[montessori] Chng III

L khnh thnh a ch giao nhn nhn dp ra i mt trong nhng nh tr

Dng nh cuc sng ca nhng ngi ngho kh l th m nhng ngi nh chng ta hin nay cho l h lu v khng thm mt ti. Bn ch c th cm nhn ni thng kh tn cng qua nhng th trung gian, nh l cc tc phm ni ting, hay nhng xc cm m cc din vin ti nng truyn vo trong tm hn bn vi mt ni s hi! Chng ti a ra gi nh rng, c i lc no , mt ging ni go khc vi bn: Hy nhn vo nhng ngi nh ca s au kh v bn cng kia xem. nhng hn o ca nim hnh phc, sch s v ha bnh cha ra s khng khip v mt mt. Ngi ngho mong mun mt ngi nh l tng ca ring h. khu cn tn ti s hn km v bo lc, vic cu ri nhng nguyn tc o l vn c tip tc. Tm hn con ngi s c gii thot khi trng thi ngu mui, v nhng a tr cng s c c ngi nh ca ring chng. Mt th h mi sng trong thi i mi, khi m au thng khng cn l s hi tic, m s b thiu hy. H s n c tng lai, ni m s bt hnh li vo qu kh khng li cht tm vt xa c no trong cuc sng. Tht him khi chng ta c c hi tri nghim cm xc y! V ngay ti y, chng ta cn gp rt ln, nh mt ngi thng thi ang c gic m v ngi sao gic gi n Bethlehem! Ti phi ni ra nhng iu ch cho cc bn tm quan trng to ln, v p tht th ca cn phng b nh, tm thng ny y, th m nhn c cht g ging nh mt ngi nh, m chnh chng c xy t tay ca ngi m, nhng a con trong khu chut c s dng v cm thy nim vui. y l nh tr th hai, c dng ln trong khu San Lorenzo. Ni y cha tng c ch n vn xy dng nh tp th cho ngi dn. Tht s San Lorenzo khng phi l khu ngi , m l khu ngho i khu ngi ta sng min ph, v thng trc l nhng ngi tht nghip, mt dng rt ph bin trong thnh ph khng c nh my cng nghip. y cng l nh ca k ang chu s gim st sau qung thi gian mn hn t. Tt c h y, trn ln v chui rc vo nhau. Khu ny ca San Lorenzo mc ra trong khong t nm 1884 n 1888, l lc bng n cn st nh cao tng. Khng c mt tiu chun x hi hay v sinh hoc phng thc x dng g c. Mc ch ca ta nh n gin l bao bc mt t bi cc bc tng vung vn lin k nhau. Cng nhiu ni b bao bc, cng thu ht 1

nhiu ngn hng v cng ty. Khng c mt cht tn trng no cho tng lai tuyt vng m h ang to ra. Chuyn y tr thnh t nhin khi khng ai tm n s tn ti vnh vin ca th m h to ra, v chng u thuc quyn s hu ca h. Khi cn bo p n trong v hong s ca ta nh t nm 1888 n 1890, nhng ngi nh xui x ny tn ti rt lu m khng c tr tin thu mn. Sau , tng cht mt, nhu cu nh bt u tng cao v cc ngi nh to ln y c lp y dn. By gi, khi cc nh u c nh ca thiu may mn khi vn s hu nhng ta nh khng th v cng khng mun thm tin vo th chc chn thua l, nn cc ta nh khng tiu chun v sinh, cng thm vi vic c cc t s dng ngn hn, c a vo dng lm ch cho tng lp ngho mt nht x hi. Nhng cn h ny khng dnh cho tng lp lao ng, vn qu to, gm 5 n 7 phng. Gi thu mc d rt thp so vi kch thc cn h, nhng vn l qu cao i vi mt gia nh ngho no. iu dn n chuyn xu xa l cho thu li. Nhng ngi thu trn mt cn h 6 phng vi gi 8$/thng s cho thu li tng phng vi gi 1,5-2$/thng i vi nhng ngi kh hn, hoc cho thu gc phng, hnh lang i vi nhng ngi ngho hn. Nh vy, h s kim c 15$ hoc nhiu hn so vi gi thu tht s ca h. iu y c ngha chnh ngi tr thnh k cho vay nng li. H thnh k kim chc trn nhng ngi cng cnh ng i ngho nh h, bng cch ly li 20 cents/tun vi khong vay 2$, nh vy li sut l 500%/nm. Nh vy, chng ta thy c s xu xa t vic cho thu li, iu hnh thnh vic cho vay nng li, v ch c ngi ngho mi bit cch vt kit ngi ngho. Th nn cn thit phi cng thm nhng iu xu xa khc, l chung sng ng c, hn tp, tri lun l v ti c. Cc t bo ch cp n cc vn ny mi chuyn mt t: mt gia nh ln, nhng a con rai con gi ang pht trin, cng mt phng; trong khi gc phng l ch ca mt ngi x l, ngi n b b bn n ng gh thm tng m. Nhng a con gi v con trai thy chuyn , b lan truyn t s m nh ti li xu xa tr thnh ti c v git ngi. Nhng on vn lch lc, nhng chi tit nh b m cc bo a ra ch cho chng ta thy mt vi khonh khc ngn ngi trong ni au kh tn cng. Bt c ai ln u tin bc chn vo cn h y u cm thy ngc nhin v kinh s v cng. Cnh tng au lng nguyn gc hon ton khng ging nh th chi sng m ngi ta tng tng. Chng ta va bc chn vo th gii ca bng m, ni m ta b nh gc bi s tm ti ca n, n ni l ban ngy chng na cng chng nhn ra c chi tit no trong phng. 2

Khi mt quen vi bng ti l m, ta nhn ra u trong nhng ci ging ln ln vo nhau, mt ngi ang bnh tt v au n. Nu ta nh mang tin t vi t chc x hi no vin tr chung chung, th trc tin nn thp ln cy nn m s ngi v vit phiu chi. A, m khi chng ta ang ni mp m bao nhiu ln v cc vn x hi, rt tin hay lm nhng chuyn chi tit g , thay v phi chun b tinh thn tht thng tu t mnh suy xt s vic v tnh hnh. Chng ta tho lun rt st sng v vn t hc nh ca hx sinh, khi m i vi rt nhiu trong s chng, nh ngha l mt rm vt gc phng tm b, tm ti. Ta mong c c th thnh lp nhng th vin lun chuyn ngi ngho c th c ti nh. Ta lp k hoch gi cho h cc tc phm ni a, mong s nh hng ca chng gip h c mc sng cao hn. Ta hy vng nhng trang giy mc c th gio dc ngi ngho, gip h hiu v sinh, lun l, vn ha. V nh th ta th hin mnh m tc ng ngu ngc ca mnh so vi nhng g h cn. i vi h, thm ch cn khng c nh sng c! iu cp bch hin nay i vi ngi ngheo khng phi l nng cao hc thc, m l cuc sng. Trong cch ni ca nhng a tr c sinh ra cng i khc, cm t ln u nhn thy nh mt tri vi chng ngha l bc vo th gii ti tm. Chng ln ln gia bng m c hi, th c bao ph bi cng ng ngi qu ng c. L tr chng c g ngoi c th d bn, v lng nc sinh hot ch phn b cho mt cn h 3-4 ngi, m vy th cn h 20-30 ngi, nc cn khng ung! Ngi chng ti c ting casa ngha l t m, l ni ch cc thnh vin trong gia nh c gn gi vi ngi mnh yu thng. Mt s lin tng xa hn v tnh trng nhng ngi khng c casa m ch c nhng bc tng khng khip, l cuc sng ring t ca h b phi by trc thin h. y khng c s ring bit c nhn, tn trng l gio, lch lm; y thng trc khng c nh sng, khng kh, nc! Vic gii thiu tng ca chng ta v ngi nh, v vic gio dc v trang hong nh ca chng khc no li ch nho y th l. Nu lm th, chng ta khng cn l nh ci to thc t, m l cc nh th chuyn v vi o tng. iu kin m ti ni n, l nhng khu nh c xp sp li, sch s hn, cho nhng ngi lang thang ng ph v con ci h c th . Nhng cnh tng git ngi ci nhau y ng ph l iu khng th chp nhn c.

Nhng t bo vit v vic ngi ph n b cc ng chng say xn nh ui v git cht. Nhng c gi tr s hi n cht khi b bn n ng h cp nh p. Mt ln na chng ta chng kin nhng vic khng ni ln li: ngi ph n bt hnh b ng chng say xn hnh h v y xung mng nc. Ni , trong mt ngy n, l tr hng xm t tp quanh c nh ng vt n xc bu quanh xc cht, chng la ht v ci ct, nh vo thn th bm tm v d bn nh vng bn mng nc ca c. Cnh tng d man tn ti khp mi ni nhng thnh ph a quc tch, m ca nn vn minh v n hong ngh thut, bi v c mt s tht mi m nhiu th k trc khng bit mang tn c lp nhng k ngho. thi trung i, bnh hi b c lp: ngi Thin Cha gio c lp ngi Do Thi Ghetto (vng tp trung ngi Do Thi); nhng s i ngho li khng nhn ra s nguy him v nhc c lp chng. Nh ca ngi ngho nm ri rc trong ch ngi giu, v s tng phn thnh ti thng thy trong vn hc thi chng ta. Tht s, khi ti cn b, c gio v mc ch gio dc o l, thng xuyn mang cc v d minh ha v cng cha tt bng gip dn ngho mt tp lu tranh gn , hay a tr ngoan con nh giu mang thc n cho ngi ph n bnh tt gc mi. Ngy nay nhng truyn y v thc v nhn o n ni ging nh truyn c tch. Ngi ngho khng cn hc ngi hng xm giu c ca h bi hc v php lch s v cch nui dy con tr, h cng khng hy vng c nhn s gip vo lc cn kp nht. Chng ta phi gom h li ch no xa xa, khng c cc bc tng, h t hc ln nhau trong s gh lnh nhn tm, bi hc v s d man v thi xu xa. Lng tm mi ngi cn c thc tnh thy c chng ta to nn nhng vng nhim bnh, th l mi e da nguy him cho thnh ph m chng ta mong c dng cc tng thm m v qu tc gip n p v ta sng, x ng cc ba tng ca thnh ph mc cho chng xu x hay mc bnh. Khi ln u tin ti i trn nhng con ph ny, c cm gic mnh trong mt thnh ph b thm ha ging xung. Ti nh nhn thy ci bng ca cuc u tranh gn y nng ln nhng con ngi bun b vi v kinh hi trn gng mt xanh xao, h i qua ti trn con ng im ng. S vng lng nh lm ni bt cuc sng b gin on, v ca mt cng ng ngi. Khng c toa tu vi ting ngi bn hng rong vui v, khng c ting n ct ln vi hy vng kim c vi xu, m ch l s im lng nng n v bun b. Quan st cc con ng vi nhng l su hom ca h, nhng cnh ca gy v nghing ng, chng ti inh ninh rng mt thm ha thin nhin nhn chm c tri t; nhng khi nhn cc ngi nh trn tri, tng gch v v xy xc, 4

chng ti nghing v gi thit c mt v ng t khu ny. Sau , khi nhn k hn, chng ti khng thy mt ca hng no. Ra l cng ng ngi ny ngho n mc khng xy dng c khu ch thng dng nht, ni hng ha cn thit c bn gi r mi ngi u mua c. Ca hng duy nht l hiu bn ru bc mi xu xa. V chng ti nhn ra, th thm ha khin ngi dn y au kh khng phi l thm ha thin nhin, m l ngho kh, i cng vi n l bn dng hnh thi h tt xu. y l iu khng vui v v nguy him i vi s ch ca chng ta, l iu m cc t bo gi l khonh cch gia bo lc, v o l v lng tm ca nhng ngi c lng t thin khong t. C th ni, mi cnh au kh truyn phng thuc c bit gii thiu nguyn tc v s v sinh n tng nh, lp nn nh tr v san s u nhau. Nhng lng t thin chnh xc l g? M t thnh hnh ng s hn c li l ca ni au. Phc li x hi t vic t thin khng th qu ln, v v khng tip tc c thm khon thu v thiu ngun qun l, nn n ch gii hn trong mt s t ngi. S to ln v bnh trng ca iu nguy him, th xu xa, mc khc bao hm cng vic hng n ton cng ng. Ch c s t chc lm vic v ngi khc, mang n ch ng cho chnh bn thn h trong khu nh ny, v t c mt cng vic bn vng tt p. Nhng hot ng v i v tt p ca Hi Lin Hip Roman v Nh Cht lng l v cng quan trng. Cng vic ny thuc s iu hnh ca Edoramo Talamo, gim c ca Hi Lin Hip. K hoch ca ng, v cng nguyn gc, bao hm v thc t, l khng lin quan n hay ni no khc. Hi Lin Hip ny c hp nht 3 nm trc Rome, vi mc tiu ginh ly cc khu nh cho thu trong thnh ph, ci tin chng, thm vo c s vt cht v qun l chng nh mt ngi b i vi gia nh ca anh ta. Ti sn ginh c u tin bao gm mt vng rng ln San Lorenzo, ni m ngy nay Hi Lin Hip chim hu 58 ta nh chim din tch 30,00 mt vung t, v 1,600 cn phng nh c lp vi tng trt. Theo cch ny hng ngn ngi s c hng li ch nh nh hng ca vai tr bo v ca Hi Lin Hip Nh Cht lng. Theo li ch t chng trnh, Hi Lin Hip s chuyn i ngi nh c sang cc nh hin i hn, tr trng cc nguyn tc v sinh. Thit k ca nh gip tng khng gian cho nhng ngi sng cng nhau. Hi Lin Hip Nh cht lng nh vy quyt nh tin hnh theo chng trnh c th cho php h dn theo ui l tng ca h tng bc mt. Vic tin hnh chm ri l cn thit v vic di tn dn ra khi cc khu nh cho thu l iu khng d dng vo thi im nh ca ang khan him, cc nguyn tc o c 5

cng khin vic tin hnh di di khng c nhanh. Vy nn, Hi Lin Hip tnh n thi im ny ch di di c 3 ngi nh trong khu an Lorenzo. K hoch thc hin vic bin i nh sau: A. Ko sp cc ta nh c cu trc nguyn thy khng dnh cho vic , m cho mc ch thng mi thun ty thu c nhiu tin thu nh hn. Ni cch khc, t b cc ngi nh ti tm, m kh mang nh sng v khng kh n cc cn h cn li. Nh th, phn nh cn li s mang nhiu gi tr hn, v chc chn, s c mong c nhiu hn. Tng s lng cu thang v chia khng gian phng mt cch thc t hn. 6-7 cn phng ln s gim thnh nhng cn h nh c t 1-3 phng v 1 nh bp.

B.

Vic tng lng cu thang cng lm gim i s xu x ca tng v bc thang, vy nn nhiu ngi c th i ln v xung hn. Nhng ngi thu nh s ngy cng hc cch qu trng ta nh, v tp dn li sng sch s v ngn np. Khng ch c th, vic ny cn gim i c hi tc ng ln nhau ca cc c dn, nht l v m. y l c hi tuyt vi cho nguyn tc lun l v v sinh. Vic phn chia ngi nh thnh tng cn h nh gii quyt vn o c gia cc th h. Mi gia nh nh vy c ring bit c c hi to t m, trong khi vn cho thu li cng vi nhng tc hi i cng ca n do ng c v thiu o c s c kim tra theo cch cn nguyn nht. Mt mt s sp xp ny lm nh i gnh nng v hp ng cho thu c nhn, mt khc n lm tng thu nhp cho ngi ch s hu, ngi nhn nhng khon tin bt hp php t h thng cho thu li. Khi ngi ch s hu t u cho mn cn h 6 phng vi mc gi 8$/thng, chuyn thnh 3 cn nh hn nh nng v khng kh gm 1 phng v 1 bp, y l bng chng rng khon thu ca anh ta tng ln. Nguyn tc quan trng ca cch thc ny l n gii quyt c nh hng xu xa v gim c hi sng chung ch, ng c, mang n cuc sng tht s cho nhng ngi ny, ln u tin, c c cm xc t do trong t m ca ring h, trong s m cng ca gia nh. Nhng d n ca Hi Lin Hip cn vt xa hn iu ny. Ngi nh dnh cho ngi thu khng ch y nh sng v khng kh, m cn ngn np v c sa cha hon ho, gn nh ta sng, nh th c thm nc hoa bng s trong lnh v ti mi. Nhng iu tt p ny, tuy nhin, i cng chng l trch nhim ngi thu phi gnh vc nu mun c . Ngi y phi tr thu quan tm v lng tt. Anh ta c nhn mt cn nh sch s th phi gi gn n. Bo 6

m c cn nh ca mnh trong tnh trng tt, anh ta s c ghi nhn l ngi thu thc th. Gi l mt chuyn tht s mi! Cho n gi ch c nhng ta nh quc gia to ln ca chng ta tip tc c tin bo tr. S quan tm ny gn nh l hon ho. Mi ngi gn gi ngi nh trong iu kin hon ho. Ta nh m ngy nay chng ta thy c s bo qun duy nht ca nhng ngi thu. Rt t ngi nh ca chng ta c th so snh v sch s v ti sng so vi nh ca h. Vic tri nghim thu c kt qu rt ng ch . Mi ngi cng nhau gi ly ngi nh vi tnh yu xy dng t m, l s sch s. Hn na, h mong c lm p nhng ngi nh ca mnh. Hi Lin Hip th hin s ng h bng cc chu cy c trng ln sn khu tp th v snh ta nh. Nhng vic xy dng nn lng t ho mi m trong khu ny. Lng t ho ca nhng ngi thu nh l v s chm-sc-tt-nht cho ta nh, cng vi vic pht trin dn mt bng i sng ngy cng cao v vn ha hn. H khng ch trong ngi nh, m cn bit cch sng, bit cch qu trng t m ca mnh. S thi thc u tin s dn n nhng s ti t chc khc, t ngi nh sch s dn n tnh cch sch s. c bn thu trong ngi nh sch s l khng th chp nhn c, v nhng ngi sng trong ngi nh lun mi sch s th chnh h cng c c mun c sch s. Mt trong nhng s ci t v vinh, l bn tm. Mi khu nh c tu sa c ni ring r cho phng tm, v cn c trang b vi nc v vi sen, c c nc nng, nc lnh. Tt c nhng ngi thu nh c th t do s dng bn tm ny, nh trong nhiu khu nh ngi ta cng git gi qun o i phun nc trong sn tp th. Tin li to ln s mi gi mi ngi tr nn sch s. Nhng bn tm nng v lnh ngay trong nh l bc ci tin to ln so vi nhng ni tm cng cng. Theo cch ny, chng ta c th gip h cng mt lc c c sc khe v s tao nh, m ra cho nh dng v xua i hang ng tm ti, ni kh chu ca s au kh. Trong n lc gn gi tnh trng l tng l bn min ph ton nh, Hi Lin Hip gp kh khn lien quan n nhng tr cha tui n trng, trong khi b m chng i lm th chng buc phi nh mt mnh c ngy. Nhng tr nh khng nhn thc hiu mc ch gio dc b m chng phi bit qu trng ngi nh, do chng tr thnh k ph hoi nh tui ln cc bc tng v bc thang. Th nn nhng ngi thu nh s gin tip m nhn mt khon ph ph cho vic bo dng ta nh. y l vic thong minh nht trong chng trnh vn 7

minh ha tng c ln k hoch. Nh tr s nhn c tin t chi ph chm sc ta nh ca ph huynh. Khon ph ph c Hi Lin Hip xem nh ph cng ch cho vic tu sa. Tht vui mng l phc li x hi s nhn chng! Bng vic gi cc tr cha tui n trng vo ni an ton l nh tr, cc b m s thoi mi v t do dnh ht tm sc cho cng vic. Nhng khon phc li x hi ny cng nh vic chm sc cho ngi nh u phi chu khon thu cho vic chm nom v tinh thn t nguyn. iu l dn trn tng thng bo th ny: Ngi m phi chu trch nhim v s sch s ca tr khi n gi trong nh tr, v hp tc vi hiu trng trong cng cuc gio dc. Hai bn phn l chm sc o c v thn th cho tr. Nu qua cuc tr chuyn, a tr c biu hin rng vic gio dc ca nh trng b ph hoi bi thi tr phi chu nh, tr s b gi tr v gia nh, dy h bit qu trng c hi tt p h ang c. Nhng ngi sng h cp, nh nhau, man r s thy p lc nng n t nhng sinh linh b nh ca h, v h cn phi quan tm. Ph huynh cn hc cch xng ng vi nhng iu kin tt p ca nh trng dnh cho con h, cng l mt trong nhng li ch i chung vi ta nh. iu l y l ngi m phi n t nht 1 ln mi tun lin lc vi hiu trng, lp ti khon cho tr, ghi nhn bt c li khuyn hu ch no m nh trng c th a ra. Nhng li khuyn chng minh mt cch khng ng vc, rng s soi sng n s quan tm v gio dc a tr, v mi nh ca tr u c phn b mt bc s v mt hiu trng. Mi n hiu trng lun c kh nng t nhin ca mt ngi m, v cuc i ca c, vi t cch l mt ngi c vn ha v gio dc, l tm gng vng bn. L do ca chuyn l v c c nhim v phi sng cng mi ngi trong khu nh, tr thnh ngi thu cng gia nh cc tr, cng l hc sinh ca c. Gia chn hu ht l nhng ngi hung hn, nhng bui ti tay khng tc st, c khng ch n dy d m cn n sng cuc sng ca chnh h. C, mt ngi n b lch thip ca nn vn ha, mt nh gio, cng hin thi gian v cuc i ca mnh gip h! Mt pht vin truyn gio thc th, mt n hong lun l gia tp ngi, nu c s hu kho lo v tri tim, c c th thu hoch c iu thin t cc vic lm x hi ca mnh. Ngi nh ny rt mi, n nh mt gic m khng nhn ra mc d rt c gng. Tht l l trc c ngi ho phng tng n y v chung sng gia nhng ngi ngho khai ha h. Nhng cng bt kh thi i vi nhng ngi tng lp cao hn m li sng ni thiu v sinh ca ngi ngho. Vy nn cng vic cng khng th thnh cng nh mc tiu nu khng tp hp cc iu kin thng dng v s l th ngi ngho c gng tin n nhng iu tt p.

Khu nh cho thu cng tr nn mi m v vic t chc s phm cho nh ca tr. Ni y khng n gin l ch gi tr hay vin t bn, m l mt trng hc thc th cho mc ch gio dc, v chnh v hiu trng y l tr ca ngnh khoa hc s phm truyn cm hng cho phng php ny. Da theo s pht trin tinh thn ca tr, mi tr c hc v lp trng nhn hc. Bi tp ngn ng hc, o to c phng php tri gic, v cc bi tp khc s hng trc tip n vic ph hp cho ngha v thc t cuc sng ca tr t nc c bn n kt thc. Vic ging dy c quyt nh l phi khch quan v truyn ti ht s phong ph ca tng cht liu. Rt kh c th ni ht mi th mt cch chi tit. D sao, ti cng phi cp n chuyn tn ti mi lin h gia nh trng v phng tm, ni tr c c nc nng hoc lnh, v l ni chng c th c hc cch tm ra sch s tng b phn: tay, mt, c, l tai. Bt c ni no Hi Lin Hip c th cung cp t, tr s c hc cch trng rau s dng trong cuc sng hng ngy. Mt iu quan trng ti mun nhc n, l chng trnh s phm nh ca tr, ni tng t nh mt c s t thin. Nhng ngi tng bit v cc vn m mt nh lnh o phi i mt, s bit ngy nay hin trng b ch rt nhiu, nhm mc ch t c s thng nht gia nh trng v gia nh trong mc tiu gio dc. Tuy nhin, cc gia nh li lun rt xa trng, nn thng xy ra s i nghch vi nhau v quan im mc tiu l tng. N l mt mng ma o m nh trng khng th nm bt c. Gia nh khng ch gn gi vi chng trnh s phm, m cn c chng trnh x hi. Chng ti quyt nh trng hc c cha ng bn trong ngi nh, nh s s hu tp th, v nhng gio vin s dnh c cuc i mnh hon thnh c nhim v cao c, v cch h thc hin nh bc cha m i vi gia nh ca mnh. tng thu thp vic s hu ca nh trng l rt mi m, p v mang tnh nh hng cao. Bc ph huynh bit rng nh ca tr l ti sn ca h, tn ti c do tin h chi ra. Ngi m c quyn ty n bao nhiu gi mt ngy xem, ngng m, hoc lm trung gian cho cuc sng y. Sau khi tri qua 3 nm nh thi k tu tm dng tnh, ngi m gi con mnh n nhng trng thng thng, cng l khi tr c chun b chu o cho vic gia nhp mi trng lm vic gio dc, v c c lng trc n, iu m thm ch him thy cc lp hc tt nht. C th hn, tng c nhc n y l bn thn mi bc cha m cng cn c mt hnh kim v c hnh xng ng s hu a con c gio dc. Mt thun li khc t nh ca tr lin quan n ngnh khoa hc s phm. Cho n nay, nhnh phng php s phm ny da trn vic hc mn nhn hc 9

ca hc sinh, n thi l i tng ging dy, ch a ra mt s cu hi tch cc v vn gio dc. Con ngi khng ch l thc th sinh hc, m cn l sn phm ca x hi, v th nn mi mi trng ring r ca tng c nhn trong qu trnh gio dc chnh l ngi nh. Phng php khoa hc s phm s tm kim mt cch v vng mt th h mi tt hn, v nu khng thnh cng trong vic to ra nh hng th mt mi trng ca th h mi s hnh thnh! Ti tin rng chng trnh mang n nh sng vn minh y s tht cho ngi nh, v chng ta c th thay i mi trng trc din ca th h mi, nh vy nguyn l c bn ca phng php khoa hc s phm c th p dng theo cch thc t nht. V nn bit rng tt c cc b m trong khu nh u c th thch th vi c quyn ny - h c th i lm m hon ton c yn tm v khng phi lo lng bt c iu g. Cho n by gi ch nhng ph n thng lu mi c hng th nhng c quyn nh th, h gi con cho nhng ngi gi tr m h thu ring hoc cc nh tr a phng ri thoi mi lm nhng vic m mnh yu thch. By gi c quyn y c m rng ra cho nhiu ph n khc trong x hi, h c th tin tng gi con mnh nh tr- ni m chng c chm sc chu o c v th cht ln tinh thn. Cng nh tt c cc b m thng lu khc Anh hoc M, nhng ngi ph n ny cng nhn c y chi tit, s liu v s pht trin, trng thnh ca con mnh t cc bc s v nhng ngi trc tip chm sc chng. Tt c chng ta u quen vi ngun gc nhng thun li ca qu trnh vn chuyn cng trong cuc sng chng hn nh tu ha, n giao thng, in thoi... tt c u l nhng thnh tu to ln. Qu trnh cng nghip ha phc v cuc sng con ngi trn mi lnh vc v n cng gp phn san bng a v ng cp x hiv iu ny phn no thy c trn thc t. Tuy nhin, "cng x" l mt khi nim mi, cng ng c th c c nhiu li ch hn t s ng gp phc v ca nhng ngi lm cng, y t, gio vin. Khi nim "Nh ca tr con" l mt biu hin c o ca tng ny khng ch Italy m cn nhng ni khc. ngha ca vic ny tht su sc v chng ta cn nhiu thi gian hon thnh n. Chng ta khng cn phi ni nhiu n nhng tin li c c ca ngi ph n khi h c th gi con ci ca mnh vo cc nh tr v i lm vic kim tin. Cc b m trong nhiu trng hp cm thy h c li, gn nh b ri a tr khi h khng chm sc chng m lm cc cng vic khc. Chng ta ang trong mt x hi m nhim v v v tr ca ph n l trong nh. Tuy th, c th d dng thy c cc gii php cho nhng rc ri ny m dng nh trc y l bt kh thi. Mt cu hi t ra l, mt gia nh s tr nn th no nu ngi ph n ra bn ngoi lm vic, tt nhin n vn s duy tr

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c. Ti tin tng su sc rng x hi bnh ng s xut hin trong tng lai khng xa. Nhng ngi ph n mi nh nhng con bm thot ra khi kn s c gii phng khi cc rng buc bi nh kin x hi, th xem h nh nhng ngi sng hon ton ph thuc vo n ng. Nhng ngi ph n gi y cng s bnh ng nh nam gii, h cng c quyn c cuc sng hnh phc v th thi trong ngi nh ca mnh. Ph n cng c quyn mu cu cuc sng hnh phc cho mnh, mu cu c yu thng ch khng phi ch l ngi c ngha v phc v chm sc ngi khc. H cng cn c mt cuc sng hnh phc t do khc bn cnh nhng thin chc ca ngi ph n. ngha to ln ca tnh cm con ngi khng phi l mt loi tnh cm v k c nhn m n mang ngha khc cao c hn: lm cho n tr thnh thing ling. Tnh cm l tng ny c m t c th bi Frederich Nietzche trong Zarathustra. Trong tc phm ny, mt ngi ph n- ngi lun mong c a con trai s c cuc sng tt p hn mnh- t cu hi vi mt ngi n ng "ti sao anh cn ti?" v nhn c cu tr li "C l do ni s s nguy him ca mt cuc sng c c chng?" "Trong trng hp phi xa nhau, ti mong mun ngi n ng chin thng c chnh bn thn anh ta, lm cho tm hn anh ta tr nn tuyt vi hn. Ti mong mun anh ta lun gi gn thn th mnh sch s v cng trng. Ti mong mun ngi n ng, ngi m khao kht kt hp cng ti c th cht ln tm thn, cng to ra nhng a con trai. Nhng a con trai hon ho hn, mnh khe hn bt k nhng g c to ra t trc n nay". Nhng quy tc v iu l ca "nh ca tr con" (nh tr): Gio hi La M ng quyn thnh lp "nh ca tr con" trong mi khu chung c, l ni tp trung tt c cc em b m gia nh ca chng sinh sng trong khu chung c . Ngi ng u nh tr c bu mt cch c lp, mi s chm sc mang tnh cch c nhn ca b m a tr u khng c php nhn. Nh tr quan tm pht trin mi mt ca mt a tr ph hp vi la tui ca n t th cht n tinh thn, tnh cm. C s lin quan gn kt gia cc b phn trong nh tr t hiu trng n cc c gio trng tr v cc bc sinh dinh dng, bc s vt l tr liu. 11

Hiu trng l ngi quyt nh chng trnh v thi gian hc "Nh ca tr con" s nhn tt c cc b trong tui t 3 tui n by tui. Ph huynh c con em theo hc trong cc "nh ca tr con" khng cn phi chi tr bt k khon tin no ngoi tr vic phi tun th nhng iu kin sau y: (a) Gi tr ng gi hn trc, v sinh tr v qun o sch s t trc, gi km theo ym n ph hp ca b. (b)Th hin thi tn trng tuyt i i vi hiu trng v tt c nhng ai c lin quan n "nh ca tr con". t nht mt tun mt ln, cc b m c th ni chuyn cng b hiu trng cung cp cc thng tin lin quan n cuc sng gia nh ca a tr v nhn nhng li khuyn t b hiu trng. Nhng trng hp sau s b trc xut khi "nh ca tr con": (a) Nhng a tr m khng c b m ca chng tm ra sch s, hoc mc qun o bn thu. (b) Nhng a tr m cho thy bn thn chng khng th sa i c. (c) Nhng a tr m b m chng th hin thi khng tn trng i vi nhng ngi lm cc vic lin quan n "nh ca tr con" hoc c nhng can thip vi nhng hnh vi thiu o c n cng tc gio dc ca nh trng.

Chng 4: Phng php s phm p dng trong nh tr Ngay khi bit rng cn c s sp xp mt lp hc dnh cho nhng a tr nh ti c mong mun dnh mt phn k hoch cho vic xy dng h thng thc nghim s phm c tnh khoa hc v tm l tr nh. Ti bt u vi ci nhn kt hp Wundt y l tm l tr nh khng tn ti. nh ca ti l vn tip tc theo di cc nghin cu khc nhng vn khng b nh hng nhiu, tin hnh cng vic m khng c nhng nhn nh trc. Ti ch gi li mt iu ct yu - s khng nh -hoc hn th, nh ngha ca

12

Wundlt, rng" tt c cc phng php thc nghim tm l c th c gim bt mt th y l ghi chp mt cch cn thn nhng quan st". Vic i x vi tr con cn phi xen vo mt nhn t thit yu sau:nghin cu s pht trin. y ti ch gi li nhng tiu chun chung nhng khng bm st vo nhng gio iu v cc hot ng ca tr theo tng tui. Mt cng c nh di 30 cm c t trn nn ca "anthropometer" o c v tr ngi.

Khong trng i din vi mi s c s dng in tn ca a tr mi sinh theo tng ngy trong thng. Do gio vin bit c hc sinh no m mnh cn kim tra vo cc ngy c nh du trn lch v in kt qu theo di tng thng ng vi ngy sinh.Theo cch ny, cc gio vin s c c mt s ng k chnh xc m khng cm thy b lm vic qu sc. Vi nhng g lin quan n cn nng ca a b, ti sp xp vic ly s liu c thc hin mi tun, dng c l mt ci cn a v tin hnh phng tm ca tr. Da vo ngy m a tr c sinh ra, th hai, th ba, th t,...chng ti tin hnh cn trc khi tm cho chng. Do , vic tm cho nhng a tr c phn chia li thnh 7 ngy v c t 3 n 5 b c tm mi ngy. Vic tm ra hng ngy chc chn c mong mun hn nhng qun l ht c s lng ln ny hoc t hn th tht s cn thit m mt s lng ph hp cc em b c tm cng lc. Thm ch vic tm ra hng tun cng c nhiu kh khn v i khi khng thc hin c. Trong bt k hon cnh no ti cng c gng kt hp ly ch s cn nng ca tr mi ln tm ra nh k. Chng ta s s dng cc mu n ny lu gi cc kt qu cn nng ca tr, v cc n ny s c trnh by trong phn s sch. Mi trang s tng ng vi mt thng. i vi ti cc thc o nhn hc ny, th m ti va trnh by cch thu thp v lu nhn s liu, l iu duy nht m cc v n hiu trng cn gi cho ring mnh. V do vy, nhng iu ny ch thc hin ni trong phm vi nh trung m thi. 13

K hoch ca ti l cc cng c o lng khc s c vn hnh bi mt thy thuc, ngi m nu khng phi chuyn gia th cng ang chun b cho lnh vc nhn loi hc v tr nh. Cn trong khong thi gian ny, chnh ti s l ngi chu trch nhim vn hnh cc cng c o lng ny.

Bn xt nghim do thy thuc rt cn phi c nhiu phn lin quan nhau. Ti thit k v in ra nhng bng sinh l y lm v d.

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* Trong bng thng k mc pht trin, Dr. Montessori ni v tr ngi v mc pht trin li vi nhau. + Bng thng k Ponderal c xy dng bng cch kt ni chiu cao v cn nng vi nhau. Nh chng ta thy, nhng bng ny rt n gin. Ti to ra chng nh th hy vng bc s v hiu trng c th s dng mt cch t do v c lp. Theo nh bng sinh l ca thy thuc, ti khuyn rng mi nm cn thc hin cc vic o t sau: chu vi vng u, b rng ca u, cc bng mc lc thng k ch s cc phn u, mc pht trin. Thng tin chi tit lin quan n cc vn o lng c th tm xem lun n Phng php s phm nhn (loi) hc ca ti. Trong sut tun hoc t nht l khong mt thng ca giai on tr hon thnh mt nm tui ca chng, hoc vo ngy sinh nht chng, ngi thy thuc c yu cu phi ly cc thng s chiu cao, cn nng ca tr.

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Theo cch ny ngi thy thuc s hon thnh phn s d dng hn nh vic thc hin thng xuyn. Chng t c gn 50 tr trong cc trng, v v th, sinh nht ca chng gn nh tri u ht 365 ngy trong nm, nn cch thc hin tng giai on nh th s gim bt gnh nng ca ngi thy thuc. Nhim v ca gio vin l thng bo sinh nht cc tr cho bc s. Nhng o lng nhn hc ny cng c mt gio dc trong , khi m sau khi cc tr ri khi nh ca tr, chng c th tr li rnh mch v chnh xc nhng cu hi sau y: "Con sinh vo ngy th my? Con sinh ngy no? Khi no n sinh nht con?" Tt c nhng iu ny i hi cn thc hin tng bc mt, v trn ht chng s to cho tr thi quen quan st chnh mnh.Tht vy, ti c th thy nhng a tr tham gia vo vic nghin cu mt cch hon ton thoi mi v vui v. Tr ngay lp tc bt u ci giy, mm ci v chy ngay n ch ng ca n v cc gio vin ch vic iu chnh li dng c o v c kt qu. Ngoi phng php o lng truyn thng vi cc dng c nh compa, thc o,... cc nh vt l cn tin hnh nhng quan st v kh nng nhn bit mu sc , iu kin th cht, tnh trng bch cu, tnh trng mu,.. ca tr. H ch n mi d tt ca tr, m t mi tnh trng bnh l mt cch cn thn (khuynh hng ci xng, chng t lit bm sinh, khim th,...).Nhng nghin cu ny v tr ch dn cho cc bc s khi h tm c nhng li khuyn ni chuyn vi b m tr v nhng iu kin lin quan. Khng cn nhi ng g na, phng php quan st phi bao gm s quan st c th t hnh thi pht trin ca cc hc sinh. Nhng ti cn phi nhc li mt iu l yu t ny cn thit phi thm vo, n khng da trn im c bit no m phng php ny c thit lp. Vy nn ti khuyn khch cc v hiu trng cn tp hp cc bui tr chuyn vi cc thng tin v ngi m, c c ci nhn thc t. C s t thng tin v chnh bn thn nhm mc ch tm hiu phng php gio dc ca ph huynh, nhng thi quen ca h, cn sng kim tin, khon tin chi tiu cho cc k hoch ca gia nh, T , c s thu hiu hn lch s ca tng gia nh. Tt nhin l phng php ny ch c th dng trong trng hp v hiu trung cng chung sng vi cc gia nh . Tuy nhin, trong mi trng hp, nhng li khuyn ca thy thuc dnh cho cc b m lin quan n cc vn v sinh chm sc c th cho tng tr v 16

phng cch gi v sinh chung l v cng hu ch. V hiu trng cn c gng lin kt c cc vn ny li vi nhau, v c c c s t tin gia cc ngi m vi nhau, v c kh nng a ra nhng li khuyn bo mt cch rt t nhin. MI TRNG: TRANG THIT B TRONG LP HC Phng php quan st c thit lp da trn quy tc c bn l da trn s t do bc l mt cc t pht v bn thn ca hc sinh. The method of observation is established upon one fundamental basethe liberty of the pupils in their spontaneous manifestations. Vi ci nhn ny, ti dnh ch cho cu hi v mi trng hc tp v d nhin bao gm c nhng trang thit b trong phng hc. Ti khng c thm bt k gi no mi ngoi vic xem xt nhng khu sn chi a dng vi nhiu khng gian rng ri nh nhng khu vn l mt phn ht sc quan trong trong mi trng hc tp ny. S mi l ca vic to ra mt ni kn o trong suy ngh ca ti y l khng gian m ny, m c lin lc trc tip vi phng hc m nhng a tr c th thoi mi n v i bt c lc no m chng mun . Ti s ni c th hn v vn ny nhng phn sau.

The principal modification in the matter of school furnishings is the abolition of desks, and benches or stationary chairs. I have had tables made with wide, solid, octagonal legs, spreading in such a way that the tables are at the same time solidly firm and very light, so light, indeed, that two four-year-old children can easily carry them about. These tables are rectangular and sufficiently large to accommodate two children along the long side, there being room for three if they sit rather close together. There are smaller tables at which one child can work alone. I also designed and had manufactured little chairs. My first plan for these was to have them cane seated, but experience has shown the wear on these to be so great, that I now have chairs made entirely of wood. These are very light and of an attractive shape. In addition to these, I have in each schoolroom a number of comfortable little armchairs, some of wood and some of wicker. Mt trong nhng vt dng khc trong trang thit b ca trng chng ti bao gm c gi ra mt nh v rt thp, c trng men khng thm nc, nhng 17

tr 3 tui cng c th s dng c. Cnh , nhng chic k cao v thp c cha cc cho v bnh cha nh trng men trng, v dnh mt phn nh bn cch ca k ng a x phng, bn chi ch mng, khn tm, Nu c bt c ch no c th, mi tr s c cung cp mt chic t but-ph nh cha x phng, bn chi mng, bn chi nh rng ca ring chng. Trong mi phng hc chng ti u trang b nhng dy t but-ph di v thp. Nhng cch ca t m ra rt d dng, v nhim v chm sc chng l ca l tr. Ngn t trn cng cha cc chu cy, b c nh, v rt nhiu loi chi m tr c cho php chi thoi mi. Chng ti cng c s lng di do cc loi bng en, thm ch tr nh nht cng s dng c. Mi bng en u c trang b km mt hp nh dng ng phn v mnh vi trng, vt m chng ti s dng thay cho ming lau bng thng thng. Trn bng c treo mt bc tranh li cun c la chn mt cch cn thn, ti hin khung cnh n gin m tr em c th d dng thch th khi xem. Gia nhng bc tranh trong nh tr Roma chng ti treo bc tranh c sao chp li t tc phm "Madonna della Seggiola" ca danh ha Raphael. Nhng "nh ca tr" ny qu thc khng ch tiu biu cho s pht trin ca x hi m cn ca c loi ngi v c mi quan h gn gi vi vic nng ln ngha ca bn phn lm m, s pht trin v tr ca ngi ph n v kh nng bo v con ci ca h. Vi ngha p ny, Rafael khng ch gii thiu vi chng ta hnh nh Madonna nh l hnh nh b m tuyt vi b trn tay a tr b bm, m bn cnh biu tng thin chc ngi m ny, ng gi ra hnh nh thnh John, hnh tng tiu biu cho loi ngi. V th, trong tranh ca Rafael chng ta thy s th hin lng tn knh vi ngi m, thin chc ca ngi m - mt chn l cao c thing ling trong nh ngha ca loi ngi. Ngoi vic l biu tng ca ci p, bc tranh cn mang mt gi tr to ln l tc phm v i ca mt trong nhng ha s ti hoa bc thy ca Italy. V nu ci ngy m "nh ca nhng tr" c lp ra trn c th gii ny n th chnh l m c ca chng ta v bc tranh ny c t khp mi ni. Nhng a tr tht s khng th lnh hi hon ton ngha biu tng ca "Madonna of the chair" nhng chng s cm nhn c nhiu ci tt p hn l ch nhng g c th hin r rng trn bc tranh nh hnh nh ca b, m v nhng a con. V tnh bn vnh cu ca bc tranh s nh thc tri tim ca tt c chng. V nh th y l mi trng m ti la chn cho nhng a b, l quyn c gio dc. Ti bit ngh u tin s xut hin trong u ca nhng ngi quen vi cc phng php k lut c rng nhng a tr nhng ngi trng ny ch ton chy 18

loanh quanh, lm o ln ht c bn gh, n o v hn lon.Th nhng y ch l nhng nh kin tn ti lu i trong suy ngh ca nhng ai phi lm nhng cng vic lin quan n tr con. T hng th k nay, tt c u cho rng a tr s sinh no cng phi tri qua giai on qun t, ri th n nhng ci xe tp i c th tp nhng bc chp chng u tin. Th nn trong trng hc ny, chng ti vn tin tng vic cn thit phi c nhng chic bn gh nng gn trn sn. Nhng chic bn nh v rt nhu dng gh khc nhau ca chng ti u nh v d dng dch chuyn, v chng ti cho php tr c chn la v tr ngi no m chng thy thoi mi. Tr ch c th c thoi mi vi iu kin chng c ngi trong ch ca ring chng m thi. S thoi mi ny khng ch l du hiu ca t do, m cn l mt trong cc phng php gio dc. Nu v mt c ch di chuyn t hi no m tr lm phin lng chic gh, th m s p xung sn trong m thanh m , s l minh chng cho s thiu t cch ca tr; hnh ng tng t xy ra ni nhng bng gh di khng dch chuyn, th m tr cha d . Nh vy, tr s c suy ngh v vic t sa cha bn thn, v khi lm c iu y nng lc ca tr s tng ln: nhng chic bn v gh nh rt trt t v tr c nh ca chng. iu y chng t rng tr iu khn c nhng hnh ng ca chng. Trong phng php c, bng chng ca vic t c k lut hon ton tri ngc li th ny: l trong s im lng v bt ng ca bn thn a tr. S im lng v bt ng s ngn cn tr hc hi cch di chuyn duyn dng v sng sut, khin cho a tr trng nh cha c o to g c. V d, khi tr trong tnh hung nhng gh v bng gh c sp xp gn cht trn sn, tr khng bit cch di chuyn m khng phi lt p phn nh hn ca vt ln. Trong nh ca tr, tr khng ch c hc cch di chuyn kho lo v thch hp, m cn c hiu r l do v sao phi rn luyn mt dng iu ng n. Khi tr cn nh tui, l lc thch hp t thnh tho vic kim sot bn thn trong s t do hon ton. Hiu trng ca Casa dei Bambini Milan thit k mt dy k di v hp t di cc khung ca s, v trn k l nhng chic bn b c t sn hnh khi kim loi s dng cho bi hc u tin v thit k. Tuy nhin, k qu hp dn n vic tr s lm ri cc bn nh trong khi chn vt m chng mun s dng, v s gy ra ting n ln t nhng vt kim loi . V hiu trng mun thay i chic k nhng ngi th mc n rt chm, v trong khi ch i, c khm ph ra rng tr hc c cch cm nm cc th vt liu rt cn thn, nn d chic k hp v dc, nhng chic bn b khng cn b ri xung sn na. Bng cch di chuyn tht cn thn thng n cc mn c, tr khc phc c khuyt im ny. Nhng mn vt c cu to n gin hoc b khim 19

khuyt thng dng pht trin k nng hot ng v kho lo ca hc sinh. y l mt trong nhng bt ng v phng php ging dy m chng ti p dng ti nh ca tr. Tt c vic ny u c v rt l-gc, v gi y c gng xp chng vo li ni, th khng cn nghi ng g na, chuyn i vi mi ngi n gin nh qu trng ca Christopher Columbus vy. Ghi ch: Nhn tin, ti sng ch ra phng tin tm ra cho nhiu tr cng mt lc m khng cn bn tm ln. xoay s vic ny, ti ngh n mt chic mng xi di vi tr chng pha di v nhng l, ni c th t ring r nhng chic chu b ln. Theo quy lut ca mc nc, nc chy trong mng xi s chy qua nhng ci l v y cc chu b di. Khi nc y, s khng gp vn nc chy trn t chu ny sang chu khc, v mi tr s c bn tm ring ca chng. Mng nc s cn ng thi cng vi cc chu nh, v cc chu nh bng kim loi s d dng chuyn vo chu ln ra sch. V cng khng qu kh hnh dung mt nt bn lp vo ci l pha di. y l nhng k hoch cho tng lai!

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