Analysis of Performance Improvement

Using GMSK Modulation Technique in

Wireless DS-CDMA Communication
Systems

Manish Rai and Amit Nigam*
Deptt. Of Electronics & Comm. Engg
M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly(UP)- India;
* TMU, Moradabad(UP)-india
E-mail: manishrai1968@yahoo.co.in; amit_nig@yahoo.com

Abstract -This paper presents an analytical framework for DS-CDMA network with two-branch diversity
schemes for a Rayleigh fading channel. An analytical expression for the probability density function of the
signal to noise ratio (SNR) at the output of a two-branch maximal ratio system is developed by considering both
branches perfectly correlated as well as uncorrelated. Analysis were done incorporating GMSK modulation
technique which clearly shows an improvement over QPSK modulation scheme used in [1].

Index Terms Diversity, maximal ratio combining, Rayleigh fading channel, QPSK, GMSK .

1. Introduction

All of the modulation and demodulation techniques strive to achieve greater power and bandwidth efficiency in
a stationary additive white Gaussian noise channel. Since bandwidth is a limited resource ,one of the primary
objectives of all the modulation schemes is to maximize the required transmission bandwidth. Spread spectrum
techniques , on the other hand , employ entire transmission bandwidth i.e. several orders of magnitude greater
than the minimum required signal bandwidth. Advantage of spread spectrum is that many users can
simultaneously use bandwidth without significantly interfering with one another . In a multiple user , multiple
access interference (MAI) environment , spread spectrum systems become very bandwidth efficient [2].
The QPSK signal is defined as
( ) ( )
(

+ =
2
1 2 cos
2
i t f
T
E
t s
c
s
s
QPSK
;
s
T t 0 , i=1,2,3,4 (1)
where
s
T is the symbol duration and is equal to twice the bit period with
c
f
as carrier frequency and
s
E is
the signal energy [1].

2. Channel Modeling

The antenna receives a signal that is a superposition of several versions of the transmitted signal that arrive at
the receiver with different time delays. The resultant sum of all the multipath components can be expressed as
follows in the time domain [3,4] , with
0
t as a reference time
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0
1 1
L L
i i
i i
r t a s t t s t t a s t t
= =
= = =

(2)
where
i
a are the complex weights associated with each multipath component and represents the distribution
of the amplitude and phase of the received signal which is a result of the addition of multiple reflections. If all
i
a are equally distributed and large in number, the resulting is Rayleigh distributed [5].






Manish Rai et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 4 No.05 May 2012 1871

3.Symbol Error Rate of QPSK and GMSK in the Rayleigh Channel

The optimum receiver in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise has been extensively analyzed in [2].
The probability of symbol error,
e
P AWGN, in the presence of AWGN is usually expressed as a function of the
ratio of signal to noise ratio
0
N
E
S
. with
S
E is the average symbol energy and
0
N
is the variance of the
Gaussian noise.
The probability of symbol error for QPSK in an additive white Gaussian noise for a given
0
N
E
S
ratio is given in
[2] as
2
,
0 0
2
e s S
AWGN QPSK
E E
P Q Q
N N
( | | | |
= ( | |
| |
( \ . \ .
(3)
A GMSK signal can only take on one of two possible values, so for this modulation, the symbol error
probability and the bit error probability can be used interchangeably and the symbol energy
S
E is equal to the
bit energy
b
E . The probability of symbol error,
e
P , for an AWGN channel using an optimal coherent GMSK
receiver is given by [2]
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
0 0
2 2
N
E
Q
N
E
Q p
s b e
GMSK AWGN,
(4)
where Q is the Q-function and is constant having value 0.65.

4. Performance of QPSK and GMSK with Maximal Ratio Combining for the Rayleigh Channel

4.1Average E
s
/N
o
after two-Branch Maximal Ratio Combining
The average
0
N
E
S
with maximal ratio combining can be calculated to have value [2,3]
( )
2 2
1 2
0 0 0
1 2
2
s s s
Max Branch Branch
E E E
N N N

| | | | | |
= + = + | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
(5)
where
1

and
2

are the normalized power of branch 1& 2 respectively. The average

0
N
E
S
of QPSK is equal to
that of GMSK and both yield same result as in (5) because in both cases the same probability density function
( ) x f
X
is used to describe the distribution of
0
N
E
S
. What is of interest is to find the improvement in average
symbol error rate that occurs in a Rayleigh channel when GMSK or QPSK is used in the presence of a maximal
ratio combiner. With the assumptions of a flat and slow fading channel, the derivations for the symbol error rate
for GMSK and coherent QPSK can be made from the equations introduced in this and the previous sections.

4.2 Average probability of Symbol Error using QPSK
The average probability of symbol error for QPSK can be evaluated in a similar fashion as was described in the
previous section for GMSK. The three expression of symbol error rate that will be developed are valid for
different combinations of correlation and average power of the branches. The average probability of symbol
error after maximal ratio combining can be found using [7-8 ] and is given by
, ,
0
( ) ( )
e e
Max QPSK AWGN QPSK Y
P P y f y dx

=
}
(6)
with pdf ( ) y f
Y
as the distribution of
0
N
E
S
. The average probability of symbol error of QPSK for =1 ( is
envelop correlation ) can be found by noting that the integral of interest is the integral in ref.[7] with
2

replaced by
2
2
1
2
+ . Hence the average symbol error of QPSK after two-branch maximal ratio combining can
be directly inferred to give
(
(

+ +
+
+
+ +
+
=
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
,
1
arctan
1
2
1
1 4
3




e
QPSK Max
P
(7)
valid for 1
P
= =
Repeating the procedure described by (7) for QPSK results in the average probability of symbol error of QPSK
for uncorrelated and balanced branches. The Q function when replaced by the equivalent error function
relationship equation (6), it reduces the integral to
Manish Rai et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 4 No.05 May 2012 1872

2 2
2
, 4
0
3 1 1
4 2 2 4 2
4
x
e
Max QPSK
x x
xe erf erf
P dx

| | | | | |
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
=
}
(8)

The final result after the appropriate substitutions produces a symbol error rate of
( )
( )( )
3 2 2
, 3/ 2 2 2 2
2
3 3 2 2
1 arctan
4 1 2 1 2 1
4 1
e
Max QPSK
P

(
+
= + (
+ + + ( +

(9)
valid for
= =
2 1
and
0 = =
p


4.3 Average probability of Bit Error with GMSK schemes
Considering first the case of perfectly correlated signals between both branches employing GMSK modulation
as described by the probability density function with maximal ratio combining given in [9-11]. Modification in
probability of error with GMSK scheme can be written as
( )
( )
( )
}

+
=
0
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2 dy e y Q p
y
e
GMSK Max,
(10)
results in the average symbol error probability of GMSK. The solution of the above integral can be calculated as
( )
( )
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2 1
2
2
1
2
1
+ +
+
=
e
GMSK Max
p
,
(11)
valid for
1 = =
p
,assuming both branches perfectly correlated. Repeating the procedure on the probability
density function of the
P
SNR , results in the average probability of bit error of GMSK valid for =0 and
1
=
2
= . The Q function when replaced by the equivalent error function relationship and expanded
produces the equation
( )
dx
e x xerf xe
p
x x
e
GMSK Max }

=
0
4
2 2
8
2 2
,
(12)
The answer can be derived through differentiation and evaluates to
( )
( )
( )
2
3
2
2
0
3 2
, Re , Re 0
2
px
p a
xerf ax e dx a p p a
p p a

| |
+
|
= + >
|
+
\ .
}
(13)

Finally, by combining both (12) and (13) produces an equation for the average symbol error rate for GMSK
after maximal ratio combining for uncorrelated and balanced branches.
( )
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
2
3
2
3
,
2 1
4 3
4
2
2
1

e
GMSK Max
P
(14)
for
= =
1 2
and
0 = =
P



5. Simulation Results

Now, final conclusions could be drawn from simulated plots. Fig:1 and Fig:2 have been simulated between Pe
Vs. Es/ No of first branch considering normalized power
2
of the second branch as a parameter with two
perfectly correlated branch MRC combining for QPSK & GMSK modulation schemes respectively. Comparing
both the plots simultaneously, it can be seen that GMSK technique gives less Pe as compare to QPSK which
clearly improves the system performance. Taking
2
=5, QPSK supports Pe= 0.25 whereas GMSK gives
Pe=0.12 giving almost 52% improvement.

Similar conclusions can be drawn from Fig:3 which compare both the schemes for uncorrelated branches. Here
again, GMSK technique outperformed QPSK in terms of Pe , giving 56.9% improvement in system
performance. Hence, in every manner, GMSK modulation scheme gives a performance improvement as
compare to QPSK technique.


Manish Rai et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 4 No.05 May 2012 1873


Fig 1. Average probability of bit error of a QPSK signal for two-branch maximal ratio combining for perfectly correlated branches, as a
function of average
0
N
E
s
in both branches.
Fig 2. Average probability of symbol error of a GMSK signal for two-branch maximal ratio combining for perfectly correlated branches, as
a function of average
0
N
E
b
values in both branches.

Fig 3. Average probability of bit error of a GMSK &QPSK signal for two-branch maximal ratio combining for uncorrelated branches as a
function of average E
b
/N
o
values in both branches.

References :

[1] Fuqin Xiong ,Digital Modulation Techniques ,artech house , Boston, London ,2000
[2] John G. Proakis, Digital Communciations, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1995.
[3] R.H. Clarke, A Statistical Theory of Mobile Radio Reception, Bell Sys. Tech.J., 47, pp. 957-1000, July 1968.
[4] Henry Stark and John W. Woods, Probability, Random Processes, and Estimation Theory for Engineers, Perentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ, 1994.
[5] W.C.Jakes, Ed., Microwave Mobile Communications, Wiley, New York, NY, 1974. (reprint IEEE Press, New York, 1993.)
[6] A. P. Prudnikov, Yu. A. Brychokov, Integrals and Series Volume 4 Direc Laplace Transforms, Gordon and Breach, Philadelphia, PA,
1992.
[7] I. S. Gradshteyn and I. M. Ryzhik, Table of Integrals, Series, and Products, Academic Press Inc., San Diego, CA, 1994.
[8] Henry Stark and John W. Woods, Probability, Random Processes, and Estimation Theory for Engineers, Perentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ, 199
Manish Rai et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 4 No.05 May 2012 1874

[9] Henry Stark and John W. Woods, Probability, Random Processes, and Estimation Theory for Engineers, Perentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ, 1994.
[10] Emad K. Al-Hussaini and Abdel Aziz M. Al-Bassiouni, Performance of MRC Diversity Systems for the Detection of Signals with
Nakagami Fading, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-33, no. 12, pp. 1315-1319, Dec. 1985.
[11] Francois Patenaude, John H. Lodge, and Jean-Yves Chouinard, Noncoherent Diversity Reception Over Nakagami-Fading Channels,
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Manish Rai et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)
ISSN : 0975-5462 Vol. 4 No.05 May 2012 1875