Can Ban Ve Dia Chi IP

Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.
com
Cu trc a ch trn Internet

(a ch IP)
I. Gii thiu chung
II. Cu trc a ch IP
Thnh phn, hnh dng ca a ch v cc lp a ch
1. a ch lp A (A Class)
a ch mng (Net ID)
a ch cc my ch trn mt mng (Host ID)
2. a ch lp B (B Class)
a ch mng (Net ID)
a ch cc my ch trn mt mng (Host ID
3. a ch lp C (C Class)
a ch mng (Net ID)
a ch cc my ch trn mt mng (Host ID)
4. a ch mng con ca Internet (IP Subnetting)
Nguyn nhn v phng php chia a ch mng con
Default Mask (gi tr trn a ch mng)
Subnet Mask (gi tr trn ca tng mng con)
a) a ch mng con ca a ch lp C
2 mng con
6 mng con
b) a ch mng con t a ch lp B
5. Ph lc tham kho a ch mng con lp B
Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.com
Phn I - Gii thiu chung

Nh chng ta bit Internet l mt mng my tnh ton cu , do hng nghn mng my tnh t
khp mi ni ni li to nn. Khc vi cch t chc theo cc cp: ni ht, lin tnh, quc t ca mt
mng vin thng nh mng thoi chng hn, mng Internet t chc ch c mt cp, cc mng my
tnh d nh, d to khi ni vo Internet u bnh ng vi nhau. Do cch t chc nh vy nn trn
Internet c cu trc a ch, cch nh a ch c bit, trong khi cch nh a ch i vi mng vin
thng li n gin hn nhiu.
i vi mng vin thng nh mng thoi chng hn, khch hng cc vng khc nhau hon ton
c th c cng s in thoi, phn bit vi nhau bng m vng, m tnh hay m quc t. i vi
mng Internet , do cch t chc ch c mt cp nn mi mt khch hng hay mt my ch ( Host )
hoc Router u c mt a ch internet duy nht m khng c php trng vi bt k ai. Do vy
m a ch trn Internet thc s l mt ti nguyn.
Hng chc triu my ch trn hng trm nghn mng. a ch khng c trng nhau cn phi c
cu trc a ch c bit qun l thng nht v mt T chc ca Internet gi l Trung tm thng tin
mng Internet - Network Information Center ( NIC ) ch tr phn phi, NIC ch phn a ch mng (
Net ID ) cn a ch my ch trn mng ( Host ID ) do cc T chc qun l Internet ca tng quc
gia mt t phn phi. (Trong thc t c th nh tuyn (routing ) trn mng Internet ngoi a ch
IP cn cn n tn ring ca cc my ch (Host) - Domain Name ). Cc phn tip theo chng ta hy
nghin cu cu trc c bit ca a ch Internet.
Phn II: Cu trc a ch IP
a/ Thnh phn v hnh dng ca a ch IP
a ch IP ang c s dng hin ti (IPv4) c 32 bit chia thnh 4 Octet ( mi Octet c 8 bit, tng
ng 1 byte ) cch m u t tri qua phi bt 1 cho n bt 32, cc Octet tch bit nhau bng
du chm (.), bao gm c 3 thnh phn chnh.
Bit 1................................................................................... 32
Bit nhn dng lp ( Class bit )
a ch ca mng ( Net ID )
a ch ca my ch ( Host ID ).
Ghi ch: Tn l a ch my ch nhng thc t khng ch c my ch m tt c cc my con
(Workstation), cc cng truy nhp v.v..u cn c a ch.
Bit nhn dng lp (Class bit) phn bit a ch lp no.
1/ - a ch Internet biu hin dng bit nh phn:
x y x y x y x y. x y x y x y x y. x y x y x y x y. x y x y x y x y
x, y = 0 hoc 1.
V d:
0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0. 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1. 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0. 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

bit nhn dng
Octet 1
Octet 2
Octet 3
Octet 4
2/ - a ch Internet biu hin dng thp phn: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

x l s thp phn t 0 n 9
V d: 146. 123. 110. 224
Dng vit y ca a ch IP l 3 con s trong tng Octet. V d: a ch IP thng thy trn thc
t c th l 53.143.10.2 nhng dng y l 053.143.010.002.
b / Cc lp a ch IP
a ch IP chia ra 5 lp A,B,C, D, E. Hin ti dng ht lp A,B v gn ht lp C, cn lp D v E
T chc internet ang dnh cho mc ch khc khng phn, nn chng ta ch nghin cu 3 lp
u.
Qua cu trc cc lp a ch IP chng ta c nhn xt sau:

Bit nhn dng l nhng bit u tin - ca lp A l 0, ca lp B l 10, ca lp C l 110.

Lp D c 4 bit u tin nhn dng l 1110, cn lp E c 5 bt u tin nhn dng l 11110.
a ch lp A: a ch mng t v a ch my ch trn tng mng nhiu.
a ch lp B: a ch mng va phi v a ch my ch trn tng mng va phi.
a ch lp C: a ch mng nhiu, a ch my ch trn tng mng t.
a ch lp
Vng a ch l thuyt
S mng
ti a s dng
126
16382
2097150
A
B
C
T 0.0.0.0 n 127.0.0.0
T 128.0.0.0 n 191.255.0.0
T 192.0.0.0 n 223.255.255.0
T 224.0.0.0 n 240.0.0.0
Khng phn
T 241.0.0.0 n 255.0.0.0
Khng phn
S my ch ti a
trn tng mng
16777214
65534
254
0
10
110
S bit dng
phn cho mng
7
14
21
1110
---
11110
---
a ch lp
A
B
C
Vng a ch s dng
Bit nhn dng
T 1 n 127
T 128.1 n 191.254
T 192.0.1 n 223.255.254
Nh vy nu chng ta thy 1 a ch IP c 4 nhm s cch nhau bng du chm, nu thy nhm s

th nht nh hn 126 bit a ch ny lp A, nm trong khong 128 n 191 bit a ch ny lp
B v t 192 n 223 bit a ch ny lp C.
Ghi nh: a ch thc t khng phn trong trng hp tt c cc bit trong mt hay nhiu Octet s
dng cho a ch mng hay a ch my ch u bng 0 hay u bng 1. iu ny ng cho tt c
cc lp a ch.
i / a ch Lp A
Tng qut chung:
Bit th nht l bit nhn dng lp A = 0.
7 bit cn li trong Octet th nht dnh cho a ch mng.
3 Octet cn li c 24 bit dnh cho a ch ca my Ch.
Class A: ( 0 - 126 )
- net id: 126 mng

- host id:16.777.214 my ch trn mt mng
a/ a ch mng (Net ID)

1/ Kh nng phn a ch
n
Khi m s bit chng ta m t tri qua phi, nhng khi tnh gi tr thp phn 2 ca bit li tnh t
phi qua tri, bt u t bit 0. Octet th nht dnh cho a ch mng, bit 7 = 0 l bit nhn dng lp A.
7
7 bit cn li t bit 0 n bit 6 dnh cho a ch mng ( 2 ) = 128. Nhng trn thc t a ch khi tt c
cc bit bng 0 hoc bng 1 u khng phn cho mng. Khi gi tr cc bit u bng 0, gi tr thp
phn 0 l khng c ngha, cn a ch l 127 khi cc bit u bng 1 dng thng bo ni b, nn
trn thc t cn li 126 mng.
Octet 1
Cch tnh a ch mng lp A.

S th t Bit (n)- tnh t phi qua tri: 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Gi tr nh phn (0 hay 1) ca Bit: x x x x x x x
Gi tr thp phn tng ng khi gi tr bit = 1 s l 2
Gi tr thp phn tng ng khi gi tr bit = 0 khng tnh.

Gi tr thp phn ln nht khi gi tr ca 7 bit u bng 1 l 127.
Xin xem bng tnh trn vn gi tr ca tt c cc Bit
Nh vy kh nng phn a ch ca lp A cho 126 mng -
2/ Biu hiu a ch trn thc t: T 001 n 126
b / a ch ca cc my ch trn mt mng
1/ Kh nng phn a ch
Ba Octet sau gm 24 bit c tnh t bit 0 n bit 23 dnh cho a ch my ch trn tng mng.
Vi cch tnh nh trn, c tng s my ch trn mt mng ta c.

Ga tr tng ng vi Bit n
Gi tr 2n
a ch
23.22.21.20.19.18.16.|15.14.13.12.11.10.9.8.|7.6.5.4.3.2.1.0
..0...0...0...0...0...0...0.|.0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0
000
0
..0...0...0...0...0...0...0.|.0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0
2
001
1
..0...0...0...0...0...0...0.|.0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0
2
002
...................................
......
......
...................................
......
......
23
1
..1...1...1...1...1...1...1.|.1...1...1...1...1...1..1.1.|1.1.1.1.1.1.1.0 2 +...+2 16777214
..1...1...1...1...1...1...1.|.1...1...1...1...1...1..1.1.|1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1
16777215
<------Octet2-------><-------Octet3--------->|<--Octet4---->
a ch khi cc bit u bng 0 hay bng 1 b ra. Trn thc t cn li 224-2 = 16 777 214
Nh vy kh nng phn a ch cho 16 777 214 my ch.
2/ Biu hin a ch trn thc t
Octet 2
Octet 3
Octet 4
Octet 2
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
Gi tr 2n
a ch my ch
76543210
00000000
00000001
00000010
000
0
001
002
0
00000011
2 +2
................
...........
................
...........
11111111
003
......
......
5
2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
255

Nh vy gi tr thp phn Octet 2 tnh t 000 ti 255.
Octet 3
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
Gi tr 2n
a ch my ch
76543210
00000000
00000001
00000010
000
0
001
002
0
00000011
2 +2
................
...........
................
...........
11111111
003
......
......
5
2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
255
Octet 4
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
Gi tr 2n
a ch my ch
76543210
00000000
00000001
00000010
000 Khng phn

0
001
002
0
00000011
2 +2
................
...........
................
...........
11111110
11111111
003
......
......
2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
254
0
2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
255 Khng phn

Tng qut li ti a ch ca mt mng, khi ln lt thay i cc gi tr ca cc Octet 2, 3, 4.ta s c
16 777 216 kh nng thay i m cc con s khng trng lp nhau ( Combinations ) c nghi l 16
777 216 a ch ca my ch trn mng, nhng thc t phn ch l
(256 x 256 x 256) - 2 =16 777 214
Biu hin trn thc t l ba s thp phn trong 3 Octet cch nhau du.
T 000. 000. 0001 n 255. 255. 254
Kt lun: a ch lp A c th phn cho 126 mng v mi mt mng c 16 777 214 my ch. Ni
cch khc a ch thc t s t 001.000.000.001 n 126.255.255.254
V d: Mt a ch y ca lp A: 124. 234. 200. 254. Trong :
a ch mng: 124
a ch my ch: 234.200.254
II / a ch Lp B
Tng qut chung:
2 bit u tin nhn dng lp B l 1 v 0.
14 bit cn li trong 2 Octet u tin dnh cho a ch mng.
2 Octet cn li gm 16 bit dnh cho a ch my Ch.
- net id:
16.382 mng
- host id: 65.534 my ch trn mt mng
a/ a ch mng
1/ Kh nng phn a ch
Octet 1
Octet 2
Hai Octet u tin c 16 bit phn cho a ch mng, 2 bit ( bit 1 v bit 2 ) k t tri sang c gi tr
ln lt l 1 v 0 dng nhn dng a ch lp B. Nh vy cn li 14 bit cho Net ID - a ch
mng.
Theo cch tnh nh ca a ch mng Lp A ta c.

Ga tr bit
Gi tr 2n
13.12.11.10.9.8 7.6.5.4.3.2.1.0
..0...0...0...0..0.0 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0
..0...0...0...0..0.0 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1
..0...0...0...0..0.0 0.0.0.0.0.0.1.0
.......................
.......................
..1...1...1...1..1.1 1.1.1.1.1.1.1.0
..1...1...1...1..1.1 1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1
<-----Octet1-----> <--Octet2----->
a ch mng
000
001
002
......
......
16 382
2
21
......
......
213+...21
213+... 20
Khng phn
Tng t nh a ch Lp A, cc bit u bng 0 v cc bit u bng 1 c b ra, nn thc t gi tr

thp phn ch t 1 n 16 382 c ngha phn c cho 16 382 mng.
2/ Biu hin trn thc t.
Biu hin a ch trn thc t th hin s thp phn trong 2 Octet cch nhau bng du chm (. ).
Cch tnh s thp phn cho tng Octet mt.
Octet 1
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
Net ID
a ch mng
Gi tr 2n
76543210
10000000
10000001
10000010
128
2 +2
2 +2
10000011
2 +2 +2
................
...........
10111111
129
130
0
131
......
2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
191

a ch mng ca Lp A t 001 n 126. ( khng phn 127 ). Nh vy a ch mng ca Lp B
Octet th nht s t 128 cho n 191.
Nh vy gi tr thp phn ca Octet 1 t 128 n 191.
Octet 2
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
Net ID
a ch mng
Gi tr 2n
76543210
00000000
00000001
00000010
000 Khng phn

0
001
002
0
00000011
2 +2
................
...........
................
...........
11111110
11111111
003
......
......
2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
254
0
2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
255 Khng phn

Nh vy: a ch mng lp B biu hin trn thc t gm 2 Octet
t 128.001 cho n 191. 254
c ngha phn c cho 16 382 mng ( 214 - 2 ).
b / a ch cc my ch trn mt mng
1 / Kh nng phn a ch
Octet 3 v 4 gm 16 bit dnh cho a ch ca cc my ch trn tng mng.
10
Ga tr Bit
n
Gi tr 2
.15.14.13.12.11.10..9.8.|7.6.5.4.3.2.1.0
..0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0
..0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1
..0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.1.0
..0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.1.1
...................................
...................................
..1...1...1...1...1...1..1.1.|1.1.1.1.1.1.1.0
..1...1...1...1...1...1..1.1.|1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1
<--------Octet 3------->|<---Octet 4-->
2
21
21+20
......
......
215+...21
215+... 20
a ch
000
001
002
003
......
......
65534
65535
a ch ca cc bit bng 0 v bng 1 b ra, Kh nng thc t cn li 65534 a ch ( 2

cho cc my ch trn mt mng.
16
- 2) phn
2/ Biu hin a ch trn thc t

Octet 3
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
Gi tr 2
a ch my ch
76543210
00000000
00000001
00000010
00000011
000
0
001
2 +2
002
0
003
...........
................
11111111
......
...........
7
......
5
2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
255
11

Octet 4
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
Gi tr 2
a ch my ch
76543210
00000000
00000001
00000010
000 Khng phn

0
001
002
0
00000011
2 +2
................
...........
................
...........
11111110
11111111
003
......
......
5
2 +2 +2+2 +2 +2 +2+2 +2
5
2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
254
255 Khng phn

Biu hin a ch my ch trn thc t ca Lp B l
t 000. 001 n 255. 254
Kt lun: a ch Lp B c th phn cho 16 382 mng v mi mng c n 65 534 my ch. Ni
cch khc a ch phn trong thc t s
t 128. 001. 000. 001 n 191. 254. 255. 254
V d: Mt a ch y ca lp B l 130.130.130.130. Trong :
a ch mng: 130.130
a ch my ch: 130.130
12

III/ a ch Lp C
Tng qut chung.
3 bit u tin nhn dng lp C l 1,1,0.
21 bit cn li trong 3 Octet u dnh cho a ch mng.
Octet cui cng c 8 bit dnh cho a ch my ch.
- net id: 2.097.150 mng

- host id: 254 mych/1 mng
a / a ch mng
1/ Kh nng phn a ch
21 bit cn li ca 3 Octet u dnh cho a ch mng
Gi tr tng ng vi bit n
n
Gi tr 2
20.19.18.17.16.|15.14.13.12.11.10.9.8.|7.6.5.4.3.2.1.0
.0...0...0...0...0..|.0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.
.0...0...0...0...0..|.0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1.
.0...0...0...0...0..|.0...0...0...0...0...0..0.0.|0.0.0.0.0.0.1.0.
.........................
.........................
.1...1...1...1...1..|.1...1...1...1...1...1..1.1.|1.1.1.1.1.1.1.0.
.1...1...1...1...1..|.1...1...1...1...1...1..1.1.|1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.
<--Octet 1---->|<------Octet 2-------->|<----Octet 3-->
20
21
..
..
20
2 +...+21
220+...+20
a ch
mng
0
1
2
.
.
2097150
2097151
Cc bit u bng 0 hay bng 1 khng phn, nn kh nng phn a ch cho mng lp C l 2 097
21
150 hoc bng 2 - 2.
2/ Biu hin trn thc t
Octet 1
13
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
Net ID
a ch mng
Gi tr 2
76543210
11000000
11000001
11000010
2 +2
2 +2 +2
2 +2 +2
192
11000011
2 +2 +2 +2
................
...........
................
...........
11011111
193
194
0
195
......
......
2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
223
Octet 2
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
Net ID
a ch mng
Gi tr 2
76543210
00000000
00000001
00000010
000
0
001
002
0
00000011
2 +2
................
...........
................
...........
11111111
003
......
......
5
2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
255
Octet 3
14
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
Net ID
a ch mng
Gi tr 2
76543210
00000000
00000001
00000010
000 Khng phn

0
001
002
0
00000011
2 +2
................
...........
................
...........
11111110
11111111
003
......
......
5
2 +2 +2+2 +2 +2 +2+2 +2
5
2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
254
255 Khng phn

Kt lun: a ch dnh cho mng ca lp C c kh nng phn cho 2097150 mng, ni cch khc
trn thc t s
t 192. 000. 001 n 223. 255. 254
b / a ch my ch trn tng mng

1/ Kh nng phn a ch
Octet 4 c 8 bit phn a ch cho cc my ch trn mt mng.
Octet 4
Ga tr tng ng vi
th t bit (n)
Gi tr 2
a ch my ch
76543210
15

00000000
00000001
00000010
000 Khng phn

0
001
002
0
00000011
2 +2
................
...........
................
...........
11111110
11111111
003
......
......
5
2 +2 +2+2 +2 +2 +2+2 +2
5
2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
254
255 Khng phn

8
Nh vy kh nng cho my ch trn tng mng ca a ch lp C l 254 hay 2 - 2.

2/ Biu hin trn thc t: T 001 n 254.
Kt lun: a ch lp C c th phn cho 2 097 150 mng v mi mt mng c 254 my ch. Ni
cch khc s t 192. 000. 001. 001 n 223. 255. 254.254
V d mt a ch Internet lp C y : 198. 010. 122. 230. Trong :
a ch mng: 198.010.122
a ch my ch: 230
V d: Trung tm thng tin mng Internet vng Chu - Thi bnh dng ( APNIC ) phn cho VDC 8
a ch ca lp C c th phn cho 8 mng t 203.162.0.0 cho n 203.162.7.0. Nhm s th nht l
203 cho bit y l nhng khi a ch lp C.
a ch y ca mt khi a ch 203.162.0.0 phi l 203.162.000.000, chng ta c s dng
trn vn octet cui cng c ngha l c 254 a ch my ch v u cui trn mt mng. V d
mng 203.162.0 s c a ch u cui t 203.162.0.000 n 203.162.0. 255. Nh vy tng cng
VDC c 8x254=2032 a ch l thuyt phn cho cc my ch v u cui trn 8 mng 203.162.0 ;
203.162.1;.....203.162.7 v.v..
Nh vy a ch mng l c nh, chng ta ch c quyn phn a ch cho my ch trn mng .
9.
16
Iv / a ch mng con ca Internet (IP subnetting)

a/ Nguyn nhn
Nh nu trn a ch trn Internet thc s l mt ti nguyn, mt mng khi gia nhp Internet c
Trung tm thng tin mng Internet ( NIC) phn cho mt s a ch va dng vi yu cu lc ,
sau ny nu mng pht trin thm li phi xin NIC thm, l iu khng thun tin cho cc nh
khai thc mng.
Hn na cc lp a ch ca Internet khng phi hon ton ph hp vi yu cu thc t, a ch lp
B chng hn, mi mt a ch mng c th cp cho 65534 my ch, Thc t c mng nh ch c vi
chc my ch th s lng ph rt nhiu a ch cn li m khng ai dng c . khc phc vn
ny v tn dng ti a a ch c NIC phn, bt u t nm 1985 ngi ta ngh n a ch mng
con.
Nh vy phn a ch mng con l m rng a ch cho nhiu mng trn c s mt a ch mng
m NIC phn cho, ph hp vi s lng thc t my ch c trn tng mng.
b/ Phng php phn chia a ch mng con
Trc khi nghin cu phn ny chng ta cn phi hiu qua mt s khi nim lin quan ti vic phn
a ch cc mng con.
1/ - Default Mask: (Gi tr trn a ch mng) c nh ngha trc cho tng lp a ch A,B,C. Thc
cht l gi tr thp phn cao nht (khi tt c 8 bit u bng 1) trong cc Octet dnh cho a ch mng
- Net ID.
Default Mask:
Lp A 255.0.0.0
Lp B 255.255.0.0
Lp C 255.255.255.0
2/ - Subnet Mask: ( gi tr trn ca tng mng con)
Subnet Mask l kt hp ca Default Mask vi gi tr thp phn cao nht ca cc bit ly t cc Octet
ca a ch my ch sang phn a ch mng to a ch mng con.
Subnet Mask bao gi cng i km vi a ch mng tiu chun cho ngi c bit a ch
mng tiu chun ny dng c cho 254 my ch hay chia ra thnh cc mng con. Mt khc n
cn gip Router trong vic nh tuyn cuc gi.
Nguyn tc chung:
Ly bt mt s bit ca phn a ch my ch to a ch mng con.
Ly i bao nhiu bit ph thuc vo s mng con cn thit (Subnet mask) m nh khai thc mng
quyt nh s to ra.
V a ch lp A v B u ht, hn na hin ti mng Internet ca Tng cng ty do VDC qun l
ang c phn 8 a ch mng lp C nn chng ta s nghin cu k phn chia a ch mng con
lp C.
17
10
I / a ch mng con ca a ch lp C
Class c:
a ch lp C c 3 octet cho a ch mng v 1 octet cui cho a ch my ch v vy ch c 8 bit l

thuyt to mng con, thc t nu dng 1 bit m mng con v 7 bit cho a ch my ch th vn
ch l mt mng v ngc li 7 bit cho mng v 1 bit cho a ch my ch th mt mng ch c
mt my, nh vy khng logic, t nht phi dng 2 bit m rng a ch v 2 bit cho a ch my ch
trn tng mng. Do vy trn thc t ch dng nh bng sau.
Default Mask ca lp C : 255.255.255.0

a ch
my ch
<-------->
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ; 192 ( 2 bit / ch mng con 6 bit /ch
255.255.255.1
my ch)
255.255.255.1
1
my ch)
255.255.255.1
1
my ch)
255.255.255.1
1
my ch)
255.255.255.1
1
my ch)
<--------------->
Default Mask
Trng
hp
1
1 0 0 0 0 0 ;
224 ( 3 bit /ch mng con 5 bit /ch
1 1 0 0 0 0 ;
1 1 1 0 0 0 ;
1 1 1 1 0 0 ;
<--------->
a ch
mng con
Subnetmask
255.255.255.192
S lng
2
S my ch trn
m ng con
tng mng
62
18

2
3
4
5
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.252
6
14
30
62
30
14
6
2
Bng 1: Kh nng chia mng con ca a ch Lp C

Nh vy mt a ch mng lp C ch c 5 trng hp la chn trn (Hay 5 Subnet Mask khc
nhau), tu tng trng hp c th quyt nh s mng con.
1/ Trng hp 1 - Hai mng con
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.192.
T mt a ch tiu chun to c a ch cho hai mng con, mi mt mng c 62 my ch.
S dng hai bit (bit 7 v 6) ca phn a ch my ch to mng con. Nh vy cn li 6 bit phn
cho my ch.
a/ Tnh a ch mng
Octet 4
Bit 7
6
543210
xxx.xxx.xxx. 0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 = xxx.xxx.xxx.0
xxx.xxx.xxx. 0
1
0 0 0 0 0 0 = xxx.xxx.xxx.64
xxx.xxx.xxx. 1
0
000000 =
xxx.xxx.xxx.128
xxx.xxx.xxx. 1
1
000000 =
xxx.xxx.xxx.192
Ghi ch: xxx.xxx.xxx l a ch mng tiu chun ca lp C.

a ch ca mng l gi tr ca bit 7 v 6 ln lt bng 0 v 1. Trong trng hp chia a ch mng
con khng bao gi c dng a ch khi cc bit u bng 0 hay bng 1. Do vy trng hp 2 mng
con ni trn, a ch mng con s l:
Mng con 1: a ch mng xxx.xxx.xxx.64
Mng con 2: a ch mng xxx.xxx.xxx.128
b/ Tnh a ch cho my ch cho mng con 1
Chng ta ch cn 6 bit cho a ch my ch trn tng mng.
19
Octet 4
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
0
xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0
= xxx.xxx.xxx.64 a ch mng
xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1
= xxx.xxx.xxx.65
xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
0
= xxx.xxx.xxx.66
............. ........
.
.............
xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0
= xxx.xxx.xxx.126
xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
=xxx.xxx.xxx.127 Khng phn
a ch mng con 1
Mi mng cn li 62 a ch cho my ch.
Mng 1: T xxx.xxx.xxx. 065 n xxx.xxx.xxx.126
c/ Tnh a ch cho my ch cho mng con 2
Tng t nh cch tnh trn ta c
Octet 4
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
= xxx.xxx.xxx.128 a ch mng
xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
= xxx.xxx.xxx.129
xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
= xxx.xxx.xxx.130
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
= xxx.xxx.xxx.190
20
xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
= xxx.xxx.xxx.191 Khng phn
a ch mng con 2
Mng 2: a ch my ch trn mng 2.
T xxx.xxx.xxx.129 n xxx.xxx.xxx.190.
Tng qut li:
Subnet ID
Hosts
1-62
64
65-126
128
129-190
192
193-254
a/ Mng con th nht

* / a ch mng con: xxx.xxx.xxx.064
* / a ch cc my ch trn mng con ny t.
xxx.xxx.xxx. 065
xxx.xxx.xxx. 066
xxx.xxx.xxx. 067
..............
n xxx.xxx.xxx. 126
b/ Mng con th 2
*/ a ch mng con: xxx.xxx.xxx. 128
*/ a ch cc my ch trn mng con ny t.
xxx.xxx.xxx. 129
xxx.xxx.xxx. 130
.............
n xxx.xxx.xxx. 190
a ch my ch t 1 n 62 v t 193 n 254 v 127 ; 191 b mt, ngha l mt 130 a ch.
V d: a ch tiu chun lp C l 196. 200. 123
21

Subnetmask 255.255.255.192
T a ch ny ta c 2 mng con l:
* Mng 1: a ch mng 196.200.123.064
a ch My ch trn mng ny.
T 196.200.123.065 n 196. 200. 123. 126.
* Mng 2: a ch mng 196.200.123.128
a ch my ch trn mng ny.
T 196.200.123.129 n 196.200.123. 190
2/ Trng hp 2 - Su mng con
Subnetmask: 255.255.255.224.
To c 6 mng con, mi mng con c 30 my ch
a/ Tnh a ch Mng con
Trng hp ny s dng 3 bit ( bit 7,6,5) ca a ch my ch (Octet 4) b sung cho a ch mng
tiu chun to mng con.
Octet 4
Bit 7 6
5
4321
0
xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 0
0
0000
0
= xxx.xxx.xxx.0
xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 0
1
0000
0
= xxx.xxx.xxx.32
xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 1
0
0000
0
= xxx.xxx.xxx.64
xxx.xxx.xxx. 0 1
1
0000
0
= xxx.xxx.xxx.96
xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 0
0
0000
0
= xxx.xxx.xxx.128
xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 0
1
0000
0
= xxx.xxx.xxx.160
xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 1
0000
= xxx.xxx.xxx.192
22
0
xxx.xxx.xxx. 1 1
1
0
0000
0
= xxx.xxx.xxx.224
B trng hp cc bit u bng 0 hay 1, chng ta cn li a ch ca 6 mng con sau.

xxx.xxx.xxx.32 ; Mng con 1
b / Tnh a ch my ch cho mng con 1
Octet 4
Bit 7 6
5
4321
0
xxx.xxx.xxx.
00
1
0000
0
= xxx.xxx.xxx. 32 a ch mng
xxx.xxx.xxx.
00
1
0001
1
= xxx.xxx.xxx.33
xxx.xxx.xxx.
00
1
0000
0
= xxx.xxx.xxx.34
xxx.xxx.xxx.
00
1
0001
1
= xxx.xxx.xxx.35
xxx.xxx.xxx.
00
1
0010
0
= xxx.xxx.xxx.36
.........
.... ....
...............
xxx.xxx.xxx.
00
1
1111
0
= xxx.xxx.xxx.62
xxx.xxx.xxx.
00
1
1111
1
= xxx.xxx.xxx.63 Khng phn
Nh vy a ch my ch ca mng con 1 s t 33 n 62.
23

Tng t nh cch tnh nu trn chng ta c th tnh c cho tt c cc trng hp cn li
(xem bng 1) v c tng hp li nh sau.
1/ Trng hp 1: Subnetmask 255.255.255.192
2 mng con.
62 my ch mi mng.
6 mng con.
30 my ch mi mng.
14 mng con.
14 my ch mi mng
30 mng con.
6 my ch mi mng.
5/ Trng hp 5: Subnetmask 255.255.255.252.
62 mng con.
2 my ch mi mng.
Xem bng tnh a ch cho cc trng hp trn
V d: a ch mng lp C m NIC phn cho VDC l 203.162.4.0. Trn a ch ny phn ra 2 mng
con th a ch s l.
Mng 1: a ch mng 203.162.4.64.
a ch my ch trn mng t 203.162.4.65 n 203.162.4.126
Mng 2: a ch mng 203.162.4.128.
a ch my ch trn mng t 203.162.4.129 n 203.162.4.190
11.
II / a ch mng con t a ch lp B
Default Mask ca lp B l 255.255.0.0
class b:
24
Net ID - Khi phn a ch mng con s dng Octet 3

a ch lp B c 2 Octet th 3 v th 4 dnh cho a ch my ch nn v nguyn l c th ly c
c 16 bit to a ch mng . Nu t mt a ch mng c NIC phn chng ta nh m rng ln
254 mng v mi mng s c 254 my ch. Trng hp ny s ly ht 8 bit ca octet th 3 b sung
n
vo a ch mng v ch cn li 8 bit thc t cho a ch my ch, theo cch tnh s thp phn 2 gi
tr ca 8 bit nh nu phn lp C, chng ta s c:
Bng phn chia a ch mng con lp B
Class B
Subnetting (Default
Subnet mask)
255.255.0.0
S dng Octet 3 m
rng mng con
S dng c Octet 4
m rng mng con
#of hosts per

subnet
S my ch trn
mi mng con
#of subnets
S mng con
Subnet Mask
255.255.192.0
16382
255.255.224.0
8190
255.255.240.0
14
4094
255.255.248.0
30
2460
255.255.252.0
62
1022
255.255.254.0
126
510
255.255..255.0
254
254
255.255.255.128
510
126
255.255.255.192
1022
62
255.255.255.224
2046
30
255.255.255.240
4094
14
255.255.255.248
8190
255.255.255.252
16382
a ch lp B v l thuyt c 2 octet u cho a ch mng, khi chia mng con theo phng php s
dng tt c 8 bit trong 3 octet cho a ch mng, trn thc tng ng vi lp C, nh vy v a ch
NIC phn l lp B nhng cch t chc a ch li lp C ( Xem Bng ph lc phn a ch mng con
lp B ).
Trong bng ny cn ch ct 6 - khong cch a ch gia 2 mng con gii thiu cho chng ta
cch tnh a ch cc mng con, a ch cc my ch trn tng mng lin quan ti ct 7,8,9,10.
25

V d: Trng hp Subnetmask 255.255.240.0 l r nht.
Chia c 14 mng con, mi mng con c 4094 my ch, khong cch a ch gia hai mng con l
16.0 c ngha.
Mng con 1 c a ch l xxx.yyy.16.0 ; Mng con 2 s c a ch l xxx.yyy.16.0 + 16.0 =
xxx.yyy.32.0 c tip tc nh vy ta s tnh c a ch ca tng mng con v mng con 14 l
xxx.yyy. 224.0.
a ch my ch u tin trn mng con 1 l xxx.yyy.16.1 ; a ch my ch u tin trn mng
con 2 s l xxx.yyy.16.1 + 16.0 = xxx.yyy.32.1. Tip tc nh vy ta s tnh a ch c my ch
u tin ca mng con 14 l xxx.yyy.224.1 v.v..
Tng t chng ta bit c a ch cui cng ca cc my ch trn mt mng con.
Theo hng dn ny chng ta s tm c cc trng hp khc.
Tm li chia a ch mng con cng phi theo mt quy lut nht nh ngoi mun ca chng ta, khi
chia mng con cng b mt kh nhiu a ch, mt t hay nhiu tu thuc vo cc trng hp c th.
12.
ph lc tham kho a ch mng con lp b

Subnet
bit
Subnet mask
s bit
dnh
cho
mng
con
No, of
networks
No, of
hosts
Net no.
Net step
Net id
First host
S mng
con
S my
ch trn
tng
mng
Th t
mng
khong
cch a
ch gia
2 mng
con
a ch cc
mng con
a ch u tin
ca my ch
trn tng mng
con
xxx.yyy.64.0
xxx.yyy.64.1
xxx.yyy.128.0
xxx.yyy.128.1
xxx.yyy.32.0
xxx.yyy.32.1
xxx.yyy.64.0
con
255.255.192.0
16382
0*
64.0
3*
3
255.255.224.0
8190
0*
32.0
26

3
xxx.yyy.96.0
xxx.yyy.128.0
xxx.yyy.140.0
xxx.yyy.192.0
xxx.yyy.192.1
xxx.yyy.16.0
xxx.yyy.16.1
xxx.yyy.32.0
xxx.yyy.32.1
+16.0
+16.0
13
xxx.yyy.208.0
xxx.yyy.208.1
14
xxx.yyy.224.0
xxx.yyy.224.1
+32.0
7*
4
255.255.240.0
14
4094
0*
16.0
.
.
.
.
.
255.255.248.0
30
2046
0*
8.0
xxx.yyy.8.0
xxx.yyy.8.1
+8.0
+8.0
29
xxx.yyy.240.0
xxx.yyy.240.1
30
xxx.yyy.248.0
xxx.yyy.248.1
.
.
.
.
.
31*
27

6
255.255.252.0
62
1022
0*
4.0
xxx.yyy.4.0
xxx.yyy.4.1
+4.0
+4.0
xxx.yyy.248.0
xxx.yyy.248.1
xxx.yyy.2.0
xxx.yyy.2.1
+2.0
+2.0
126
xxx.yyy.252.0
xxx.yyy.252.1
xxx.yyy.1.0
xxx.yyy.1.1
+1.0
+1.0
xxx.yyy.254.0
xxx.yyy.254.1
.
.
.
62
63*
7
255.255.254.0
126
510
0*
2.0
1
.
127*
8
255.255.255.0
254
254
0*
1
1.0
.
.
.
254
255*
Ghi ch : Nhng gi tri XXX* l nhng gi tr c tt c cc bit u bng 0 c ngha y l mng con
v bng 1 dng ni b , thc t khng phn .
Bai tap
1
28
Cu hi s 1
V sao a ch Internet li c cu trc khc vi a ch ca mng vin thng?
j
k
l
m
n
A. V t chc Internet mun th
j
k
l
m
n
B. V mng Internet c t chc bnh ng, ch c mt cp .
j
k
l
m
n
C. V a ch phn cho ngi s dng Internet khng c trng nhau.
j
k
l
m
n
D. ng trng hp B v C
j
k
l
m
n
E. Khng c cu tr li no trn y ng
j
k
l
m
n
N. B qua, khng tr li.
Cu hi s 2
Phn phi a ch Internet?
j
k
l
m
n
A. B Bu in vin thng M
j
k
l
m
n
B. Lin minh vin thng quc t (ITU)
j
k
l
m
n
C. Hip hi Internet quc t
j
k
l
m
n
D. Trung tm thng tin mng Internet (NIC)
j
k
l
m
n
Cu hi s 3
29
Mt a ch Internet c ghi l 48.20.109.4. a ch vit nh th ny c ng

khng?
j
k
l
m
n
A. Khng ng
j
k
l
m
n
B. ng
j
k
l
m
n
C. ng, nhng khng vit dng y
j
k
l
m
n
D. y khng phi a ch Internet
j
k
l
m
n
Cu hi s 4
Nu chng ta mun mt a ch Internet t chc mt mng li tham gia
mng Internet vi qui m 150 my tnh v 50 cng truy nhp khc nhau,
chng ta chn lp a ch no?
j
k
l
m
n
A. Lp A
j
k
l
m
n
B. Lp B
j
k
l
m
n
C. Lp C
j
k
l
m
n
D. Lp D
j
k
l
m
n
E. Lp E
j
k
l
m
n
30
Cu hi s 5
a ch IP: 225.010.14.32. a ch ny lp a ch no?
j
k
l
m
n
A. Lp A
j
k
l
m
n
B. Lp B
j
k
l
m
n
C. Lp C
j
k
l
m
n
D. Lp D
j
k
l
m
n
E. Lp E
j
k
l
m
n
Cu hi s 6
a ch IP: 180.30.20.10. u l a ch mng (Net ID)?
j
k
l
m
n
A. 180
j
k
l
m
n
B.180.30
j
k
l
m
n
C. 30.20
j
k
l
m
n
D. 180.30.20
j
k
l
m
n
E. 20.10
j
k
l
m
n

31
Cu hi s 7
a ch IP: 203.162.12.10. u l a ch ca my ch?
j
k
l
m
n
A. 10
j
k
l
m
n
B. 203
j
k
l
m
n
C. 12.10
j
k
l
m
n
D. 162.12.10
j
k
l
m
n
E. 203.162
j
k
l
m
n
Cu hi s 8
Mun bit kh nng phn a ch (khng gian a ch) ca mng (Net ID)
trong mt lp chng ta cn c vo:
j
k
l
m
n
A. S octet dnh cho Net ID
j
k
l
m
n
B. S bit trong class bit

32

j
k
l
m
n
C. S bit cn li trong octet (cc octet) dnh cho Net ID
j
k
l
m
n
D. S octet dnh cho my ch (Host ID)
j
k
l
m
n
Cu hi s 9
To a ch mng con da trn nguyn tc no?
j
k
l
m
n
A. a ch mng m NIC phn cho
j
k
l
m
n
B. Trn lp a ch
j
k
l
m
n
C. Trn a ch ca my ch
j
k
l
m
n
D. Trn bit nhn dng lp (class bit)
j
k
l
m
n
E. Ly bt mt s bit ca phn a ch my ch
j
k
l
m
n
Ch : Cu tr li Bn chn cho cu hi ny l
Cu hi s 10
33
255.255.0.0. Dy s ny l:
j
k
l
m
n
A. a ch Internet lp B
j
k
l
m
n
B. a ch Internet lp C
j
k
l
m
n
C. Gi tr trn (Default Mask) lp A
j
k
l
m
n
D. Gi tr trn (Default Mask) lp B
j
k
l
m
n
E. a ch mng lp B
j
k
l
m
n
Cu hi s 11
Subnet Mask (gi tr trn ca tng mng con) ni ln iu g?
j
k
l
m
n
A. S mng con c to ra t a ch mng NIC phn
j
k
l
m
n
B. S mng con c to ra t a ch lp A, B hoc C
j
k
l
m
n
C. S my ch (Host ID) c to ra t a ch mng NIC phn
j
k
l
m
n
D. Khng ni iu g c, y l gi tr quy c
j
k
l
m
n
34
Cu hi s 12
Mt a ch mng lp C c th chia ra ti a cho bao nhiu mng con?
j
k
l
m
n
A. Bao nhiu tu
j
k
l
m
n
B. 5
j
k
l
m
n
C. 30
j
k
l
m
n
D. 62
j
k
l
m
n
E. Khng c cu tr li ng
j
k
l
m
n
Cu hi s 13
Chng ta c bao nhiu kh nng la chn khi chia a ch mng con mt a
ch mng lp C?
j
k
l
m
n
A. Chia thoi mi
j
k
l
m
n
B. 256
j
k
l
m
n
C. 5
j
k
l
m
n
D. 14
j
k
l
m
n
E. 62
j
k
l
m
n
35
Cu hi s 14
Khi nhn thy a ch lp C c Subnet Mask l 255.255.255.224 chng ta
hiu th no?
j
k
l
m
n
A. S dng 3 bit ca a ch my ch cho a ch mng con
j
k
l
m
n
B. S dng 6 mng con trn a ch lp C
j
k
l
m
n
C. Hai cu tr li trn u ng
j
k
l
m
n
D. Hai cu tr li trn u sai
j
k
l
m
n
Ch : Cu tr li Bn chn cho cu hi ny l
Cu hi s 15
36
T chc qun l mng Internet ca tng quc gia c php phn chia phn
no trong a ch Internet (a ch IP)?
j
k
l
m
n
A. c phn a ch mng (Net ID) trong tng lp.
j
k
l
m
n
B.c phn a ch cc my ch trn tng mng (Host ID)
j
k
l
m
n
C. c phn c Net ID ln Host ID
j
k
l
m
n
D. Khng c quyn phn chia
j
k
l
m
n
37

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Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.

Cu trc a ch trn Internet

Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.com

Phn I - Gii thiu chung

Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.com

2/ - a ch Internet biu hin dng thp phn: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

Qua cu trc cc lp a ch IP chng ta c nhn xt sau:

Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.com

Bit nhn dng

Nh vy nu chng ta thy 1 a ch IP c 4 nhm s cch nhau bng du chm, nu thy nhm s

- net id: 126 mng

Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.com

Cch tnh a ch mng lp A.

Gi tr thp phn tng ng khi gi tr bit = 0 khng tnh.

2/ Biu hiu a ch trn thc t: T 001 n 126

Vi cch tnh nh trn, c tng s my ch trn mt mng ta c.

Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.com

Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.com

Nh vy gi tr thp phn Octet 3 tnh t 000 ti 255.

000 Khng phn

255 Khng phn

Nh vy gi tr thp phn Octet 4 tnh t 001 ti 254.

Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.com

Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.com

Theo cch tnh nh ca a ch mng Lp A ta c.

Tng t nh a ch Lp A, cc bit u bng 0 v cc bit u bng 1 c b ra, nn thc t gi tr

Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.com

000 Khng phn

255 Khng phn

Nh vy gi tr thp phn ca Octet 2 t 001 n 254.

Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.com

a ch ca cc bit bng 0 v bng 1 b ra, Kh nng thc t cn li 65534 a ch ( 2

2/ Biu hin a ch trn thc t

Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.com

000 Khng phn

Nh vy gi tr thp phn ca Octet 4 t 001 n 254.

Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.com

- net id: 2.097.150 mng

Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.com

Nh vy gi tr thp phn ca Octet 1 t 192 n 223.

Nh vy gi tr thp phn ca Octet 2 t 000 n 255.

Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.com

000 Khng phn

Nh vy gi tr thp phn ca Octet 3 t 001 n 254.

b / a ch my ch trn tng mng

Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.com

000 Khng phn

Nh vy gi tr thp phn ca Octet 4 t 001 n 254.

Nh vy kh nng cho my ch trn tng mng ca a ch lp C l 254 hay 2 - 2.

Nh vy a ch mng l c nh, chng ta ch c quyn phn a ch cho my ch trn mng .

Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.com

Iv / a ch mng con ca Internet (IP subnetting)

Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.com

a ch lp C c 3 octet cho a ch mng v 1 octet cui cho a ch my ch v vy ch c 8 bit l

Default Mask ca lp C : 255.255.255.0

224 ( 3 bit /ch mng con 5 bit /ch

240 ( 4 bit /ch mng con 4 bit /ch

248 ( 5 bit /ch mng con 3 bit /ch

252 ( 6 bit /ch mng con 2 bit /ch

Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.com

Bng 1: Kh nng chia mng con ca a ch Lp C

Ghi ch: xxx.xxx.xxx l a ch mng tiu chun ca lp C.

Su tp bi Nghim Ph Cng, http://www.diachiweb.com, email: cuonngp@diachiweb.com

=xxx.xxx.xxx.127 Khng phn