TECHINICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE WARD SS3.1 Evaluation of Displacement-Based Methods and Computer Software for March 2003) Seismic Analysis of Highway Bridges Michael D. Symans, Nasim K, Shattarat, David I. McLean, and William F. Cofer Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC) Washington State University itictil enti Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering T1804, Task 7 Pallman, WA 99164-2910 Research Report Washington State Department of Transportation 2000 - 2003 ‘Transportation Building, MS: 7370 Olympia, WA 98504-7370 SONS RTEREY COE ‘This stady was conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration The response of bridges when subjected to seistnic excitation ean be evaluated by « number of analysis methods. The ‘waditional approach to seismic analysis focuses on forces (so-called force-based methods of analysis) while current «design practice is moving towards an increased emphasis on displacements (so-called displacement-based methods of analysis). The primary objective ofthis research project was to evaluate the effectiveness of various commercially- available computer programms for performing practical displacement-based seismic analysis of highway bridges. A secondary objective was to identify the fundamental differences between force-based and displacement based methods of analyst, particularly as they apply to highway bridges. The objectives of the project were met by wilizing four different computer programs to evaluate the seismic response of a simple two-spen highway bridge ‘The seismic response was evaluated using two force-based methods of analysis (response spectrum and time-history) and two displacement-based methods (capecity spectrum and inelastic demand spectrum). Furthermore, the effects of {wo different abuiment and bent foundation support conditions were evaluated. The experience gained by uilizing the computer software revealed that some programs are well suited to displacement-based analysis, both from the point-of-view of being efficient and providing insight into the behavior of plastic hinges. ‘The results of the scivmie analyses demonstrated that force-based methods of unalysis may be conveniently used to prioritize cases under which isplacementbased methods of analysis should be applied. Furthermore, the displacement-based methods of analysis that were used produced different predictions of nonlinear response with nether method being regarded 8s procuing accurate results due to a number of simplifications inherent in the methods. Finally, the displacement-based methods of analysis appear to be attractive to practicing engineers in the sense that they emphasize 2 graphicel evatuation of| seismic performance. Displacement: Based Seismic Analysis, Force-Based Seismic | No restrictions. This document is available to the ‘Analysis, Pushover Analysis, Nonlinear Static Analysis, | public through the National Technical Information Capacity Spectrum Analysis, Bridge Design, Earthquake | Service, Springfield, VA 22616, Unclassified Unclassified 2 iiDISCLAIMER ‘The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not recessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Washington State Transportation Commission, Washington State Department of Transportation, or the Federal Highway Administration, This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation,TABLE OF CONTENT! Section Executive Summary x Introduction....... 1 Background A Problem Statement ..... 2 Research Objectives and Scope . Review of Previous Work and Current Practice... ee Literature Review... Software Survey Bridge Models, Seismic Excitation, and Selected Software Bridge Models .... oe Seismic Ground Motions : Selected Seismic Analysis Software . Description of Seismic Analysis Procedures... 23 Linear Static Analysis (Force-Based Methods) .. 23 Linear Dynamic Analysis (Force-Based Methods) ... 24 Nonlinear Static Analysis (Displacement-Based Methods) 27 Capacity Spectrum Analysis eae 30 Inelastic Demand Spectrum Anal 32 Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis... 33 Application and Results of Seismic Analysis Procedures Linear Dynamic Analysis... Nonlinear Static Analysis Pushover Curve SC-Push3D ‘SAP2000 GT-STRUDL : ‘Comparison of Pushover Curves... Capacity Curve ... Demand Curve : z Equivalent Inelastic Response Spectra Inelastic Response Spectra .. Capacity Spectrum Analysis, “ Inelastic Demand Spectrum Analysis . Discussion .. Conclusions... ivRecommendations TB Acknowledgements ... 9 References Appendix A — Software Survey ...coonnnenn 841 3 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Plan and Elevation Views of Bridge (from Mast et al. 1996b). 9 ‘Cross-Section of Bridge (from Mast et al. 1996b). 9 Seat-Type Abutment Details for Basic Support Model (from Mast et al. 1996b) 10, ML. 12, 13. 4, 15, 16. 17. 18, 19. 20. ai. 22, 23. 24, 25. 26. ‘Stub Wall Abutment Details for Spring Support Model (from Mast et al. 19968) ....nmniernmn : Screen Abutment Cross-Section Showing Bearing Support and Shear Key (from Mast et al. 1996) senor : ‘Support Conditions for Basic Support Model (from Mast et al. 1996b).... Transverse and Longitudinal Seismic Response of Bridge with Basie Support Conditions (adapted from Mast et al. 1996b) ....0. Support Conditions for Spring Support Model (adapted from Mast et al. 1996a)... = ‘Computer Model of Bridge (adapted from Mast et al. 19966) Modeling Details for Column Connections to Cap Beam and Footing {adapted from Mast et al. 19960)... : Column Reinforcement Details (from Mast et al. 1996b) .... Effect of Axial Load Ratio and Longitudinal Steel Ratio on Effective Flexural Stiffness for Circular Cross Sections (adapted from Priestley et al. 1996) 0.18 Earthquake Ground Acceleration Records used for Seismic Analysis and Associated 5%-Damped Pscudo- Acceleration Response Spectrums 20, Graphical Depiction of Displacement-Based Seismic Analysis. . 21 First Four Modes Shapes of Bridge for Basic and Spring Support Conditions, as Obtained from Eigenvalue Analysis (adapted from Mast ct al. 1996b) ..0....35 Moment-Curvature Relationship for the columns of the Bridge-Model.. Al Pushover Curve from Analysis in the Longitudinal Direction for Basic Support Conditions using SC-Push3D... see 45 Pushover Curve from Analysis in the Longitudinal Direction for Basic Support Conditions using SAP2000 .. oe ae) Deformed Shape of Bridge as Presented by SAP2000 z 50 Pushover Curve from Analysis in the Longitudinal Direction for Basic ‘Support Conditions using GT-STRUDL ws... ued Comparison of Pushover Curves from Analysis in the Longitudinal Direction for Basic Support Conditions... = é Results of Pushover Analysis as Presented by SAP2000, Capacity Curve Generated from Pushover Curve Shown in Figure 18... Capacity Curve with Effective Period, Ductility, and Total Damping Ratio Identified at Selected Displacements See ADRS Demand Curves for a Range of Total Viscous Damping Ratios.........62 ADRS Curves for Elastoplastic SDOF Systems Subjected to El Centro and Sylmar Earthquake Records. ns vi21. 28. 29. 30. Table AS. A. AT AB. Graphical Performance Evaluation of Bridge Subjected to Fl Centro Record using Capacity Spectram Analysis ... eee 64 Graphical Performance Evaluation of Bridge Subjected to Sylmar Record using Capacity Spectrum Analysis 65 Graphical Performance Evaluation of Bridge Subjected to Fl Centro Record using Inelastic Demand Spectrum AnalySis ....:..1cmmnueine nner OT Graphical Performance Evaluation of Bridge Subjected to Sylmar Record using Inelastic Demand Spectrum Analysis a see 8 LIST OF TABLES Page Summary of Software Survey Results... : : 8 Characteristics of earthquake ground motions used in seismic analysis 1 Software utilized for seismic analysis of bridge structure 3 ‘Summary of Fundamental Natural Periods and Associated Participating Mass Ratios for Longitudinal and Transverse Directions . . Elastic Seismic Response of Bridge Using Linear Dynamic Analysis for the 1940 El Centro Earthquake Record (includes dead load effect)... Elastic Seismic Response of Bridge Using Linear Dynamic Analysis for the 1949 Olympia Earthquake Record (includes dead load effect) Elastic Seismic Response of Bridge Using Linear Dynamic Analysis for the 1994 Sylmar Earthquake Record (includes dead load effect). 37 Values of Parameters used to Define Plastic Hinge for SC-Push3D... 43 Summary of Bridge Response from Displacement-Based Seismic Analyses ....65 35 36 36 Software Evaluation Matrix... eae rereeaceeeeeteceeeetattace No. of State DOT’s and consulting firms contacted and replied to survey ......87 Distribution of contacts and replies to the SUEVEY.ssecurnnnsnn 87 Response to question No. 1 “Do you use the AASHTO single mode methods? If yes what software do you use for performing this type of analysis?” 87 Software used for performing AASHTO single mode methods versus. BUMbEL OFUSETS renin : S 88 Response to question No. 2 “Do you use the ATC-32 equivalent static method? If yes what software do you use for performing this type of analysis?” 88 Software used for performing ATC-32 equivalent static method versus number of users... 88 Response to question No. 3“Do you perform modal response spectrum analysis? If yes what software do you use for performing this type of analysis?” . . een Software used for performing modal response spectrum analysis versus number of users... 89 vil