cng n tp mn: Truyn s liu A - L THUYT Cu 1: Nhng vn c bn trong truyn thng - Hiu sut truyn tin: l lng thng

g tin m h thng cho php hay c th truyn c trong mt n v thi gian->tc ng truyn - chnh xc truyn tin: Kh nng chng nhiu ca h thng Nhiu l tn hiu khng mong mun m bn thu nhn c Cc loi nhiu: - Nhiu do nhit - Nhiu do tp m - Nhiu do xuyn m - Nhiu xung - Li ng truyn: cc li truyn tin phn ln do cc nguyn nhn + Do ng truyn + Do cc loi m, loi iu ch s dng khi m ho hay iu ch tn hiu truyn + Do thit b Vi cc li do ng truyn -> quan tm n cc vn : - Cu hnh ng truyn - Cc phng php kim sot li - Cc phng php kim sot tc nghn - a ch ca trm nhn Cc li xy ra do loi m, loi iu ch tn hiu ngi ta quan tm ti cc vn -> m ho cho php pht hin sai, sa sai Vi cc li do thit b -> quan tm n cc chun thit b ghp ni, iu khin truyn thng - S suy gim v mo dng ca tn hiu: + S suy gim ca tn hiu: tn hiu bn thu nhn c b suy gim v sut -> khng th khi phc c li tn hiu ban u + S mo dng ca tn hiu: lm cho tn hiu b nhiu, tr -> vn cn quan tm s dng cc thit b cho php hn ch s suy gim v mo dng ca tn hiu trong qu trnh truyn V d: dng b lc thng thp, b khuych i, b lp,.... Cu 2: Cch truyn thng tin trn ng dy Cc phng thc truyn thng tin trn ng dy ph thuc vo mt trong hai yu t: - V mt thi gian - V mt ng truyn 1)Vi phng php truyn v mt thi gian: - Truyn ng b - Truyn khng ng b a) Phng php truyn ng b Nguyn tc: Bn truyn v bn nhn ng thi (cng mt thi gian) m bo s ng b gia hai bn -> cc gii php: - T chc mt ng truyn ph dng truyn cc tn hiu ng b gia hai bn (dng b m) Khi c bt thng tin c truyn trn ng truyn -> c b m thu v b m pht u ng thi tng (gim) mt
b1 b2
...........

b1 b2

.............

B m pht

B m thu

Bn pht Bn thu - Nhng thng tin ng b trong d liu c truyn -> d liu cn truyn s c t chc theo cc Frame (khung tin) Mi khung tin c dng:

flag

control

dat a

........... contro data . l

Trong : + Flag: cc bt nh du s bt u v kt thc ca khung tin + Control: cc bt iu khin gm tn hiu ng b, tn hiu a ch,... + Data: d liu cn truyn Nguyn tc chung khi truyn d liu trn ng truyn: mt k t c m ho bi n bit nh phn b0b1....bn (t m). Khi truyn t m trn ng truyn ngi ta s truyn ln lt t bit c trng s nh nht (b0), bit kim tra (nu c) c truyn sau cng b) Truyn khng ng b: Bn truyn v bn nhn khng ng thi, d liu c t chc theo cc t m, mi t m khi truyn c truyn ri rc. nh du s bt u hay kt thc ca mi t m ta s s dng cc bit START(0), STOP(1) ->khun dng d liu 0 Start V d: Bn phm -> CPU 0 M ASCII 7 bit P Start 2) Phng thc truyn v mt ng truyn - Truyn n cng: 1 chiu duy nht
A B

Data

1 Stop 1 Stop

- Truyn song cng : 2 chiu ng thi

A B

Tu thuc vo d liu truyn -> 1 ng hay 2 ng truyn vt l -> Nu d liu truyn dng s: 2 ng ring bit -> Nu d liu truyn dng tng t: + Cng tn s 1 ng + Khc tn s 2 ng - Truyn bn song cng: 2 chiu khng ng thi
A B

Cu 3: H thng truyn thng (Nguyn l, chc nng,....) *H thng truyn thng: DTE DEC M.trng truyn DCE DTE

Gy nhiu Trong : +DTE(Data Terminal Equipment):Thit b u cui.L thit b giao tip gia ngi dng v h thng. +DCE(Data Change Equipment):Thit b chuyn i.N chuyn i d liu sang dng ph hp mi trng truyn. +Mi trng truyn(Media Transmission):Mi trng xc nh m thng tin c lan truyn trn . +Nhiu(Noise):Thng tin khng mong mun m bn thu nhn c. *ng dng ca cc h thng truyn thng: +M hnh truyn thng c ng dng rng ri trong thc t,c bit l h thng vin thng,h thng iu khin t xa,mng my tnh Cu 4: K thut truyn s liu (ti bng tn c s, iu bin iu tn, iu pha) so snh u nhc im cc k thut 1) K thut truyn s liu qua bng tn c s

D liu bng tn c s: tn ti dng nh phn 0, 1 -> K thut truyn qua bng tn c s da trn cc phng php m ho chuyn i t d liu s sang tn hiu s bao gm: - Phng php m ho NRZ Nguyn tc: Mc L: - Bit 0 s dng in p cao - Bit 1 s dng in p thp Mc I: duy tr in p khng i trong sut thi gian tn ti ca mt bit. Tn hiu s thay i khi c s thay i v tr ca bit 1 trong d liu u vo - Phng php m ho nhiu mc AMI bc 2, bc 3 + M ho nh phn AMI bc 2 Nguyn tc m ho: - Bit 0 i din bi 0V - Bit 1 i din bi 1V + M nh phn bc 3 Nguyn tc m ho: - Bit 1 i din bi 0V - Bit 0 i din bi 1V - M Manchester Nguyn tc: c s o trng thi in p gia khong thi gian tn ti ca mt bit d liu - Bit 0 in p cao -> thp - Bit 1 in p thp -> cao V d1: cho dy bit ca d liu u vo: 10110101 vi k thut truyn qua bng tn c s -> tn hiu u ra ? Tn hiu 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 ban u t
NRZ(mcL)

t t t

NRZ(mcI)

0V 5V

AMI

5V 0V -5V

M 3 mc

M Manchester

2) K thut truyn s liu qua iu bin, iu tn, iu pha - Vi d tng t sang tn hiu tng t c cc k thut truyn: + Phng php AM Nguyn tc: Vi d liu u vo c bin dao ng trong khong A, -A -> khi m ho c thay bi hm ca thi gian m(t) no s(t) = m(t)cos(2 fc t + ) + Phng php FM

Nguyn tc: d liu vo c tn s khng i l fc -> khi m ho thay bi hm ca thi gian (t) no s(t) = m(t)cos(2 fc t + (t) + ) + Phng php PM Nguyn tc: D liu vo c gc pha khng thay i -> khi m ha n s thay bi hm ca thi gian a(t) no s(t) = m(t)cos(2 fc t + + a(t))
s(t) t

D liu vo

s(t) AM t

s(t) FM

(t= C )
t

f t

PM s(t) a(t) =

Cu 6: Giao thc truyn thng ng b hng bit (HDLC), hng k t (BSC). 1) Giao thc hng bit HDLC (High Data Link Control) - c im: cc giao tc c thc hin theo tng bit - Phng thc truyn: song cng - D liu truyn c t chc theo khung tin (frame) Khun dng ca mt khung tin Flag Add Control Infor FSC Flag 8 8 bit 8,16 bit tu 8,16,32 8 bit bit bit Trong : + Flag nh du s bt u, kt thc ca mt frame. C gi tr 01111110 trnh nhm ln gia Flag v thng tin ca ngi gi (Infor), nu nh trong thng tin ca ngi gi c tn ti 5 bit lin tip th chn thm bit 0 vo cui + Add: a ch ca trm nhn + Control: cho php xc nh loi Frame HDLC cung cp cho ngi s dng 3 loi frame -> Loi I (Information): Loi frame cha cc thng tin cn gi -> Loi S (Suppervisel): Loi frame dng kim sot lung, li d liu -> Loi U (Unnumber): Loi frame dng iu khin lin kt Vi mi loi frame gi tr trng control khc nhau 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Loi I 0 N(S) P/F N(R) Loi U 1 1 M M P/F M M M

Loi S

P/F

N(R)

N(R)

N(R)

N(S): Number of Send N(R): Number of Receive P/F: Poll/Final (cn/ht) xc nh xem frame ang gi cn hay khng M: Mode _ ch nhn gi S: Suppervised _ thng bo kim sot + Info (Infomation): thng tin gi, tn ti vi frame dng I + FCS (Frame Check Sequency) Kim sot li frame vi cc phng php m ho pht hin sai (CRC m vng) - Cc th tc trong giao thc HDLC thc hin c cc giao tc gi-nhn, HDLC cung cp cho ngi s dng -> 3 cp trao i -> 2 dng lin kt -> 3 phng thc trao i + Cc cp trao i -> Cp chnh (command): iu khin lin kt (master, server) -> Cp ph (Response): duy tr lin kt (slave, client) -> Cp kt hp chnh ph + Cc dng lin kt -> Lin kt khng cn bng: dng mt cp chnh v nhiu cp ph -> Lin kt cn bng: nhiu cp chnh v nhiu cp ph + Cc phng thc trao i -> Phng thc tr li chun: s dng cho lin kt khng cn bng -> Phng thc tr li d b: s dng cho lin kt khng cn bng nhng cho php cc cp ph c th trao i vi nhau khng qua cp chnh -> Phng thc tr li d b cn bng: dng cho cc lin kt cn bng => Cc th tc: - Thit lp lin kt - Truyn d liu - Hu b lin kt 2) Giao thc hng k t BSC (Binary Synchronous Communication) - c im: + Cc thao tc c thc hin theo k t + Phng thc truyn: bn song cng + D liu c t chc theo khi (block) - Khun dng khi d liu Syn Syn SOH Heade STX Tex ETX BC r t C Trong : + Sys: tn hiu ng b khi + SOH (Start of Header): K t bt u cho khi, trng Header + Header: vng thng tin bao gm a ch ca bn gi, bn nhn, cc tn hiu kim sot lung, li d liu + STX (Start of Text): K hiu bt u cho vng d liu v kt thc vng header + Text: d liu cn truyn dng vn bn + ETX (End of Text): K hiu kt thc vng d liu + BCC (Block Check Character): Kim tra li theo phng php m ho parity VD: Cn truyn thng bo CNTT -> khun dng ca khi tin C: 1000011 N: 1001100 T: 1010100 -> 100001110011001010100 - Cc th tc trong BSC

Trm A mun trm B gi hoc nhn thng tin A s gi ti B mt thng bo EOT B ENQ Trong : + EOT (Enquiry of Transmit): mi gi nhn thng tin + B: a ch trm B + ENQ: Nu A mi B gi: -> B sn sng -> gi thng tin -> B khng sn sng -> gi thng bo NAK (No Acknowledge) Nu A mi B nhn -> B sn sng -> gi thng bo ACK (Acknowledge) -> B khng sn sng -> gi thng bo NAK

Cu 7: Kim sot ng truyn (Kim sot lung d liu, kim sot li, kim sot tc nghn, a ch ho) 1) Kim sot lung d liu - Vic truyn d liu ph thuc vo nhiu yu t c bit thng qua kh nng v chin lc cp pht ti nguyn ca h thng - Ti mt thi im: + C nhiu n v d liu chuyn v mt trm no gy ln n tc do cc trm khng kh nng x l + Ti nguyn mt s trm c hiu sut s dng thp do c t d liu truyn qua n *Kim sot lung d liu: - Gii hn ti chung: gii hn s lng gi tin tham gia trao i trn mng di mt gi tr no . Mc ch duy tr s lng gi tin trn mng di mt ngng cho sn -> S dng nguyn tc th bi - Phn tch chc nng, kim sot lung d liu giao vic kim sot cho cc trm i vi cc d liu i qua n da trn ti nguyn v kh nng cc b ca chng * Nguyn tc kim sot lung d liu: + Dng v i (stop and wait) - y l phng php n gin trong vic kim sot lung d liu - Khi trm ngun gi mt frame cho trm ch -> ch phn hi - Ti trm ch sau khi nhn c mt frame n s gi tn hiu phc p ASK v trm ngun c ngha l nhn c frame ng v yu cu gi frame k tip - Khi trm ngun nhn c tn hiu phc p ny bit rng frame gi thnh cng v bt u gi frame k tip - Nu nh trm ch khng mun nhn th n khng gi tn hiu ASK - c im: + n gin + Hiu qu truyn khng cao + Ti mt thi im trm ngun ch gi c mt frame + Kch thc frame tng cao kh nng pht sinh li nhiu + Ca s trt (slide window) - Hai trm A v B cn trao i thng tin vi nhau s c lin kt vi nhau bi lin kt kp -> tn ti c ch vng cho php lin kt A gi bt c frame no - Cc frame phi c nh s th t - Trm nhn s duy tr danh sch cc frame bit rng cc frame no tip theo s phi nhn - Khi mt frame c gi ca s (1 s th t tng ng vi 1 ca s) Kim tra - Khi B nhn c mt frame ca s B s c co li A t0
t1 t2

B t0
thi gian truyn kim tra

2) Kim sot li - Khi truyn thng tin trn ng truyn -> pht sinh Mt frame: tht lc Li frame: sai mt bit - Nguyn tc kim sot li + Xc nh li + Khi nhn c frame li, trm ch gi tn hiu NAK. Sau khong thi gian xc nh th trm ngun s pht li frame - Phng php kim sot li: Da trn 2 nguyn tc: + IRQ (Idle Request Repeat) + ARQ (Automatic Request Repeat) * Phng php kim sot li IRQ C 2 lc : Truyn li ngm nh Tr li r - Truyn li ngm nh + Th cp ch bo nhn ACK vi frame tt + Khng bo nhn -> frame hng -> truyn li + Khng bo nhn -> kh nng -> mt frame hoc mt ASK - Phng php tr li r: + Khi th cp nhn c mt frame b sai -> bo nhn c NAK -> trm ngun gi li + Khng nhn c NAK Frame ch Mt frame Mt NAK
A fi ACK B t1 t2

t
fi

tr

* ARQ Goback N - Kim sot lung d liu theo ca s trt - Cc frame c nh s th t - Nu trm nhn khng pht hin c li -> gi li tn hiu RR cho cc frame nhn (Read Ready) - Nu c li mt frame no -> trm nhn gi tn hiu REJ ng vi frame - Gi s A gi N frame cho trm B c th c + Mt frame i gi A nhn c RRi-1 v RRi+1 , B nhn frame i -> sai -> bo REJ -> A phi gi li frame t i ->N * ARQ select N A ch truyn li frame i khi: - Nhn c REJi - Nhn c RRi-1 v RRi+1 3) Kim sot tc nghn - Tc nghn xy ra khi s lng gi tin ang truyn trn mng bt u trm n gn dung lng x l ti a ca mng

- Mc ch kim sot tc nghn: duy tr s lng gi tin trong mng di mt mc m ti s tc nghn c th xy ra m bo cht lng s dng - Nguyn nhn gy tc ngh: Tc gi tin truyn ti trm vt qu kh nng x l ca n Khi di ca hng i s tng ln - Phng php khc phc: + Dnh sn mt b m dng khi tc nghn + Gn cho cc gi tin mt khong thi gian sng (thi gian tn ti xc nh trc). Nu nh sau khong thi gian ny m gi tin cha n c ch -> t b hu + Truyn gi tin iu khin bo tc nghn cc im ti cc trm trc Cu 8: Cc k thut mng chuyn mch (knh, thng bo, gi). So snh u nhc im ca cc k thut 1) Mng chuyn mch knh (Circuit Switching Network) - Khi hai thc th trao i thng tin vi nhau th gia chng c xc lp mt knh truyn c th v c duy tr cho n khi mt trong hai bn ngng trao i - c im: + Tn thi gian thit lp knh + Hiu sut s dng ng truyn khng cao + Cc thc th khc khng c quyn s dng knh truyn c thit lp 2) Mng chuyn mch thng bo (MessageSwitching Network) - Khun dng d liu l cc thng bo - Thng bo l n v thng tin c khun dng c quy nh trc - Cn c vo thng tin iu khin ca thng bo. Thng tin iu khin: gi, nhn - Mi ln truyn mt thng bo -> xc lp mt knh c nh gia hai nt - c im: + Hiu sut s dng ng truyn khng cao + Gim c tnh trng tc nghn. Thng bo c lu tr tm thi ti cc nt trung gian -> ch n khi ng truyn ri -> chuyn tip + C th sp xp theo cc mc u tin gi + Tng hiu sut s dng gii thng trong trng hp gi thng bo nhiu trm n ng thi + Hiu sut truyn s ph thuc vo kch thc ca thng bo 3) Mng chuyn mch gi (Packet Switching Network) - Cc thng bo s c chia thnh cc gi tin c kch thc nh, c khun dng quy nh trc. Mi gi tin cng c nhng vng thng tin iu khin v c gi i ti ch bng nhiu con ng khc nhau - Cc gi tin c gii hn kch thc ti a sao cho ti cc nt trung gian n c th c x l ton b trong b nh m khng cn phi lu tr tm thi vng nh ngoi - Quan tm: + Tp hp cc gi tin nh th no to c thng bo ban u -> cc gi tin s c nh th t + Chn ng nh th no? - K thut chn ng: + Tm ng ngn nht + Chn ng tp trung/phn tn + Chn ng thch nghi + Chn ng tnh c - u im: + Mang ton b u im ca h thng truyn mch knh, truyn mch thng bo v khc phc cc nhc im - S dng giao thc X25PLP Nm 1916 t chc v o lng cht lng chu u, yu cu s dng giao thc X25 trong mng chuyn mch gi cng cng - nh ngha hai loi lin kt:

+ Lin kt o c tnh tm thi VC (virtual circuit) C kh nng c thit lp hoc xo b bi giao thc X25 + PVC (permanent VC): Lin kt o c tnh c nh v c thit lp vnh vin trn mng Cu 9: M hnh OSI, TCP/IP 1) M hnh OSI: *H thng gm N tng H thng A System B giao thc Tng N Layer N t n g N Tng N-1 Layer N-1 : : : : : : : : : giao th c Tng 2 Layer 2 tng 1 Tng 1 Layer 1 ng truyn vt ly - Vic xc nh cc tng da vo: + Hn ch s lng cc tng + To ranh gii gia cc tng sao cho tng tc v m t d liu l ti thiu + Cc chc nng v cng ngh khc s c tch bit + Khi thit k mng: Cc tng nh hng t nht ti cc tng cn li + Chun ho giao din + X l d liu gia cc tng l tch bit + C th chia mt tng thnh nhiu tng con khi cn hoc hu b mt tng

*M hnh OSI gm 7 tng H thng A System B ng dung Application Trinh din Presentation Giao vn Transport Phin Secsion Mang Network Lin kt d liu Data Link Vt ly Physical - Tng vt l (Physical): truyn dng bt v cu trc d liu qua ng truyn vt l Truy nhp ng truyn nh cc phng tin c, in, quang - Tng lin kt d liu (Data link): cung cp cc phng tin truyn thng tin qua lin kt vt l m bo tin cy: ng gi d liu, ng b ho, kim sot li, kim sot lung,... - Tng mng (Network): Chn ng v chuyn tip thng tin vi cng ngh chuyn mch tch hp. Cho php kim sot lung d liu: ct hoc hp d liu nu cn - Tng phin (Session): Cung cp cc phng tin qun l truyn thng nh l thu thp duy tr ng b hu b cc phin truyn thng ca d liu - Tng giao vn (Transport): Truyn d liu gia hai u mt, thc hin kim sot li lung, ghp hoc tt knh, ct hoc hp d liu nu cn

- Tng trnh din (Presentation): Chuyn i c php d liu p ng yu cu truyn d liu - Tng ng dng (Application): Cung cp cc phng tin ngi dng c th truy cp vo mi trng OSA *Tng tc gia cc tng H thng A H thng B : : : : Tng i+1 Tng i+1
Request Confirmation Respones Indication Giao din tng i

Tng i
Giao thc tng i

Tng i

Khi HTA yu cu HTB thc hin mt dch v no Hm nguyn thu Request: gi mt chc nng Indication: Ch bo chc nng cn c gi Response: Chc nng hon tt c gi bi hm Indication Confirmation: Chc nng hon tt c gi bi hm Request 2) H giao thc TCP/IP - Cung cp cc phng tin truyn thng lin mng - IP (Internet Protocol): kt ni cc mng con thnh lin mng truyn d liu ~ Network Layer. L giao thc kiu khng lin kt Khun dng d liu DataGrame - TCP (Transaction Control Protocol) Kiu c lin kt trao i d liu Khun dng d liu Segment - Kin trc TCP/TP bao gm 5 tng Application Transport Internet Network Access Physical + ng dng (Application): Cung cp phn tin truyn thng gia cc tin trnh hay cc ng dng Tn hiu + Giao ban u vn (Transport): truyn d liu gia hai u mt + Internet: Xc nh ng i ca thng tin d liut + Mng (Network Access): Xc nh giao din h thng cui ca mng + Vt l (Physical): cung cp phng tin truyn dn NRZ(mc L) t B Bi tp Dng 1: 0V Cho trc mt chui bt cn truyn, hy m ha theo t cc phng php NRZ, AMI(2mc), m I) 3 NRZ(mc mc, Manchester(2 pha), ASK, FSK, DSK 5V V d 1: M ha tn hiu 1011010 theo phng php NRZ, AMI, m 2mc, m 3 mc, m Manchester t 5V 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 AMI 0V t -5V
M 3 mc

M Manchester

V d 2: M ha tn hiu 1011010 dng phng php ASK, PSK, FSK Tn hiu ban u 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 t
ASK

FSK

PSK

gi s 1=-2

Dng 3: M ha Hamming Nguyn tc: -Bc 1: Thm vo chui bt cn truyn cc bt kim tra sa sai V tr cc bit Ci cn thm l i = 2k (1,2,4,8,16....) V d: chui bt ......d7 d6 d5 d4 d3 d2 d1 d0 ......d7 d6 d5 d4 C3 d3 d2 d1 C2 d0 C1 C0 -Bc 2: Tnh Ci +Xc nh v tr cc bt 1 trong chui thm Ci +Cng Modulo2 v tr cc bt 1 kt qu chnh l cc Ci -Bc 3: Thay th gi tr c th ca cc Ci vo chui thm Ci truyn chui Ti bn nhn: t chui nhn c +Xc nh v tr cc bt 1 +Cng modulo2 v tr cc bit 1 Nu = 0 : nhn ng Nu 0 : c sai yu cu truyn li V d: Cn truyn chui bt 100111101011 +Bc 1: thm cc bt sa sai Ci ti cc v tr 2k
17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

1 C4 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 C3 1 0 1 C2 1 C1 C0 +Bc 2: tnh Ci

V tr cc bit 1 l: 3,5,7.10.11.12.13.17 Cng modulo2 v tr cc bt 1 3 00011 5 00101 7 00111 10 01010 11 01011 12 01100 13 01101 17 10001 10000
C4C3C2C1C0

Chui bt c truyn l: 11001111001010100 Ti bn nhn gi s nhn c chui bt: 11001111001010100 Kim tra: V tr cc bt 1: 3,5,7,10,11,12,13,16,17 Cng modulo2 v tr cc bt 1 3 00011 5 00101 7 00111 10 01010 11 01011 12 01100 13 01101 16 10000 17 10001 00000 Kt qu = 0000 nhn ng Chui bt cn nhn l (b bt Ci): 100111101011
C4C3C2C1C0

Dng 4: To Frame, c v gii thch, kim tra Frame HDLC V d: Hy xc nh Frame HDLC truyn chui bt R(x) = x8 + x7 + x5 + x + 1 ti a ch trm 129 bit rng a thc s dng trong kim tra sa sai l G(x) = x8 + x4 + 1 (khng mt tnh tng qut ta coi cc trng FSC v control c rng 8bt) Bi gii: Gi tr ca cc trng: + Flag 01111110 + Address 10000001 +Control Frame dng truyn d liu bit 1 = 0 y l Frame u tin N(R) = N(S) = 0 Frame duy nht P/F = 1 0001000 +Information 110100011 +Tnh FSC Chui bt t Add n ht Infor l: 10000001 00001000 110100011 M(x) = x24 + x17 + x12 + x8 + x7 + x5 + x + 1 C G(x) = x8 + x4 + 1 c=8 Ly x8*M(x) chia modulo2 cho G(x)

x8*M(x) = x32 + x25 + x20 + x16 + x15 + x13 + x9 + x8 x32 + x25 + x20 + x16 + x15 + x13 + x9 + x8 x8 + x4 + 1 32 28 24 x +x +x x28 + x25 + x24 + x20 + x16 + x15 + x13 + x9 + x8 x24+x20+x17+x13+x8+x7+x4+x3+x+1 x28 + x24 + x20 x25 + x16 + x15 + x13 + x9 + x8 x25 + x21 + x17 x21 + x17 + x16 + x15 + x13 + x9 + x8 x21 + x17 + x13 x16 + x15 + x9 + x8 x16 + x12 + x8 x15 + x12 + x9 x15 + x11 + x7 x12 + x11 + x9 + x7 x12 + x8 + x4 x11 + x9 + x8 + x7 + x4 x11 + x7 + x3 x9 + x8 + x4 + x3 x9 + x5 + x x8 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x x8 + x4 + x x5 + x3 + x + 1 5 3 Q(x) =x + x + x + 1 CRC = 00101011 : FCS Chui bt t Add n ht FCS 100000010000100011010001100101011 Nhn thy chui bt trn khng thy 5 bt 1 no lin tip khng phi chn thm bt 0 Frame cn truyn l: 01111110 10000001 00001000 110100011 00101011 01111110 Flag Add Control Infor FCS Flag