/ .

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~

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f I
19
(. . )

- A Study on the Realism of the 19th Century

Reflecting the Social Consciousness in France (Focusing on Courbet, Millet, and Daumier)

1993

,,-

 Ji
19
(. . )

1993

~ }.

1993

.. . . .. .. . ... ... ... . .. . .. . .. ... . . . .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . ... .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .

.............................................................. .. .. . .. ... .. .

ABSTRACT

1.

n.

]H.

............................................. 9

1.

2.

3.

19

. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . ... .. . ... .. .

.................................... 17

2.

1)

(Gustave

2)

3)

(Honor

4)

... , ................................... 26

Courbet, 1819-1877)

(Jean-Franois

........................... 26

Millet, 1814-1875)

Daumier, 1808- 1879)

.................. 21

........................................... " 21

19

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.

3.

W.

................................................ ..................... 5

..................... 41

........................... 52

...... ... . ..... ...... ...... ......... .. . ... ... 62

...................... ....................... 70

&~

... ... ... .. ....... .. . ....... . ......... ....... .... ..... ... 80

...... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ......... ............... .......... ..... ... ... ... 83

-1-

1)

<>.

B. C 15000 . 195cm. .

2) .< >.

1837. .

3) .< >.

1862.

73 x 59 .4 cm.

4) . .

5)

.< >.

46 x 55cm.

6)

1842.

.< t>.

1849.

314 x 663cm.

7)

.< >.

1849.

165 x 238cm.

8)

.<

>.

1852.

195 x 261cm.

9) .<>. 1853. . 227 x 193cm.

.

10) .<

>.

1855.

361 x 598cm.

11) .< >. 1855. 7/2 1. .

12) . <
198cm.

1953>. 1865. . 147 x

, .

13) .< >.

1866.

-2-

129.5 x 195.6cm.

14)

.<

5cm.

15)

>.

1871.

92 x 72.

.< >.

184 1.

73.3 x 60.6cm.

16)

.< >. 1846 . .

46 x 38cm.

17) .< >. 1567 . 114 x 164cm.

.

18)

.< >. 1848 .

79.5 x 58.5cm.

19)

.< >.

1850.

101 x 82.5cm.

.
20)

.< >.

1850.

54.5 x 65cm.

21) .< >. 1857. .83.5 x ll1cm.

.

22)

.< >.1858-9. .

55.5 x 66cm.

23) .< >.

1863. . 81 x 101cm.

24)

73cm.

<

>.

1865~7.

59.6 x

25) .<>. 1848. . 75 x 60cm.

.

-3-

26)

.< ()

>. 1831.

27) .<() 15 >.

28)

.<

>.

. .

1793.

1834.

44.5 x 29cm.

162 x

125cm.

29) .< >.

30)

.<>. .

31) .< >.

184 1.

22.8-19cm.

15 x 30cm.
1855-60. 36 x 28cm.

32)

.<>.

1864.

21 x 30cm.

65 .4 x 90.2cm.

.
33)

<3 >.

1856.

.
34) .<>.

1868.

35) .< >.

1866.

36)

.< > .

37)

.<

38)

.< >.

39)

.<

>.

1897.

46 x 32cm.
.

1870-73.

> :

40)

56 x 84cm.

.< >.

-4-

1931-32.

ABSTRACT
A Study on the Realism of the 19th Century
Reflecting the Social Consciousness in France
(Focusing on Courbet , Millet , and Da umier)

By: BYUN/ J AE-HYUN

Advisor:Pro f. JIN , WON-JANG
Dep t. of Art
Graduate School of Chosun
University
The reflection of social reality in the artistic history
has been pursued with various methods by many artists
since the modern period , and it has value as a historically
essential produc t.
Especially , the

realism

of

19th century

whch

arose

with the purpose of an objective revival of the social consciousness in those days made the civil consciousness and
democracy

with

the

French

Revolution

as

ts

starting

point , and people regarded the consciousness of self-exstence as most important contemporaneity. In addition , the
direct influences of the Revolutions of July and February
challenged the world view of the ruling class and social
discrepancy , exposing them and taking the critical attit u de.

In painting , the reflection of such a social aspect is

even more confirmed through the study of the realism of
the

19th

century

contering

around

Courbet , Millet

and

Daumier. They depicted frankly and vividly the aspects of

the life of the lower classes who were ignored and the discrepancy of the social and political realities with the dem.
ocratic and positive ways of thinking as the result of the
Revolution , and

they

prosecuted

the

absurdites

of

that

day. Such a sense of the subject was the democratization

in art and played a role as the active spokesman or live
witness who transcends space-time.
Although their works have some differences , they have
things in common because they took aim at the objective
revival of social relaity" of those days. In other words ,
the social consciousness reflected in their works was to
renovate the social value based on man , and it resulted
from the will to strive for recovery of social values.
Finally , the realism of the 19th century was closely re.
lated to the political ambition from the early period of its
formation ,

and

so

it

is

somewhat

difficult

to

analyze

clearly the complex factors reflected in their works.

-6-

1.

19

(Georg
(Kind

der

Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , 1770-- 1831)

Zeit)"

kandinsky , 1866 -1944)

(W.

" 1)

1) W. Kandinsky , rber das Geistige in der Kunst J ,

J (

-7-

1979) , p. 17.

(David Shapiro)

" 2) .

.

.

19

m 19

1919--1877) ,

(Jean-Fran~ois

(Guestave Gourbet ,

Millet ,

1814"'1875) ,

Daumier, 1808 -- 1879)

(Honer

19

3A .

2) David Shapiro , rSocial Realism ; Art as a WeaponJ , (Frederick Ungar Publishing Co ,

New York , 1973) , p. 56. (The artist is a direct product of life. He is an apparatus born
to be the receptor , the condenser, the transmitter and the reflector of the aspirations,
the desires , and the hopes of his age)

-8-

II.

1.

(Realism) 3)

"

4)

19

.A

( 1) q

.

Egypt

3)

J (

(Realism)

1983) , p. 95.

: real( )

+ ism(isme,

ism1,lS) (realis)

(res)

.(
.)

4) J p. 431-432.

-9-

17~18

.
19

j .

. 19

(Reality) ~

(Reality)

-10-

~)

" 6)

. .

.
" 7) .

5)

1967, p. 33.

6) j ( 1979) , p. 46.
7) Linda Nochin rRealismj , (Penguin, New York, 1971). j (
1986) , p. 18.

-11-

.

8)

H. Read

" 9)

" 10)

H. Read

19 (1840

8)

j (

9) H. Read, 'The Meaning of

10)

Aj (

1870 ...... 80)

1983) , p. 193.

1969) , p. 170.

j (

1
l /

1990) , p. 127.

11)

19

A
.

2.

(Romanticism)

11) Linda Nochlin, Ibid, p. 17.

1
l

 (Positivisme)

12) .

. 13)

.
(Naturalism) (Ma terialism) , (Epicure

nism) (Secularism)

.l4)

12) : 19
.

(Auiguste

Comet ,

1798-1857)

13) J ( 1984) , p. 26.

14) P. N. Skrine & L. R. Furst , 'NaturalismJ' ( 1977) , p. 3.

j
4 4

1
l

17

15)

.
19

.
" 16)

17)

15) P. N. Skrine & L. R. Frust , Ibid , p. 5-6.

16)

Ibid , p. 3.

17) Becker. G. K, rNaturalismj , ( 1977) , p. 14.

Becker
A
:' 18) .

Raymond

Williams

.l9)

18) Becker, Ibid , p. 15.

19) Rayrnond williarns , r

J (

1 nO
4

1979) , p. 148-149.

19

i
.

3.

19
. (Il

Faut tre de son

temp)"

.
17

19

(Emile Deschamps)

1863)

(Eugne Delacroix, 1798-

"20)

20) Linda Nochlin, Ibid , p. 114.

 .
19

(Louis

1837

Jacques Mande Daguerre , 1789 ......, 1851)

( 2) .
(Impressionnisme) g(lnstantaneity)

.
18
21)

(J ournalism)

j
.

< >( 3)

21) H. H.

J. (

1 ).

p. 45.

1
4

.
18 19

.
19

18 .

. .

22)

22) Linda Nochlin, Ibid, p. 115.

-19-

19 .

1848 2 .
1850

1848

18

.
19

19 R
.

ill. 19

1. 19
19

]
. 19
.
19

1848

19

23)

Humanism

Revolution: 1789 ~ 1792 )

23)

(Industrial

(French

Revolution: 1780-

. 16 18

1830 )

(Ancient Rgime)

(Montesquieu ,

1689~1755) (Voltaire 1694~ 1778) , (Rous

seau , 1712 ~ 1778) (1 776

)
.

Louis 16 24)
1789 7 14

19 7 7
2

Chartist 2

24)

: 1789 . 16 3 ( ;

2 450 98% )

.

7 1830 7 3

(Louis

Philippe , 1773 ~ 1850)

. 1830 1789 .
.

25)

. 1846

22

1847 ~ 1848

1848 2

25)

J (

1991) , p. 275.

6 26)

1848 ~1849

. "()

27)

1848

1870

() 9 4

1871 3 18

3 28

26) 6 : 2

. 1848 6 23 5 . 4
4 .
.
. ( 1 600

15000

11 000 )

27)

J (

1990) , p. 244.

( ) " 28)

( 4) .

A.

Hauser 1848

29)

19

19

28)

- 20 86

. 30

1871

4 17
200 5 28 .

29) A. Hauser,

r J () (

1974) , p. 66.

2.

1)

(Gustave

Courbet, 1819 ...... 1877)

.

17

1948 2

.
2

(pierre Joseph proudhon, 1809 ...... 1865) ,

la msre ,

(systme des Contradictions conomique ou philosophie de

1846 )J .

 1840

(Qust-ceque la

propnt?) _j

f. 1848

A .
21

1840

(Acadmie Suisse)
.
1844

(Salon)

1848

< >( 5)
.

1842

1840

1846
(Max Buchon)
.

1847

. 1848 10

(Champfleury , 1821'" 1889) 1849

<

(Aprs dinner Ornans)>

2 .
1848

(Charles

Baudelaire , 1821'" 1867)

. 1850
12 30

. <

(L Enterrement Ornans:::: 6) < (Les cassenrs de

Pierres) > ( 7)
.
1851

30)

2 .

1852

<

(Les Demoiselles de Village) >( 8)

1853 < (Les Baignenses)::) 9)

31)

30)

: 1848-51 3 ( 1 )

1848

2 1951 12 10
. 1952 3 1870
.

31)

.< >.

. 1

. ( 3 .)

.<>: (< > )

1854

1855

{.

< >( 10)

< >

(Alfred Bruyas)

40 A
" 32)

"33)

.
1855

.< >

3 (< >< 1953 > 12)

<

>) . 57

< > 60 < >( 13) <

(

)>

32) V.

J (

1986) , p. 108.

(abstrakter)
.

33)

J (1 0) , (

-29-

1973) , p. 293.

1871

< > 6 ](

3 ; } 14)
1873
1877 12 31
.

1850/51

.

(1840 -1848 )

.
(1 848 -1855 ) 1848

.
1 (1 855 -1860 )
.

(1860 )

1848-1855

. < >
< t> < f'F > .
1940

< >( 7)
(Gagey)
A .

(1949
) 2 3

A .

< >


.)

.

.

34) rThe Encyclopaedia of Visual Art J , (5) , (Encyclopaedia Britannica International , Ltd.
London , 1983) , p. 773.
(Proudhon called it the first socialist painting and a satire on our industrial civilization which keeps on inventing a marvel ous machine to execute a Il sorts of labors ...... ..
expression of misery and destitution")

 ) 35)

19

< >

1850~51

< >

<

>( 6) f 52

(oudot)

(Marlet) 52 .

35) Linda Lochlin, Ibid, p. 129 -130.

()

. 4
.

()
36)

19

36) Ibid, p. 290.

< >

37)

1855

<

(L

Atelier du peintre) >( 10) < >

Realism.

Gustave

Courbet" A

. < >
< >
.

: 7
38) .

7 1948 2

37) Linda Nochlin. Ibid. p. 97.

38) rThe Encyclopaedia of visual Art J (5) , Ibid, p. 774.

The

paintings full title is The Interior of my studio, a Real Allegory Summing up

seven years of my Artistic Life" (

.)

< >

.
< >

Il A .

39)

(Harmonian Leader)

.
.<>

( 12)
40)

39)

(Fourier 1772-1837)

3 .
.< >
.

40) Linda Nochlin, Ibid, p. 142.

$

.

" 41)

<

>

()

(types) " .

(thrive) (
;A

41) rThe Encyclopaedia of visual ArtJ' (5) , Ibid, p. 773.

. .
()

CIrishwoman)
.

.
.

()

.
;f% (shareholders) (
.

............ 1848

1851 .

. . .

1=

'-

.
(truth) .

n
Jn

. 1855

 (1 847
) . <
>

()

42)

. (
)

( )

43)

42) rThe Encyclopaedia of visuaI Artj , (5) , Ibid, p. 774-775.

(
.)

43) W.

fHistory of Artj ,

1991) , p. 572.

1850--51

>

< > <

A 11) .
;

.
(1 848-- 1855 ) <

> < > < >

.
.
.

44) fThe Ency cJ opaedia of visual ArtJ. (5) , p. 773.

-40-

2)

(Jean-Franois

Millet, 1814 ,.._ 1875 )

.
.

. 20

.
1937

Bounarrot,

23

(Cherbourg)

1475~ 1564) ,

( Michelangelo

(Nicolas Poussin , 1594 ....... 1665) ,

(Giorgione 1476/8 ....... 1510)

1844 A

( 15)

1840 .

-41-

 ( 16) .

.

.

1845 .

2 1848 < >

.
(Barbzon) 45)

10

. 1949

.
1835 (Theodore

Rousseau , 1812 . . . . 67)

1850 < > < >

1857 <
> .
1863 .

45)

(Barbizon)

1830
. 1949
.

-42-

 1867

<>

< >

<

> <> . 1968

( )
.

1875 61

.
f

. 16 46)

46)

( 1 ), (

1985) , p. 293.

() ; 16

()

.
.

-43-

(Pieter Buregel,
1593- 1648)

1825/30-1569)

17

(Lous

Le Nain ,

< >

<

>( 17)

.
1848

< >( 18)

.

.
.

1848

(Couture)

1848
(Chenavard)

-44-

< >

< > .

(Jules Breton) .

. .

.

."

47)

1848

.
4 .
(< >

< > <> < > ),

(< >
< > < >)

(<> < >

< > ),

(< > <>) .

47) Linda Nochlin , Ibid, p. 123.

A F
a h
u
I

2
2

< >( 19)

. (Gau

tier)

.
1850 < > < >

< >
.

48)

.
.

(1 851 )

48) rThe Encyclopaedia of Visual ArtJ' (8) , Ibid, p. 454.

-46-

 .
< >
.

." 49)

< >( 20)

.

.

.

1857 < >( 21)

49)

Ibid. p. 94.

-47-

 .

.

()>

<>

1851

<

.<>

.
.

50)

50) Linda Nochlin , Ibid, p. 129.

-48-

(contact-point)

() .

()

51)

.< > <:> 22)

.

.

1863 < 23) <>

51)

Ibid, p. 9 1.

-49-

"52) .

< > <> < > <

>( 24) .
3 2

3 1

<

> < > < >

.

"53)

52)

53)

(11) ,

1990) , p. 30.

Ibid, p. 32.

-50-

54)

(Henri Focillon)

54)

( ) ( 1981) , p. 667.

-51-

 55)

. (Vin

cent Van Gogh , 1853-90) .

3)

(Honor

Daumier, 1808 ,._ 1879 )

(Marseilles) .

1818 A

.
.

16

.
(Peter Paul Rubens ,

1577-1640) , (Rembrandt Van

Rijn , 1606 - 1669)

.

1828

(Rarnelet)

.
1831

(Charies

Philippon , 1800 - 1862)

. 7
< (La

55) A , Hauser, Ibid , p. 69.

-52-

Caricature) >

 < (La

Charivari) >

. 4 000
j

. <>

%) (

26)

500 6 U .

1835 9

ture>

<La Carica-

<La Charivai>

1848 2 40
.

(Francois

Bonvin, 1817"" 1887)

<>( 25)

< (La

56)

Rpublique) >

-- (Gargantua
1534-64

(1 1 )

et Pantagruel);

-53-

 3 .

1850 3
.

<

>

<

> < > < >

475

.
1860

< >

(Jean

Baptiste Camille corot , 1796"-' 1875)

.
1878 A

1879

.
A
.

.
19

(Journalist)

Arnason m

" 57) .

1831 < >( 26)

58)

1834 <

57) H. H. Arnason, rHistory of Modern ArtJ ,

58) Rpbert Rey, iHomore DaumierJ,
(

(Har

1991) , p. 11.

1979) , p. 33.

N. Abrams, Inc, New York, 1985) ,

15 >( 27)

1834 4 15 15

. 3

.

.

David(Jacques Louis David , 1748- 1825)

<

>( 28)

.
E} (Lamentation )

.
(lmage)

<

15 >

59)

(J ournalism)
.

(faire

de l'art vi van t) "

59) Linda Nochlin, Ibid , p. 86.

hn

h
u u

 (Motto)

temps)"

(Il

faut tre de son

60)

< >( 29) 1841 < (La Chari vari) >

< (L Histoire Ancienne) >

50

1848 2

<>( 30)

.
.

(Liomello Venturi)
-
" 61) .

60) A. Hauser, Ibid, p. 71.

61) r JC8) ( 1974) , p. 94.

 < ; 31)

.
< > < >

< >

f!J1J
.

62)

(Deformation)

. 1849

62) A. Hauser, Ibid, p. 69.

.
1855

.<>( 32)

.
63)

< j 33)

19
.

63) Robert Rey , Ibid, p. 102.

-59-

<>

(Chiaroscuro) .

64)

(Saavedra

Miguel de Cervan-

tes , 1547 ~ 1616) <>( 34)

.

.

< >( 35)

(Monument) .

64)

J (:

-60-

1981) , p. 106.

"65)

. (Balzac) IA

66)

65) H. W.

Ibid, p. 555.

66) Linda Nochlin, Ibid, p. 165.

4 000

67)

4)

19

1840

1860

67) rThe Encyclopaedia of VisuaI ArtJ' (6) , Ibid, p. 16 1.

 .
t {:t

"68) .

17

< > < t>

< > .

< >

()

.
< >

68)

Ibid,

p. 57.

<
>

] .
A
.

.
.

.
.

-64-

 .
.

< (1 848 )>

(1 849 )>

1848

<

. <
(1 857 )>

<

(1849 )>

. < >

. < >

.
.

.
.

4,000

7.
1
/

 .

7

< >< 15 >

<> < >

<>

( trembling) .

(elegance)

< >

(1819-1877)

<

>

< E >

< >

1849
1849
1855

..

(1 /3;

2/3; )

< >

< >

(1814~ 1875) < >

<

>

1848
1850
1857

()

()

1858~9

< >
<E

(1808-1879)

1831
1834

15 >

<>

1856

<>

1868

-68-

<>

]
.

A
.

.

19

On)
P

A fu .

19

3.

69)

19

(Adolf Menzel ,

1815~1905)

1832-1848

69) rThe Encyclopaedia of Visual ArtJ , (5) , Ibid, p. 782.

1852 < > < >
. 1858

....... 1969

Kunstverein

(< > ) ,

Ludwing

II

10 .

19

(Russia)

1853-1856

(Turkey)
j .

1860

(Ilya E. Repin , 1844~ 1930) < >( 36)

.

19 1871

(Edouard Manet , 1832'" 1833)

(HenrideToulouse Lautrec ,
20

(Ekgar

Degas , 1834'" 1917) ,

1834~1901) .

A. Hauser .

--

20

.
.

"70) .

19

20

20

71)

.
1 (1 914~ 1918 )

70) Arnold Hauser, Ibid , p. 232.

71) J ( 1981) , p. 50.

 . n
(Neue

Sachlickeit) .

(Magic Realism)

(Otto

(Max

Dix , 1891-1969) ,

Beckmann , 1884 -1950) ,

(George

Grosz , 1893-

1959) , (K the kollwitz , 1867 -1945)

< >( 37)
.

1920

1910

I qJ

.
3
1886~1957)

1949) ,

(Jose

(Diego

Clemente Orozco ,

(David

Rivera ,
1883~

Alfaro Siqueiros , 1896-

1974) .

< j 38)

72)

< >( 39)

[I (Foreshortning)
L{ (Andrea Mantegna) < > .

1930

72) H. H

Ibid , p. 414.

73)

1929

1933 (New

Deal)

(Ben

Shahn ,

1898-1969) <

>( 40)

.
1930

realism)
David

(Social

Shapiro

73)

3 J (

1990) , p. 417.

" 74)

" 75)
.
(So

cialist Realism)

74) David Shapiro , Ibid, p. 14.

75) David Shapiro Ibid, p. 18.

N.

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7 2

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19

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19
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A .

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20

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