1

Cy
Bin son: TS.Nguyn Vit ng
Cy
1. N v tnh cht
2. Cy khung ngn nht
3. Cy c gc
4. Php duyt cy
2
nh ngha v tnh cht
a) Cho G l th v hng. G c gi l mt
cy nu G lin thng v khng c chu trnh
s cp.
b) Rng l th m mi thnh phn lin
thng ca n l mt cy.
nh ngha Cy.
3
11
2
3
4
10
5
6 7
8
9
12 13 14
15
16 17
1
2
3
4
10
5
6 7
8
9
11 12 13 14
15
16 17
1
nh ngha v tnh cht
4
2
nh ngha v tnh cht
Cho T l th vhng cn nh. Ccpht biu sauy
ltng ng:
i. T lcy.
ii. T linthngvcn-1 cnh.
iii. T khngcchutrnh s cp vcn-1 cnh .
iv. T linthngvmi cnh lmt cu.
v. Gia hai nh bt k cng mt ng i s cp ni chng
vi nhau.
vi. T khngcchutrnh s cp vnu thmvomt cnh gia
hai nh khngk nhauth cmt chutrnh s cp duynht.
iu kin cn v .
5
11
2
3
4
10
5
6 7
8
9
12 13 14
15
16 17
1
2
3
4
10
5
6 7
8
9
11 12 13 14
15
16 17
1
nh ngha v tnh cht
6
nh ngha v tnh cht
Cho G = (V,E) l th v hng.
T l th con khung ca G.
Nu T l mt cy th T c gi l cy khung(hay
cy ti i, hay cy bao trm) ca th G.
Thut ton tm cy khung.
nh ngha cy khung.
7
Breadth-first Search Algorithm .Thut ton u tin
chiu rng
Bc 0:thm v
1
nh l gc ca cy rng.
Bc 1: thm vo cc nh k v
1
lm con ca n v cc
cnh ni v
1
vi chng.
Nhng nh ny l nh mc 1 trong cy.
Bc 2: i vi mi nh v mc1, thm vo cc cnh
k vi v vo cy sao cho khng to nn chu trnh n.
Thu c cc nh mc 2.
.
Tip tc qu trnh ny cho ti khi tt c cc nh ca
th c ghp vo cy.
CyT thu c l cy khung ca th.
Cho G l th lin thng vi tp nh {v
1
, v
2
, , v
n
}
3
V d. Xt th lin thng G.
a
b
g
f e
c l
d
k m
h
j i
b f
e
d
i
Chn e lm gc
Cc nh mc 1 l: b, d, f, i
Cc nh k vi e l con ca n.
a
b
g
f e
c l
d
k m
h
j i
a
g
c
k
h
j
b
f
e
d
i
g v j l con ca f,
Cc nh mc 2 l: a, c, h, g, j, k
Thm a v c lm con ca b,
h l con duy nht ca d,
k l con duy nht ca i,
a
b
g
f e
c l
d
k m
h
j i
l m
a
b
g
f
e
c
d
k
h
j
i
Cui cng thm l v ml con ca g v k tng
ng
Cc nh mc 3 l: l, m
Depth-first Search Algorithm
(Thut ton u tin chiu su)
Chn mt nh ty ca th lm gc. Xy dng
ng i t nh ny bng cch lt ghp cc cnh sao
cho mi cnh mi ghp s ni nh cui cng trn
ng i vi mt nh cn cha thuc ng i.Tip tc
ghp thm cnh vo ng i chng no khng th thm
c na. Nu ng i qua tt c cc nh ca th
th cy do ng i ny to nn l cy khung. Nu cha
th li li nh trc nh cui cng ca ng i v xy
dng ng i mi xut pht t nh ny i qua cc nh
cn cha thuc ng i. Nu iu khng th lm
c th li thm mt nh na trn ng i, tc l li
hai nh trn ng i v th xy dng ng i mi.
Cho G l th lin thng vi tp nh{v
1
, v
2
, , v
n
}
4
V d. Tm cy bao trm ca th G.
a
b
g
f
e
c
d
k
h
j i
f
g
h
k
j
Gii. Bt u chn nh f lm gc v
Thm cc hu du ca f : g, h, k, j
Li v k khng thm c cnh no, tip tc li v h
a
b
g
f
e
c
d
k
h
j i
Li v c v thm b lm con th hai ca n .
d
e
c
a
b
Thm i lm con th hai ca h
j
f
g
h
k
i
v li v f.
Li thm cc hu du ca f : d, e, c, a
Cy thu c l cy khung ca th cho
nh ngha v tnh cht
nh ngha Cy khung ngn nht.
Cho G l th c trng s. Cy khung T ca
G c gi l cy khung ngn nht (cy ti
i ngn nht,cy bao trm ngn nht, cy
khung ti tiu) nu n l cy khung ca G m
c trng lng nh nht.
15
Cy khung ngn nht
a)Thut ton Kruscal
Cho G l th lin thng, c trng s, n nh.
Bc 1.Trc ht chn cnh ngn nht e
1
trong cc cnh
ca G.
Bc 2. Khi chn k cnh e
1
,e
2
,e
k
th chn tip cnh
e
k+1
ngn nht trong cc cnh cn li ca G sao cho khng
to thnh chu trnh vi cc cnh chn trc.
Bc 3. Chn n-1 cnh th dng.
Thut ton tm cy khung ngn nht
16
5
Cy khung ngn nht
6
3
1
4
4
6
8
d
c
u
b
a
17
Cy khung ngn nht
1
b
a
S
1
6
3
1
4
4
6
8
d
c
u
b
a
18
Cy khung ngn nht
3
1
d
u
b
a
S
2
6
3
1
4
4
6
8
d
c
u
b
a
19
Cy khung ngn nht
3
1
4
d
u
b
a
S
3
6
3
1
4
4
6
8
d
c
u
b
a
20
6
Cy khung ngn nht
3
1
4
6
d
c
u
b
a
S
4
6
3
1
4
4
6
8
d
c
u
b
a
21
Thut ton Krusal
A
B
E
F
C
D
8
5
AE DC AC ED BD AF AD BC FE AB
1 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 8
0. S
0
={}
1
1
1
2
3
6
3
4
22
Thut ton Krusal
A
B
E
F
C
D
8
5
AE DC AC ED BD AF AD BC FE AB
1 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 8
0. S
0
={}
1
1
2
3
6
3
4
1. S
1
=S
0
+ AE = {AE}
1
23
Thut ton Krusal
A
B
E
F
C
D
8
5
AE DC AC ED BD AF AD BC FE AB
1 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 8
1
2
3
6
3
4
1. S
1
= {AE}
1
2. S
2
=S
1
+ DC = {AE,DC}
1
24
7
Thut ton Krusal
A
B
E
F
C
D
8
5
AE DC AC ED BD AF AD BC FE AB
1 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 8
6
3
4
3. S
3
= {AE,DC,AC}
1
4. S
4
=S
3
+ BD= {AE,DC,AC,BD}
1
1
2
3
25
Thut ton Krusal
A
B
E
F
C
D
8
5
AE DC AC ED BD AF AD BC FE AB
1 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 8
6
3
4
4. S
4
= {AE,DC,AC,BD}
1
5. S
5
=S
4
+ AF= {AE,DC,AC,BD,AF}
1
1
2
3
26
Thut ton Krusal
A
B
E
F
C
D
3
1
Kt lun: S
5
= {AE,DC,AC,BD,AF}
l cy bao trm ti tiu cn tm
Trng lng: 9
1
1
3
27
V d
A
B
E
G D
F
C
7
8
10
11
9
10
3
4
10
12
5
8
28
8
Cy khung ngn nht
b)Thut ton Prim.
Bc 1. Chn 1 nh bt k v
1
c cy T
1
ch gm 1
nh.
Bc 2. Khi chn cy T
k
th chn tip cy
T
k+1
= T
k
e
k+1
. Trong e
k+1
l cnh ngn nht trong
cc cnh c mt u mt thuc T
k
v u mt kia
khng thuc T
k
Bc 3. Chn c cy T
n
th dng.
Thut ton tm cy khung ngn nht
29
Cy khung ngn nht
Thut ton tm cy khung ngn nht
6 3
1
4
4
6
8
a u
d
b
c
30
a
Cy khung ngn nht
c
T
1
6 3
1
4
4
6
8
a u
d
b
c
31
Cy khung ngn nht
6
d
c
T
2
6 3
1
4
4
6
8
a u
d
b
c
32
9
Cy khung ngn nht
3
6
u
d
c
T
3
6 3
1
4
4
6
8
a u
d
b
c
33
Cy khung ngn nht
3
4
6
u
d
b
c
T
4
6 3
1
4
4
6
8
a u
d
b
c
34
Cy khung ngn nht
3
1
4
6
a u
d
b
c
T
5
6 3
1
4
4
6
8
a u
d
b
c
35
Thut ton Prim
A
B
E
F
C
D
5
6
3
1
2
3
8
1
4
1
36
10
Thut ton Prim
A
B
E
F
C
D
6
3
2
3
8
4
1
1
1
5
37
Thut ton Prim
A
B
E
F
C
D
3
3
8
4
1
1
5
2
6
1
38
Thut ton Prim
A
B
E
F
C
D
3
8
4
1
1
5
2
6
1
3
39
Thut ton Prim
A
B
E
F
C
D
8
4
1
1
5
2
6
1
3
3
40
11
Thut ton Prim
A
B
E
F
C
D
8
4
1
1
2
6
1
3
5
3
41
Thut ton Prim
A
B
E
F
C
D
3
8
4
1
1
Cy T
5
= {AC, AE,CD,AF,DB} l cy bao trm ti tiu
cn tm vi w(T
5
) = 9
2
6
1
3
5
42
V d
A
B
E
G D
F
C
7
8
10
11
9
10
3
4
10
12
5
8
43
Cy khung ngn nht
Hy trnh by thut ton tm cy khung ngn nht
ca G cha cnh 58 nhng khng cha cnh 26
thi 2004
3
11
12
14
5
10 13
3
6
4 1
6
7
8
2 9
9
5
2
8
1
4
7
44
12
Cy khung ngn nht
t G= G -26 th cy khung phi tm l trong
G. u tin chn cnh 58 sau p dng
Kruscal nh thng thng
Gii
1
3
4 6
7
4
1
6
7
2 9
9
5
2
10
11
12
14
5
10 13
3
6
4 1
6
7
8
2 9
9
5
2
8
1
4
7
8
45
Cy c gc
Cho T l mt cy. Chn mt nh r ca cy gi l
gc . V c ng i s cp duy nht t gc ti
mi nh ca th nn ta nh hng mi cnh l
hng t gc i ra . Cy cng vi gc sinh ra mt
th c hng gi l cy c gc
nh ngha.
Trong mt cy c gc r th deg
-
(r) = 0,
deg
-
(v) =1vi mi nh khng phi l gc.
46
Cy c gc
Cho cy c gc r.
Gc r c gi l nh mc 0 (level 0).
Cc nh k vi gc r c xp pha di gc v
gi l nh mc 1(level 1).
nh sau ca nh mc 1(xp pha di nh
mc1)gi l nh mc 2.
Level (v) = k ng i t gc r n v qua k cung.
cao ca cy l mc cao nht ca cc nh.
nh ngha
47
Cy c gc
----------------------------------level 0
---------------------------------------level 1
----------------------------------------------level 2
--------------------------------------------------level 3
---------------------------------------------level 4
48
13
Cy c gc
Cho cy c gc r
a) Nu uv l mt cung ca T th u c gi l cha
ca v, cn v gi l con ca u.
b) nh khng c con gi l l(hay nh ngoi).
nh khng phi l l gi l nh trong.
c) Hai nh c cng cha gi l anh em.
nh ngha
49
Cy c gc
Cho cy c gc r
d) Nu c ng i v
1
v
2
v
k
th v
1
, v
2
,.., v
k-1
gi l
t tin ca v
k
. Cn v
k
gi l hu du ca v
1
,
v
2
,.., v
k-1
.
e) Cy con ti nh v l cy c gc l v v tt c
cc nh khc l mi hu du ca v trong cy T
cho.
nh ngha
50
Cy c gc
Cho T l cy c gc.
a) T c gi l cy k-phn nu mi nh ca T c
nhiu nht l k con.
b) Cy 2-phn c gi l cy nh phn.
c) Cy k-phn l cy m mi nh trong c
ng k con.
d) Cy k- phn vi cao h c gi l cn i
nu cc l u mc h hoc h 1 .
nh ngha
51
11
2
3
4
10
5
6 7
8
9
12 13 14
15
16 17
1
2
3
4
10
5
6 7
8
9
11 12 13 14
15
16 17
1
Cy c gc
52
14
Cy c gc
Cho T l cy nh phn c gc l r. Ta c th biu
din T nh hnh v di vi hai cy con ti r l
T
L
v T
R
,chng ln lt c gi l cy con bn
tri v cy con bn phi ca T.
nh ngha
r
T
L
T
R
53
Cy c gc
di ng i trongv di ng i ngoi
Cho T l cy nh phn .
a) di ng i trong l tng tt c cc mc
ca cc nh trong, k hiu IP(T).
b) di ng i ngoi l tng tt c cc mc
ca cc l, k hiu EP(T).
nh ngha
54
2 3
7
4 5
6
8 9
10
11
1
Cy c gc
IP(T) = ?
EP(T) = ?
55
Cy c hng
Cho T l cy nh phn vi k nh trong v s l.
Ta c:
s = k+1 v EP=IP+2k
nh l
56
15
Cy c hng
Cho T l cy nh phn khng . Lp T l cy c
c bng cch sau:
i. Thm vo mi l ca T hai con.
ii. Thm vo v mt con nu v l nh trong ca T
m ch c mt con. Ta t:
IP(T) :=IP(T)& EP(T):=EP(T)
nh ngha
57
Php duyt cy(Tree travesal)
Duyt cy l lit k tt cc nh ca cy
theo mt th t no thnh mt dy, mi
nh ch xut hin mt ln .
nh ngha
58
Php duyt cy
1. n gc r.
2. Dng php duyt tin th t duyt cc
cy con T
1
ri cy con T
2
t tri sang
phi.
Php duyt tin th t
(Preoder traversal)
59
Preorder Traversal: J E A H T M Y
E
A H
T
M Y
J
ROOT
Visit left subtree second Visit right subtree last
Visit first.
60
16
Preorder Traversal: J E A H T M Y
E
A H
T
M Y
J
ROOT
Visit left subtree
in Preorder
Visit right subtree
in Preorder
Visit first.
61
Php duyt cy
1. Dng php duyt hu th t ln lt
duyt cy con T
1
, T
2
,. t tri sang phi.
2. n gc r.
Php duyt hu th t
(Posoder traversal).
62
E
A H
T
M Y
J
ROOT
Visit left subtree first Visit right subtree second
Visit last
Postorder Traversal: A H E M Y T J
63
E
A H
T
M Y
J
ROOT
Visit left subtree
in Postorder
Visit right subtree
in Postorder
Visit last
Postorder Traversal: A H E M Y T J
64
17
Php duyt cy
1. Duyt cy con bn tri T
L
theo trung th
t.
2. n gc r.
3. Duyt cy con bn phi theo trung th t.
Php duyt trung th t cho cy nh
phn (Inorder traversal)
65
Inorder Traversal: A E H J M T Y
E
A H
T
M Y
J
ROOT
Visit left subtree first
Visit right subtree last
Visit second
66
Inorder Traversal: A E H J M T Y
E
A H
T
M Y
J
ROOT
Visit left subtree
in Inorder
Visit right subtree
in Inorder
Visit second
67
Php duyt cy
Preoder:1,2,5,11,12,13,14,3,6,7,4,8,9,10,15,16,17
preoder
11
2
3
4
10
5
6 7
8
9
12 13 14
15
16 17
1
2
3
4
10
5
6 7
8
9
11 12 13 14
15
16 17
1
68
18
Php duyt cy
posoder
11
2
3
4
10
5
6 7
8
9
12 13 14
15
16 17
1
2
3
4
10
5
6 7
8
9
11 12 13 14
15
16 17
1
Posoder:11,12,13,14,5,2,6,7,3,8,9,15,16,17,10,4,1
69
Php duyt cy
Inoder :p,j,q,f,c,k,g,a,d,r,b,h,s,m,e,i,t,n,u
... r
a
b
c d
e
f g
h
i
j
p
q
k
m
n
s
t
u
r
a
b
c d
e
f g
h
i
j
p
q
k
m
n
s
t
u
Inoder
70
71
Cy nh phn ca biu thc
-
8 5
Gc
INORDER TRAVERSAL: 8 - 5 c gi tr 3
PREORDER TRAVERSAL: - 8 5
POSTORDER TRAVERSAL: 8 5 -
72
Cy nh phn ca biu thc l cy nh phn m
1. Mi bin s c biu din bi mt l.
2. Mi nh trong biu din mt php ton vi cc
thnh t l cy con ti nh y.
3. Cy con bn tri v bn phi ca mt nh trong biu
din cho biu thc con, gi tr ca chng l thnh t
m ta p dng cho php ton ti gc ca cy con.
nh ngha
19
73
Cy nh phn ca biu thc
*
+
4
3
2
Kt qu?
*
+
4
3
2
( 4 + 2 ) * 3 = 18
74
Cy nh phn ca biu thc
*
+
4
3
2
Dng trung t, tin t, hu t?
75
Cy nh phn ca biu thc
*
+
4
3
2
Infix: ( ( 4 + 2 ) * 3 )
Prefix: * + 4 2 3 K php Ba lan : t phi sang tri
Postfix: 4 2 + 3 * K php BL o : t tri sang phi
76
Gii thch
c biu thc theo k php Ba lan, ta duyt
cy nh phn ca biu thc bng php duyt
tin th t.
Thc hin biu thc t phi sang tri:
Bt u t bn phi, khi gp mt php ton th
php ton ny c thc hin cho 2 thnh t
ngay bn phi n, kt qu ny l thnh t cho
php ton tip theo.
20
77
Gii thch
c biu thc theo k php Ba lan ngc, ta
duyt cy nh phn ca biu thc bng php
duyt hu th t.
Thc hin biu thc t tri sang phi:
Bt u t bn tri, khi gp mt php ton th
php ton ny c th hin cho 2 thnh t
ngay bn tri n, kt qu ny l thnh t cho
php ton tip theo.
78
V d
Kt qu ca infix, prefix, postfix?
*
-
8
5
/
+
4
3
2
79
Infix:
*
-
8 5
/
+
4
3
2
( ( 8 - 5 ) * ( ( 4 + 2 ) / 3 ) )
Prefix: * - 8 5 / + 4 2 3
Postfix: 8 5 - 4 2 + 3 / *
80
Infix:
*
-
8 5
/
+
4
3
2
( ( 8 - 5 ) * ( ( 4 + 2 ) / 3 ) )
Prefix: * - 8 5 / + 4 2 3
Postfix: 8 5 - 4 2 + 3 / *
Thc hin t phi sang
Thc hin t tri sang
21
81
Inorder Traversal:
+
5 1
-
4 2
/
ROOT
Print left subtree first Print right subtree last
Print second
(5 + 1) / (4 - 2) = 3
82
Preorder Traversal:
+
5 1
-
4 2
/
ROOT
Print left subtree second Print right subtree last
Print first
/ + 5 1 4 2
=/+51 2 = /62
=3
83
Postorder Traversal:
+
5 1
-
4 2
/
ROOT
Print left subtree first Print right subtree second
Print last
5 1 +4 2
= 6 4 2 /
=3
=6 2 /
/=
Cy khung c hng
Cho G =(V,E) l th c hng v
T = (V,F) l th con khung ca G. Nu T
l cy c hng th T gi l cy khung c
hng(hay cy c hng ti i) ca G.
nh ngha
84
22
Cy khung c hng
a) Nu G l th c hng th K(G) =(k
ij
)
Matrn Kirchhoff ( G khng khuyn)
trong B
ij
l s
cung i t i n j
b) Nu G l th v hng th K(G) =(k
ij
)
deg ( )

=

=

ij
ij
i khi i j
k
B khi i j
deg( ) =
=

=

ij
ij
i khi i j
k
B khi i j
trong B
ij
l s
cung i t i n j
85
1 2
5 4
3
2 1 0 1 0
0 2 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 3 1
1 0 0 0 1
| |
|

|
|
|

|
|

\ .
86
Cy khung c hng
Cho G l th khng khuyn. t K
q
(G) l phn
ph ca k
qq
(Ma trn c c t K(G) bng cch
xo dng q v ct q).
S cy khung c hng trong G c gc l nh q
bng detK
q
(G).
nh l
87
thi
Cho th c hng G = (V,E) vi
V={1,2,3,4,5} xc nh bi ma trn k sau:
thi 2003
0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
\ .
a) Tm s lin thng nh ca G
b) G c l th Euler khng?
Ti sao?
c) Tm s cy c hng ti i
ca G c gc l nh 1
d) V cc cy trong cu c)
88
23
thi
...
1 2
5 4
3
89
thi
a) Vi A _ V k hiu G-A ch th c c
t G bng cch xo cc nh thuc A v cc
cung k vi n.Ta thy G - A vn lin thng
nu A ch gm mt nh. G - A khng lin
thng nu
A ={1,4}. Vy v(G) = 2
b) G lin thng v cn bng nn G l Euler.
Gii
90
thi
c)Ma trn Kirchhoff ca G l ma trn sau
Gii
2 1 0 1 0
0 2 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 3 1
1 0 0 0 1
| |
|

|
|
|

|
|

\ .
91
thi
...
1
2 1 1 0
0 1 1 0
( )
1 0 3 1
0 0 0 1

| |
|

|
=
|

|
\ .
K G
92
24
thi
Vy G c 4 cy c hng ti i .
l cc cy sau y
...
1
2 1 1
det ( ) 0 1 1 4
1 0 3

= =

K G
93
thi
...
1 2
5 4
3
94
thi
...
1 2
5 4
3
95
thi
...
1 2
5 4
3
96
25
thi
...
1 2
5 4
3
97
thi
Xt cy nh phn
thi 2001
7
5
4
2
3
6
12
15 11
9
8 10 1
98
thi
a) Hy duyt cy theo th t gia (trung th t).
C nhn xt g v gi tr ca cc kho khi duyt
theo th t gia.
b) Hy chn ln lt cc kho 13,14 vo cy m
vn duy tr c nhn xt trn.
thi 2001
99
thi
a) Duyt theo th t gia cc kho s c gi tr
tng dn 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,15.
b) Kho 13 c chn thnh nt con bn tri ca
nt 15 v kho 14 c chn thnh nt con bn
phi ca nt 13.
Gii
100
26
thi
thi 2002
G
C K
A E I
M
N B D F H J L
101
thi
a) Tm di ng i trong v di ng i
ngoi ca cy.
b) Cho bit kt qu duyt cy theo th t sau.
c) Xy dng cy biu din cho thut ton tm kim
nh phn trn mng a sp th t tng gm 14
phn t. Suy ra s ln so snh kho trung bnh
khi dng thut ton tm kim nh phn tm
xem mt phn t x c nm trong mng a hay
khng.
thi 2002
102
thi
a) di ng i trong IP=0+2.1+4.2+7.3=31.
di ng i ngoi EP=IP+2n=31+2.14=59.
b) Kt qu dyt cy theo th t sau:
B,A,D,F,E,C,H,J,I,L,N,M,K.
c) L cy trong bi bng cch thay tng ng
A,B,C,bi 1,2,3,
Gii
103
thi
S php so snh kho trung bnh
Tm thnh cng (dng ti nt trong):
(IP+n)/n = (31 + 14) /14 ~ 3.21
Tm khng c (dng ti nt ngoi):
EP/(n+1) = 59/15 ~ 3,93
...
104
27
thi
thi 2008
Bi 5.Mt cnh e ca th n, lin
thng G c gi l cu nu G
khng cn lin thng khi ta xa e.
Chng minh rng e l cu nu v
ch nu mi cy ti i ca G u
cha e.
105
thi
Gii:- Gi s e l cu.Khi G e khng lin
thng.Gi s T l mt cy khng cha e.Do
T lin thng n s nm trong mt thnh phn
lin thng ca G e , v vy T khng phi l
cy ti i ca G.
- o li:Gi s e nm trong mi cy ti i.
Nu G e lin thng th n s cha mt cy
ti i T. R rng T cng l mt cy ti i
ca G, m T khng cha e, mu thun.Vy
G e khng lin thng, do e l cu.
106
thi
2008.
Bi 6.
a) V cy nh phn c c bng cch chn
ln lt cc kha K
1
,K
2
,,K
14
sao cho kha
mi nt ln hn kha ca cc nt thuc cy
con bn tri v b hn kha ca cc cc nt
thuc cy con bn phi.Th t ca cc kha
nh sau:
107
thi
K
5
< K
8
<K
2
<K
12
<K
9
<K
3
<K
6
<K
1
<K
14
<K
7
<K
4
<K
11
<K
10
<K
13
b) Nu tm ngu nhin mt kha K c trong
cy th s php so snh trung bnh l bao
nhiu? Ta gi thit rng xc sut K bng
mt trong cc kha trong cy l nh nhau.
108
28
K
5
< K
8
<K
2
<K
12
<K
9
<K
3
<K
6
<K
1
<K
14
<K
7
<K
4
<K
11
<K
10
<K
13
K
1
K
2
K
4
K
5 K
3
K
7
K
10
K
13
K
8
K
9
K
6
K
14
K
12
K
11
109
thi
di ng i trong :
I = 0+2.1+4.2 + 6.3+ 4 = 2 +8+18+4 = 32
S php so snh trung bnh cho tm kim
thnh cng:
(I + n)/n = 46/14 = 3,29
110
thi
thi HBK 2000.
a) Xy dng cy biu din cho thut ton tm
kim nh phn trn mng sp th t tng
gm 13 phn t.
b) Tm di ng i trong v di ng
i ngoi ca cy.
c) Cho bit kt qu duyt cy theo th t
trc.
111
Appendix
Tm phn t x trong dy s tng dn.
Nhp: dy a
1
,a
2
, ,a
n
tng dn v phn t x.
Xut :v tr ca x trong dy hoc 0.
Thut ton tm kim nh phn(binary search):
112
29
Appendix
l:=1,r:= n
repeat
i:=(l+r)div2;
if a
i
<x then l:=i+1;
if a
i
>x then r : = i-1:
utill(x = a
i
or (l >r);
if(x =a
i
)then
xut i (tmthy x v tr i)
else
xut 0(khng tm thy x trong dy)
Thut ton
113