangan
dijeniskan
mengikut
bahan
Manufactured
goods
classified
chiefly by
material

Alat
jentera &
kelengkapan
pengangkutan
Machinery
& transport
equipment

Pelbagai
barang
keluaran
kilang
Miscellaneous
manufactured
articles

Komoditi
dan tranyang tidak
dikelaskan
dimana
dalam SITC
Comm. and
Trans. not
classified
elsewhere
in the SITC

7.1

10.7

63.7

6.1

1.2

77.2

55.5

54.2

68.3

62.4

62.4

60.2

79.8

63.3

59.3

73.9

66.0

66.0

87.6

81.7

72.3

65.9

77.4

71.3

80.0

85.7

103.0

82.3

76.6

70.7

81.5

76.0

82.9

84.5

102.7

81.7

74.4

70.7

81.2

74.0

83.1

57.2

83.9

94.5

80.9

72.0

68.2

82.3

71.5

84.4

62.0

84.8

90.0

80.1

72.0

69.4

82.2

70.7

84.4

62.9

62.1

86.5

92.2

81.5

72.7

69.9

83.0

71.0

84.5

77.1

61.7

63.3

79.4

87.1

81.3

73.4

70.2

84.4

73.4

87.1

78.0

62.9

68.6

75.3

83.0

82.0

75.2

72.3

85.9

75.3

90.8

1988

81.3

69.2

72.9

80.8

80.4

83.2

78.6

79.4

88.2

77.6

95.1

1989

84.7

77.5

74.9

89.8

79.4

91.6

82.5

85.6

89.0

80.7

97.5

1990

85.0

77.1

80.3

87.6

85.5

91.6

80.3

85.7

88.3

83.1

100.6

1991

86.5

75.9

88.3

88.5

87.9

97.7

83.0

85.9

90.4

83.1

97.2

1992

86.4

78.3

93.0

85.5

88.9

109.1

85.4

89.6

87.1

85.6

94.3

1993

87.8

81.5

92.7

83.9

89.8

104.9

86.5

91.4

88.2

90.3

92.2

1994

88.0

80.5

96.0

89.8

91.3

98.9

87.9

90.6

87.6

93.4

96.7

1995

88.6

85.0

96.2

92.2

92.0

99.0

90.8

93.8

85.2

95.0

95.5

1996

88..7

87.7

96.9

93.2

92.9

98.9

92.7

93.8

83.5

94..5

96.5

1997

91.1

88.6

98.7

94.7

96.7

98.8

93.4

93.6

87.9

93.5

94.8

1998

99.5

101.5

98.1

100.5

96.7

100.7

98.8

100.4

99.6

98.5

101.6

1999

98.9

100.5

99.8

99.0

95.6

100.5

99.5

99.7

99.0

98.6

98.8

2000

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

2001

104.0

101.8

96.8

97.2

96.1

108.1

98.7

97.8

107.5

96.7

97.1

2002

102.7

98.5

97.4

100.2

90.8

105.6

98.1

96.3

106.2

95.5

103.5

2003

107.4

102.6

96.7

111.3

103.9

113.0

104.0

99.4

110.5

96.4

112.1

2004

114.0

111.7

96.8

121.7

123.8

118.5

112.1

108.2

115.7

98.9

117.9

2005

117.8

114.5

98.6

127.0

169.9

111.7

116.6

116.0

116.0

100.8

119.7

2006

120.4

117.4

100.2

128.6

198.7

112.1

118.4

121.8

115.9

102.7

135.7

2007

126.1

125.0

101.6

129.4

198.5

113.4

122.0

128.7

122.4

105.1

152.4

2008

131.4

138.8

106.1

136.9

237.2

117.1

130.2

134.2

124.2

110.3

158.3

2009

128.5

143.9

103.9

140.0

227.1

105.5

131.3

131.9

120.6

109.0

151.4

75