Do An Thong Tin Quang

Tr?ng ?HKT C?ng Nghi?p Th?i Nguy?
n
?? ?n Th?ng tin quang
Tr?ng ?HKT C?ng Nghi?p Th?i Nguy?n
Sinh vi?n: L?ng Xu?n Tr?ng
Sinh vi?n: L?ng Xu?n Tr?ng -L?p K40?VT
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?? ?n Th?ng t in quang
Sinh vi?n: L?ng Xu?n Tr?ng Email :
TRNG HKTCN THI NGUYN
---------------------------------------------------
BN NHN XT N MN H C
THNG TIN QUANG
H v tn sinh vin: ......................................................................
..MSSV: ........................................................
Ngnh:... Kho: ..2004
2009.
Ging vin hng dn:.Th.S. o Huy Du
Ging vin nhn
xt: ...........................................................................................................................................
......
1. Ni dung n:
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2. Nhn xt ca ging vin:
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Sinh vi?n: L?ng Xu?n Tr?ng -L?p K40?VT Email :
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Ngy thng nm
Ging vin nhn xt
Mc lc Trang
LI NI U...6
Chng 1 C S THNG TIN QUANG7
1.1. Lch s pht trin7
1.2. Cu trc mt h thng thng tin quang n gin9
1.3. u im ca thng tin quang........11
Chng2 SI QUANG....12
2.1. Nhng ng dng ca si quang.12
2.2. u im ca thng tin si quang..13
2.3. L thuyt chung v si dn quang14
2.3.1. Ph ca sng in t14
2.3.2. Chit sut ca mi trng17
2.3.3. Hin tng phn
x
nh sng ton phn..17
2.4. S truyn dn nh sng trong si quang18
2.4.1.Nguyn l truyn dn chung.18
2.4.2 S lan truyn cc mode trong si quang...20
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2.5. Phn loi si quang...23
2.5.1. Si c chit sut nhy bc(SI) v si c chit sut bin i u (GI)
...24
2.5.1.1.Si quang c chit sut nhy bc (si SI: Step- Index)24
2.5.1.2.Si quang c chit sut gim dn (si GI: Graded- Index)..25
2.5.2. Cc dng chit sut khc:..26
2.5.3. Si a mode v n mode.27
2.5.3.1.Si a mode (MM: Multi Mode):.27
2.5.2.2.Si n mode ( SM: SingleMode ):...28
2.6.Cc thng s ca si quang29
2.6.1. Suy hao ca si quang:..29
2.6.2.Cc nguyn nhn gy suy hao trn si quang:...31
2.6.2.1. Suy hao do hp th:..31
2.6.2.2.Suy hao do tn x:.32
2.6.2.3.Suy hao do si b un cong...33
2.6.2.4.Mt s suy hao khc.34
2.6.2.5. c tuyn suy hao....35
2.6.3.Tn sc (Dispersion)..36
2.6.4. Cc nguyn nhn gy ra tn sc38
2.6.4.1.Tn sc mode (Mode Despersion)38
2.6.4.2.Tn sc vt liu.40
2.6.4.3. Tn sc do tc dng ca ng dn sng:...41
2.6.4.4.. tn sc tng cng...42
2.6.4.5. Tn sc bc cao.43
2.6.4.6.Tn sc mode phn cc..43
2.6.4.7. tn sc ca mt vi loi si c bit.45
2.6.5.Di thng ca si quang..46
2.6.6. Bc sng ct.48
2.6.7. ng knh trng mode (MFD:Mode Field Diameter)...48
2.7.Cu trc si quang.49
2.7.1. Cu trc ca si quang49
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2.7.1.1.Lp ph...50
2.7.1.2.Lp v.50
2.7.2. Yu cu i vi si quang...52
2.8. Cc phng php ch to si quang..53
2.8.1.Vt liu ch to si...53
2.8.2.Cc phng php ch to si quang.54
2.8.3.Cc phng php ch to phi si54
2.8.3.1.Phng php thanh ng c i n.54
2.8.3.2.Phng php ni nu i (Double Orucible).55
2.8.3.3.Phng php ng hi ha cht.56
2.8.3.3.1.Phng php ng hi ha cht: (chemical vapour deposition- CVD)
..56
2.8.3.3.2.Phng php ng hi ha cht nh Plasma (Plasma chemical vapour
Deposition- PCVD)58
2.8.3.3.3.Phng php ng hi ha cht bn ngoi ( Outside Chemical
Vapour Deposition- OCVD).59
2.8.3.3.4.Phng php ng hi ha cht theo trc ( Vapour Axial Deposition-
VAD).59
2.8.4.Qu trnh ko si...59
2.8.5. Nguyn tc to ra si quang mi...60
2.9. Hn ni si quang.61
2.9.1. Yu cu k
thut
61
2.9.2.Cc phng php hn ni si quang62
2.9.2.1. Phng php dng keo dnh...62
2.9.2.2.Phng php dng h quang...63
2.9.3.Bo v mi ni..65
Chng 3 CP QUANG...67
3.1. Tng quan.67
3.1.1. c im, yu cu i vi cp quang ...67
3.1.2. Kh nng ca si v cp quang...67
3.2. Cu trc cp quang....68
3.2.1.Cu trc tng qut ca cp quang69
3.2.1.1.Phn li...70
3.2.1.2.V cp.73
3.3.Phn loi cp quang:..74
3.3.1. Phn loi theo cu trc:...74
3.3.2. Phn loi theo mc ch s
dng75
3.3.3. Phn loi theo iu kin lp t..75
3.3.3.1.Cp treo...76
3.3.3.2.Cp t trong cng..76
3.3.3.3. Cp chn trc tip..77
3.3.3.4.Cp t trong nh78
3.3.3.5. Cp ngp nc v th bin.78
3.4. M mu trong cp.79
3.5. o th cp quang v o bo dng...81
3.5.1.Khi qut..81
3.5.2. Mc ch ca o th82
3.5.3.o th bo dng.83
3.6.Cc bin php bo v cp quang84
3.6.1. chn su cp..84
3.6.2. Chng mi v chng chut.86
3.6.3. Chng nh hng ca st86
Ti Liu Tham Kho.87
- 1934: NORMAN R.FRENCH, ng??i M?, nh?n b?ng s?ng ch? h? th?ng th?ng tin
LI NI U
Hin ny cc h thng thng tin quang chim hu ht cc tuyn truyn dn
quan trng trn mng li vin thng quc t, v c coi l phng thc truyn dn
c hiu qu nht trn cc tuyn vt bin v xuyn lc a. p ng nhu cu truyn
ti ln do s bng n thng tin, mng truyn dn i hi phi c s pht trin mnh v
c quy m v trnh cng ngh nhm to ra cc cu trc mng hin i bao gm c
cc h thng thng tin quang. Cc h thng thng tin quang trong thi gian ti phi m
bo c tc cao, c ly xa, tin cy cao
Trong ton b h thng thng tin quang phn khng th thiu c chnh l Cp
Si Quang. H thng thng tin quang c nhiu u im hn cc h thng khc mt
phn chnh l nh mi trng truyn dn l cp si quang.
V vy, em chn ti Cp Si
Quang
hiu su hn .
lm n nghin cu gip em tm
Do thi gian hn hp v kin thc ca bn thn c hn chnh v vy n ca
em khng th trnh c nhng thiu st. Nn em mong cc thy c trong b mn v cc
bn trong lp nh gi v ng gp nhiu kin ti su hn v pht trin n
mc cao hn na.
Trong qu trnh lm bi, em c nhn c s hng dn chi tit ca thy
o Huy Du v gp ca cc bn trong lp. Em xin gi li cm n n thy v cc
bn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n
!
Sinh Vin
Lng Xun Trng
Chng
1
C S THNG TIN QUANG
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GII THIU TNG QUAN
H thng thng tin c hiu mt cch n gin l h thng truyn thng tin
t ni ny n ni khc.Khong cch truyn tin c th l hng trm Km, hng trc ngn
Km hoc xuyn qua cc i dng.Thng tin c th truyn qua cc sng in vi cc
di tn s khc nhau.
H thng thng tin quang si l h thng thng tin bng sng nh sng v s dng
cc si quang truyn tin. N pht trin nhanh v cn tim tng kh nng rt ln trong
vic hin i ho cc mng li vin thng trn th gii.
1.1. Lch s pht trin
Trong tin trnh lch s pht trin ca nhn loi vic trao i thng tin gia con
ngi vi con ngi tr thnh mt nhu cu quan trng, mt yu t quyt nh gp
phn thc y s ln mnh tin b ca mi quc gia, cng nh nn vn minh ca nhn
loi .
Cng vi s pht trin ca h thng thng tin hu tuyn v v tuyn s dng mi
trng truyn dn l dy dn kim loi c in (cp ng ) v khng gian.Th vic s
dng nh sng nh mt phng tin trao i thng tin cng c khai thc c hiu qu .
Cng vi thi gian thng tin quang pht trin v ngy cng hon thin vi nhng mc
lch s nh sau:
-1790 : CLAU DE CHAPPE , k s ngi Php, xy dng mt h thng in bo
gm mt chui cc thp vi cc n bo hiu trn . Tin tc vt qua chng ng
200km trong vng 15 pht .
-1870 : JOHN TYNDALL nh vt l ngi Anh chng t nh sng c th
dn c theo vi nc un cong vi nguyn l phn x ton phn . iu vn
c p dng trong thng tin quang hin nay .
-1880 : ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL , ngi M gii thiu h thng thng
tin Photophone. Ting ni c truyn i bng nh sng trong mi trng khng
kh . Nhng cha c p dng trong thc t v qu nhiu ngun nhi u.
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quang. S dng cc thanh thu tinh truyn dn.
- 1958: ARTHUR SCHAWLOUR v CHARLES H TOUNES, xy dng v pht trin
Laser
- 1960: THEODOR H MAIMAN a laser vo hot ng thnh cng.
- 1962: Laser bn dn v Photodiode bn dn c tha nhn vn cn li l phi
tm mi trng truyn dn quang thch hp.
- 1966: CHARLES H KAO v GEORCE A HOCKHAM, hai k s phng th nghim
Stanrdard Telecommunications ca Anh ,
xut dng si
thu
tinh dn nh sng.
Nhng do cng ngh ch to si quang thi cn hn ch nn suy hao qu ln
(
khong 1000dB/Km)
- 1970: Hng Corning Glass Work ch tto thnh cng si quang loi SI c suy hao
nh hn 20 [dB/km] bc sng 1310nm.
- 1972: Loi si GI c ch to vi suy hao 4 [dB/km].
- 1983: Si n mode(SM) c x u t xng ti M.
Ngy nay loi si n mode c s dng rng ri vi suy hao ch cn khong
0,2 [dB/km] bc sng 1550nm.
1.2. Cu trc mt h thng thng tin quang n gi n
Tr m l p
Ngu
n t
n
hi u.
Phn
E
O
t
i n.
O
Phn
E
t
i n.
Bi n
i
Si
quang
Bi n i
s i
Hnh 1.1. Cu trc h thng thng tin quang n gin
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Theo s h thng ta c:
- Ngun tn hiu thng tin: l dng thng tin thng thng l hnh nh , ting ni ,
fax...hay cn l tn hiu u vo.
- Phn t in: l phn chung ca h thng, x l ngun tin to ra tn hiu
in a vo h thng truyn dn, c th l tn hiu Alalog hoc Digtal
- B bin i E/O: C nhim v bin i tn hiu t tn hiu in thnh tn hiu
quang vi cc mc tn hiu in c bin i thnh cng quang, cc tn hiu in
0v 1c b in i ra nh sng tng ng dng khng v c.
Sau tn hiu quang c a vo si quang truyn i. B bin i in quang
thc cht l cc linh kin pht quang nh LED,Laser diode...
- Si quang: truyn dn nh sng ca ngun bc x (E/O) c iu bin, n
c vai tr nh knh truyn dn.
- B bin i O/E: l b thu quang, tip nhn nh sng t si quang a vo v bin
i tr li thnh tn hiu in nh tn hiu pht i, n c vai tr nh b gii iu
ch.
-Trm lp : Khi truyn dn trn tuyn truyn dn, cng sut b gim i, tn hi
trn ng truyn b tiu hao, dng sng ( rng xung) b gin ra do nhiu nguyn
nhn khc nhau. V vy, truyn c i xa cn c trm lp. Hin nay cha thc
hin c khuch i hay ti sinh trc tip tn hiu quang nn cc trm lp
phi thc hin 3 bc sau:
+ Chuyn i t tn hiu quang sang tn hiu in
+ Sa i dng tn hiu b mo hoc ti sinh tn hiu in.
+ Chuyn i tn hiu in c khuch i hoc ti sinh thnh tn
hiu quang tip tc pht i.
- Ti tin: Trong h thng thng tin in th ti tin l cc sng in t cao tn, trong
h thng quang l nh sng cnh l sng in t song c tn s rt cao (10
14
-10
15
Hz) do
vy ti tin quang rt thun li cho ti cc tn hiu bng rt rng.
- Nng lc truyn dn: nng lc truyn dn ca h thng c nh gi qua hai i
lng:
+ rng bng tn c th truyn dn c
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+ C ly trm lp hoc di chuyn tip
Xu th ca cc h thng truyn dn quang l truyn dn di rt rng v c ly trm
lp rt ln. Thc t cc h thng quang hin nay vt qua cc h thng in c
2 yu cu trn. Cc i lng trn c xc nh bi nhiu yu t lin quan nh:
+ Tiu hao v tn x truyn dn ca si quang
+ Cng sut bc x v kh nng iu bin linh hot ca si quang
+ nhy ca my thu quang
+ Tiu hao ph khi x l cc phn t ton tuyn
1.3. u im ca thng tin quang
So vi h thng thng tin in t th h thng thng tin quang c nhng u im
hn hn l nhng u i m c bn nh sau:
1. Suy hao truyn dn thp: dn ti gim c trm lp , ko di c c ly truyn
dn, cho php truyn dn bng rng, truyn c tc ln hn cp kim loi khi cng
chi ph xy dng mng nn
2. Bng tn truyn dn ln , p ng c thu bao dch v di rng .
3. Si quang: c ch to t nhng nguyn liu chnh l thch anh hay nha tng
hp nn ngun nguyn liu rt di do r tin. Si c ng knh nh, trng lng
nh, khng c xuyn m rt d lp t v un cong .
4. Dng cp si quang: rt kinh t trong c vic sn xut cng nh lp t v bo
dng. Khng b nh hng ca nhiu in t, khng dn in, khng gy chp, chy.
5. Tn hiu tuyn trong si quang: khng chu nh hng ca nhiu t trng bn
ngoi (nh sng v tuyn in, truyn hnh, nh hng ca cp in cao th ...) dn
n tnh bo mt thng tin cao, khng b nghe trm. N c s dng ti nhng ni c
nhiu in t
chn in t.
mnh nh trong cc nh my, nh my inm khng cn phi che
6. Mt cp si quang: c cng kch c vi cp kim loi th c th cha c mt s
lng ln li si quang ln hn s lng kim loi.
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7. Si quang: c tnh bo mt cao, v vy vic nh cp thng tin trn si quang l rt
kh khn.
Tuy nhin h thng thng tin quang c mt s hn ch nh:
+ Kh khn trong vic ghp ni,
+ Khng s dng c trong vng b chiu x
Chnh v c nhng u im trn m cc h thng thng tin quang c s dng
rng ri trn mng li vin thng ca nhiu quc gia. Chng c xy dng lm cc
tuyn ng trc, trung k, lin tnh. Ti Vit Nam cp quang v ang lp t vi
tuyn truyn dn ng di lin tnh dng cp ngm.
Tc cc h thng thng tin quang s l mi t ph v , c ly truyn dn v cu
hnh linh hot cho cc dch v vin thng cp cao trong mng li vin thng.
Chng2
SI QUANG
2.1. Nhng ng dng ca si quang
Cng vi s pht trin khng ngng v thng tin vin thng, h thng truyn
dn quang truyn tn hiu trn si quang v ang pht trin mnh m nhiu nc
trn th gii. Do c nhiu u im hn hn cc hnh thc thng tin khc v dung lng
knh truyn, tnh kinh t,m thng tin quang gi vai tr chnh trong vic truyn tn
hiu cc tuyn xuyn ng trc avf cc tuyn xuyn lc a, xuyn i ty dng.
Cng ngh nag nay to ra thng tin quang pht trin v thay i theo xu hng hin
i v kinh t nht.
c bit cng ngh si quang n mode c suy hao nh lm n gin vic
tng chiu di ca ton tuyn thng tin quang, kt hp vi cng ngh khuch i quang
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ra i s lm tng chiu di gp i hoc gp n ln. Cht lng ca tn hiu thu c
trn h thng ny s c ci thin mt cch ng k.
nc ta thng tin si quang ang ngy cnh chim v tr quan trng, cc tuyn
cp quang c hnh thnh, c bit l tuyn cp quang H Ni H Ch Minh chim
mt v tr quan trng trong thng tin ton quc.
Trong tng lai mng cp quang s c xy dng rng khp. Tuyn ng trc
cp quang s c r nhnh ti cc tnh, huyn, v xy dng tuyn cp quang ni ht.
* V tr ca si quang trong mng thng tin giai on hin nay:
- Mng ng trc xuyn quc gia.
- Mng ring ca cc cng ty ng s t, in lc.
- ng trung k
- ng cp th bin lin quc gia
- ng truyn s liu, mng LAN
- Mng truyn hnh
2.2. u im ca thng tin si quang
So vi dy kim loi si quang c nhiu u im ng ch l:
- Suy hao thp: cho php ko di khong cch tip vn do gim c s trm
tip vn
- Di thng rt rng: c th thit lp h thng truyn dn s tc cao
- Trng lng nh, kch thc nh
- Hon ton cch in khng chu nh hng ca sm st
- Khng b can nhiu bi trng in t
- Xuyn m gi cc si dy khng ng k
- Vt liu ch to c rt nhiu trong thin nhin
- Dng h thng thng tin si quang kinh t hn so vi si kim loi cng
dung lng v c ly.
2.3. L thuyt chung v si dn quang
Trong h thng thng tin quang, thng tin c truyn ti bng nh sng. Trong
phn ny, chng ta s nghin cu ti cc c tnh ca nh sng v rt cn thit hiu
c s lan truyn ca nh sng trong si quang v nguyn l ca dao ng laser. Ba
vn sau s l c s l thuyt cho vic hnh thnh h thng thng tin quang:
1. Ph ca sng in t
2. Chit sut ca mi trng
3. Hin tng phn x ton phn
2.3.1. Ph ca sng in t
Cc bc x in t ni chung c cng bn cht t nhin v c th xem nh sng
hoc ht (photon). Tnh cht sng hoc ht ni bt trong tng vng. c trng c bn
ca cc ngun bc x in t l di ph bc x ca n, tc l mt di tn s ca cc
dao ng in t hay cn gi l sng in t c sinh ra, hoc l di bc sng tng
ng. Hai i lng tn s v bc sng t l vi nhau theo cng thc:
C(m/s)= (m).f(Hz) hoc E(ev) = h.f
Trong
:
C l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng [ C=3.10
8
m/s ]
H l hng s Planck [ h=6,25.10
-34
J/s ]
nh sng dng trong thng tin quang trong vng cn hng ngoi vi bc sng t
800nm n 1600nm. c bit c ba bc sng thng dng l 850nm, 1300nm v
1550nm.
Hnh 2.1: Cc bc sng trong thng tin quang
Tiav
Tiahng tuyn
Tiat Tia Tia Tia
ngoi Rnghen Gam ma
Vtr
1,6 1,5 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 1 900 800 700 600 500 400 m
nh sng
nhnthy c
nhsnh
trongthngtinquang
Tm
Tr ?ng ?HKT C?ng Nghi?p Th? i Nguy?n
?? ?n Th?ng t i n quang
Hnh 2.2. Tn s v bc sng dng trong Thng tin quang
Ta bit nu bc sng cng nh th tn s cng ln m khi tn s cng ln th
suy hao cng ln. Song qua c tuyn suy hao ca si quang (hnh 2-7) v c bit
bc sng 1550nm th suy hao l di 0,2dB/km. Nh vy l vn suy hao c
n
2
gii quyt nn ba bc sng hin nay ang c dng rng ri m c bit l
bc sng 1550nm. Cng ta khai thc thm c cc vng tn s khc m rng
di tn s ng thi khai thc c cc u im ca cp si quang.
2.3.2. Chit sut ca mi trng
Chi t sut ca mi trng c xc nh bi t s ca vn tc nh sng trong
chn khng v vn tc nh sng trong mi trng y.
n
C
trong : n : Chit sut ca mi trng
V
V : Vn tc nh sng trong mi trng
M C V nn n 1.
Chit sut ca mi trng ph thuc vo bc sng ca nh sng truyn cho n.
2.3.3. Hin tng ph n x nh sng ton phn
Cho mt tia sng n sc i t mi trng c chit sut n
1
sang mi trng th hai
c chit sut n
2
(n
1
<n
2
) nh hnh v sau:
P
P
1
n
2
2
2
n
1
n
1
2
T
T
1
Vng phn x ton phn
Hnh 2.3. Hin tng phn x nh sng ton phn
n
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Tia ti (tia 1) hp vi php tuyn P ca mt phn cch gia hai mi trng mt gc
, khi sang mi trng th hai, tia sng ny b khc x v hp vi php tuyn P mt
gc . Theo nh lut khc x Snelious ta c:
n
1
.sin
t
= n
2
.sin
Khi tia ti t ti
gc
thi tia khc x s chy song song vi mt phn cch gia hai
mi trng. Tc l gc khc x
t
= 90
0
.
n
1
Suy ra: Sin
t
=
2
Gc
t
c gi l gc ti hn, ln ca gc ti hn ph thuc vo chnh lch
chit sut gia hai mi trng v khi tia ti vi
gc
cch tr li mi trng 1.
>
t
th tia phn x ti mt phn
Nh vy, iu kin xy ra hin tng ton phn l:
- Cc tia sng phi i t mi trng chit quang hn (n
1
) sang mi trng km
chit quang hn (n
2
) .Hay l Chit sut n
1
> n
2
- Gc ti ca tia sng phi ln hn gc ti hn.
2.4. S truyn dn nh sng trong si quang
2.4.1.Nguyn l truyn dn chung
ng dng hin tng phn x ton phn, si quang c ch to gm mt li
(core) bng thu tinh c chit sut n
1
v mt lp bc (cladding) bng thu tinh c chit
sut n
2
vi n
1
n
2
nh sng truyn trong li si quang s phn x nhiu ln (phn x
ton phn) trn mt tip gip gia li v lp v bc.
Ta bit iu kin xy ra hi tng tn phn l:
+ Chit sut n
1
> n
2
n
n
t
1
2
n
n
n n
2 2 2
n n
2 2
1
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+ Gc ti ln hn gc ti hn.
Do c im cu to ca si quang c iu kin l n
1
> n
2
. Vy ch cn iu kin
l gc ti
t
phi ln hn gc ti
hn
th
(
t
>
th
). Nn ngi ta a ra khi nim gi l
khu s NA (Numerical Aperture) ngha l kh nng ghp lung bc x quang vo
si.
p dng cng thc : Snelious tnh N:
n
2
n t
0
th
n
1
n
0
Sin
th
=n
1
.Sin . (n
0
=1 : chit sut ca khng kh)
1.Sin
th
=n
1
.Sin =n
1
Cos
1
.
(Sin =Sin(90
0
-
t
)=Cos
t
)
Cos
t
2
1 Sin
2 2
1
Sin
th
2
n
1
. 1
2
2 1
1
NA Sin
th
2 1
n
1
. 2
n
2
n
2
Vi
1 2
2.n
2
gi l lch chit sut tng i
Vy iu kin t c hin tng phn x ton phn trong li l khi a
ngun sng vo li cp phi nm trong mt hnh nn c gc m
th
arcsinn
1
. 2 .
2.4.2 S lan truyn cc mode trong si quang
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Theo quan im truyn dn sng in t mun bit c bn cht thc ca cc
qu trnh truyn dn nh sng, cn phi gii phng trnh sng. Mt mode c hiu l
mt trng thi dao ng in t ng vi nghim ca phng trnh sng v s lng cc
mode c quan h vi cc sng in t n tho mn cc phng trnh Maxwell v iu
kin b t si quang.
Cc mode ca cc sng in t c th chia ra mode vi tn hao thp. Mode v
vi tn hao cao v cc mode r c c tnh ca c hai loi mode trn. D nhin khi a
nh sng vo si quang th phn ln nng lng tp trung trong rut si, cn phn nng
lng r ra v to ra mode v v mode r b dp tt ngay. Ngi ta ch n cc mode
c truyn dn trong rut si v cc mode lan truyn c nhng c tnh sau :
- Cc mode hon ton c l p vi nhau.
- Mi mode c mt tc lan truyn rng.
- Mi mode ch tn ti cho mt bc sng xc nh ca ngun sng.
Thc t phi tn ti mt bc sng gii
hn
g
sao cho cc bc sng ca cc mode
u phi tun theo iu
kin
>
g
.
S lng cc mode lan truyn trong si quang ph thuc vo t s d
k
/ nn d
k
ln
hn nhiu th si cho v s mode truyn qua, cn khi d
k
rt nh th ch c mt mode
c bn c truyn qua (si n mode). Ngi ta nh ngha tham s cu trc V hay cn
gi l tn s chun ho:
V
.d
k
.n
1
. 2.
Vi si SI, nu V<2,405 th ngi ta c n mode, ngc li l si mode. Cn
si GI, nu V<3,518 c si n mode, V>3,518 ta c si a mode.
nghin cu chnh xc ngi ta phi s dng cc phng trnh truyn sng.
V cc mode lan truyn chnh l nghim ca h phng trnh truyn sng. Tuy nhin
vic lp v gii phng trnh sng rt phc tp nn n gin nht l dng phng php
quang hnh hc xem xt cc mode lan truyn trn mt ct dc ca si.
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n
1
n
2
n n
2 2
n
2
3
2
n
1
1
max
a)
1
3
2
max
b)
c)
Hnh 2.4: Cc mode lan truyn trong si a mode SI(a), GI(b), v si n mode(c)
nh sng t ngun bc x pht ra c a vo si vi nhiu gc khc nhau nn
si chy theo nhiu ng dch dc khc nhau (a) hoc dng hnh sin (b)vi chiu di
khc nhau v c mt mode chy song song trc c qung ng i ngn nht (c). nh
sng lan truyn trong li phi tho mn iu kin phn x ton phn c ngha l nh
sng a vo si phi nm trong mt hnh nn c na gc m
th
Si SI c
th
arcsi
M .
d
k
.n
1
2,40
5
2. . n
2 2
Si GI c
th
r
2
arcsinn
1
. 2. . 1 ( )
a
M nh ta bit khu s NA = Sin
th
Nh vy si SI c
NA
1 2
n
1
. 2.
Gi tr ca NA nm trong gii hn t
0,2
0,37.
Cn si GI c
NA
r
2
n
1
. 1 ( )
a
m ca si GI lun lun thay i tu gi tr a ra nh sng vo ti tm li c
m l ln nht, cn ra n ch mt phn cch li th m bng 0.
Mun tng hiu sut nh sng vo si cn c m ln song l thuyt chng
minh l khi tng m th xung nh sng lan truyn b tn x ln, bng tn truyn dn
ca si b thu hp li.
Theo hnh 2-5 ta khng th m t c trng ca cc mode v thc t khng phi
tt c cc tia sng i vo li trong phm vi gc m cho php u c lan truyn n
cui si. Do bn thn nh sng c tnh sng, gia cc tia c hin tng giao thoa.
Hai tia sng s trit tiu nhau nu nh ca mt sng gp bng ca mt sng
khc, hoc hai sng lch pha nhau mt na bc sng, cn nu hai bc sng c nh
gp nh th s cng tng cng chy n cui ng si m ta gi l cc mode.
V phng tin truyn sng, c th ni mode c c trng bi s phn b
cng nh sng trn mt ct ngang ca si v c lan truyn vi tc xc nh.
Xa hn na, xt v phng din truyn dn th mode s tr thnh ti tin
khi iu bin, nh th trn si n mode c mt ti tin cn trn si a mode th c rt
nhiu ti tin, mi ti tin ng vi mt bc sng nht nh.
2.5. Phn loi si quang
phn bit si quang, ngi ta da vo cc yu t ca si quang m phn bit
thnh cc li si khc nhau.
Danh mc Loi si
Phn loi si theo ch s chi t sut
- Si c ch s chi t sut phn bc
- Si c ch s chi t sut Gradien
Phn loi theo mode truyn dn
- Si n mode
- Si a mode
Phn loi theo cu trc vt liu
- Si thu tinh
- Si cht do
- Si thu tinh a thnh phn
Phn loi da theo cc chc nng c
bit
- Si l khng kh
- Si duy tr phn cc
2.5.1. Si c chit sut nhy bc(SI) v si c chit sut bin i u (GI)
2.5.1.1.Si quang c chit sut nhy bc (si SI: Step- Index):
y l loi si c cu to n gin nht vi chit sut ca li v lp v bc
khc nhau mt cch r rt nh hnh bc thang. Cc tia sng t ngun quang phng vo
u si vi gc ti khc nhau s truyn theo cc ng khc nhau
Hnh 2.5. Si SI (Step-Index)
Cc tia sng truyn trong li vi cng vn tc:
V
C
n
1
- S lng mode truyn
M
V
2
/2 trong V = 2 .a.NA/
- Tn sc mode trong si GI l ln => nh hng ti vic mang dung lng thng tin
ca si.
y n
1
khng i m chiu di ng truyn khc nhau nn thi gian truyn s
khc nhau trn cng mt chiu di si. iu ny dn ti mt hin tng khi a mt
xung nh sng hp vo u si li nhn c mt xung nh sng rng hn cui si.
y l hin tng tn sc,do tn sc ln nn si SI khng th truyn tn hiu s tc
cao qua c ly di c. Nhc im ny c th khc phc c trong loi si c
chit sut gim dn
2.5.1.2.Si quang c chit sut gim dn (si GI: Graded- Index):
Si GI c dng phn b chi t sut li hnh parabol, v chit sut li thay i mt
cch lin tc nn tia sng truyn trong li b un cong dn.
2
2
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- Mt ct chit
sut:
Hnh 2.6 : Si GI ( Grae - Index)
n(r )
n
1
1
(r / a) ; r a
n
1
(1 ) n
2
; r a
Trong :a - bn knh li, l h s mt ct xc nh dng bin i chit sut
trong li, = 2 tng ng vi mt ct parabol.
- Khu s:
NA(r) n
2
(r) n
NA
max
1
(r /
a)
NA
max
n
1
2
- Si truyn nhiu mode hoc v cng c 2 loi tia: tia kinh tuyn v tia nghing
hoc tia xon
- Qu o cc tia lan truyn c dng ng cong hnh sin do b i hng lin tc khi
truyn trong si.
ng truyn ca cc tia sng trong si GI cng khng bng nhau nhng vn
tc truy n cng thay i theo. Cc tia truyn xa trc c ng truyn di hn nhng
li c vn tc truy n ln hn v ngc li, cc tia truyn gn trc c ng truyn
ngn hn nhng li c vn tc truyn nh hn. Tia truyn dc theo trc c ng
truyn ngn nht v chit sut trc l ln nht. Nu ch to chnh xc s phn b
chit sut theo ng parabol th ng i ca cc tia sng c dng hnh sin v thi gian
truyn ca cc tia ny bng nhau. tn sc ca si GI nh hn nhiu so vi si SI.
2.5.2.Cc dng chit sut khc:
Hai dng chit sut SI v GI c dng ph bin , ngoi ra cn c mt s dng
chit sut khc nhm p ng cc yu cu c bit:
a.Dng gim chit sut lp bc:
Trong k thut ch to si quang, mun thu tinh c chit sut ln phi tim
nhiu tp cht vo, iu ny lm tng suy hao. Dng gim chit
sut lp bc nhm m bo chnh lch chit
sut
khng cao.
nhng c chit sut li n
1

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b. Dng dch tn sc:
tn sc tng cng ca si quang trit tiu bc sng gn 1300nm. Ngi ta c
th dch im tn sc trit tiu n bc sng 1550nm bng cch dng si quang c
dng chit sut nh hnh v:
c) Dng san bng tn sc:
Vi mc ch gim
tn sc ca si quang trong mt khong bc sng.

Chng hn p ng cho k thut ghp knh theo bc sng ngi ta dng si quang c
dng chit sut nh hnh v:
Dng chit sut ny qu phc tp nn mi ch c nghin cu trong phng th
nghim ch cha a ra thc t.
2.5.3. Si a mode v n mode
2.5.3.1.Si a mode (MM: Multi Mode):
Si c th truyn c nhiu mode (coi mi mode l mt tia sng ng vi mt gc
lan truyn cho php).
Cc thng s ca si a mode thng dng
(50/125
m) l:
- ng knh li: d = 2a = 50 m
- ng knh lp bc: D = 2b = 125 m

- chnh lch chit
sut:
= 0,01 = 1%

- Chit sut ln nht ca li: n
1
=1,46
Si a mode c th c chit sut nhy bc hoc chit sut gim dn.
50 m 50 m
125
n
n
125
n
n
n
1
n
2
1%
n
1
Si SI MM Si GI MM
2.5.2.2.Si n mode ( SM: SingleMode ):
Cu trc ca si dn quang n mode da trn c s kch thc ca ng kn
li v s khc nhau nh v ch s chi t sut gia li v v si. Kch thc ng knh
li si khong va bc sng.Trong si ch truyn mt mode sng nn tn sc
do nhiu ng truyn bng khng v si n mode c dng phn b chi t sut nhy
bc.
c im ca si n mode:
- Mt ct chit sut thng c dng SI
- Kch thc si b, lch chit sut nh
- Si ch truyn mt mode
- Khng c tn sc mode
- hiu c tnh truyn nh sng trong si n mode phi s dng l thuyt truyn
sng
- iu kin n mode V < 2,405
9 m
125
Sinh vin: Lng Xun TrngLp K40VT Email :
26
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n
1
Email :
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=0, 3
n
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Cc thng s ca si n mode thng dng l:
ng knh
li:
d = 2a =9 m 10 m
ng knh lp
bc:
D = 2b = 125 m
lch chit
sut:
Chit sut li:
n
1
= 1,46
= 0,003 = 0,3%
tn sc ca si n mode rt nh, c bit bc
sng
= 1300 nm tn
sc ca si n mode rt thp ( ~ 0). Do di thng ca si n mode rt rng. Song
v kch thc li si n mode qu nh nn i hi kch thc ca cc linh kin quang
cng phi tng ng v cc thit b hn ni si n mode phi c chnh xc rt
cao. Cc yu cu ny ngy nay u c th p ng c do si n mode ang c
s dng rt ph bin.
2.6.Cc thng s ca si quang
2.6.1. Suy hao ca si quang:
Cng sut trn si quang gim dn theo hm s m tng t nh tn hiu in.
S thay i cng sut quang trung bnh truyn trong si tun theo nh lut Beer
Biu thc tng qut ca hm s truyn cng sut c dng:
P =P P =P(L
Trong
:
L
P( z)
Z
P
0
10
10
P
0
: cng sut u si (z = 0)
P(z): cng sut c ly z tnh t u si
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: h s suy hao
suy hao c tnh bi:
(dB) 10 lg
P
1
P
2
Trong :
P
1
= P
0
: cng sut a vo u si
P
2
= P(L) : cng sut cui si
H s suy hao trung bnh:
Trong :
A: suy hao ca si
L: chiu di si
(dB / Km)
(dB)
L( Km)
2.6.2.Cc nguyn nhn gy suy hao trn si quang:
Cng sut truyn trong si b tht thot do s hp th ca vt liu, s tn x nh
sng v s khc x qua ch si b un cong.
2.6.2.1. Suy hao do hp th:
Gm 2 loi chnh:
+ Hp th ngoi
+ Hp th thun
* Hp th ngoi: Do s c mt ca cc ion tp cht
- S hp th ca cc cht kim loi: Cc tp cht trong thu tinh l mt trong
nhng ngun hp
th
nh sng. Cc tp cht thng gp l St (Fe), ng (Cu),
Mangan (Mn), Chromium (Cr), Cobal (Co), Nikel (ni).v.v.. Mc hp th ca tp cht
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ph thuc vo nng tp cht v bc sng nh sng truyn qua n. c si quang
c suy hao di 1dB/Km cn phi c thu tinh tht tinh khit vi nng tp cht
khng qu mt phn t (10
-9
)
- S hp th ca OH: S c mt ca cc ion OH trong si quang cng to ra
mt suy hao hp th ng k. c bit hp th tng vt cc bc sng gn
950nm, 1240nm, 1400nm. Nh vy m cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy suy
hao ca si quang. Trong qu trnh ch to nng ca cc ion OH trong li si c
gi mc di mt phn t (10
-9
) gim hp th ca n.
nh hp th chnh (cng hng dao ng) ti
2,7
ho v t hp ca chng vi thu tinh ti 1.39, 1.24, 0.95
m v cc nh hp th iu
m.
* Hp th thun: do hp th ca thu tinh to nn si.
- Hp th cc tm
(
< 0,4 m):
Cc photon kch thch in t trong di ho tr v kch thch kn mc nng lng cao
hn (Cng hng hay chuyn tip in t).
- Hp th hng ngoi ( > 7 m):
Do tng tc gia cc lin kt dao ng v trng ca tn hiu quang (Cng hng
dao ng).
Do bn cht v nh hnh ca thu tinh cc cng hng ny dng cc di hp th
c ui di m rng vo vng nhn thy.
Hp th thun trong di 0.8-
1.6
m < 0,1 dB/km.
2.6.2.2.Suy hao do tn x:
Nguyn nhn:
Sinh ra t:
- S thay i vi m v mt trong vt liu
- S thng ging thnh phn
- Cc khuyt tt hoc cu trc khng ng nht trong qu trnh sn xut si.
Quan trng: S thng ging mt dn n cc thng ging ngu nhin ca chit
sut n c < bc sng Tn x Rayleigh
* Tn x do mt phn cch gia li v lp v bc khng hon ho:
-Khi tia sng truyn n nhng ch khng hon ho gia li v lp bc tia sng
s b tn x. Lc mt tia ti s c nhiu tia phn x vi cc gc phn x khc nhau,
nhng tia c gc phn x nh hn gc ti hn s khc x ra lp v bc v b suy hao
dn.
* Tn x Raylegh:
-Xut hin do nh hng ca nhng ch khng ng nht cn xt li trong giai
on lm ngui si hay nhng ch hn ni si quang khng chun. Kch thc ca cc
ch khng ng nht cn nh hn bc sng nh sng. Vng hng ngoi nhiu nn khi
bc sng tng th tiu hao ny gim nh rt nhanh, t l nghch vi s m bc 4 ca
bc sng V t l nghch vi lu tha bc 4 ca bc sng nn gim nhanh v pha
bc sng di.
Hnh 2.7: Suy hao do tn x reyleigh
( dB/ Km
800
1000
1200 1400 1600 ( nm
H s suy hao:
2

Trong hng s C nm trong phm vi 0,7-0,9 (dB/km)- m
R
= 0.12 - 0,16 dB/km ti 1,55 m
2.6.2.3.Suy hao do si b un cong
Suy hao do un cong si l suy hao ngoi bn cht (khng c hu). Khi bt k mt
si dn quang no b un cong theo mt ng cong c bn knh xc nh th s c hin
tng pht x tn hiu nh sng ra ngoi v si v gy ra suy hao.
C 2 loi suy hao do un cong si:
+ Un cong v m
+ un cong vi m
* Un cong v m: L un cng c bn knh un cong ln tng ng hoc ln
hn ng knh si.
- Khi bn knh R gim dn th suy hao tng theo hm m.
- si a mode: S lng mode truyn dn trong si b un cong nh hn si
thng.
S lng mode hiu
dng:
2 / 3
N
eff
N 1
2
2a
2 R
3
2n
2
kR
N (n
1
ka)
2
* Un cong vi m: L si b un cong nh mt cch ngu nhin
- Do qu trnh sn xut si quang v ch to cp si quang to lc nn khng u
ln b mt.
- gim suy hao vi un cong bc thm lp m chu nn bng polyme.
- i vi si SM chn tham s V st vi gi tr ct V = 2,0 - 2,4
2.6.2.4.Mt s suy hao khc

- Suy hao do s khng hon ho cu trc si quang
- Suy hao do hn ni
- Suy hao trong mi trng hidrogen v chiu x gamma
2.6.2.5. c tuyn suy hao
Tng hp cc loi suy hao trong si v biu din mt tng quan theo bc sng
ngi ta nhn c ph ca si. Mi loi si c c tnh suy hao ring. Mt c tuyn
in hnh ca loi si n mode nh hnh 2.8
Nhn vo hnh 2.8 ta thy c ba vng bc sng suy hao thp nht, cn gi l ba
ca s suy hao.
Hnh 2.8: Ca s suy hao (ph suy hao) ca si quang
* Ca s th nht: bc sng 850nm, suy hao trung bnh mc t (2-3)dB/Km,
c dng cho giai on u.
* Ca
s
th
hai
:
bc sng 1300nm. Suy hao tng i thp khong t
(0,4 0,5) dB/Km, bc sng ny tn sc rt thp nn c dng rng ri hin nay.
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* Ca s th ba : bc sng 1550nm. Suy hao thp nht cho n nay khong 0,2
dB/Km, vi si quang bnh thng tn sc bc sng 1550nm ln so vi bc
sng 1300nm. Nhng vi loi si c dng phn b chi t sut c bit c th gim
tn sc bc sng 1550nm. Lc s dng ca s th ba s c li : Suy hao thp v
tn sc nh. Bc sng 1550nm s c s dng rng ri trong tng lai.
Hp th do tp
cht
Hp th vt
liu
Hp th in
t
2.6.3.Tn sc
(Dispersion).
Hnh 2.9: c tuyn suy hao
Khi truyn dn cc tn hiu Digital quang, xut hin hin tng gin xung u
thu, thm ch trong mt s trng hp cc xung ln cn ln nhau. Khi khng phn
bit c cc xung vi nhau na, gy nn mo tn hiu khi ti sinh. Hin tng gin
xung ny gi l hin tng tn sc. i vi tn hiu Analog th nh hng ca tn sc
lm bin tn hiu u thu gim nh v c tn hiu dch pha.
P
P
A
S
E
t
0
0
Hnh 2.10. nh hng tn sc ln tn hiu digital(a) v analog(b). S ch tn hiu pht,
A ch tn hiu thu. a: Dn xung, b: xt bin .
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s e
Hu qu ca tn sc l lm hn ch bin rng bng truyn dn ca si bi v
thu c chnh xc cc xung th phi ch khi xung th nht kt thc, xung th hai
mi n.
Nu hai xung lin tc c pht vi tn s rt ln, u thu b gin rng ln
nhau dn ti thu sai.
Ta th xem xt v d hnh trn coi cc xung pht v thu c dng phn b Gauss
gn ng, xung 1 l xung pht, xung 2 l xung thu. rng xung gi tr bin 0,5
(mc 3dB)
l
s
,
e
gin xung l
2 2
Xung phn b Gauss c phn b bin l :
P
P
max
exp( t
2
/ 0,36
2
)
Sau khi truyn qua si quang. Coi gn ng nh mt b lc thng thp Gauss ti
mc suy hao 3 dB, rng bng truyn dn B c quan h vi nh sau:
B
1
2,26
Khi ng thi c nhiu hiu ng tn sc tc ng th tn sc tng cng l:
2 1 2
...v.B
1
Ngi ta cng nh ngha mt i lng c trng cho dung lng truyn dn ca
si quang l tc bit c th truyn dn ln nht C bit/s
Do nh hng ca tn sc, cc xung u vo my thu b gin rng, nhng hai xung
k nhau cn phn bit c khi gin
xung
c tc bit l:
cn nh hn rng xung pht i t
C=1/
s
=1/ =2,26.B=2.B
Nh vy gin xung, rng bng tn truyn dn B v tc bit C c quan h
nh hng ln nhau. truyn dn 2 bit/s th v l thuyt c rng bng khong 1
HZ nhng trn thc t cn 1,6HZ cho nn ta c th ni rng tc bit/s ln nht ca
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1
2
1
n
n
n
2

si quang bng rng bng tn truyn dn. T , si cho php truyn c cc
lung bit tc cao hay l c bng tn rng cn phi gim nh hng ca hin tng
tn sc n mc thp nht thng qua chn loi si hoc chn cc tham s cu trc ti
u ca si.
2.6.4. Cc nguyn nhn gy ra tn sc.
2.6.4.1.Tn sc mode (Mode Despersion)
Nguyn nhn:
- Si truyn nhiu mode
- Mi mode truyn c vn tc nhm khc nhau (mi mode c hng
s
khc nhau)
Lch thi gian truyn gy ra tn sc mode.
lan truyn
tn sc ca mode ph thuc vo dng phn b chit sut ca si a mode thng
qua s m g trong biu thc hm chit sut. Tn sc mode ch xy ra si a mode.
V phm vi c hn nn y ch a ra cng thc tnh ton v tn sc mode :
Vi chiu di si quang l L, chit sut n
1
, n
2
; Gi s c hai tia i vo si quang, tia th
nht i on ng di hn, tia th hai i on ng ngn hn, ta c:
L.n
2
t
1
C.n
2
L.n
2
t
2
C
Trong : t
1
: Thi gian truyn tia th nht
t
2
: Thi gian truyn tia th hai.
Thi gian chnh lch gia hai ng
truyn
t l:
L
T n
1
.
C
2 2
vi
1 2
1
tri xung do tn sc mode d
mat
l:
d
m at
t n
1
.
L C

tn sc mode l :

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0
t
d
mat
L
n
1
.
.
C 8
+ i vi si MM SI:
lch thi gian truyn gia tia ngn nht (mode bc thp nht) v tia di nht
(mode bc cao nht)
+ i vi si MM GI:
- Cc tia c qung ng ngn lan truyn vi vn tc chm v ngc li.
- Si GI c mt mt ct chit sut ti u tr thi gian l nh nht.
- lch thi gian truyn gia tia ngn nht (mode bc thp nht) v tia di nht
(mode bc cao nht).
(
opt
)L
n
1
T
( 2)c
n
2
L
1
=
2c
2.6.4.2.Tn sc vt liu
. Nguyn nhn:
- Chit sut thu tinh thay i theo bc sng nn vn tc truyn sng ca nh sng
c bc sng khc nhau cng khc nhau
- nh sng truyn trong si quang khng n sc m c rng ph xc nh.


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- Tc lan truyn ca cc thnh phn ph l khc nhau (do chit sut l hm ca b-
c sng)
Cc thnh phn ph c thi gian truyn lch nhau gy ra tn sc vt liu
V mt vt l, tn sc vt liu cho bit mc ni rng xung ca mi nm b
rng ph ngun quang qua mi km si quang, n v ca tn sc do cht liu M l
ps/nm.Km.
+ H s tn sc:
d
D
+ Ta c:
d
d 1
dn
d
2
n
dn
d
2
n
D
M
ps/(nm.km)
d c
d
d
2
d
c d
2
+ dn xung v ngun c rng ph do tn sc vt liu l
= D
M
. .L
+ Chit sut nhm:
+ S ph thuc chit sut vo bc sng hay tn s quang c th c tnh bng
phng trnh Sellmeier:
w : ch s nhm
i
ca vt liu v
si
Hnh 2.11: Ch s chi t sut n v ch s nhm n
g
thay i si
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thu tinh
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Tr ?ng ? HKT C?ng Nghi ?p Th? i Nguy? n
? ? ? n Th?ng t i n quang

bc sng 850nm tn sc vt liu khong
(90
120) ps/nm.Km, bc sng
1300nm tn sc vt liu bng tn sc ng dn sng nhng ngc du ln tn sc
sc th bng khng. Cn bc sng 1550nm tn sc ny khong 20 ps/nm.Km.
2.6.4.3. Tn sc do tc dng ca ng dn sng:
Nguyn nhn:
- S phn b nng lng nh sng trong si quang ph thuc vo bc sng.
- nh sng truyn trong si quang khng n sc m c rng ph xc nh.
- Do hng s lan truyn lan l hm ca
a/
l khc nhau
nn vn tc nhm ca cc thnh phn ph
Cc thnh phn ph c thi gian truyn lch nhau gy ra tn sc ng dn sng.
+H s tn sc ng dn sng:
D
d V
d
n
1
V
d
2
(Vb)
w
d dV
c
dV
2
* dV/d =
V/
* dn xung v ngun c
rng ph do tn sc ng
dn sng l:
= D . .L
w
Hnh 2.12: Tham s b v cc vi phn ca n
Tn sc do ng dn sng nh v ch ng ch vi si n mode.
2.6.4.4.. tn sc tng cng
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CD D
D

tn sc tng cng c tnh theo cng thc
2
t 1
mod
2
ch
r
vi D
chr
=D
mat
+D
wg
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- S?i ??n mode c? hai mode ph?n c?c tr?c giao
Trong : D
chr
: tn sc th
D
wg
: tn sc ng dn sng.
- Trong si n mode, h s tn sc sc th:
D = D
M
+ D
W
- Si n mode thng thng: D = 0
ti
1310 nm,
D = 15-18 ps/(nm.km)
ti
= 1550 nm
D
M
: Tn sc vt
D
R liu
D
W
: Tn sc ng dn
D
P
sng
D: Tn sc tng
D
R
: Tn sc d
(nh)
Hnh 2.13: Tn sc tng v cc tn sc thnh phn
2.6.4.5. Tn sc bc cao
Nguyn nhn:
Do D 0 trong di bc sng nm trong ph xung quang
quanh
ZD
.
c trng bi dc tn sc: S =
dD/d
hoc
Trong :
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2.6.4.6.Tn sc mode phn cc
Nguyn nhn:
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- Do si thc t
(birefringence)
khng hon ho nn mi mode c
ch
s mode khc nhau
* lch ch s mode
- Xung quang truyn trong si mt phn nng lng mang bi mt trng thi phn cc
(trc nhanh), phn khc mang bi trng thi khc (trc
chm)
(PMD).
tr thi gian:
tn sc mode phn cc
- y cc ch s ph x v y dng phn bit 2 mode phn cc trc giao vi nhau.
- i vi nhng si quang di ngi ta tin hnh ghp cc cp mode nhm lm cn
bng thi gian truyn v gim phn cc mode (PMD)
Qu trnh ghp cp mode thay i theo mi trng si quang, di ghp cp mode
bin i theo chiu di si Gi tr PMD tc thi l mt bin ngu nhin.
- H s PMD: DPMD c n v ps/km
1/2
- Nhiu cp ghp mode s tng ng vi mt gi tr PMD hiu dng
2.6.4.7. tn sc ca mt vi loi si c bit.
Khi thay i tn sc ng dn sng D
W
dn ti D thay i => hnh thnh nn cc si
quang mi nh:
- Si tn sc phng
- Si dch tn sc
- Si b tn sc
a.Si dch tn sc.
V suy hao mc sng 1550 nm ch bng phn na so vi suy hao bc
sng 1300 nm nn tuyn cp quang ng di hay s dng bc sng ny, nhng
tn sc bc sng 1550 nm li ln. gii to tr ngi ny ngi ta lm theo hai
cch:
- Gim rng ph ca ngun quang gim tn sc cht liu
D
mar
= D
mar
. .
- Dch im c tn sc bng 0 n bc sng 1550 nm.
c si dch tn sc th cht liu v tn sc ng dn sng trit tiu nhau
bc sng 1550 nm ( hnh 2-9).
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Hnh 2.14: Tn sc th ca cc loi si
b. Si san bng tn sc
Dung lng ca si quang c th c ni rng bng cch ghp hai hay nhiu bc
sng trn cng mt si quang (WDM). Cn mt si quang c
tn sc
nh
trong
khong mt bc sng. Si nh vy gi l si san bng tn sc v s bin thin tn sc
theo bc sng nh hnh (2-9).
2.6.5.Di thng ca si quang
Si quang c xem nh hm truyn t:
H(fm
)
P
2
(fm )
P
1
(fm )
P
1
(fm) v P
2
(fm) l bin cng sut u v cui si quang vi tn s iu ch fm.
Khi fm = hz tc l c iu
ch
th hm truyn t biu din dng chun ho:
H (fm
)
H
(o)
ng b iu din ca hm truyn t nh hnh 2.15
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Tn s iu ch m ti bin ca hm truyn t bng c gi l di thng
B ca si quang.
H(f
m
B) 1
H(o) 2
Nh vy di thng B l tn s iu ch m ti cng sut quang gim i 50% (hay
3dB).
Hnh 2.15: Hm truyn t ca si quang
1
1
0,
f m
0
B
Di thng ca si quang t l nghch vi tn sc tng cng v c tnh
theo cng thc:
B
0,44
(G HZ).
D
t
tnh c di thng chung ca si quang ta s dng thng s B
1
l di thng ng
vi mt n v di (thng l 1km).
B B
1
.L
y
(G HZ.km )
Tha s y c gi tr t 0,5 n 1 ph thuc vo chiu di ca si thng
y = 0,6 0,8
2.6.6. Bc sng ct
Mi mode LP c mt bc sng truyn khc nhau, khi tha s ct Vc c:
Vcn > V th mode mi c truyn. Trong si n mode (ch c mt mode l LP
01
)
th bc sng ct
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c
1
l bc sng ngn nht m si lm vic.
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.

tin ta k hiu c l c
1
.
S phn chia vng n mode v a mode hnh 2-11.
V
V
V =2.405
0
Mode
C2
C1
Mode Mode
LP , LP LP LP
01 11 01 01
LP , LP LP LP
12 21 12 12
Vng a
mode
Vng n
0
C2 C1
Hnh 2.16: Vng a mode v n mode
Trn thc t bc sng ct cn ph thuc vo chiu di si v un cong ca si
quang. Si cng di v un cong cng nh
th
c cng nh v ngc li.
2.6.7. ng knh trng mode (MFD:Mode Field Diameter)
Khi s phn tch suy hao ca cc mi ni v iu kin phng nh sng vo si th s
phn b trng l rt quan trng.
Nng lng nh sng th hin qua nng lng trng bc x F(r) khng ch tp trung
trong li m mt phn truyn ngoi lp bc. S phn b trng nh hnh 2-12:
Bn knh trng mode P l bn knh ti bin gim i 1/e ln (e = 2,718 nn 1/
e 0,37 = 37%). ng knh trng mode 2P ph thuc
vo
trng mode cng tng.
, nu di th ng knh
i vi si SI - SM th ng knh trng mode hi ln hn ng knh li v tnh
theo cng thc gn ng sau
2p 2a
2,6
2,6.2a.
V Vc. c
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2.7.Cu trc si quang
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i i
Tr?ng ?HKT C?ng Ngh ?p Th? Nguy?n
?? ?n Th?ng t n quang
h?p. S? quang c? v? ??m kh? v? ??m ?ng h?p h??ng ???c d?ng ?m c?p ?? rong nh? ?m d?y nh?y ?? ??u n? c?c r?m ??u cu? ...
c) D?ng b?ng d? :
C?u r?c b?ng d? cung ? m? d?ng v? ??m kh nh?ng b?c nh ?u s? quang hay v m? s? S? s? rong b?ng c? h? ?n ??n 12 b? r?ng c?a m? b?ng u? hu?c v?o s? s? rong b?ng Nh??c ? ?m c?a c?u r?c n?y g ?ng nh? c?u r?c ??m kh ?c ? s? quang ch u ?nh h??ng r?c ?p kh c?p b k?o c?ng

2.7.2. Y?u c?u ?? v? s? quang
C?ng gi?ng nh? rong c?p h?ng n ?i?n, c?c s? quang ???c ch? ?o xong ch?a ???c ?em s? d?ng ngay, m? ???c d?ng ?? s?n su? c?p. S? quang c?n ??p ?ng ???c c?c y?u c?u ng? ngh?o sau:

2.7.1. Cu trc ca si quang
Thnh phn chnh ca si quang gm li (core) v lp bc (cladding). Trong vin
thng dng loi si c c hai lp trn bng thu tinh. Li dn nh sng v lp bc
gi nh sng tp trung trong li nh s phn x ton phn gia li v lp bc.
250
125
10
l p
Lp
ph
l pb
L
i
bo v si quang, trnh nhiu tc dng do iu kin bn ngoi si quang
cn
c bc thm mt vi lp na:
- Lp ph hay lp v th nht (primary coating)
- Lp v th hai (Secondary coating)
2.7.1.1.Lp ph.
Lp ph c tc dng bo v si quang:
- Chng l i s xm nhp ca hi nc.
- Trnh s try st gy nn nhng vt nt
- Gim nh hng v un cong
Lp ph c bc ngay trong qu trnh ko si. Chit sut ca lp ph ln
hn chit sut ca lp bc loi b cc tia sng truyn trong lp bc v khi s
phn x ton phn khng th xy ra phn cch gia lp bc v lp ph. Lp ph c
th c nhum mu hoc c thm vng nh du, khi hn ni si hoc ghp
nh sng vo si nht thit phi ty sch lp ph. ng nht, b dy v ng
tm ca lp ph c nh hng n cht lng ca si quang.
2.7.1.2.Lp v.
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i i
c) D?ng b?ng d? :

2.7.2. Y?u c?u ?? v? s? quang

Lp v c tc dng tng cng sc chu ng ca si quang trc cc tc
dng c hc v s thay nhit , cho n nay lp v c cc dng chnh sau:
- Dng ng m lng (Loose buffer)
- Dng m kht (tight buffer)
- Dng bng dt (Ribbon)
Mi dng c nhng u nhc dim khc nhau do c s dng trong tng
iu kin khc nhau.
a) Dng ng m lng:
Si quang ( bc lp ph) c t trong mt ng m c ng knh ln hn
ng kch thc si quang.
s i
l p
ngm
1, 2
- ng m lng thng gm hai lp,
c
l
h
p
t
trong c h s ma st nh si
quang di chuyn t do khi cp b ko cng hoc co li, lp ngoi bo v si quang
trc nh
hng ca lc c hc. i vi cp trong nh th bn trong ng m lng khng cn
cht nhi nhng vi cp ngoi tri th phi bm thm cht nhi c cc tnh cht sau:
- C tc dng ngn m
- C tnh nht khng tc dng ho hc vi cc thnh phn khc ca cp
- D ty sch khi cn hn ni
- Kh chy.
Cu trc ng m lng c nhiu u im nn c dng trong cc ng
truyn dn cn cht lng cao, trong iu kin mi trng thay i nhiu.
b) Dng m kht:
Mt cch n gin bo v si quang di tc dng ca nhiu iu kin bn
ngoi l bc mt lp v m st lp ph. Phng php ny lm gim ng knh ca lp
v do gim kch thc v trng lng ca cp, song si quang li chu nh hng
trc tip khi cp b ko cng gim nh hng ny ngi ta chn thm mt lp m
mm gia lp ph v lp v. Hnh thc ny c gi l cu trc m tng
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c) D?ng b?ng d? :

2.7.2. Y?u c?u ?? v? s? quang

i
i t t t l t t
, l i t i
0,
9m
Si
l p
l p m
l p
t
0,
9
Si quang
Lp ph
Lp m
mm
t t l t t i i
t t i. i t t l , i t t
i t . i t i t t,
t l i t ti i .
bng 4 bng 8
i i i
t t ti i t
t i
t
1. V c: bn vng, khng b t gy di tc dng ca lc ko, lc ct ngang v
lc un cong. Khng b dn n qu ln do tc ng ca lc ko thng xuyn.
Tc lo ho chm.
c tnh c hc ca si quang c quyt nh bi vt liu ch to si v bi lp
vt liu bn ngoi. Nu do tc ng ca lc ko v lc un cong m si b t th c
th do nhiu nguyn nhn, ngi ta chia ra ba loi sau:
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- t do lc ko ln, khong > 40 N (Newton), nguyn nhn c th do cu trc
ca thc anh hoc trn b mt si c i ch b rn nh.
- t do lc ko trung bnh, khong t 15 n 40 N, thng do cc tp cht
nm trong lp v si, gy nn cc ch khuy t tt.
- t do lc ko yu, di 15 N, thng do cc khuyt tt trn b mt, do cc
bt kh, do c tp cht trong lp bo v, do ph lp bo v km.
Khi qun si to thnh cp s xut hin cc lc ko vi Newton, nu si ri
vo trng hp th 3 nh trn th rt nguy him. V vy, m bo bn ch to cp
chc chn, v trong qu trnh th nghim cp vn bn vng th si phi chu c
lc ko khong 4 5 N trong 1 giy.
Nu si c ph l lp nha bo v Acrylat mt si phi chu c lc th l 50
N. Khi mi c kh nng ko c cc si di n 10Km.
2. V c tnh truyn dn nh sng: Vt liu phi c tnh tinh khit, khng c tp
cht. Cu to v v rut u n, khng c ch khuyt tt trnh lm tn x
nh sng, sinh thm tiu hao ph v mo xung tn hiu.
c tnh truyn dn nh sng ca si c quyt nh bi kch thc ca rut si,
bi chit sut trong rut v v si v bi ng u ca chit sut, tc l ph
thuc
vo cng ngh v k thut ch to si.
2.8. Cc phng php ch to si quang
2.8.1.Vt liu ch to si
Cu trc c bn ca si dn quang nhn chung gm c li v v phn x, ton b
to nn si dn quang di v rt mnh, chng c vai tr truyn thng tin cho c ly xa v
tc ln nn phi c cu to t cc vt liu ph hp vi bn cht truyn tn hiu
ca chng. Nh vy, trong qa trnh chn vt liu si quang cn phi tho mn yu cu
sau:
- Vt liu phi m bo to c cc si dn quang di, mnh v mm do
- Vt liu phi m bo trong sut ti cc bc sng hot ng thng dng, to cho
si truyn tn hiu tt, t b suy hao v mo.
- Cc vt liu ch to ra li v v si phi c bn cht vt l tng thch to ra
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s chnh lch v ch s chit sut gia li v v kh nh.
Vt liu thch ng v dng nhiu nht l thuy tinh v cht do trong sut. Cc si
lm bng cht do t c dng hn v suy hao ca n thng l ln hn cc si thu
tinh. N ch c dng cho c ly ngn, tc thp, v nhng ni c tc ng c hc
mnh, t quan tm ti cht lng truyn dn, thc cht th si cht do i khi b lm
dng trong cc trng hp s dng.
2.8.2.Cc phng php ch to si quang
C hai phng php ch to si quang:
Phng php th nht: l vt liu lm rut v lm v c a vo l nu chy ri
cho ko chy ra ngoi thnh dng si
Phng php th hai: S dng phi c sn cng gm c v v rut m ko nng
thnh si.
Yu cu nhit v tc ko rt n nh m bo kch thc hnh hc v
dng ca ng cong bin thin theo yu cu.Phi ch trnh bi bn v tp cht
khng lm hng b mt ca si. Khi si ko ra cn ang ng s c ph lp bo v
lun, sau khi ngui c lp bo v hon chnh v ng u
2.8.3.Cc phng php ch to phi si
2.8.3.1.P hng php thanh ng c in
Phng php ny c s dng vo thi k u th nghim ch to si quang
c tiu hao b. S dng mt thanh thy tinh hoc thanh thch anh, d kin lm vt
liu rut si lun vo mt ng thy tinh c chit sut b hn nh lm v si.
ng knh ngoi ca thanh phi rt kht vi ng knh trong ca ng, khng cn khe
h cho khng kh lt vo. Phng php ny ch ch to si a mt SI
Phng php ny c nhc im l nu trn b mt phn cch ca v v rut
phi c khuyt tt, khng ng u hoc khng tinh khit th khi ko thnh si vn cn
li cc khuy t tt , gy nn tn hao tn x ln.
2.8.3.2.Phng php ni nu i (Double Orucible)
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Khi ch? t?o ?? thay ??i chi ?t su?t ng??i ta ph?i s? d?ng th?m ch?t ph? gia nh?
Hnh 2.17. Phng php nu ni i
Dng phng php ny ch to ra si ch khng ch phi.
*u im:
- Trnh c cc ch khuyt tt trn lp phn cch- rut si m phng php
thanh ng gp phi
Trn hnh v gii thiu tng qut phng php ny. Thy tinh lm v v rut si
c nu ring thnh cc cht lng ri a vo ni hai lp ring r. u ra ni nu
i ny c van hai lp ko si ra. Nh thm thy tinh lin tc nn trong qu
trnh nu v ko lin tc c th t c si rt di. Si nng c ko qua b ph
cht bo v trc khi c cun thnh cun. Dng phng php ny c th ch si SI
v si GI. L nu ch t cht Platin tinh khit khng gy tp cht. Tuy nhin ni
nu cng vn c th mang tp cht vo thy tinh nu, lm cn tr vic ch to cc si
c suy hao b. S bin thin ca chit sut si t c nh s khuych tn ca
thy tinh nng chy ti lp phn chia v li v nh s kt hp ca hai loi thy tinh.
ch to si n mt c ng knh rt b th phng php ny cha thc hin
c.
2.8.3.3.Phng php ng hi ha cht
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Cc phng php ch to si quang hin i u c chung mt nguyn l c
bn l dung phng php ng hi ch ta phi, sau ko thnh si tc l ch to
phi si t th hi. Yu cu phi t c tc l phi cng phi c hai lp v v li,
kch thc t l v v li cng nh s bin thin ca chit sut ca phi phi
theo ng gi tr nh ca loi si nh ch to. y chnh l mt thnh cng ca cng
ngh mi. Nh th c th ch to c si di dng th sau ko nh si thnh
si cn c. Nh cng ngh mi ny mi c th ch c si n mt SM c tn hao
b v si to thnh t th kh khng mang ln tp cht. Trong phng php ng hi
ha cht
xut hin mt
s
phng php dn xut khc nhau, nhng u khng chch khi
nguyn l c bn ny.
2.8.3.3.1.Phng php ng hi ha cht: (chemical vapour
deposition- CVD)
S ca phng php ny cho trn hnh
Hnh 2.18. Phng php ng hi ho cht
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GeO
2
, P
2
O
5
, B, F, trong GeO
2
v P
2
O
5
lm tng chit sut, cn B, F th lm gim chit
sut cua thy tinh thch anh
Nguyn liu s dng l mt ng thch anh thun khit. Cc cht lng Tetra-
clorit- silic SiCl
4
, Tetra-clorit-Giecmani GeCl
4
, cc cht kh O
2
, PCl
3
, BCl
3
(FCl
3
) ty nh
sn xut m c nhng loi phi si vi thnh phn v v rut nh sau:
a : V l thy tinh SiO
2
, rut l SiO
2
+ GeO
2
b : V l thy tinh Bor- Silicat SiO
2
+ B
2
O
3
, rut SiO
2
+ GeO
2
+ P
2
O
5
ng thch anh c quay trn quanh trc. Quanh ng c ngun t c th l mt
b cng hng sng cc ngn c th t nhit
1500
0

1600
0
C. Cc nguyn
liu c a vo ng, nhit cao s xy ra phn ng ha hc. Sau cc phn ng
cc vt liu cu thnh v v rut ri vo thnh ng theo tng lp. Sau nung chy
ng ng co li thnh mt phi c.
2.8.3.3.2.Phng php ng hi ha cht
nh
chemical vapour Deposition- PCVD)
Khi qut v phng php ny nh hnh v:
Plasma (Plasma
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Hnh 2.19: Phng php PCVD to phi
Cng l phng php ng hi ha cht bn trong. Cc nguyn liu th hi do
mt h thng cung cp vo ng thy tinh t trong l nung 1150
0
C . Qu trnh phn
ng xy ra nh mt vng Plasma sinh ra nh b cng hng sng cc ngn. B ny c
th di chuyn dc theo ng. Bm gi p lc trong ng to Plasma v ht kh
tha ra. ng bao chit sut rt chnh xc nh to c hng nghn lp rt mng
trn thnh ng sau ng ny c nung chy
2000
0
C
to thnh phi c.
2.8.3.3.3.Phng php ng hi ha cht bn ngoi ( Outside
Chemical Vapour Deposition- OCVD)
Phng php ny c hng Corning Glas (M) pht trin. Hai phng php trn
l phng php ng hi bn trong lng ng t hy tinh. Trong phng php ny ng thy
tinh c thay bng mt thanh thy tinh. Cho cc vt liu ng hi xung quanh thanh
cng theo phng php trn. Khi ph cc lp yu cu, cho rt nhanh thanh thy
tinh ra cn li mt ng phi rng. Tip tc nung chy ng
2000
0
C
c phi c.
Theo phng php ny c th to ra c phi kh ln ko c si quang di hng
chc kilomet.
2.8.3.3.4.Phng php ng hi ha cht theo trc ( Vapour Axial
Deposition- VAD)
- y l mt phng php rt tt c pht trin Nht Bn v lun c c i tin.
Cc vt liu to rut v v si c bc hi v ngng t vo u ca mt thanh thy
tinh xoay trn lin tc. Khi di chuyn thanh dc trc s to c phi. iu chnh hm
lng cc cht ph gia c chit sut c chit sut yu cu. Sau ko phi ny
qua l nung to kch thc hnh hc u cho phi si. u im ca phng php
ny l c tc ng hi ln v hiu sut s dng nguyn liu cao ti 60- 80. Theo
phng php ny ngi ta ch c si c rng bng truyn dn rt ln
2.8.4.Qu trnh ko si
Nguyn l ca qu trnh ko si t phi c m t trn hnh v:
Hnh 2.20. Nguyn l ca qu trnh ko si t phi
Si ko ra t l nung c ng knh ngoi ng yu cu. c kch thc hnh hc
u v ng bao chit sut n nh th nhit ca phi v tc ko phi rt n
nh. Lu khng cho bi bn bm vo trn mt si cn nng, c th sinh ra cc ch
gy nh sau ny. Hai lp ph bo v bn trong mm v bn ngoi cng, l loi quang
ha cht. Ngun bc x cc tm gip cho t c tc ko si rt ln.
2.8.5. Nguyn tc to ra si quang mi
Khi phn tch cc loi si quang ta thy rng si n mode c suy hao nh v c bng
tn ln. iu khng nh vai tr v nng lc ca n trong mng vin thng hin ti
v tng lai. Tuy nhin, nng cao kh nng s dng si n mode thng thng
ngi ta tip tc thay i mt s tham s cu trc ca loi si ny. Nh ti u ho
thit k si n mode cng ngh quang si cho ra i cc loi si mi c suy hao rt
nh, cht lng truyn dn tt hn, tch bng tn c ly ln v tui th cao s p ng
c cc h thng thng tin quang tin tin.
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i vi cc h thng thng tin quang c c ly v dung lng ln th yu
t
l cc hiu
ng phi tuyn, suy hao v tn sc si. Trong truyn dn n mode, suy hao ca si t
gi tr nh nht vng bc sng 1550nm nhng tn sc c gi tr thp nht ti vng
1300nm. Nu c hai yu t suy hao v tn sc u t gi tr ti u th s c
c tuyn thng tin c ly truyn dn xa v tc ln.
Tn sc trong si n mode ch yu l tn sc vt liu v tn sc dn sng. Tn sc
vt liu thng khod thay i, tuy nhin c th thay i tn sc dn sng bng cch sa
i mt ct ch s chi t sut phn bc n gin li si thnh mt ct ch s chit
sut
phc tp hn cho ra c gi tr tn sc mong mun.
2.9. Hn ni si quang
2.9.1. Yu cu k thut
Trong k thut thng tin quang, cc si quang ca cc loi cp quang phi c hn
ni vi nhau, hoc cc si quang phi c ni vo cc linh kin pht hoc thu quang.
Vic ni khng tt s gy nn tn tht tn hiu quang ti ch hn ni.
Yu cu ca hn ni phi t tn tht quang cng b cng tt. Nhng v ng knh
ca si quang rt b, nht l nh sng ch c lan truyn trong li si quang, do rt
kh phi hp. Trong thc t cc u si quang kh lng khp st vo nhau nn khng
trnh khi b suy hao.
2.9.2.Cc phng php hn ni si quang
Trong phn ny ta khng cp n vic u ni si quang vi cc linh kin thu, pht
quang. Khi ch to cc linh kin ny th cc nh ch to ch sn thnh cc Mun vi
u si quang th ra ngoi phn si quang ca Mun thu, pht ny c ni vi si
quang bn ngoi nh cc b con-nec-to tho lp c, ging cc b con-nec-to trong k
thut in t thng thng.
hn ni hai si quang vi nhau ngi ta nghin cu phng php sau:
- Dng b ni tho ri c v khng tho ri c.
- Hn ni bng si keo dnh v bng h quang in.
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Phng php dng cc b u ni thng t chnh xc khng cao, nn hay
s dng cho cc loi si c tc truyn dn thp, c ly gn nh trong nh, trong my
bay hay tu thu.
Phng php hn ni th hai si dn quang c ni vi nhau mt cch chc
chn c nh, c chnh xc cao. Trong hng ny c hai phng php chnh l ni
bng keo dnh v h quang.
2.9.2.1. Phng php dng keo dnh
Cch ny thc hin hon ton bng nhn cng, khng c s gim st, iu chnh nn
chnh xc khng cao v ch c th p dng ni si a mode c ng knh rut
ln, y khng trnh by c th v iu kin khng cho php.
Hnh 2.18.Hn si bng keo dnh
2.9.2.2.Phng php dng h quang.
c thc hin nh cc my hn. H quang c to ra nh cc tia la in phng
in. Nguyn l ca phng php ny nh hnh 2 -13. cc bc tin hnh nh sau:
1- Dng ho cht tch v ty sch lp v bo v hai u si cu ni.
2- Kp hai u si ln b g (hnh a).
3- iu chnh cho hai si li gn nhau, khong cch gia chng khong 10%
ng knh si quang. C th cho tia h quang lm sch tng u si ring r trc khi
cho chng li gn nhau. Qu trnh ny c quan st nh knh hin vi hoc knh lp, nh
b phn gng lp gn theo c th quan st c c chiu ngang v chiu ng, sao
cho hai u si quang hon ton ng trc v ng tm vi nhau (hnh b)
4- ng mch tia la in, hai u si nng chy v sau vi giy dnh cht vo
nhau. Qu trnh sy ra t ng, thi gian tnh ton l ph hp vi si v kch thc ca
si (hnh c).
5- Kim tra mi ni (mi ni tt nh mt si bnh thng ti ch ni), nu c
khuyt tt th phi hn li. Mt ni hn tt nu nhn thy un nh mt on si
bnh thng (hnh d).
6- Gia c c hc bo v mi ni. Mt phng php hay dng hin nay l
dng mt ng bc nha co nng, c m on vt liu gia cng (hnh e).
Ngy nay cc nh my hn c thit k hin i, vic lm ny c thc
hin hon ton t ng tng cht lng.
Hnh 2.19: Phng php hn ni bng h quang
Vic hn ni nh hon ton t ng nn tiu hao ti cc mi ni rt nh, vi si
a mt tiu hao cc mi ni trung bnh l 0,038 dB, cn vi si n mode th l 0,5 dB.
Trong thc t , suy hao t khong 0,1 dB l chp nhn c.
S mi
10
10
10
10
0 0,
0, 0 0,
0,
0,
Suy
Hnh 2.20: th suy hao thc t mi hn Furukawa SI 475
2.9.3.Bo v mi ni
Khi ni cc si quang c tch ra, khng cn cc lp bo v ca v cp v
vy ngi ta dng cc hp bo v ch ni. C nhiu loi hp bo v, c loi trong
nh, c loi ngoi tri, c loi chn trc tip, tu theo iu kin mi trng v mc
ch s dng ta chn cho thch hp.
Hnh 2.21. ng mang sng bo v mi ni
Hnh2.22.Mi ni c
Chng 3
CP QUANG
3.1. Tng quan
3.1.1. c im, yu cu i vi cp quang
Cng nh cp kim loi, cp quang cng c cc yu cu, c im cn phi p ng.
Trc ht, c lp v bao bn ngoi bo v si cp quang khi nh hng ca mi
trng nh cn trng, m hoc cc lc c hc tc ng.
Cp cn phi p ng cc yu cu sau:
- Khng b nh hng bi nhiu in t.
- Khng thm nc, lt nc.
- Chng c cc nh hng ca cc tc ng c hc nh va chm, lc ko, nn, lc
un cong
- n nh khi nhit thay i, nht l khi nhit rt thp c tc ng co ngt
si.
- t b bo ho, c thi gian lm vic lu.
- Trng lng nh v kch thc b.
3.1.2. Kh nng ca si v cp quang
p ng c nhng yu cu trn th si v cp quang phi p ng c nhng
yu cu rt ngt ngho, va m bo c bn vng c hc, va m bo c c
tnh truyn dn. Nu xt trong mt chng mc no th cp quang th hin tnh u
vit so vi cp kim loi nh:
Si quang l vt liu cch in nn hon ton khng nhy cm vi nhiu in
t, do trong cp khng cn c lp bao che in t nh i vi cp kim loi.
Si quang l rt nh, tn t nguyn liu. Nu xt trong cng mt khong thi
gian truyn dn th 1 gam thu tinh lm si dn quang thay th c vi
kg ng lm cp kim loi. Nguyn liu ch to cp quang l sn c trong
t nhin, trong khi kim loi mu ch to cp kim loi th ngy cng khan
him.
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Si quang rt dn v d gy. Th nhng nh lp bo v trc tip bao quanh
si lm co si trnh c m, tng bn c hc v d un do. Khi
ch to thnh cp th cu trc ca cp cn vt xa nhng c im ny ca si
Xt v phng din truyn sng, nu si b un cong nh th nng lng ca
trng lt t rut ra v gy ra tiu hao ph. Nu si quang trong cp
khng c bo v cn thn th s chu cc tc ng ca bn ngoi, si b
un cong hoc khi si cp b un cong vi bn knh nh, si cng b un theo
gy suy hao ph
Bi vy, cp quang phi c ch to mt cch bn vng vi cc tc ng c
hc v nhit ca mi trng, m bo si va khng b t va khng gim
st cc c tnh truyn dn, trong mi i u kin s dng cp.
3.2. Cu trc cp quang
Cho n nay, cp dn quang c rt nhiu cu trc khc nhau. Do cng ngh pht
trin a ra c nhng mu cu trc cp quang c c tnh tho mn c nhiu
yu cu.
to c cp dn quang, si quang trc ht phi c bc s b bng cc lp
Polime mng ri mi to thnh cp. Cc si c bc hon thin lm thnh phn
chnh ca li cp. Li cp cn c th thm cc si gia cng bng nilon v cc i giy
bng kim loi cp ngun t xa.
Ngi ta c th t cc si dn cp quang vo li cp vi nhiu hnh thc. Chnh v
vy cp quang c th c dng hnh trn hoc dt, si dn quang c th c bc cht
hoc bc lng.
trn
h
nh hng c hc lm gy t v thun li khi hn ni.
Thng cc si c t lng t do trong li cp, hoc t lng c keo mm n vo.
Cc nc Ty u v c thng thit k li cp c cc rnh mi kh m trong cc
rnh l cc si cp quang. Cn cc nc Chu M v Nht th thng cho si nm
lng trong cc ng ghen nh li cp. Vic cu trc v cp rt phong ph, ph hp vi
iu kin tng mi trng t cp.
3.2.1.Cu trc tng qut ca cp quang

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V PE
ngoi
cng
Bng nhm
trng
Li
C
p
m)
Phn li:
. Phn t gia cng
. Cc ng m (khi ng
. Cc si dy ng cp
V
PE
ngun
Phn v:
ngoi cng
.
.
V
C
c
PE
p
t
h
h
n
nh
t
n
c
n
&
go
c
h
i
t
Bng t
hp m
km
Cht i n
y
Li
Cp
chn
l
i
i
n
(1
m
y
)
. Lp chng m v chng gm
nhm
. V PE ngoi cng (1,52
mm)
3.2.1.1.Phn li
a. Phn t gia cng:
- Thnh phn gia cng ca cp l cc phn t to cho cp c cc lc c hc cn
thit to sc cng v co, c bit l bo m tnh n nh nhit cho cp.
- Yu cu i vi vt liu gia cng:
+ C modul Young cao: tng tnh chu lc, vd: Thp
+ Vt liu phi nh, c mm do ( y l c tnh quan trng trong qu trnh ko
cp trong cng), vd: si aramid.
Cc c tnh ca mt s vt liu ch to phn t gia cng :
Vt liu
Trng
lng
ring
Modul
n hi
(kg/mm
2
)
ng sut
cong
(kg/mm
2
)
dn ti
im cong(%)
ng sut gy
(kg/mm
2
)
dn
khi t
(%)

Dy thp
Si carbon
G-FRP
Si t 49
7,86
1,50
2,48
1,44
20 10
3
10 2 10
4
9 10
3
13 10
3
40 150
150 200
300
300
0,2 1
1 1,5
3
2
50 300
150 200
300
300
20 25
1,5
2,4
2

Si t 29 1,44
6 10
3
70 1,2 300 4
Sp xp cc phn t gia cng trong cp si quang
a. ng m v khi m
ng m
lng
mt si
ng m cht
mt si

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Khi cc
bng
dt
t trong li rnh ch V
c. Cht n v cht in y
- Trong ng m lng:
. Cht in y phi trung tnh khng to ra hydro, khng ng bng v khng
dn n trong di nhit t
-30
+70
0
C.
yn.
. L cht gien c c tnh l th lng khi b khuy ng v th c khi ng
- Trong li cp:
. Cht in y c ng sut cao, c cc thnh phn khng nh hng n c tnh
ca phn t khc, khng lm phnh v PE v c h s dn n tng i thp. Lp chn
l sn phm du m c tnh n hi, chu nhit v kt dnh bao bc li cp, va ng
vai tr chng thm nc, va gn kt li v v cp thnh mt khi vng chc nhng
khng lm gim tnh mm mi ca cp.
. Cp trong nh khng phi in y li cp. bo v cc phn t bn trong li
cp s dng bng mng plastic qun quanh li.
. Ngoi ra t thm mt bng giy rng khong 6mm trn li cp sut dc chiu
di cp, trn c ghi khong cch theo mt. Cng c th ghi chiu di theo mt ngay
trn v ngoi ca cp.
Bn cc phn t bn trong li:
2
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- Khi sn xut cp si quang thng s dng cng ngh bn cc lp ca li cp. Cc
phn t b c sp sp tp trung trong mt hoc nhiu lp xung quanh phn t trung
tm.
- Cc phn t trong mt lp c bn xung quanh phn t trung tm theo kiu l xo
hoc kiu i chiu ZS.
- Mi lin quan gia bc b n S, gc
bn
v chiu di phn t bn L:
Chiu di phn
2
t bn L
Gc
bn
3
Chu vi vng
trn bn 2
R
L S 1
2 R
S
S
1
Bc bn S
2
arctan
2 R
L
L
S
S
100
%
1
2
R
S
1
100%
1
sin
1 100%
3.2.1.2.V cp
V cp si quang c chc nng c bn l bo v cp v c tnh cht quyt nh
n tui th ca cp. V cp c th c bc m bo v li cp khi b cc tc
ng ca ng sut c hc v mi trng bn ngoi.
Cc vt liu ch to v cp nh:
- V PE:
. Vt liu chu nhit c tng hp t ethylene.
. C mt thp, do, chu lc cng tt, mu en
- V PVC:
. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) s dng ch yu cho cp trong nh mu xm
. PVC cng thch hp cho cp ngoi tri lp t nhng ni t b nhim bn c
ho cht n mn.

. V PVC c kh nng chng la bng cch tng polymer halogen
- V halogen t do:

. Ch to t cc vt liu cha ethylene vinylacetate (EVA) v c trn thm 50%
trng lng aluminum trioxydhydrate (c chn khi c yu cu chng la v khng b
halogen ho). Trong cc trng hp ny PE v PVC khng thch hp.
. Di tc ng ca ngn la c nhit
cao hn 250
0
C nc tch ra khi
aluminum trioxyhydrate. Thng qua tch nc v nc bc hi lm cho ngn la yu
dn. Nhit gim thp hn v nng oxy gim do b sung hi nc nn la b dp
tt. V EVA cng c cc c tnh nh v PE nhng c kh nng chng chy tt hn.
- V bc kim loi:
. Thng l cc bng thp nhn hoc cc si thp sp thnh v bc
. Cc v ny thng dng cho loi cp chn trc tip bo v chng cc ng
sut c hc, gm nhm, chng s ph hu ca cn trng v cc sinh vt.
3.3.Phn loi cp quang:
Ngi ta phn loi cp quang theo nhiu loi khc nhau thun li cho vic nghin
cu.
3.3.1. Phn loi theo cu trc:
Cp c cu trc c in: Cc si hoc cc nhm si quang c phn b i
xng theo hng xoay vng ng tm, loi cu trc ny rt ph bin.
Cp c li trc c rnh: Cc si hoc cc nhm si c t trn cc rnh c sn
trn mt li ca cp.
Cp c cu trc bng dt: Nhiu si quang c ghp trn cng mt bng v
trong rut cp c nhiu bng xp chng ln nhau.
Cp c cu trc c bit: Do nhu cu, trong cp c th c cc dy kim loi
cp ngun t xa, cnh bo, lm cc ng nghip v hoc cp i trong nh ch
cn hai si l .

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a) b) c)
d) e)
Hnh 3.1: Cc v d v cu trc cp quang
a.Cp c cu trc c bit
b. Cp c li hnh trc c
rnh e. Cp c dy ng
c. Cp c cu trc bng dt
d. Cp si quang dng trong nh
3.3.2. Phn loi theo mc ch s dng
- Cp dng trn mng thu bao, ni ht, nng thn.
- Cp trung k gia cc tng i.
- Cp ng di.
3.3.3. Phn loi theo iu kin lp t
- Cp treo ngoi tri.
- Cp t trong ng nc.
- Cp chn trc tip.
- Cp ngp nc v th bin.
- Cp dng trong nh v cp nhy
3.3.3.1. C ptreo

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Cu t r c ca cp t r eo
Thng c cu to m st vo thnh phn gia cng kim loi hoc phi kim loi c
lp, hoc di dng t chu lc.
c dng trong mi trng bng tuyt v gi, c c ly di. Cp t chu lc i hi
phi c sc bn cao v cn phi dng cu trc bc lng si c khong t do ln
hn.
3.3.3.2. C p ttrong c ng
- Cp t trong cng phi chu c lc ko v xon, c trng lng nh d
lp t
- C tnh mm do d vt qua cc chng ngi khi ko cp
- Chu c m v nc v trong cng cp v b cp thng hay ng nc.
Chnh v vy m trong cu trc ca cp thng c cht n jelly v thnh phn chng
m bng kim loi. Trong trng hp cp khng c n y th cn bm hi cho cp.
Lp bc thp cng c s dng chng gm nhm ca cn trng. Cp ko
trong
cng thng c tt c cc dng cu trc bc cht, bc lng, bc lng bng khe di
dng bng hoc b si.
3.3.3.3. C pch n trc ti p.
Th
Cu trc cp chn trc tip:

1.si thp gai cng 5. Dy xon bao quanh 9. Lp thp bn
2.Si quang 6. Si khc 10.V PE
3.Cht n, cht in y 7.V b PE
4.ng lng (rng) 8. ai thp
Cc c im ca cp chn trc tip tng t nh cp t trong cng.
Nhng thng th cp chn trc tip c b o v tt hn th hin nh:
+ C v bc kim loi tt hn trnh s ph hu do o bi t hoc cc tc
ng khc trong t.
+ V bc thp bn ngoi gm cc si thp hoc cc bng thp.
Cp chn trc tip cng c cc cu trc nh cp t trong cng.
3.3.3.4. C p ttrong nh
c im ca loi cp ny nh:
- Thng c si dn quang l t
- Kch thc bn ngoi nh, mm do, cho php un cong, d dng thao tc v hn
ni.
- Cp c c tnh chng gm nhm tt
- Cu trc thng dng bc cht m bo cu trc nh v chc chn.
V cc loi cp trong nh v cp nhy thng bm st tng nhv thit b nn n
phi m bo khng dn la, khng pht ra kh c trong phng, m bo an ton khi c
s c.
3.3.3.5. C png p n c v th bi n
a. Cp ngp nc
Cp ngp nc c s dng th qua sng hoc khu vc c nc ngp cn,
m ly,v vy n phi p ng cc yu cu kht khe sau:
- Tnh chng m v chng thm nc ti cc vng c p sut c bit ln.
- C kh nng chng s dn nc dc theo cp
- C kh nng chu c s ko khi lp t v sa cha cp
- Chng l i c cc p lc thng k
- Cho kh nng hn ni v sa cha d dng
- C cu trc tng thch vi cp t trn t lin
- Lp kim loi to cp cn phi ch n nh hng ca hydro
b. Cp th bin
Cu trc ca cp
bi n
Cp th bin c cu trc rt phc tp, bn thn n l cp ngp nc nhng n c
yu cu kht khe hn cc loa cp ngp nc trn gp nhiu ln nh:
+ Chng c kh nng thm nhp ca nc bin, s ph hoi ca cc ng vt
di bin, s c st ca cc tu thuyn.
+ C kh nng sa cha cp bng tu
+ Tui th ca cp cao
Cp bin c hai loi: loi th nng v loi th su
3.4. M mu trong cp
Trng hp c nhiu si quang hoc nhiu nm si th cn thit phi nh du cc
nhm si v cc si trong nhm hoc cc si trong cp trnh vic hn ni nhm.
Bng 1 v bng 2 v d di l cc lut mu ca si trong cp hoc lut mu trong
cc ng m. Cc si mu c ph ln si trc tip v khng lm nh hng n cc
c tnh ca si. Trng hp nu cc si c t trong ng th ly ng mu lm
chun, m cc mu khc theo chiu kim ng h.
Bng 1: m mu si trong ng m lng nhi u si
S th
Mu si
Theo DIN 47002 (c) Theo FOCAL
Theo VINA
GSC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Xanh lam - BL
Vng YL
Xanh lc - GN
RD
T nhin - NT
Xanh lam c cc vng trn en
Vng c cc vng trn en
Xanh lc c cc vng trn en
c cc vng trn en
T nhin c cc vng trn en
Xanh lam - BL
Da cam - OR
Xanh lc - GN
Nu - BN
Xm - GY
T nhin - NT
- RD
en - BK
Vng - YL
Tm - VI
Hng - LO
Ngc lam - AQ
Xanh lam - BL
Da cam - OR
Xanh lc - GN
- RD
Vng - YL
Tm - VI
Nu - BN
en - BK
T nhin - NT
Xm - GY
Xanh nht - LB
Hng - LO
Bng 2: M mu ng m
S Mu ng
Theo FOCAL Theo VINA GSC
1 Xanh lam - BL
2 Da cam - OR
3 Xanh lc - GN
4 Nu - BN
5 Xm - GY
6 T nhin - NT
7 - RD
8 en - BK
9 Vng - YL
10 Tm - VI
11 Hng - LO
12 Ngc lam -
AQ
Xanh lam - BL
Da cam - OR
T nhin - NT
Nu cc si quang trong si cp c li c rnh th chai thnh cc nhm si, gi l cc
n v, th trong rut cp c cc si mu ch th cc n v si quang c t vo khi
n cht lm y vo rut cp.
3.5. o th cp quang v o bo dng
3.5.1.Khi qut
Cng nh trong thng tin in, trong thng tin quang lun lun phi o th. Cc i
lng cn o th l cng sut, rng bng truyn, t l liv.vc th tch ring
cng vic o th thnh 2 loi cng tc o nh sau:
1- o th p dng trong phng th nghin v ti cc ni ch tao: Mc ch tnh
ton, thit k, ch to cp ti u. Cc php o ny thng phc tp, chi ph ln,
thng da trn khuyn ngh ca CCITT v tiu chun v phng php o.
2- o th p dng trn cc h thng ang xy lp hoc ang khai thc: Mc ch ca
n hon ton khc trong phng th nghim, i tng o th v phng php o
i khi cng khc. Ngi ta phi tnh ton n vic hi ho gia vic o th v
chi ph cng nh li ch ca o th, m bo cho cc h thng hot ng tin cy
m chi ph o thp nht.
3.5.2. Mc ch ca o th
Vic o th trn cp quang xy lp nhm cc mc ch sau:
1- Xc nh xem tng tiu hao truyn dn c tho mn theo thit k hay khng
2- Xc nh xem khi lp t cp c vn g nh hng ti tiu hao ca si v qu
trnh hot ng sau ny ca cp hay khng
3- Tm cc ch khng ng u nh: hn ni xu, ch tiu hao si ln, ch u b
ni (connector)
4- Xc nhn cc ch ni si v tiu hao si nhm thit k cc on lp trong
tng lai
5- Lp bng s liu chun cho cng tc bo dng sau ny
6- Cung cp cc thng tin phn hi ti u ho vic thit k, ch to v lp t
cp
7- Tch lu kinh nghim ti u cng tc o th. Yu cu cc phng php o
phi an ton, hiu qu, gi thnh h m vn thc hin y cc mc ch o
th nh trn
Mt s cng tc o th nh: o tiu hao tuyn dn, o tn hao mi ni, o tn x..v.v.
3.5.3.o th bo dng
Dng my o phn x OTDR o th bo dng. c tuyn suy hao ca my th
hin trn mn nh hoc in ra my in s cung cp cc thng tin v di khong lp,
khong cch n cc ch ni, khong cch v th loi ca cc ch ni khng ng u
nh: ch c tn hao ln, h s tiu hao ln, hoc ch phn x do si b t.
Hnh3.2: Phng php xc nh ch t nh OTDR
Gi D
A
l khong cch quang t N
i
ti ch t
D
B
l khong cch quang t N
i+1
ti ch t
D l khong cch thc gia hai ch ni
T xcnh c k h o ng cch t cc ch ni n ch t si
Khong cch t N
i
ti ch t l: D
Ni
D
Ni
= (D
A
.D)/(D
A
+D
B
)
Khong cch t N
i+1
ti ch t l: D
Ni+1
D
Ni+1
= (D
B
.D)/( D
B
+D
A
)
Nh s dng my vi tnh trong cc thit b o vi cc chng trnh y c th o th
nhiu ni dung cn thit mt cch d dng.
3.6.Cc bin php bo v cp quang
Cc cp quang sau khi c ch to c cu trc ph hp theo phng php ri t nh
cp treo, cp chn trc tip hay cp th di nc. Trong khi thi cng cc tuyn cp
cn c cc bin php gia cng v bo v b xung trnh cc thm ho c th xy ra
cho cp. Trong cc loi ng cp th ng cp chn trc tip b nh hng kh nhiu,
chng hn nh nh hng ca cc tc hi c hc ca cc phng tin giao thng vn
ti, nh hng ca cc loi gm nhm nh kin, chut, miv nh hng ca st
nh. V vy, y nu mt s bin php chng thm ho cho ng cp chn trc
tip.
3.6.1. chn su cp
Cp c chn trc tip di lng t. Tuyn cp c th i qua nhiu loi a hnh
khc nhau nh i ni, ng rung, hoc cc ng giao thng nh ng st, ng
b.
Cp cn phi c chn su cn thit trnh cc tc ngc hc trn b mt t,
nht l cc tc ng do nh hng rung ng ca cc phng tin giao thng c gii
khi tuyn cp chy qua ng. Cc tc ng c hc d lm cc si quang b rn, pht
sinh tiu hao ph hoc c th b gy si.
Hin nay th nhiu nc khuyn ngh chn chn su cp l 1,1 1,2m, cng c
nc chn cp su 1,5m v cp c lun trong cc ng nha PE hoc PVC. Bn
di v bn trn si cp c di cc lp ct hoc lp t mn dy mi pha 10cm gi
si cp lun thng, trnh c cc ch un cong nh, trnh c tiu hao ph. Bn trn
si cp 1cm c th t bng nha bo hiu hoc lt gch nm ngang rnh cp, hoc cc
tm b tng trnh o hm vo cp
Hnh3.3: Mt ct ca cp trc tip trong t
Trong trng hp a hnh phc tp, kh khn, nhiu si , khng o su cn
thit th cp phi c t trong lng ng nha PVC ng knh 28-34mm v c cp
ln ng nha t trong lng ng st ng knh 80-100mm, hoc trong rnh b tng
Khi cp vt qua ng giao thng, qua cu, i dc hm ng st..v.v.th cng phi
dng ng st v ng nha nh trn.
3.6.2. Chng mi v chng chut
Cp quang c v ngoi PE l nha mt thp nn mi, kin, v cc loi gm nhm c
th gm nhm v nha. Mt s loi mi, kin c th sng su 1m nn c th n
v cp. Bn trong lp v PE u c bng thp m hnh ln sng bao bc. Mi v kin
khng th gm nhm bng thp m, tuy nhieen sau nhiu nm lp thp ny c th b r
v b n mn mt vi ch nh cng khng nh hng n si quang bn trong cp. Do
vy, nh hng ca kin mi l khng ng k.
Cc loi chut ch gm nhm v PE nu chng gp cp trn ng i, khng
gm c lp v thp, nhng v thp trn lu ngy s b n mn.
Mt bin php bo v hu hiu l dng cc bng thp bc nha qun xung quanh cp
trn, nu cp quang i ring l cng th c th bt kn u l cng li khng cho chut
chui vo, cn on cp trn trong b th bc bng thp bc nha
3.6.3. Chng nh hng ca st
Vit Nam thng xuyn cso st nh trong ma ma, v trong cp c thp qun, do
vy nu st nh vo vng t bn cnh d lm nh hng n cp.
nh hng ca st vo cp ph htuc rt nhiu vo yu t nh in tr sut ca
t, cng ca st, tn sut st nh tng vng, do cn phi xem xt t m cc
yu t nh hng ny tnh ton t m.
* Kh nng h hng v bin php bo v
Theo cc tnh ton th kh nng st nh vo vng t ln cn cp l kh ln, tuy nhin
trong thc t th kh nng h hng cp l nh v mt s l do:
- St nh vo ma ma nn in tr sut ca cp rt thp, kh nng st nh vo cp
l t
- Cng st ni chung nh hn gi tr tnh ton l 50KA, bn cnh th kh nng
chu ng xung in p ca v PE l ca cp l rt cao, t gi tr 100KA
- vng ni cao, t c nhiu , in tr sut cao, nhng st c xu th nh vo cc
m cao nh mm ni, ngn cy..v.v.
R rng l kh nng h hng ca cp lin quan trc tip ti in tr sut ca t,
in tr xut cng cao th kh nng h hng cng nhiu.
Ngoi ra, cc vng ng bng u c in tr sut kh thp, ch vng ni mi c
in tr sut cao, do cn lu khi xy dng cc tuyn cp quang ti cc vng c th
on tuyn cp quang no chon dc ng st th khng cn c bi php chng st b
xung na.
Ti liu tham kho:
1. H thng thng tin quang Ts.V Vn San, Nh xut bn Bu in
2. Fiber Optic Cabling - Barry Elliott and Mike Gilmore
3. Soi quang va cong nghe SDH
4. Cc ti liu khc

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Tr?ng ?HKT C?ng Nghi?p Th?i Nguy?

tn sc ca si quang trong mt khong bc sng.

Cu trc cp chn trc tip:

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