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John Tosh. The Pursuit of History 5 Edition (2010) , E.H. Carr. What is History (2008)
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 Gustavson Carl. G. A Preface to History. (USA: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1955) the Novice
Historian pp.1-11  The Use and Misuse of History, pp. 164-178.  
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Everywhere in the Christian empire in the nineteenth century,
government troops, tax assessors, and all travelling on official
business to and from the court or the residences of provincial
governors lived off the country side. Booty supplied the bounty by
which lords bound retainers. Outlawry was an avenue to office
frequently pursued by neglected members of the office-holding
families.. The most renowned shefta have been malcontents from
the local office-holding families who made up the provincial gentry
in the Christian highlands. Some of these families had such wide
ranging connections by marriage as to form a provincial
nobility.11

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R.A. Caulk. Bad Men of the Borders: Shum and Shifta in Northern Ethiopia in the Nineteenth Century, pp. 40-41.

    

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Mekonnen Berhane. Political History of Tigray: Shewan Centralization Versus Tigrean Regionalism (18891910). M.A. Thesis in History, A.A.U., 1994.
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