-

Vt l ht nhn nhn Loi 1: Xc nh cc i lng c bn 1 . Ht nhn nguyn t a: Cu to ht nhn nguyn t Ht nhn nguyn t bao gm cc proton v notron gi chung l cc ht nuclon K hiu: trong X l k hiu nguyn t A l s nuclon(s khi) Z l s proton N = A Z l s notron C cng thc s ht = s mol.s Avogadro Khi lng = s mol.Nguyn t khi Th tch(ktc) = s mol.22,4 Tng s proton trong n mol ht nhn nguyn t l Z = n.NA.Z1 ht Tng s notron trong n mol ht nhn nguyn t l N = n.NA.N1 ht NA = 6,022. V d: Cho hn nguyn t Nu cu to ca hn Xc nh tng khi lng proton c trong 20 mg Po b . Lc ht nhn L lc lien kt gia cc nuclon trong hnnt, l lc ht nhng khng phi lc in, lc ny tng tc mnh v c phm vi tc dng bng kch thc ht nhn C . ng v L cc ht nhn nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau v s nuclon v s notron : k hiu (proton) (dotori) (triti) D . n v khi lng thng dung trong hnnt l u = 1,66055. kg Khi lng ca proton l 1,0073 u, khi lng ca notron l 1,0087 u 2 . Phng x a . nh ngha L hin tng hnnt t ng phng ra cc bc x v bin i thnh hn nt khc + bc x b. c im Hin tng phng x khng ph thuc vo cc iu kin bn ngoi(nh sang, nhit .) m ch ph thuc vo bn cht ca hn phng x c. Cc tia phng x(bc x) - phng x : L dng cc hnnt mang in tch dng b lch v pha bn m ca t in, c kh nng ion ha cht kh , vn tc < c + - Phng x gm 2 loi l v u c kh nng m xuyn v vn tc xp x bng vn tc nh sng

+ Phng x dng cc e mang in tch dng(phn ht e) l mt proton bin thnh mt notron v mt ht e+ v ht notrino mang NL nhng khng mang in: p n + e+ + + Phng x dng cc e mang in tch e mang in tch m l mt notron bin thnh mt proton v mt ht e n p + e- + (phan ht) -Phng x gama + L sng in t khng mang in v c bc sng cc ngn + m xuyn cc mnh Ch : Trong mi phng x ch xy ra phng x or or nhng c th km theo phng x gama d.nh lut phng x Nt = N0 = vi = ln2/T N0 l s hnnt ban u, Nt l s hnnt thi im t(cn li) v l hng s phng x T l chu k phng x T ta cng c: m = m0.e-t = m0. . n = n0.e-t = n0. . phng x hay hot phng x l s ht phng x trong mt giy, n c trng cho tc phn r trong 1 v thi gian. Mt phng x trn giy gi l mt Bec-c-ren (Bq), 1 Curi (Ci) l 3,7.1010 phng x trn giy: 1 Ci = 3,7.1010 Bq. Ht = - Nt = N0 e-t = H0.e-t = H0. H0 phng x ban u Ch : S hnnt phn r l s ht nhn con c ta thnh II, Bi tp 1 . Cho phng x + Cho khi lng ban u ca Po l 168 mg, Chu k bn r 138 ngy N0 = ? v sau 276 ngy s ht Po cn li l bao nhiu, tnh khi lng ch to ra khi Sau 1 thi gian t = ? khi lng P0 cn li 21 mg 2 . Cho khi lng ban u ca l 4g, T = 3,8 ngy Xc nh s proton, notron ban u N0 = ? , sau 7,6 ngy th s ht b phng x l bao nhiu H0 = ? v Ht sau 7,6 ngy 3 . ng v l chat phng x to thnh , cho khi lng ban u l 0,24 g, sau thi gian 105h th phng x gim 128 ln T = ? v phng x ban u Khi lng Mg cn l sau 45 h 4. l cht phng x c chu k bn r 5,33 nm.Ban u c khi lng m0. Sau 1 nm lng Co b phn r bao nhiu % ?

a. b. a. b. c.

a. b.

I. 1.

2. 3.

4.

5. Cho bit trong qung theo t l s nguyn t l 140. Gi s thi im hnh thnh tri t l 1:1.Tnh tui ca tri t? Cho bit chu k bn r ln lt l 4,5. nm v 7,13. nm Loi 2. ht khi. Nng lng lien kt L thuyt ht khi Xt hnnt c Tng khi lng cc nuclon trc khi lien kt l m0 = Z.mp + N.mn Khi lng cc nuclon khi lien kt hnnt m = mhn < m0 ht khi = mo - mhn H thc Anhxtanh gia NL v khi lng E = mc2 (Nng lng ngh) Nng lng lin kt - Nng lng lien kt(nng lng ta ra khi to thnh 1 hnnt) Wlk = .c2 (MeV) Nng lng lien kt to thnh mg hnnt th tnh s nguyn t ri nhn vi NL LK 1 hnnt Nng lng lien kt ring l nng lng lien kt i vi 1 nuclon Wlkr = so snh tnh bn vng ca hnnt phi da vo NL lien kt ring Ht nhn nt bn vng c A khong 50 70 p dng Cho mp = 1,0073 u; mn = 1,0087u, mU = 233,9904u mTh = 229,9737 u 2 ; ; 1u = 931,5 MeV/c u=? Th = ? lk ca 2 cht Cho mp = 1,0073u v mn = 1,0087u, m = 4,0015 u Tnh NL lk Tnh NL ta khi to thnh 20 mg Loi 3. Phn ng ta, thu NL L thuyt Phn ng hn + + L tng tc gia 2 hnnt dn n s bin i ca chng thnh 2 loi hn khc nhau Phng x l TH hp ring ca puhn Cc nh lut bo ton trong phn ng hn LBT in tch Z1 + Z2 = Z3 + Z4 Bo ton s khi Bo ton NL ton phn

II. 1. a. b. 2. a. b. I. 1.

2. a. b. c.

WA + WB + KA + KB = WC + WD + KC + KD Tng ng mAc2 + .+mAvA2/2+.. =.. d. inhk lut bo ton ng lng + = + Khng c l bo ton khi lng, khng c bo ton s notron(Ch trong TH in tch cc ht dng) 3. Phn ng thu ta nhit Tng khi lng hnnt trc phn ng m0 = mA + mB Tng khi lng hnnt sau phn ng m = mC + mD ht khi m = m0 m(c th m hoc dng) Nu m > 0 ta nhit, m < 0 thu nhit Phng php xc nh ta hay thu nhit C1: Da theo khi lng cc hn W = (mA + mB mC - mD)c2 W > 0 ta C2: Da vo ht khi W = ( mc + mD - mA - mB) W > 0 ta C3: Da vo NLlk ring cc hnnt W = WlkrC.A3 + .. W > 0 ta C4 W = WA + WB - ..= Kc + KD. W > 0 ta