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Chapter 13 Body Defense Mechanisms

Chapter 13 Body Defense Mechanisms Objectives and Key Concepts Summary Chapter Study Tips Web Tutorial Practice Test Vocabulary Review Critical Thinking Questions Short Answer Questions Links Search Terms MySearchLab Science Skills Student Study Tips Glossary Profile

antibody-mediated immune responses defend against antigens that are free in body fluids, including toxins or extracellular pathogens. The B cells use antibodies to neutralize the antigen. Cell-mediated immune responses involve living cells and protect against cellular threats including body cells that ha become infected and cancer cells.

Macrophages present antigens to helper T cells to trigger an immune response. Helper T cells activate B cells and T cells to destroy the specific antigen. W activated these cells divide to form clones of cells designed to eliminate a specific antigen from the body. The effector cells produced when activated B cell divide are called plasma cells. They secrete antibodies, also called immunoglobulins (Ig), into the bloodstream that bind to antigens. Cytotoxic T cells effector T cells responsible for the cell-mediated immune response. Suppressor T cells turn off the immune response when the antigens no longer pose a threat.

Immunological memory allows for a more rapid response on subsequent exposure to the antigen. Although the primary response may be slow as the anti concentration rises, the secondary response is strong and swift due to the large number of specific memory cells that can respond to the antigen.

In active immunity the body actively participates by producing memory B cells and T cells following exposure to an antigen. This process can also happen through vaccination. Because memory cells are produced, active immunity is relatively long lived. Passive immunity results when a person receives antib that were produced by another person or animal. This is the case when antibodies cross the placenta from mother to fetus. However, passive immunity is lived since the recipients body was not stimulated to produce memory cells. Monoclonal antibodies are a group of identical antibodies that bind to one specific antigen. They are used in research, clinical diagnosis, and disease treatment because they can help diagnose certain diseases in their early stages.

Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system attacks the bodys own cells. Organ-specific autoimmune disorders are directed against a single o and are caused by T cells. Non-organ-specific autoimmune disorders are caused by antibodies and have effects that are widespread throughout the body Treatment involves correcting the deficiency caused by the disorder and suppressing the immune system with drugs.

Allergies are immune responses to harmless substances called allergens, which cause plasma cells to release large numbers of a particular subtype of antibodies (IgE class). These antibodies bind to mast cells or basophils causing them to release histamine. The histamine causes redness, swelling, itching other symptoms of an allergic response. Antihistamines are most effective in reducing the allergy symptoms. Allergy shots inject increasing amounts of a k allergen in an effort to desensitize the person to the offending allergens.

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