HNG DN LA CHN MY NH K THUT S Loi my nh s no ph hp ?

? - Snapshooter - Trendsetter - Business user - Serious amateur - Budget buyer Bao nhiu MegaPixel ? Loi ng knh no ? - Fixed-focal-length lenses (ng knh tiu c c nh) - Retractable zoom lenses - Fixed zoom lenses - Interchangeable lenses Loi th nh no ? - CompactFlash Types I v II - IBM - Hitachi Microdrive - Secure Digital/ MultiMediaCard (SD/MMC) - SmartMedia - Sony Memory Stick - Sony Memory Stick Pro - xD-Picture Card Loa pin no t t nht ? - Loi pin chuyn dng (Model-specific) - Loi pin sc thng dng (Universal rechargeable) - Loi pin dng mt ln (Disposable) My nh cn c nhng tnh n ng no na ? - Video-clip recording ( quay mt on Vieo ngn) - Voice recording (ghi m) - Video conferencing (m thoi truyn hnh) - Music playback ( chi nhc MP3) - In-camera editing - Special image modes (Cac ch chup c bit ) - World time/alarm clock

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LOI MY NH K THUT S NO L PH HP ? Chn mua my nh k thut s hon ton khng d. Bt c ai khi i mua, u mong mun chn c mt chic my nh ph hp vi nhu c u ca mnh cn bng gia tnh nng v gi c. C l iu quan trng nht khi i mua my nh l ngi s dng cn xc nh c mnh s lm g vi chi c my nh sp mua ny. Sau y l mt vi kiu ngi dng thng gp. Snapshooter Nu ban mong mun ch p nh ng bc nh c th g i e-mail cho gia nh v bn b, xut bn ln trang web hay ch in ra nhng b c nh c kch thc nh hn 8x10 inches trn bt c loi my in inkjet no. Cn c mt chic my nh m mi ngi trong gia nh u c th s dng c, nh g n d mang theo. Cc tnh nng cn c: phn gii (Resolution): 2 triu im nh hoc ln hn Gi: $100 Kiu ng knh: ng knh zoom quang hc Kiu th nh: Compact Flash, Memory Stick, XD- Picture, Secure Digital, MultiMedia. nh dng nh: JPEG Giao tip: USB, ng xut ra Tivi NTSC/PAL Cc ch phi sng: T ng, theo chng trnh, c ch b tr phi sng. Kiu canh nt: T ng Ch hot ng c a n Flash: T ng, chng mt Phn mm km theo: chnh sa nh, sp xp theo album Multimedia: c kh nng quay video bao gm c thu ting Cc tnh nng s l u th khi chn la: Kh nng kt ni trc tip vi my in (khng cn my tnh)u Trendsetter Nu bn mu n c mt th chi c o, tht s gy n tng vi bn b v nhng ng i xung quanh bi nhng tnh nng, cng ngh mi nht. Tuy nhin s dng khng c qu phc t p. Gi c cng l mt tiu ch quan tm nhng khng phi l u tin hng u.

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Cc tnh nng cn c: phn gii (Resolution): 3->5 triu im nh. Gi: di $200 Kiu ng knh: ng knh zoom quang hc Kiu th nh: Compact Flash, Memory Stick, XD- Picture, Secure Digital, MultiMedia. nh dng nh: JPEG Giao tip: USB, ng xut ra Tivi NTSC/PAL Cc ch phi sng: T ng, theo chng trnh, c ch b tr phi sng. Kiu canh nt: T ng Ch hot ng c a n Flash: T ng, chng mt , h tr canh nt Phn mm km theo: chnh sa nh, sp xp theo album Multimedia: c kh nng quay video bao gm c thu ting Cc tnh nng s l u th khi chn la: Cu trc (design) thuc loi siu nh gn, c tnh nng webcam, c tnh nng ghi m, c kh nng chi nhc MP3. Business user Nu bn mu n c mt chic my nh dng cho cng vic, chp nh qung co, xut bn trn giy hoc trn trang web c tnh chuyn nghip. Cc tnh nng cn c: phn gii (Resolution): 5 triu im nh hoc ln hn Gi: $200 - $500 Kiu ng knh: ng knh zoom quang hc Kiu th nh: Compact Flash, Memory Stick, XD- Picture, Secure Digital, MultiMedia. nh dng nh: JPEG, TIFF Giao tip: USB, ng xut ra Tivi NTSC/PAL Cc ch phi sng: T ng, c ch b tr phi sng, c ch chp u tin khu , u tin tc Kiu canh nt: T ng Ch hot ng c a n Flash: T ng, chng mt , c n h tr canh nt Phn mm km theo: phi km theo phn mm chnh sa nh. Multimedia: c kh nng quay video bao gm c thu ting Cc tnh nng s l u th khi chn la:

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watermarking, text capture mode Serious amateur Nu ban mu n c c nhng bc nh t mc chuyn nghip, c th in ra nhng bc nh kch c t 8x10 inches tr ln trn my in chuyn nghip. My nh cn c cc tnh nng to iu kin ti a cho vic sng to nh, c th mua thm cc ng knh ph tr. Cc tnh nng cn c: phn gii (Resolution): phi ln hn 5 triu im nh Gi: trn $500 Kiu ng knh: ng knh zoom quang hc, c th gn thm cc ng knh ph tr Kiu th nh: Compact Flash, Memory Stick, XD- Picture, Secure Digital, MultiMedia, Microdrive nh dng nh: JPEG, TIFF, RAW Giao tip: USB 2.0, FireWire Cc ch phi sng: T ng, chp u tin tc -khu , c ch chp t ch nh, c kh nng la chn kiu o sng, c ch ch p b tr Kiu canh nt: T ng, T la chn vng canh nt, t canh nt (manual) n Flash: c hotshoe cho php gn n flash ngoi, n flash c th hot ng ch slow-sync Phn mm km theo: phn mm chnh sa nh v i y cc tnh nng. Multimedia: c kh nng quay video bao gm c thu ting Cc tnh nng s l u th khi chn la: C ch chp lin tc (continuous-shooting), c kh nng tng thch vi cc ng knh 35mm, c ch ch p do ngi dng t t. Budget buyer Nu ban mu n c mt chic my nh di $100, ch c n to ra nhng bc nh cht lng va phi gi e-mail hay xut bn ln web, ch in nh kch c nh (4x6) trn cc my in thng thng, c th s dng ngay m khng cn c sch hng dn. Cc tnh nng cn c: phn gii (Resolution): 2 triu im nh hoc ln hn Gi: di $100

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Kiu ng knh: ng knh zoom quang hc( tt hn zoom s ) Kiu th nh: Compact Flash, Memory Stick, XD- Picture, Secure Digital, MultiMedia. nh dng nh: JPEG Giao tip: USB, ng xut ra Tivi NTSC/PAL Cc ch phi sng: T ng Kiu canh nt: T ng Ch hot ng c a n Flash: T ng, chng mt Phn mm km theo: chnh sa nh, sp xp theo album Multimedia: c kh nng quay video bao gm c thu ting Cc tnh nng s l u th khi chn la: C tnh nng webcam, c mn hnh LCD BAO NHIU MEGAPIXEL L ? Thc s y l mt cu h i nh v vy s c hai cu tr li: Cu tr li ngn: nh s dng cho m c ch e-mail hay xut bn ln web th khng cn phn gii ti 3 triu im nh. Nhng bc nh c chp vi nh in hoc cn phi chnh s a th cn t nht l 3 triu im nh. Nu nh cn ph i in ra nh ng b c nh kch c t 8x10 tr ln th cn c my nh 4 triu im nh tr ln. Cu tr li y : Bn cn my nh bao nhiu triu im nh ph thuc vo vic bn s s dng bc nh c chp lm g, v s dng n nh th no. Nu nh c nh trnh chiu hay ch in ra nhng b c nh nh hn kch c thc ca nh th phn gii tht s khng phi l vn ch cht

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Trong hai bc nh trn: bn tri c chp vi my nh 2 triu im nh, bn phi c ch p vi my nh 4 triu im nh, c 2 nh ny u c thu nh ti kch c nh hn kch c th t s (smaller than actual size). Hu nh khng th phn bit c u l bc nh chp bi my 2 tri u im nh, 4 tri u im nh, ngo i tr hi c s khc bit v mu sc. Tuy nhin khi phng to hai bc nh ny c th d dng nhn ra u l bc chp bi my nh c phn gii cao hn.

Nu nh ch ct ly mt phn ca nh (crop) phng to, ho c in ra th s khc bit cng r rt. Cc chi tit chp bi my 2 triu im nh s m hn so v 4 triu im nh. LOI NG KNH NO L PH HP? C c mt rng cc loi ng knh t lo i r tin kch c rt nh, tiu c c nh, cht liu nha cho ti loi cao cp c kch c ln, zoom quang h c, cht liu th y tinh c bit, cho php tho lp. Mi loi ng knh u nh hng n thit k, c tnh ca my v nh hng r t ln ti cht lng ca nh. Tuy nhin c th chia ng knh ra lm 4 loi khc nhau: Fixed-focal-length lenses (ng knh tiu c c nh)

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Loi ng knh ny khng cung cp ty chn zoom quang hc, c h tr chp macro v chp phong cnh. Ph hp vi kiu ngi dng: snapshooter, budget buyer u im: - Ph hp vi thi t k ca cc my thuc dng nh gn hay siu nh gn. - Cu trc ca my s n gin hn v d s dng. - R tin. - ng knh loi ny thng h tr gc nhn rng (wide angle of view) v vy s tt cho chp phong cnh v nhm ng ngi. Nhc im: - Khng zoom c cc ch xa. - Khng cung c p cc ty ch n cho php dng ng knh ph tr, knh lc. - Cht lng quang hc thng khng cao. Retractable zoom lenses

ng knh loi ny c th th ra, tht vo khi bt, tt my Ph hp vi kiu ngi dng: snapshooter, budget buyer, trendsetter u im: - To iu kin d dng cho vic thit k cc my thuc dng nh gn.

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- ng knh c bo v kh tt do tht c vo trong thn my v np ng knh c tch hp s n. Nhc im: - Thng khng h tr knh lc hoc knh converters - Kh nng zoom b gii hn t 2x ti 3x - Thi gian bt my b ko di do cn c thi gian cho ng knh th ra kh i my - Ty ch n canh nt manual b gii hn

Fixed zoom lenses

ng knh c gn c nh vo thn my. Loi ng knh ny khng th tht vo trong thn my khi tt my. Ph hp vi kiu ngi dng: serious amateur, business user, trendsetter u im: - Kh nng zoom quang hc c th t ti 12x - H tr vic lp thm ng knh ph tr (wide-angle, close-up), knh lc (filter) - My nh lp ng knh loi ny thng c sn cc tnh nng cao cp - Thng cung cp ch canh nt t chnh s dng vng canh nt Nhc im: - Cu trc my thng cng knh hn khi so vi loi s dng ng knh th tht - iu khi n my thng phc tp hn do c rt nhiu ty chn, ch Interchangeable lenses Cc my nh chuyn nghip SLR thng s dng h thng ng knh

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ny. Ngi dng c th tho ri ng knh v lp ng knh loi khc (ng knh tng thch) Ph hp vi kiu ngi dng: serious amateur u im: - C cht lng quang hc tt nht - Do c th lp thm cc kiu ng knh khc nhau nn h tr rt nhiu kiu cnh chp - Khng cn mua my nh mi nu ch cn nng cp ng knh Nhc im: - t tin - ng knh thng c kch c ln v nng - D gy nhm ln khi la chn ng knh do c s khc bit v tiu c gia cc loi ng knh khc nhau LOI TH NH NO L PH HP ? My nh k thut s thng lu tr nh trong cc thit b nh di ng, cc thit b nh ny thng c bn cht l loi flash-memory (ngoi tr mt s t my lu tr nh ln a CD, hoc a mm Sony Mavica). S lng nh c th lu tr c trn th nh ph thuc vo dung lng b nh cn trng trn th v ph thu c kch c file nh (kch c file nh c chnh thng qua cc ty chn v nn nh v phn gii ca nh). Khi la mua my nh k thut s nn xem xt kiu th nh my nh s dng. Nu nh c nh (hay hin ti) s dng my nghe nhc MP3 hay PDA c b nh m rng l th nh th nn chn cng loi th nh do c th s dng hon i gia cc thit b, tn tin nng cp. CompactFlash Types I v II

u im: Dung lng nh cc i ln hn so vi cc loi th nh khc (vo th i im vit bi ny c th nh CF dung lng 2 GB), rt nhiu thit b k thut s h tr nh dng CF, gi tng i r khi so snh v i cc nh d ng khc.

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Nhc im: Kch thc ln hn hn khi so v i cc lo i th nh khc Cc nh sn xut h tr nh dng CF: Canon, Kodak, Minolta, Nikon, Pentax IBM - Hitachi Microdrive

u im: Tc hot ng nhanh, dung lng b nh ln Nhc im: t tin. Dung lng b nh cc i ln khng cn l u i m khi so snh vi CF Cc nh sn xut h tr nh dng Microdrive: C rt nhiu nh sn xut h tr nh dng ny, thng ch c cc my nh thuc loi chuyn nghip mi h tr nh dng ny Secure Digital/ MultiMediaCard (SD/MMC)

u im: y l nh dng rt thng dng, kch thc nh, tc hot ng nhanh Nhc im: Dung lng b nh cc i b h n ch Cc nh sn xut h tr nh dng ny: Casio, Contax, HP, Kodak, Konica, Kyocera, Leica, Minolta, Panasonic, Pentax, Toshiba SmartMedia

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u im: Khng Nhc im: nh dng c, ang b thay th bi nh dng i mi xD-Picture, tc hot ng chm, dung lng b nh ti a thp Cc nh sn xut h tr nh dng ny: Fujifilm, Olympus, Samsung Sony Memory Stick

u im: c h tr bi tt c cc thit b k thut s ca Sony, ang tr nn ph bi n Nhc im: Dung lng b nh ti a b gii hn, khng c nhiu nh sn xut h tr Nh sn xut h tr: Sony, Konica Sony Memory Stick Pro

u im: H tr b nh dung lng ln Nhc im: Khng tng thch v i cc thit b sn xut trc n m 2003. Ngoi tr Sony, khng mt nh sn xut no tuyn b h tr nh dng ny Nh sn xut h tr: Sony

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xD-Picture Card

u im: Kch thc nh nh t trong cc loi th nh v vy cc thit b s cng c th lm nh hn Nhc im: nh dng mi mang tnh c quyn, dung lng ti a vn cha u i kp cc nh dng khc Nh sn xut h tr: Fujifilm, Olympus LOI PIN NO L TT NHT My nh s dng loi pin no khng quan trng bng vic my c th s dng bao nhiu loi pin. Pin sc lithium-ion thng c thi gian hot ng lu hn so vi cc loi pin khc, tuy nhin nu nh bn ang trong rng hay mt ni no m khng th c ngun in sc th khng g hn l c mt ng pin cho d l loi khng sc c nhng dng c cho my nh ca mnh. Loi pin chuyn dng (Model-specific)

y l loi pin c thit k ring, c chng cho tng i my nh Bn cht ho h c: Lithium-ion hay nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) u im: - Thng l loi pin c thi gian s d ng lu nht - Thit k nh gn - Bo v mi trng tt hn so vi lo i pin khng sc - Chi ph s dng thp hn so vi loi khng sc li - Thng tch hp sn chp cho php iu khin pin v hin th thng

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tin v pin chnh xc hn Nhc im: -Tiu tn in nng khi sc li - Cn phi c b s c c chng - Khng s dng c trn cc my nh loi khc hay cc thit b in t khc - t c pin tng thch do cc hng th ba sn xut (pin tng thch thng c gi d chu hn) Loi pin sc thng dng (Universal rechargeable) y l loi pin sc tiu chu n thng dng

Bn cht ho h c: Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) u im: - Thi gian s dng lu - Tt hn cho mi trng (so vi loi khng sc) - D mua, thng dng - Gi hp l Loi pin dng mt ln (Disposable)

y l loi pin khng sc li c, sn xut theo cc tiu chun chung Bn cht ho h c: Lithium, alkaline u im: Lun c sn ti cc c a hng, d mua Nhc im: - Khng tt cho mi trng - Pin Alkaline thng khng c dung lng ln

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MY NH CN C TH THM NHNG TNH NNG NO NA Hu ht cc my nh k thut s hin c trn th trng ngoi chc nng chp cn cung cp cc tnh nng khc. Sau y l mt s tnh nng hu ch khc cng rt ng quan tm khi la mua my. Video-clip recording ( quay mt on Vieo ngn) Rt nhiu my nh k thu t s c kh nng quay mt on video ngn, tuy nhin cht lng quay khng th so snh vi my quay k thut s (vo thi im hin ti). Cc loi my nh khc nhau th cht lng quay cng khc nhau. Cht lng quay video cao nht c a my nh k thut s cho ti nay l 30 hnh/giy v i phn gii VGA (640 x 480), mt s my cho php quay video lin tc ch gii hn thi gian quay dung lng th nh cn trng, mt s my gii hn thi gian quay ti a (t 3 giy ti 3 pht). Mt s my ch quay Video khng thu ting v vy khi chn la my cn hi k ng i bn v cc c tnh k thut ny trc khi quyt nh mua. Voice recording (ghi m) Mt s my nh cho php ghi m mt on ngn ch gii cho bc nh chp. Mt s my cn c kh n ng hot ng nh mt my ghi m, c th ghi m trong nhiu gi (thi gian ghi ph thuc vo dung lng th nh cn trng), loi my ny thng tch hp sn microphone. Video conferencing (m thoi truyn hnh)

Mt s my nh cn cung cp chc nng webcam, i km theo my thng gm phn mm video conferencing

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Music playback

Ch c mt s t my nh c th chi nhc MP3, i km theo my thng c sn tai nghe. Kiu my ny thng nhm vo nhng ngi yu thch cng ngh mi. i vi loi my nh ny ngi dng khng nn i hi phi c c cht lng nh t t nht, hay m thanh tuyt h o. In-camera editng

Rt nhiu my nh cho php chnh sa nh (thay i kch c, copy, ..) trc khi truyn ra my tnh hoc in ra nh. Mt s thm ch cn cho php ch nh sa on video va quay. Special image modes

Mt s my cung cp ch chp c bit nh chp nh 3D, animation World time/alarm clock

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Mt s my cn cung cp gi cc thnh ph ln trn th gii. Tnh nng ny nu c sn trong my nh th tt nhng khng ng l mt tiu ch khi i la chn my

NH S nh s c to nn t hng trm ngn cho n hng triu vung rt nhc coi l nhng thnh t ca b c nh v thng c bit d i tn gi l pixels. My tnh hay my in s dng nhng vung nh ny hin th hay in ra bc nh. lm c i u my tnh hay my in chia mn hnh, trang gi y thnh mt mng li cha cc vung, sau s d ng cc gi tr cha trong file nh nh ra mu sc, sng ti ca tng pixel trong mng li - nh s c hnh thnh. Vic kim sot, nh ra a ch theo mng li nh trn c g i l bit mapping v nh s cn c gi l nh bit-maps.

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C th mng tng nh s ging nh bc tranh trn c to nn t v s cc ht u tng c nhum mu. Mi ht u tng c th coi nh mt pixel. Kch c nh v s lng pixel Cht lng ca bc nh khi c in hay hin th trn mn hnh ph thuc mt phn vo s lng cc pixels to nn bc nh (i khi c gi l phn gi i-resolution). S lng cc pixels cng nhiu th cc chi tit cng c hin th r, mc sc nt cng tng ng ngha vi vic phn gii cng ln hn. Nu nh phng i bc nh s ln th mt ngi s nhn ra c cc pixels ny. Kch c ca nh s c th c biu th theo mt trong hai cch sau theo chiu di v chi u rng tnh bng n v pixel hoc theo tng s pixel to nn b c nh.

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nh c kch c 1600 x 1200 pixel cng tng ng v kch c vi nh 1.92 triu im nh (ly 1600 nhn vi 1200)

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S lng pixel c trong bc nh s quyt nh kch c nh, nh hng n ln ca file nh Phim s - B cm nhn nh sng Khng ging nh my nh dng film truyn thng, my nh s s dng mt thit b cm nhn nh sng bt gi hnh nh-image sensor. Nhng con chip Silicon c kch c nh nh mng tay ny c ch a hng triu t bo quang in-photosites. Mi t bo quang in ny lm nhim v ghi li nh sng tc ng ln n bng vic tch in, c ng nh sng cng ln th lng in tch cng ln. Cng sng ghi l i bi cc t bo quang in s c s l, lu tr d i dng s v s dng thit lp cng sng, mu sc ca tng ch m nh trn mn hnh hoc trn trang gi y in qua to ra hnh nh.

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B cm nhn sng-image sensor cha cc photosite lm nhim v chuyn nng lng nh sng sang in tch Cng ging nh my nh dng film, nh sng i vo my nh s thng qua ng knh. My nh s c ba kiu mn trp khc nhau c chc nng kim sot khong thi gian nh sng tc ng vo b cm nhn (ng ngha vi vic kim sot sng ti ca hnh nh): - Electrically shuttter sensor: b cm nhn nh sng lm lun c nhim v ca mn trp, quyt nh khong thi gian phi sng. Trn b cm nhn c sn mch in iu khin lc no th bt u v k t thc phi sng. - Electromechanical shutter: mn trp l mt thit b c iu khin bng in t. - Electro-optical shutters: mt thit b in t nm ngay pha trc b cm nhn iu khin ng truyn ca nh sng qua tc ng n th i gian phi sng.

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B cm nhn lun l mt thit b rt nh , thng l mt trong ba kch c trn v nh hn nhiu so vi kch c film 35 mm.Thng thng th b c m nhn kch thc cng ln th cht lng hnh nh thu c cng tt. T nh sng ti hnh nh Khi mn trp c m ra, ng knh s tp trung nh sng ln b c m nhn. Mt s t bo quang in s ghi nhn nhng vng sng, mt s ghi nhn nhng vng ti, mt s th ghi l i nhng vng mc trung gian. Mi t bo s chuyn i tn hiu nh sng sang in tch. Khi mn trp ng li, qu trnh phi sng hon thnh, thng tin v in tch trn mi t bo s c s ho, lu tr nhm to ra hnh nh su mu (Color Depth) y l khi ni m dng biu th bao nhiu bits c s dng nhm th hin thng tin ca mi lo i mu. Hu ht my nh u h tr su mu 24bit ( 8 bit cho mu , 8 bit cho mu lam v 8 bit cho mu lc), tuy nhin mt s my h tr 30 bit mu. Ch c my nh s chuyn nghi p mi h tr 36 bit mu. S lng bit c s dng cng nhiu th mu sc cng phong ph. V d nh my nh h tr 24 bit mu (8 bit cho mu , 8 bit cho mu lam, 8 bit cho mu lc) th m i mu s c 256 (28) sc thi mu khc nhau. S phi hp gia 3 mu c bn ny c m ho d i dng 8, 10, 12 bits s to ra nhng bc nh vi su mu tng ng 24, 30, 32 bit mu.

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 nhy sng ISO (ISO sensitivity) i vi cc my nh truyn thng s dng film, ch s ISO biu th nhy ca film (films sensitivity), ch s ISO ln th film c kh nng nh y sng cao do s thch h p cho chp tc trp nhanh hay trong iu kin cng nh sng yu (low light). Tuy nhin film c nhy sng cng ln th cng c xu hng b hin tng ht mu to (grainy). i vi my nh k thut s, nhy sng ph thuc b cm bin nh sng CCD/CMOS. Khc vi my nh dng film ngi chp b ph thuc vo nhy sng ca film, nhy sng ca my nh k thut s c th chnh c. Kh nng chnh nhy sng ngay trn my cng l mt u th c a my nh k thut s khi so snh vi my nh dng film. Tuy nhin CCD l thit b tng t (analog) do khi tng nhy sng c ngha l ph i tng cng khuych i tn hiu in t ng ngha vi vic khuych i cc tn hiu nhiu, nh cng s b "nhiu" nhiu hn. Mt vi tin b gn y trong cng ngh sn xut chip cho php tng nhy sng v t qua gi tr ISO 400 m nhiu vn mc chp nhn c. Cht lng hnh nh v b cm nhn B cm nhn nh sng trong my nh l mt trong nh ng yu t quan trng nh h ng n cht lng ca hnh nh. Cc my nh dng film thc cht ch l nhng hp ti v ngi chp ch vic nht vo bt c loi film no h thch, v chnh lo i film quyt nh tone mu, mu sc ca hnh nh. Nu nh ngi chp cho rng loi film to ra hnh nh c mu sc qu hoc qu xanh h c th chuyn sang dng loi film khc. V i my nh s, film l mt phn gn lin vnh vin vi my nh, do mua mt loi my nh s no ng ngha vi vic ngi dng la chn lun loi film, tone mu ca hnh nh.Mi loi b cm nhn khc nhau u to ra hnh nh c tone mu khc nhau, nh y sng khc nhau, nhiu mu khc nhau. NH SNG V MU SC

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Mu sc ca bt k vt th no u ph thuc vo lo i nh sng phn x t vt th tc ng ti mt. Ni mt cch chnh xc hn mu sc ca vt th ph thuc vo loi nh sng chi u vo vt th v tng mu ring bit c trong nh sng , sau c phn x li t b mt vt th ti mt. Nu ngun sng chiu vo b mt vt th thi u mt vi mu no th nh sng phn x l i t b mt ca vt th y cng s thiu nhng mu . Mu thc ca vt th ch c nhn bit chnh xc khi c chiu sng bi nh sng trng tiu chun- s cn bng mu sc mc tiu chun. Mu sc ca hnh nh (c thu nhn b i my nh) b nh h ng bi kh nhiu yu t: tin trnh n m b t nh sng ca b cm nhn, mch iu khin trong my, phn mm s l....Tuy nhin yu t nh hng ln nht n s chnh xc ca mu sc trn bc nh l mc chnh lch gia s cn bng mu sc c thit lp trong my v s cn bng mu sc trn thc t ca nh sng chiu vo ch . CN BNG M U nh sng trng l s trn ln cc loi nh sng mu, mi loi l mt mu nguyn ch t hay ni cch khc nh sng tr ng l hn hp ca cc loi nh sng mu. Tuy nhin t l ca hn hp cc loi nh sng mu to nn nh

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sng trng trong cc iu kin chiu sng khc nhau l rt khc nhau. Mt trong nhng cch miu t s khc bit ny l s dng khi nim nhit mu (Color temperature) v Kelvin c s dng lm n v o nhit mu (ng lm ln vi Kelvin dng o nhit ). Theo Kelvin th thang nhit mu c bc thp nh t ng vi mu , v tng dn qua cc mu: cam, vng, trng, lam. Ngu n sng cng ng v lam th nhit mu cng cao v cng ng sang mu th nhit mu cng thp.

Trong cc tnh hung chiu sng khc nhau, nhit mu s khc nhau do hnh nh chp cng s c mu sc khc nhau. Khi ngun sng l n dy tc s cho nhit mu thp v vy nh chp s thin sang mu . Khi ngun sng l n hynh quang nhit mu thng mc cao (so vi nh sng mt tri) do vy nh chp s thin sang mu xanh. nh sng ban ngy

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vo lc bu tri trong xanh th ng c coi l nh sng trng c nhit mu chun.

Trong 3 nh trn t tri sang phi ln lt l cc nh chp di cc iu kin chiu sng: d i nh n ng mt tri, di nh n hynh quang, di nh n dy tc.D dng nhn thy nh hng ca cc iu kin chiu sng khc nhau ln tone mu ca bc nh. nh sng chiu t n hunh quang thng c nhit mu cao do tone mu thng ng sang mu xanh, nh sng chiu t n dy tc thng c nhit mu thp nn tone mu thng ng v mu . Vic la chn ng ch cn bng trng s hn ch , loi tr c nh hng ca hin tng ny. thu c nh c tone mu chun xc, cc my nh thng c ty chn cn b ng trng (white balance) thc cht l vic iu chnh mc c m nhn i vi tng thnh phn nh sng mu ca b cm nhn sao cho ph hp vi nhit mu thc t trong mi trng. Trong my nh k thut s c kh nhiu kiu cn bng tr ng ngi dng t do la chn: - Auto: My t ng la chn kiu cn bng trng - Manual: Cho php ngi s dng thit lp mc cn bng trng thng qua vic hng ng knh my nh ti mt ming ba mu trng hay bt c vt th trng no,ri thit lp ch cn bng trng. - Sunny: Ch cn bng trng ph hp khi chp ngoi tr i di nh nng - Incadescent: Ch cn bng trng thch hp khi chp trong nh c chiu sng bi n dy tc - Fluorescent: Thch hp khi chp di nh sng n hynh quang - Cloudy: Thch hp khi chp ngoi tri c my m - Flash: Thch hp khi chp c s dng n flash, ly cn bng trng l nh sng n Flash Lm th no chnh kiu cn bng trng? Tm trong menu ca my nh phn White balance hoc Color balance. Trong menu ca my nh biu tng WB thng ch tu chn cn bng trng.

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CN BNG TRNG & CC THI I M CHIU SNG TRONG NGY Trong ngn ng nhip nh c mt khi nim c gi l nh sng ban ngy (daylight). Kiu chiu sng ny ch xu t hin vo nhng th i im nht nh. nh sng ban ngy thng thay i t loi nh sng m thin v mu (warm red) vo lc mt tri mc dn dn chuyn qua lo i nh sng lnh thin v mu xanh (cold blue) vo gia tra sau li chuyn v nh sng m thin v mu vng vo lc mt tr i ln (warm orange). Loi nh sng c gi l nh sng ban ngy xt v mt cn bng trng thng ch xut hin vo khong t 10 gi sng cho ti 2 gi chiu, trong khong thi gian ny mu sc s sng v r nt, nh ch p s cho mu sc chnh xc. nh sng chiu t mt tri trong cc khong thi gian cn li do b nh hng nhiu hn ca kh quyn tri t (khong cch truy n nh sng xa hn) nh sng mu xanh b lc nhiu hn do nh sng trng thng c xu hng nghing sang tone mu m vng-. Nhng s thay i ny s nh hng rt ln n mu sc ca bc nh c chp. Tuy nhin tone mu m ca nh sng lc bnh minh hay chiu t s hin ra rt rc r v p khi c chp.

Bc nh ny c chp vo lc bnh mnh, nh chp thng c tone mu m, do cng chiu sng yu nn cn tng cng mc phi sng.

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nh sng vo giu tra, nhng ngy nng, thng cho nhng bc nh c mu sc chnh xc.

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nh sng vo nhng lc chiu mun thng ng sang mu m, -vng

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Bu tri s c mu sc phong ph nht vo thi im na gi trc khi mt tri mc hoc na gi sau khi mt tri ln. y cng l thi im cc m my c chiu sng tt nht c th gip to nn nhng bc nh phong cnh k l, p mt

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Khi chp lc bnh minh hay hong hn c c mt tri th nh thng b thiu sng do nn tng mc phi sng ln 1 hoc 2 EV.

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Vo nhng lc nh sng rc r nh th ny khng nht thit c phi chp hng v pha mt tri m nn chp nhng cnh vt c chiu bi loi nh sng . CHP VO BAN M ng qun rng c rt nhiu th s hin ra rt p khi c chp vo ban m di nh sng nhn to. Cc ngun sng ny (n ng, n t, la) khng ch c tc dng chiu sng nu nm trong khung hnh nh s to ra nh ng im nhn (nu bit sp xp s cho nhng hiu qu bt ng),

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Khi chp ban m tt nht l mang theo ga ba chn do thng phi chp trong ch thi gian ph i sng ko di d gy ra hin tng hnh nh b m do rung my.

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Thi i m chp mt trng p nht l khi mt trng gn ng chn tri, (bi n m gn mt t nht v cng c kch thc ln nht khi chp). nh sng t mt trng kh yu do cn c thi gian phi sng tng i di mi thu c hnh nh mt trng r nt. HNG CHIU CA NH SNG Hng chiu ca nh sng khi so snh vi v tr ca my nh ng mt vai tr kh quan trng khi chp bi hng chiu ny s to ra bng ca ch chp hin ra trn bc nh. C bn kiu chiu sng sau y thng gp: front-lighting (chp cng chiu v i chiu chiu sng), back-lighting (chp ngc chiu chiu sng), side-lighting (nh sng chiu ngang), top-lighting (nh sng chiu t trn xung). Hng chiu ca nh sng cng nh hng kh ln n vic nhn bit mc phi sng ca h thng t ng chnh mc ph i sng, c th ly v d in hnh sau y vi kiu chiu sng back-lighting (chp ngc sng). Khi chp ngc sng, nh sng chiu vo ng knh do h thng t chnh s nhn bit (mt cch sai lm) l ch th c chp sng hn so vi hin thc do chnh mc phi sng thp hn so vi mc cn thit underexposure, ch th chp hin ra trn bc nh s b t i.

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Side-lighting nh sng chiu ngang lun lm ni b t b cc, ng nt ca ch th c chp do mc tng phn ca cc vng c chiu sng v cc vng b bng nh hng hin ra rt r nt. iu ny cng mt phn gii thch ti sao rt nhiu bc nh p ch p phong cnh u c chp vo lc sng sm hoc chiu mu n.

Front-lighting. Chp cng chiu vi chiu chiu sng. Kiu chiu sng ny s gim thiu ti a bng ca cc ng nt, gc cnh, kh nng canh nt ca my cng s hot ng c hiu qu nht. Cc chi tit hin ra rt r nt.

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Back-lighting. nh sng chiu t ng sau ca ch th c chp, vng ca ch th chp hng v pha ng knh s nm trong bng t i. Hot ng ca h thng t ng chnh mc phi sng s khin cho hnh nh ca ch th c chp b ti. Ngi chp c th lm sng hnh nh bng cch tng cng mc phi sng.

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Top-lighting. Hng chiu t trn cao xung, kiu chi u sng ny rt thng gp. Nu nh chp ng i s d nhn thy vng hc mt s thng b t i, vng m i s c chiu sng r nht, hn ch hin tng ny tt nht l chuyn ngi c chp vo vng bng rm. KIM SOT MC SNG TI CA HNH NH T ng kim sot mc ph i sng l mt trong nhng c tnh cc k hu dng ca my nh k thut s. i vi ai tng s dng my nh c h thng ny hot ng khng tt th s nhn thy r tm quan trng ca h

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thng kim sot phi sng. T ng kim sot ph i sng ng ngh a vi vic my nh s o c ng sng t la chn tc trp v m ng knh ph h p. Tuy nhin h th ng o sng ny khng phi lc no cng cho kt qu chnh xc trong tt c cc iu kin chiu sng khc nhau, cng nh p ng c cc nhu cu ca ngi chp. Trong mt s kiu chiu sng nht nh c th gy lm ln cho h thng o sng dn n nh chp hoc l qu sng (overexposure) hoc l qu ti (underexposure). Mc d c th chnh li sng t i ca nh bng cc phn mm chnh sa (Photo editing), nhng cc chi tit b mt do nm trong vng qu sng hoc qu ti s khng th no phc hi c. Ngi chp c kinh nghim s nhn thy trong mt s trng hp cn phi t tay chnh mc ph i sng. Ch o sng t ng hot ng tt trong tr ng hp no? Hu ht cc cnh chp thng thng c chiu sng vi cng sng trung bnh th u c th chp bng ch t ng o sng. Thng th ng th l cc cnh chp ngoi tri, di nh nng, khi chp khng b ngc sng hoc cc cnh chp trong nh c chiu sng vi cng sng trung bnh v ch chp c chiu sng bi nhiu ngun sng.

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Bc nh trn c chp vi phi sng ph hp. Nu phi sng ch tng ln mt cht (hoc gim i) th cc chi tit trong vng sng (hoc vng ti) s b mt m khng th no phc hi c bng cc phn mm photo editing. Khng dng ch t ng chnh phi sng trong trng hp no? V mt l thuyt tt c cc cnh chp c mc chiu sng ti hn hoc sng hn sng trung bnh ca thang xm (middle gray scale) u cn chnh phi sng. Cc cnh chp cn tng phi sng: -Khi ch p phong cnh b bin, bi ct tr ng, hoc vng tuyt h th ng t ng chnh phi sng khng nhn bit c y l nh ng cnh cn ph i c hnh nh sng hn thng thng do h th ng ny hot ng s khin cho hnh nh thu c qu ti. Nhm thu c hnh nh c mc sng ph hp ngi chp cn tng mc phi sng.

Trong hai nh trn: nh bn phi c chp vi ch tng mc phi sng, nh bn tri c chp ch t ng. - Ch chp c hu cnh rt sng v d nh chp chn dung m hu cnh l bu tri hoc vng tuyt trng, mc sng ca hu cnh s khin cho h thng t ng chnh phi sng nhm ln khin cho chn dung ngi chp tr nn qu ti, trong tr ng hp ny cn phi tng phi sng.

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Cc cnh chp cn gi m mc phi sng: - Khi chp cc cnh m ch chp thng c mu sm ti nh chp thng qu sng do cn ph i gim phi sng.

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- Ch chp c hu cnh rt ti: Khi ch chp l mt vng sng nh nm trn mt n n hu cnh ti ln, h thng t ng o sng s cho rng ton b hnh nh chp ti hn thng thng v tng phi sng khin cho ch chp c hnh nh sng hn thng thng (nh chp b qu sng)

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Mt s cnh chp c bit c tng phn rt cao, v t qu kh nng s l ca b cm nhn sng (s khc bit gia vng ti v vng sng qu ln), lc ny ngi chp ph i quyt nh gi ly cc chi tit vng sng hay vng ti bng cch gim hay tng phi sng

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Tng hay gi m mc phi sng ca hnh nh nh th no? Hu ht cc my nh u cung cp ty chn cho php tng, gim mc phi sng (exposure compensation). Ty chn ny cho php ngi chp tng hoc gi m sng ca hnh nh. tng sng ca hnh nh ngi chp ch vic tng phi sng, gi m sng ch cn gim mc phi sng. Vic s d ng ch b tr phi sng rt n gin bi mi khi tng hoc gim phi sng ngi chp s nhn thy ngay s thay i ca hnh nh hin th trn mn hnh LCD

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 s dng ty chn ny ngi chp c n c hng dn s d ng i km theo my phn Exposure compensation. KIM SOT SC NT CA HNH NH 1. Lo i tr s rung my 2. Mt bc nh p khng cn thit ph i l bc nh r nt ! 3. Lm th no chp ch ng mt cch sc nt ? 4. Canh nt v vng nh r 5. Canh nt 6. Vng nh r (Depth of field)

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Mc sc nt ca hnh nh lun l yu t c quan tm hng u. Bc nh sc nt lun cha y cc thng tin chi tit ca hnh nh, th m ch l c cc chi tit t khi c ti. Nu nh hnh nh khng sc nt th con mt ca con ngi cng lun c xu hng tm kim vng hnh nh sc nt. Ngi chp cn nm vng k thut chp sao cho khi mun hnh nh chp sc nt th hnh nh phi s c nt theo nh mun. Nu nh hnh nh khng c sc nt nh mun th c th do mt s nguyn nhn sau: - Canh nt: Nu nh ch chp khng sc nt trong khi cc vng khc l i sc nt th nguyn nhn c th do khng chnh ng kiu canh nt, hoc canh nt khng ng vo vng cn ly nt. - Vng nh r: Nu nh ch chp sc nt nh ng hu cnh khng sc nt theo nh mong mun th nguyn nhn l do m ng knh, cn phi t m ng knh gi tr nh hn. - S di chuyn ca my nh: Nu nh ton b hnh nh u m th nguyn nhn thng l do my nh b rung trong khong thi gian l sng. - S di chuyn ca ch chp: Khi chp ch ng, ton b hnh nh s c

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nt ngo i tr ch ng th nguyn nhn nm tc trp ca ng knh. Cn phi tng tc trp ca ng knh nhm bt c ng s chuyn ng ca ch . Loi tr s rung my Nguyn nhn ch yu gy ra hnh nh b m thng l do hin tng my b rung trong khong thi gian phi sng. loi tr hin tng rung my c th p dng cc cch sau y: - Cm, n m gi my nh bng c hai tay, kiu cm my nh ng lun l kiu m ngn tr ca tay phi dng bm nt chp, bn tay tri lm nhim v nng v gi vng my (my nh thng c thit k cho ngi thu n tay phi). Khi bm chp nn bm nh nhng v dt khot ch yu dng lc ca c ngn tay tr trnh di ng bn tay v c tay. - nh khung hnh bng ng ngm (viewfinder) bi my c ta vo mt ngi chp do s rung hn. - T a ngi vo tng hay cy c i... nhm lm gim s di chuyn ca c th - S dng gi ba chn chp, y l ph tng khng th thiu i vi dn chuyn nghip. - S dng ch t chp selftimer (my t ng chp sau 5 giy ho c 10 giy) - S dng iu khin t xa chp (mt s t my nh cung c p ty chn ny) - Tng nhy sng lm gim l ng nh sng cn b cm nhn nh sng to ra hnh nh do gi m c tc trp, gim thiu nh h ng ca hin tng rung my. Cch ny c mt nhc im l gy ra hin tng noise (nhiu) Mt bc nh p khng cn thit phi l bc nh r nt ! Khng nht thit ton b hnh nh trn mt bc nh phi s c nt. Trong rt nhiu trng hp ch cn mt vng hnh nh r nt l . Th hin c hnh nh theo nh tng ca ngi chp phi l yu t c t ln hng u.

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Hnh nh ca ch ng c th lm m nh th hin c tnh ng ca ch (thc nc)

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Hu cnh m c ng l mt cch thc hay hng ngi xem tp trung vo ch chp. Lm th no chp ch ng mt cch sc nt ? Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy, ngi xem lun b hp dn, tp trung ch vo vng sc nt nht ca bc nh. Bn thn tnh sc nt cng l mt phn thng ip ca hnh nh. Khi chp ch ng, hnh nh c th b m nguyn nhn l do ch di chuyn trong thi gian phi sng (kho ng thi gian ng v m ca trp). thu c hnh nh ch ng s c nt th mn trp cn phi m v ng trong mt kho ng thi gian ngn trc khi hnh nh ca ch nm trn b c m nh n nh sng kp di chuyn mt khong gy ra hin tng m. Vy tc trp nhanh bao nhiu l ?. Cu tr li hon ton khng n gin bi c nhiu yu t nh hng n sc nt. - T c di chuyn ca ch : Ch di chuyn cng nhanh th cng phi tng nhanh tc trp - Hng di ng ca ch : Khi mn trp m, n u nh ch ng di chuyn theo h ng ngang qua ng knh th hnh nh ca n s di chuyn qua mt s lng pixel ln hn so vi ch di chuyn theo hng song song vi ng knh (li gn hoc ra xa). iu ny gi i thch ti sao c th chp tc chm hn khi ch di chuyn song song vi hng ng

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knh. - Kho ng cch ti ch v tiu c ng knh: Nu nh ch nm ngay st ng knh th ch cn mt di ng nh cng c th gy ra hin tng m. Tiu c c a ng knh cng nh hng tng t, cng zoom gn ch th cng d gy ra hin tng hnh nh b m. C th p dng mt s cch sau y tng cng tnh s c nt khi chp ch ng: - Chuyn my sang ch chp u tin tc trp (Shutter priority), la chn tc trp nhanh hn. - Dch chuyn ra xa ch ng - Ch p theo h ng di ng ca ch , chiu di ng ca ch chp hng li gn hoc ra xa my nh. - Tng cng nhy sng (ISO sensitivity) Canh nt v vng nh r Khi chng ta nhn xung quanh- quyn sch cm trn tay, ci gh trong phng hay bt c vt th no u sc nt. Chng ta c c kh nng ny do mt ngi lun t ng chnh tiu c mi khi chng ta nhn. Tuy nhin hnh nh chng ta thu c khi chp khng phi lc no cng ging vi hnh nh chng ta nhn thy. hiu r iu ny chng ta cn hiu v h thng canh nt ca my nh v khi nim vng nh r. Canh nt Canh nt ch l mt trong nhng yu t nh hng n sc nt ca hnh nh, tuy nhin y li l yu t sng cn quyt nh vng no trn hnh nh s sc nt nht- vng ny thng c g i l mt phng r nt (plane of critical focus).

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Vt th no nm trn mt phng r nt s c hnh nh sc nt nh t khi c chp. i vi my nh canh nt t ng, mt phng r nt ny s di chuyn ra xa hoc vo gn mi khi hng my nh vo ch th xa ho c gn hn. Vng nh r (Depth of field) V mt l thuyt ch c cc vt, ch th n m trn mt phng r nt l c hnh nh r nt nht bi c hi t chnh xc trn mt phng tiu c, nhng trn thc t s d dng nhn thy c mt khong khng gian nh t nh vn c hnh nh r nt mc chp nhn c, vng ny c gi l vng nh r (depth of field). Ch th nm trong vng nh r lun c hnh nh sc nt tuy nhin nu cng xa mt phng r nt th mc sc nt cng gi m.

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Kho ng khng gian t A n C c gi l vng nh r, B l mt phng r nt. Nu nh mun tng thm khong khng gian s hin ra r nt trn b c nh ngi chp ch vic tng vng nh r thng qua vic gim m ng knh. Nu nh mun gim khong khng gian s hin ra r nt trn b c nh th ch cn gi m vng nh r thng qua vic tng m ng knh (thng p dng khi chp chn dung hay nhng trng hp mun lm ni bt chp chp hn ch yu t gy mt tp trung c to ra bi hnh nh ca cc ch th xung quanh). Mo nh: kim sot vng nh r ch cn chuyn my sang ch chp u tin m ng knh (Aperture priority- trn my nh ch chp ny th ng c k hiu l Av hoc AP) sau tng hoc gim m ng knh gi m hoc tng vng nh r, tc trp tng ng s do my nh t tnh ton la chn gip ngi chp. Khi nm vng cch thc iu khin vng nh r, ngi chp s hon ton thoi mi t tin trong vic quyt nh vng khng gian no s hin r trn bc nh v vng no s khng hin r. C ba yu t nh hng n su ca vng nh r: - m ng knh: m ng knh cng nh (tr s f ln) vng nh r cng su. m ng knh cng ln (tr s f nh) th vng nh r cng cn. - Khong cch t my nh ti ch chp: Nu nh tng khong cch t my nh ti ch chp th vng nh r cng su. Nu nh di chuyn cng gn ti ch th chp th vng nh r s cn i. Di chuy n li gn ch chp lun l mt cch hay gip ch chp hin r hn trn bc nh, kch thc ca hnh nh ch chp cng ln trn khung hnh cng gip ngi xem nh hng d dng hn cng nh thng ip v ch cng r rng hn.

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- Tiu c ca ng knh: nu nh zoom ra xa (zoom out) th su ca vng nh r s tng ln. nu nh zoom l i gn (zoom in) th vng nh r s cn i. Hn ch s d ng zoom mc ti a bi ch t lng ca hnh nh th ng b gim do hn ch v c tnh k thut cng nh hin tng my b rung (rung tay) cng s tng ln r rt. Mi yu t trn u nh hng n su ca vng nh r, nhng nu bit cch phi hp cng lc cc yu t th mc nh hng n vng nh r cng ln. Ngi chp c th thu c vng nh r cn nht khi zoom li gn (zoom in) ti a, gim thiu khonh cch ti ch chp, m ng knh ln t i a (tr s f nh nht). Nu mu n thu c vng nh r su nht th zoom ra xa, di chuyn ra xa ch , m ng knh nh nht (tr s f ln nht). CC K THUT CHP

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Mt chic my nh k thut s tht s cn phi cung cp cc ty chn gip ngi chp c kh nng kim sot mt cch sng to nhng c tnh ca bc nh s chp. Kh nng kim sot ny thng thng qua cc ty chn v iu khin nh sng, mc sc nt....Mc d hu ht cc loi my nh k thut s thng dng u l lo i t ng (fully automatic), tuy nhin u c cc ty chn gip kim sot c tnh ca nh mt mc nht nh no . TC TRP KIM SOT NH SNG V TNH NG CA NH Khi c a trp m, nh sng s tc ng vo b cm nh n nh sng theo hnh nh s c to ra. Khong thi gian ca trp m s nh h ng n mc ph i sng ca hnh nh cng nh tnh ng ca nh (motion of the picture) Tc trp v phi sng Tc trp cng ch m th lng nh sng tc ng vo b cm nh n nh sng cng nhiu v do hnh nh s sng hn. T c trp cng nhanh, lng nh sng tc ng cng t, hnh nh s ti hn

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Trong hai nh trn: nh d i c thi gian phi sng di hn do hnh nh s sng hn Tc trp v tnh ng ca nh Tc trp ng vai tr cc k quan trng trong vic kim sot tnh ng ca nh. Hiu bit v tc trp l mt vic thit yu khi chp cc ch ng, thng qua vic iu khin tc trp, ngi chp s kim sot c ch ng s hin ra nh th no trn bc nh: r nt hay m. Tc trp cng chm th hnh nh ca ch ng s cng m, ton b hnh nh cng d b m do chuyn ng ca tay ngi chp

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nh bn tri c chp tc trp nhanh do s bt cng c chuyn ng ca cnh qut quay, nh phi chp tc trp ch m hn do cc cnh qut s khng hin r (nhng th hin c s chuyn ng ca cnh qut - tnh ng ca ch chp) Theo truyn thng dy tc trp thng c biu din theo t l mt phn ca giy: 1/1000, 1/500, 1/250, 1/125, 1/60, 1/30, 1/15, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2 v 1 giy. Tuy nhin trn my nh k thut s, tc trp i khi ch c biu din bi mt ch s: 2 c ngha l tc trp l 1/2 giy. Lm th no la chn tc trp? c phn hng dn s dng ca my v shutter. Ch chp u tin tc trp thng c k hiu Tv (time value) hoc Sv (shutter value), khi chuyn my sang ch chp ny, ngi s dng s iu khin c tc trp. M NG KNH - KIM SOT NH SNG V VNG NH R m ng knh c tc dng kim sot mc phi sng thng qua vic kim sot lng nh sng i vo trong my, ng th i cn kim sot c vng

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nh r. m v mc phi sng m cng ln th lng nh sng tc ng vo b cm nhn nh sng cng nhiu v hnh nh thu c cng sng hn. m v vng nh r Cng ging nh tc trp, m cng nh hng n s sc nt ca hnh nh nhng theo mt kiu khc hn. Thay i m s thay i vng nh r, m cng nh th vng hnh nh r nt s cng ln. i vi mt vi kiu cnh chp v d nh chp phong cnh (landscape) ngi chp lun mong mun s ly c sc nt ton b khung cnh t im gn nht cho ti im xa nh t v vy m m ng knh thng c m nh nht. Khi chp chn dung, ngi chp thng mong mun c c bc nh trong mt ngi c chp s sc nt nht trong khi hu cnh s m hn nhm lm n i bt ch chp lc ny m ng knh cng ln cng tt.

m ng knh cng ln, vng nh r cng cn, th ch chp cng ni bt

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 m ng knh cng nh, vng nh r cng su, ton b khung cnh s sc nt Theo truyn thng dy gi tr m ng knh thng c biu din nh sau: f/1, f/1.4, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16, f/22, f/32, f/45 (khng mt ng knh no c cc m trn). Khi chuyn mt gi tr t tri sang phi lng nh sng tc ng vo b cm nhn s gim i ng mt n a. ng knh c m cng ln th cng d chp trong nh sng yu cng nh cc ch chp chuyn ng nhanh. La ch n m ng knh nh th no? c sch hng dn i km my ph n Aperture. Trn my nh ch chp u tin m thng c k hiu Av (aperture value) PHI HP TC TRP V M NG KNH Tc trp v m ng knh u nh hng n mc phi sng (lng nh sng tc ng vo b cm nhn nh sng) qua nh hng n mc sng ti ca hnh nh. (Tc trp nh h ng n khong thi gian nh sng tc ng vo b cm nhn, m ng knh nh hng n cng sng tc ng n b cm nhn.). Gi tr tc trp v m v vy thng i vi nhau theo tng c p mt. m ng knh ln thng i km vi tc trp nhanh v ngc li qua nhm thu c hnh nh c mc phi sng ph hp. Nu ch xt trn kha cnh phi sng th vic la chn cp gi

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tr no trong hai cp trn l khng quan trng v c hai u cho mc phi sng ging nhau. Tuy nhin s khc bit n m tnh ng ca hnh nh v vng nh r. Khi tng m ng knh ln mt nc (f-stop, hay cn gi l mt kh u) lng nh sng s tng ln gp i, tc trp s gim i mt na nhm gi m lng nh sng tc ng xung mt na do phi sng vn gi nguyn nhng s khc bit nm vng nh r: vng nh r s su hn. Nu nh lm ngc li tng tc trp th vng nh r s cn hn nhng kh nng bt cc chuyn ng s tng ln hnh nh ca ch ng s hin ra sc nt hn. Nh c s bin i ny m ngi chp s c nhiu c hi hn trong vic sng to hnh nh. LA CHN CH PHI SNG (EXPOSURE) Hu ht cc my nh u cung cp nhiu ch phi sng. Trong ch hon ton t ng (fully automatic) my nh s t chn c tc trp v m ng knh, tuy nhin cn c hai ch chp n a th ng c s dng: u tin tc trp (shutter priority) v u tin m (aperture priority). Mi ch chp u c u, nhc im ring. - Hon ton t ng (Fully automatic): My nh t ng la chn tc trp, m ng knh, cn bng trng Ngi s dng ch cn phi tp trung n vic nh khung hnh ca nh, la chn gc chp, sp xp ch th chp sao cho biu t c thng tin nh mong mun. - u tin m ng knh (Aperture priority): Ch chp ny cho php ngi s d ng la chn m ng knh nhm thu c vng nh r thch hp theo mun. Ngi chp s d ng ch ny khi m vng nh r l yu t c u tin hng u: +Khi mu n ton b hnh nh c trong khung hnh u r nt (nh trong trng h p chp phong cnh) th nn m ng knh nh (vng nh r s su, tm bt c nhiu chi tit ca phong cnh) +Khi chp vi mong mun ch lm ni bt mt vng hnh nh c trong khung hnh th nn m ng knh ln (vng nh r s cn, hn ch nh hng gy gim s tp trung ch vo ch ch p gy ra b i cc chi tit ca hu cnh.) - u tin tc trp (Shutter priority): Ch chp ny cho php ngi s dng la chn tc trp qua ngi chp c th chp bt cng ch ng hoc c tnh lm m ch ng. Ch ny thng c s dng khi tnh ng ca nh l yu t c u tin hng u. Mt s my nh cn cung cp tu chn cao cp l ch chp t ch nh MANUAL, trong ch ny ngi chp t do la chn c tc trp v m ng knh. Mt trong nhng iu lm cho nhip nh tr nn h p dn l ngi chp

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c c kh nng din t ch ch p theo nh tng hay ch nh ca chnh bn thn. Chp u tin tc trp v chp u tin m l hai cng c hu dng gip cho bc nh tr nn c o, duy nht v y tnh sng to. CHP THEO CHIU DC - CHIU NGANG (Shooting vertical or horizontal)

ng bao gi qun rng c th xoay my nh chp theo chiu dc (hay cn gi chiu thng ng Vertical). Xoay thng ng my nh chp thng c p dng khi chp cc to nh cao tng, thc nc, hoc ch p ngi. Xoay my nh n m ngang chp mt nhm ng i, cc vt th thng thngTuy nhin khng phi quy lut ny lc no cng ng, t t hn c l nn th chp cng mt cnh vi hai kiu chp thng ng v nm ngang. i khi ch thng c chp theo kiu n m ngang (Horizontal), khi c chp theo ki u thng ng (Vertical) s thu c hnh nh khc l, bt ng v y tnh khm ph.

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CHP CHN DUNG (PHOTOGRAPHING PEOPLE) C l ch chp xut hin nhiu nht trong cc bc nh chnh l con ngi trong cc hot ng thng ngy. Chp c nhng bc nh p ca ngi thn hay nhng ngi xung quanh lun l iu mong mun ca nhng ngi cm my nh.

Chp mt nhm ngi i vi chp m t nhm ng i th kiu chp thng c a thch cng nh d chp nht l chp ngoi tri di nh sng ban ngy. Khi ch p ngoi tri cch tt nht l chp trc din, hng chi u ca nh sng cn phi h ng c vo mt ca nhng ngi c chp. Nu nh cng sng qu ln (chp di nh nng) th tt hn c l di chuyn mi ngi vo vng bng rm n i c cng chiu sng va ph i, tng phn va phi s d dng hn trong vic ly nt c bit l khun mt ca mi ngi.

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Khi chp nn trnh vic sp xp m i ng i mt cch cng nhc theo kiu duyt binh, mi ngi cn c t th ring sao cho t nhin v thoi mi, khng nht thit m i ng i u cn nhn v pha my nh. Khi chp mt nhm ngi trong nh, vic quan trng trc tin l di chuyn l i gn trnh chp qu xa, khonh cch chp tt nht n m trong vng hot ng c hiu qu ca n flash (vng ny thng khng vt qu khong cch 5 m). Kiu chp ny thng gp gi i hn v s lng ngi c th chp c (do ph i chp trong khong cch gn), khng nn sp xp ngi chp vt qu hai hng do kh thu c mt cch sc nt mt ca nh ng ngi ng hng th ba. Chp nh bn thn (Semi-formal portrait)

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Khi chp loi nh ny, ngi chp cn xc nh xem iu g l quan trng nht cn c th hin trn bc nh: th hin tnh cch ngi c chp, nt c sc ca khun mt hay ch l mt ci nhn thong qua th hin mt tng no , minh ho cho mt quan im no . Khi xc nh c tiu ch chp th cn tp trung vic sp xp, b cc, gc chp ca bc nh nh m th hin tp trung vo tng . Cc yu t sau cn c quan tm, s dng khi chp: - S dng nh sng c chi u sng t nhiu ngu n khc nhau (diffuse light), cng sng va phi nhm tn ln ch chp, y l yu t quan trng nht khi chp - Hu cnh cn phi n gin trnh cc chi ti t gy long, v cn c tc dng h tr ch chp, lm n i b t ch , tng. - Cn chp khong cch gn, tm cao ca my nh thp hn mt cht so vi mt ca ngi c chp.

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- Cn ch n gc nhn khi chp tay v u bi hai b ph n ny i khi hin ra kh khi hi mt s gc nhn c bit. - Khi mun lm ni bt ng nt ca khun mt, th hin c tnh th hng chiu nh sng l yu t cc k quan trng. nh sng chiu ngang lun lun l kiu chiu sng tn to cc gc cnh ca khun mt, th hin c tnh. Chp cc cnh i thng (Everyday picture)

C th s dng my nh bt c lc no, khng nht thit c phi chp vi mt l do c bit no , cc bc nh chp cc hot ng sinh hot i thng lun to ra cm hng, th hin tnh chn th c ca i sng. Cc li khuyn sau c th h u ch khi chp cc bc nh loi ny: - Di chuyn li gn ch chp, nhng khng qu gn nh hng hot

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ng ang din ra, trnh hin tng gy mt t nhin cho ngi c chp. - Khi cc hot ng ang din ra, tt nh t l chp lin tc hng lot bc nh qua c th thu c hnh nh ca nh ng khonh khc ng nh, nhng bc nh p, th v u l nhng bc c chp khi mi ngi ang trong trng thi hot ng. - S dng lun iu kin chiu sng hin ti, ng qu ch n gc chiu sng, cch sp t, b cc ca ch , iu quan trng l nm bt c cc hot ng ang din ra. Chp nh vo nhng dp c bit (Milestone event)

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Mt trong nhng l do thng thng s dng my nh l ghi li nh ng khonh khc ng nh ca i ngi: sinh nht, l ci, bui on t, hay ngy gp mt u nmC th nhng kin sau y s l hu ch khi chp

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nhng bc nh kiu ny: - Khi chp nhng a tr: tt nht l ch p c nh nh ng vt th quen thuc v d nh cy ci chng hn qua th hin c tm vc, mc tui ca a tr. - Khi chp gia nh: c th tt hn l nn chp c gia nh ng trc mt tin ca ngi nh hoc quy qun bn bn tic s cho cm gic m cng cng nh th hin phong cch ca mt gia nh - Khi chp l ci tt nht l di chuyn ti gn ch chp, tp trung vo vic ly nt ca khun mt, nn chn thi i m m ng i c chp ang trong trng thi t nhin, ch ng v th gin (thi im l tng cho nhng bc nh kiu ny), gc chp l yu t rt quan trng khi chp c du v ch r (hai nhn vt chnh). nh sng - Yu t cc k quan trng khi chp chn dung

nh sng l yu t cc k quan trng nh hng rt nhiu ti sc thi ca bc nh c bit l khi chp chn dung. S thay i i u kin chiu sng c th bin mt bc hnh chp t rt p sang rt xu. C mt vi c im ng ch v nh sng khi chp chn dung: - Chp d i iu kin chiu sng mnh, di nh nng:

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Kiu chiu sng ny thng to ra bng (shadow) gy che lp mt, cc np nhn, cc khim khuyt s hin rt r trn nh trong iu kin chiu sng loi ny, tuy nhin mu sc ca nh s rt p v rc r. - Chp d i nh sng ca bu tri nh sng loi ny lan ta khp do khng b hin tng bng che lp mt phn khun mt, cc np nhn, cc khim khuyt trn khun mt s t hin r hn, mt ca ngi c chp s khng b nheo li. - Hng chiu sng (Direction of light):

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Hng chiu sng c bit l khi chp di tri nng nh hng rt ln ti hnh nh ca ngi c chp. V y chp theo hng no l tt nht ? iu ny ph thu c vo tng ca ngi chp: - nh nng chiu thng trc tip vo mt ngi c chp thng gy ra hin tng nhn mt, tuy nhin s rt d bt nt tng chi tit nh trn khun mt. Cc np nhn, gc cnh th hin c tnh s hin ra rt r - nh nng chiu t trn nh u xung: kiu chiu sng ny thng gy ra bng che lp khun mt, tt nht l dng n flash loi b bng che cng nh lm cho hnh nh khun mt s sng hn. - nh sng bn: kiu chiu sng ny thng xut hin vo sng sm hay chiu t, nn b tr ngi c chp sao cho nh sng ch chiu sng mt bn mt. Mt bn mt c chiu sng v mt bn khng s to ra hnh nh kh gai gc to ra chiu su ca nt mt, hn ch mc tng phn qu ln c th s dng n flash ch fill flash. - nh sng chiu ngc (backlight): Mt ca ngi c chp th ng b ti do cn s dng n flash - Chp trong iu kin chiu sng trong nh (Indoor lighting) Chp c mt bc nh p trong nh lun l mt thch thc ln do cng sng thng khng t. nh sng t n bn hay n trn khng phi l ngun sng tt chp nh, trong rt nhiu trng hp nn cn nhc vic s dng n flash. Ch th c chp cn c sp xp nm trong khonh cch

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hot ng c hiu qu ca n flash, nu nh chp mt nhm ngi th cn sp xp sao cho mi ngi c khong cch gn nh nhau ti my nh, bt tt c cc loi n c sn hn ch hin tng mt , cn ch mt ngi c chiu sng tt nht. Cn ch n vi c la chn ch cn bng trng (WB) cho ph hp nu khng tone mu ca nh hin ra s khng tht (c th l qu hoc qu thin v mu xanh). MT S THUT NG MY NH K THUT S AE lock (Automatic Exposure lock): Kho gi tr l sng AF lock (Auto Focus lock): Kho tiu c AF assist Lamp (Auto focus assist lamp): n h tr canh nt t ng Aperture: Khu hay m ng knh Aperture priority: Chp u tin khu ( m ng knh) Auto Bracketing Exposure: chp b tr mc phi sng Barrel Distortion CCD/CMOS sensor Chromatic Aberrations (purple fringing) DOF (Depth of field): Vng nh r hay su nh trng Digital Zoom: Zoom k thu t s Effective Pixels: im nh hu ch Exposure: phi sng Full Manual Sensitivity (ISO): nhy sng Shutter Priority: Chp u tin tc tr p Storage card: Th nh - PCMCIA PC Card - Compact Flash Type I - Compact Flash Type II - SmartMedia - Sony MemoryStick - Cc lo i th khc: Secure Digital, Multimedia Card, Sony MemoryStick Pro. Types of metering: Cc kiu o sng Viewfinder: Knh ngm, ng ngm Optical viewfinder (Knh ngm quang hc) Electronic Viewfinder (LCD Viewfinder): Knh ng m in t TTL Optical Viewfinder

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White Balance: Cn bng trng AE lock (Automatic Exposure lock): Kho gi tr l sng Th hin kh nng ca my kho m ng knh v nhy sng gip cho vic chp nhiu nh khc nhau vi cng mt gi tr l sng. iu ny c bit quan trng khi chp ton cnh (panorama), cc nh ni vi nhau phi c cng mt gi tr l sng AF lock (Auto Focus lock): Kho tiu c y l ty chn (thng gp trn cc my t ng) cho php gi c nh c ly canh nt khi ch p ch t ng AF assist Lamp (Auto focus assist lamp): n h tr canh nt t ng Mt s my nh c trang b n h tr canh nt. n ny thng nm ngay pha trn ng knh, c tc dng ri sng ch nh chp trong iu kin thiu sng do h tr h thng canh nt ca my nh (Cc my nh k thut s thng gp kh khn khi canh nt trong iu kin thiu sng). Loi n ny c tm hot ng ngn thng khng vt qu 4 mt. Mt s my t tin c trang b n canh nt pht ra tia hng ngo i thay v pht ra nh sng nhn thy c. Cc n ny c tm hot ng xa hn, h tr canh nt t ng tt hn

Aperture: Khu hay m ng knh

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Khu l mt l h ng trong ng knh thng c hnh thnh bi cc l thp chng ln nhau, cc l thp ny s di ng to ra m ln hay nh cho khu - nguyn tc hot ng ny rt ging con ngi ca mt ngi. Kh u m ln s cho nh sng i qua ng knh nhiu hn v ngc li. Gi tr c a m ng knh thng c biu th theo 3 cch: f/8, F8, 1:8 (ba cch biu th ny th hin cng mt m). Gi tr ny th c cht l t l gia di tiu c ca ng knh vi ng knh ca khu m ra.

f= di tiu c ng knh, A= ng knh ca khu

Tr s f cng nh th m ca khu cng ln. Trn ng knh thng c in hay khc gi tr f nh nht ( m ln nh t)- gi tr nh nht ny cn th hin nhy ca ng knh. Trn cc my thuc dng chuyn nghip thng c vng chnh khu . Cc my canh nt t ng (autofocus) khng c vng chnh khu , m ln nh ca khu c iu khin bng in t , mn hnh tinh th lng LCD s bo cho bit khu ang m l bao nhiu. Khi tr s f tng ln mt gi tr trong dy gi tr m ng knh (.. F2.0, F2.8, F4.0, F5.6, F8.0....) th lng nh sng i qua ng knh s gim i mt na Aperture priority: Chp u tin khu ( m ng knh) Ty ch n cho php ngi dng t la chn m ng knh, tc trp (shutter speed) s do my nh tnh ton sao cho thu c nh c phi sng(exposure) ph hp. Ty chn ny c bi t quan

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trng khi ngi ch p mun kim sot vng nh r (DOF: depth of field) ho c to hiu ng c bit (special effect Auto Bracketing Exposure: chp b tr mc phi sng y l thut ng dng ch ch chp cho php chp nhiu nh ti mt thi im trn cng mt cnh, mi nh ch khc nhau v phi sng. Mc khc bit v gi tr phi sng gia cc nh thay i t 0,3 EV (exposure value) n 2,0 EV. Mc khc bit ny trn a s my u c th chn c. T t ng (Auto) y c ngh a l my s t ng chp 2 hay 3 hoc 5 nh, trn mt s my ngi dng cn c th t t s lng nh chp trn mt ln bm my. Ch ch p ny rt hu dng khi ngi chp khng chc chn mc phi sng no l ph hp nh t l khi chp cc cnh c tng phn cao

Trong 3 nh trn: nh bn tri c chp mc qu sng (overexposure) cc chi tit vng sng s b m hoc khng r, nh gia c mc ph i sng ph hp cc chi tit vng ti v vng sng u r nt, nh bn phi c mc phi sng qu ti (underexposure) cc chi tit vng ti s b m hoc khng r nt Barrel Distortion y l hin tng cc ng thng nm ra nh b un cong gia, nguyn nhn ca hi n tng ny nm thit k hnh cu ca thu knh. Hin tng ny ch d nhn ra khi chp gc rng v c

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cc ng thng nm ra nh. i vi ngi chp khng chuyn nghip c l khng cn quan tm n hin tng ny

CCD/CMOS sensor y l b cm bi n nh sng n m trong my nh k thu t s c tc dng chuyn nh sng thu nh n t mi trng bn ngoi sang tn hiu in t. CCD bao gm hng triu t bo quang in, mi t bo c tc dng thu nhn thng tin v tng im nh (Pixel c th thu c mu sc, my nh k thut s s dng b l c mu (color filter) trn mi t bo quang in. Cc tn hiu in t thu c trn m i t bo quang in s c chuyn i thnh tn hiu k thut s nh b chuyn i ADC (Analog to digital converter). Vo thi im hin ti c hai loi b cm bin nh sng : CCD (Charged Couple Device) v CMOS (Complimentary metal-oxide). Gi thnh sn xut CCD thng t hn so vi CMOS, nguyn nhn ch yu l do CCD i hi phi c dy chuyn sn xut ring trong khi c th s dng dy chuyn sn xut chip, bng mch thng thng sn xut CMOS

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Chromatic Aberrations (purple fringing) Hin tng xut hin vin mu tm xung quanh cc v t th ch p

Hin tng ny xy ra hu ht cc my nh bn chuyn nghi p khi ch p cc cnh c tng phn cao. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny do s khc bit v bc sng ca cc loi nh sng mu do thu knh trong my nh khng c kh nng h i t chnh xc ton b nh sng chiu vo ln mt phng tiu c. Mc nng nh ca hin tng ny ph thuc vo cht lng ca thu knh m c th l mc tn sc ca thu knh. gim b t hin tng ny cc my nh chuyn nghip c trang b thm mt s thu knh c bit c ch s khc x khc nhau nhm t o ra s hi t chnh xc ln mt phng hi t (focal plane)

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Ngi dng cn c th khc phc hin tng ny bng ph n mm chnh sa nh (Photoshop.. DOF (Depth of field): Vng nh r hay su nh trng Mc d chc nng chnh ca khu l iu khin lng nh sng i qua, khu cn c dng m rng hay gii hn khu vc hi t r nt trong hnh nh. C ly khong cch m cc ch hay s vt hin r nt trong nh c gi l vng nh r hay chiu su nh trng (depth of field).Vng nh r ny thng nm 1/3 pha tr c tiu im v 2/3 pha sau tiu im. Khu ng cng nh (tr s f ln) th vng nh r cng su, cnh trc v sau tiu im s sc nt hn. Khu m cng ln (tr s f nh) th vng nh r cng cn, cc c nh pha trc v pha sau tiu im (focus point) s m

Khi xem xt hai nh trn d dng nhn th y: nh ch p vi m ng knh ln (f/2.4) th ch c tm bu thip u tin l r nt (hai tm pha sau u m), nh chp vi m ng knh nh (f/8) hai tm bu thip pha sau s r nt hn.

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Vng nh r cn ph thuc vo: - khong cch gia my nh n cnh ch p (subject distance), cng gn th vng nh r cng cn. - di tiu c (focal lenth), tiu c cng nh th vng nh r cng su. nh chp bng ng knh 28mm m ng knh f/5.6 s c vng nh r su hn nh ch p bng ng knh 70mm cng m ng knh Digital Zoom: Zoom k thu t s y khng ph i l zoom th t s, y thc cht l vic my nh ct ly phn trung tm ca cnh ri dng thut ton ni suy to ra nh, v vy zoom k thut s lm gim cht lng ca nh b li kh nng zoom ca my c m rng Effective Pixels: im nh hu ch Hu ht cc nh s n xut u ghi s lng im nh c trn b cm bin nh sng ch phn gii ca my nh.Tuy nhin phn gii thc phi l s lng thc s cc pixel ghi nh n hnh nh (khng phi tt c cc t bo quang in c trn b cm bin nh sng lm nhim v ghi nhn hnh nh). Effective pixels (tuy khng hon ton chnh xc) thng dng ch phn gii thc Exposure: phi sng T ng iu chnh mc phi sng (Automatic exposure control) l mt trong nhng c tnh khng th thiu c i vi my nh k thut s. My nh s t ng o cng nh sng t xc nh tc trp v m ng knh cho ph hp vi ch ch p. Nh c c tnh ny ngi chp ch cn phi tp trung n ch nh chp. c tnh ny cng cc k hu dng khi chp cc ch ng khi m thi gian chun b la chn ch chp rt ngn. Tuy nhin trong m t s trng hp n u ch da vo ch t ng iu chnh mc phi sng, ngi chp s thu c nhng bc nh hoc l qu sng (overexposure) hoc l qu ti (underexposure). Lc ny ngi dng cn n ty chn cho php chnh gi tr phi sng EV (Exposure value) nhm tng gim mc sng ca nh chp. Mt trong nhng bin php nhm thu c nh ch p c phi sng ph hp l chp cng lc 3 nh. nh u tin c mc phi sng chun theo nh tnh ton ca my, nh th 2

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c tng mc phi sng ln mt gi tr, nh th ba c gim mc phi sng xung mt gi tr. Sau ng i chp s quyt nh nh chp no c mc phi sng ph hp nht trong 3 nh trn. Kiu chp ny thng c gi l chp b tr (bracketing). Mc phi sng b nh hng hay ph thuc vo bn yu t: - Cng sng (Intensity) ca nh sng ht vo ch , hay sng (Luminance) ca ch ph n chiu ti my nh. - nhy sng ISO - Khong thi gian l sng (iu khi n b ng tc trp) - Lng sng cho vo CCD (iu khin bng khu Full Manual Ty ch n cho php chnh c tc trp v m ng knh (mt ty ch n khng th thiu vi nhng ngi chuyn nghip). Ng i chp nh c c kh nng kim sot hon ton mc phi sng to thun li ti a cho vic sng to nh. Ty chn ny thng ch c cc my chuyn nghip v mt s t my bn chuyn nghip Sensitivity (ISO): nhy sng i vi cc my nh truyn th ng s dng film, ch s ISO biu th nhy ca film (films sensitivity), ch s ISO ln th film c kh nng nhy sng cao do s thch hp cho chp t c trp nhanh hay trong iu kin thiu sng (low light). Tuy nhin film c nhy sng cng ln th cng c xu h ng b hin tng ht mu to (grainy). i vi my nh k thut s , nhy sng ph thuc b cm bin nh sng CCD/CMOS. Khc vi my nh dng film ngi chp b ph thuc vo nhy sng ca film, nhy sng ca my nh k thut s c th chnh c. Kh nng chnh nhy sng ngay trn my cng l mt u th c a my nh k thut s khi so snh vi my nh dng film. Tuy nhin CCD l thit b tng t (analog) do khi tng nhy sng c ngha l phi tng cng khuych i tn hiu in t ng ngha vi vic khuych i cc tn hiu nhiu, nh cng s b nhiu mu nhiu hn. Mt vi tin b gn y trong cng ngh sn xut chip cho php tng nhy sng vt qua gi tr ISO 400 m t nh hng n nhiu mu Shutter Priority: Chp u tin tc tr p

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Ty ch n cho php ngi dng t iu chnh tc trp, khu hay m ng knh s do my tnh ton nhm thu c nh c phi sng ph hp nht. Ty chn ny th ng c s dng khi mun to hiu ng c bit, v d nh nh m ca mt n c trn sng, hoc chp bt cc cnh ng (hot ng th thao..) Storage card: Th nh Th nh trong my nh k thut s thc cht l mt thit b lu tr di ng cha ng thng tin v nh chp di dng k thut s (bit, bytes). Hu ht cc loi my nh k thut s u c th nh i km, ch mt s t my nh c tch hp sn b nh bn trong. C rt nhiu loi th nh c trn th trng tuy nhin ch c mt s t t ra thng dng. PCMCIA PC Card

Th nh lo i ny c kch c, giao tip ging h t th PCMCIA dng cho my tnh xch tay do c th cm trc tip vo khe PCMCIA m khng cn adapter. Ch c cc my chuyn nghip SLRs (singlelens reflects) l s dng loi th nh ny, cho n thi im hin ti loi th nh ny c 3 type: type I, II, III. Compact Flash Type I

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C th ni y l loi th nh thng dng nht hi n nay, cc my nh ca NIKON v CANON u s d ng loi th nh ny. Ngoi ra c rt nhiu thit b tr gip c nhn (PDA) h tr nh dng ny. Kch thc th: 43.0 x 36.0 x 3.3 mm Compact Flash Type II

im khc bit duy nht gia type I v II l kch c. Type II dy hn type I (5,5 mm so vi 3,3 mm). Kch c ln hn s cho php tng dung lng nh d dng hn. Kch thc th: 43.0 x 36.0 x 5.5 mm SmartMedia

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SmartMedia mng hn kh nhiu khi so vi compact flash. Loi card ny khng c chip iu khin nm sn trong th nh (khc vi Compact flash c sn chip iu khin) iu ny ng ngh a vi vic trong my nh phi c chip iu khin nhn bit th nh. Loi th nh ny th ng thy trong cc my nh Fujilm, Olympus Kch thc th: 45.0 x 37.0 x 0.76 Sony MemoryStick

Khi Sony tung ra loi th nh kch c ca vin ko cao su, khng ai ng rng n l i tr nn ph bi n nh hin nay. Mt trong nhng im yu ca loi th ny l dung lng lu tr. Dung lng ti a cho n thi im hin ti l 128 MB. Kch thc th: 50.0 x 37.0 x 0.76 Cc lo i th khc Cc loi th t thng dng hn bao gm: SecureDigital, Multimedia card cho n gn y l MemoryStick pro, XD card..

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Types of metering: Cc kiu o sng Khng ph i tt c cc vng nm trong ch chp u c mc quan trng nh nhau i vi vic to nn bc nh cng nh quyt nh mc phi sng ca nh. V d nh khi chp phong cnh, mc phi sng ca ch chp gn s quan trng hn l mc phi sng ca bu tri c trong ch chp. y l nguyn nhn cc my nh k thut s th ng cung cp cc ty chn v cc kiu o sng. - o sng theo ma trn (Matrix metering or multi-segment metering): y l kiu o sng ngy cng tr nn ph bin do c chnh xc v nhy cao. Ch ch p c chia ra lm nhiu vng (segment), mi vng u c o sng ring bit, sau cc thng s o c tng hp qua my nh tnh ra mc phi sng ph hp nht cho ch nh chp. - o sng u tin trung tm (Center-weighted): y l kiu o sng thng gp. My nh o sng cn c theo ton b hnh nh thy c trong knh ngm nhng nhn mnh vng gia knh ngm (Thng l vng quan trng nht trong ch chp) - o sng im (Spot metering): My nh ch o sng mt vng rt nh nm gia hnh nh thy c trong knh ngm. Kiu o sng ny cho php nh n mnh ch mt vng c bit nm trong ch ch p thng c s d ng khi chp cc ch m c hu cnh qu sng hoc qu ti TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) Thut ng ch mt kiu nh d ng nh. y l kiu nh dng nh rt phc tp tuy nhin cng rt linh hot. Khi s dng nh dng nh ny cc d liu s v nh u c gi nguyn khng b mt bi cc thut ton nn nh nhm lm gim kch c ca file nh. nh dng nh TIFF khng ph i l mt la chn tt cho vic lu tr nh c bit l lu tr trn th nh do cc file ny c kch thc qu ln. Vi my nh 3 triu im, nh chp ch TIFF thng c kch thc ln hn 9 MB !. Viewfinder: Knh ngm, ng ngm

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My nh k thut s thng c trang b mt trong 3 loi knh ngm: quang hc, in t v lo i quang hc TTL. Knh ngm quang hc l loi ph bin nht. Vn thng g p nht i v i knh ngm l kh nng th hin chnh xc ton b khung hnh nh chp (framing). Mt s loi khng nh khung c chnh xc theo chiu dc hoc chiu ngang, mt s loi ch nh khung c chnh xc theo t l phn trm (thng l 80%-90%) khi so snh vi khung hnh ca ng knh, y cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn m hu ht cc my nh k thut s c trang b mn hnh LCD nhm nh khung (framing) c chnh xc hn. Optical viewfinder (Knh ng m quang hc)

y l loi ph bin v c cu trc n gi n nh t. My nh trang b loi knh ngm ny i khi cn c gi l My nh knh ngm thng nh m phn bit vi cc my SLR chuyn nghip. T t c cc my thu c loi compact u trang b knh ngm kiu ny. Loi knh ngm ny c cu trc n gin, d ch to tuy nhin do knh ngm v knh thu hnh nm hai v tr khc nhau nn khng th ging khun hnh chnh xc trn cng mt khu vc, loi tr li ny trn mt s knh ngm c cc ng k nhm ch th khung hnh thc t knh thu hnh s chp (hnh trn bn tri). Electronic Viewfinder (LCD Viewfinder): Knh ng m in t

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Knh ngm in t thc ch t l mt mn hnh LCD nh hin th khung hnh ging h t vi khung hnh hin th trn mn hnh LCD. Knh ngm loi ny thng c chnh xc cao h n v khng b li th sai. TTL Optical Viewfinder

y l loi knh ngm tt nht thng thy trn cc my nh SLR (single len reflects). ng ngm loi ny trc tip ly hnh trn ng knh thu hnh ca my nh thng qua h th ng g ng hoc lng knh phn chiu do hon ton loi tr li th sai. Lo i knh ngm ny ch c trn cc my nh cao cp do vic ch to rt phc tp v t tin. White Balance: Cn bng trng y l thut ng dng ch h thng cn ch nh mu sc cho ph hp vi loi nh sng c trong mi tr ng. Mt ngi lun lun t iu chnh cho ph hp vi kiu nh sng c trong mi trng,nhng my nh cn phi tm im tr ng (white point) ly lm im gc cn ch nh mu trong cc iu kin nh sng khc nhau.

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Tt c cc my nh k thut s u c c ch t ng cn bng trng, my nh s t ng tnh ton xem xt kiu nh sng c trong mi trng ri tm ra mc cn bng trng ph hp nht. H thng t ng ny cho n hin ti khng p ng c t t c cc kiu chiu sng mt cch chnh xc, cng nh khng p ng c tt c nhu cu ca ngi chp do trong my nh cn c sn cc tuy ch n cn b ng tr ng trong cc iu kin chiu sng thng g p nht nh: d i nh nng, my m, di nh n Neon, di nh n vng, di nh n cao p...Tt c cc ty chn ny u rt hu ch khi c la chn mt cch ph hp. Cc loi my nh bn chuyn nghip cn cho php ng i dng t cn bng trng thng qua ch white preset or Custom preset. ch ny my nh o im tr ng da trn t giy, card mu trng qua tnh ton nhit mu (color temperature), nh chp v v y s c mu sc chun xc hn hoc ngi dng c th s dng tnh nng ny to ra cc nh c mu s c c bit khc vi thc t (hiu ng nh).

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