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James M. Higgins
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Authorized translation from English language edition published by New Management Publishing Company Inc.

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82/18. Mitsubishi
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(Creative
Problem Solving: CPS) 101

CPS

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2
3 Escape
from the Maze: Increasing Individual and Group Activity
Innovate or Evaporate: Test and
Improve Your Organizations IQ - Its Innovation Quotient

14 101
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Keri Caffrey
Carolyn Smith

Crummer


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Susan

15

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Business Week

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AMD Intel PC
Intel Intel Jesus Ruiz
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AMD Intel
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Sidney Frank Grey Goose

Sidney Frank

1998
18 101
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 Sidney
Grey Goose Bacardi Ltd. 2 4

2-3

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CEO 500
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21
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101
20 101
(Creative Problem Solving Techniques)

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Alan G. Lafley CEO Procter and Gamble

(P&G)
Lafley 3
(

) P&G
Lafley P&G
(Focus Groups)

Lafley P&G
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36 101
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Lafley P&G

5 CEO 17%
P&G 2

PU

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: Sarah Ellison, Focus GroupP&G Chiefs Turnaround Recipe: Find Out

What Women Want, Wall Street Journal (June 1, 2005), pp. A1, A16; Jennifer
Reingold, What P&G Knows About the Power of Design, Fast Company

(June 2004), pp. 56, 57.

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P&G

37


Ann Pomery, Cooking Up Innovation, HR Magazine (November 2004), pp. 46-50.

W. Chan Kim, Renee Mauborgne, Blue Ocean Strategy, Harvard Business Review (October
2004), p. 76; Geoff Keighley, The Phastasmagoria Factory, Fast Company (January/February
2004), pp. 103-107.
2

Cliff Edwards, Suddenly, Its AMD Inside, Business Week (September 20, 2004), pp. 32-35.

Diane Brady, The Wily Fox Behind Grey Goose, Business Week (September 20, 2004), pp.

71, 73.

HI
NG

Cait Murphy, How the World Will Work: The Next 75 Years, Fortune (September 2005) Pullout,
unnumbered; Editors, Outlook 2005 The Futurist (November-December 2004), pp. 29-40; Susan
Joy Hassol, ACIA, Impacts of a Warming Artic: Artic Climate Impact Assessment (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2004), http://www.acia.uaf.edu; David Pearce Snyder, Five
Meta-Trends Changing the World, The Futurist (July/August 2004), pp. 22-27; Genaro C. Armas,
U.S. Population Surges on Growth of Hispanics, Asians, Associated Press, Orlando Sentinel

(June 15, 2004), p. A4; Victor Mallet, Power Hungry: Asias Surging Energy Demand
Reverberates around the World, Financial Times (May 12, 2004), p. 13; Andy Reinhardt, Hiroko
Tashior, and Ben Elgin, The Camera Phone Revolution, Business Week (April 12, 2004), p. 52;
Peronet Despeignes, Report: Medicare to Go Broke by 2019, USA Today (March 24, 2004),

p. 7A; Ayako Doi, From Boom to Bust, Financial Times (March 21, 2004), pp. W1, 2; Greg Ip,

The Gap in Wages is Growing Again for U.S. Workers, Wall Street Journal (January 23, 2004),
pp. A1, A4; Scott Kirsner, 5 Technologies that Will Change the World, Fast Company

(September 2003), pp. 93-100; The Future of Technology, Business Week (August 18-25), entire
issue; Caroline Louise Cole, et. Al, 25 Trends that Will Change the Way You Do Business,
Workforce (June 2003), pp. 43-56; Marvin J. Cetron and Own Davies, Trends Shaping the Future:
Technological, Workplace, Management, and Institutional Trends, The Futurist (March-April

2003), pp. 30-43; Marvin J. Cetron and Own Davies, Trends Shaping the Future: Economic,
Societal, and Environmental Trends, The Futurist (January-February 2003), pp. 27-42; Peter
Drucker, Management Challenges for the 21st Century (New York: Harper Business, 2001).

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Bruce Nussbaum, Get Creative, Business Week (August 1, 2005), pp. 60-68. Robert D. Hof,

Building an Idea Factory, Business Week (October 11, 2004), pp. 194-200; Special Report
The Innovation Economy, Business Week (October 11, 2004), throughout.
6

John G. Young, What is Creativity? The Journal of Creative Behavior (1985, 2nd Quarter), pp.
77-87.
7

Various authors, The Masters of Design Fast Company (June 2005), entire issue devoted to

38 101
(Creative Problem Solving Techniques)

design and 20 masters of design; Bruce Nussbaum, The Power of Design: IDEO Redefined Good
Design by Creating Experiences, not Just Products; Now Its Changing the Way Companies
Innovate, Business Week (May 17, 2004), pp. 88-99.
George Land, Creativity of the Heart, (Santa Barbara, California, California: Innovative Thinking
Convergence 95) April 12, 1995; also see Emily T. Smith, Mix Skepticism, Humor, a Rocky
Childhoodand Pronto! Creativity Business Week (September 30, 1985), p. 45; Emily T. Smith,
Stephanie Yanchinski, Margaret Sabin, and Pam Ellis Simmons, Are you Creative? Research
Shows Creativity Can be Taughtand Companies Are Listening, Business Week

(September 3, 1985), pp. 80-84.

HI
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James M. Higgins, Escape from the Maze: Nine Steps to Personal Creativity (Winter Park, FL:
New Management Publishing Company, 1997).

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10

James M. Higgins, Innovate or Evaporate: Test and Improve Your Organiza-tions IQ, Its
Innovation Quotient (Winter Park, FL: The New Management Publishing Company, 1995).

PU

11

Michael E. Porter, The Economic Performance of Regions, Regional Studies (August-October,

2003), pp. 549-578.

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12

Ted Abernathy, Breathing New Life Into NCs Research Triangle, World Trade (June 2004), pp.
42-46; Jeffrey L. Furman, Michael E. Porter, Scott Stern, The Determinants of National Innovative
Capacity, Research Policy (August 2002), pp. 899-933.

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13

Chester CarlsonXerography, Xerox Internal Documents; A Profile in Entrepreneurship,

a special advertising session, Inc. (July 1988), pp. 109, 110.

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14

Victor Kiam, speech to the Roy E. Crummer Graduate School of Business, Rollins College, Winter
Park, FL (October 28, 1985).

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William K. Hall, Survival Strategies in a Hostile Environment, Harvard Business Review

(September-October, 1980), pp. 73-86.

16

Bruce Nussbaum, Where Are the Jobs? Business Week (March 22, 2004), pp. 36-46; Carly
Fiorina, Be Creative, Not Protectionist,: Wall Street Journal (February 13, 2004), p. A12.

17

Pete Engardio, Bruce Einhorn, Manjeet Kripalani, and Andy Reinhardt, Outsourcing Innovation,
Business Week (March 21, 2005), pp. 84-96.

18

W. Chan Kim and Rene Mauborgne, op, cit.; Price-Waterhouse-Coopers: Innovation 2000
Study, (London: Price-Waterhouse, Coopers, 2000); Gary Hamel, Killer Strategies that Make
Shareholders Rich, Fortune (June 23, 1997), pp. 70-84; Editor, Short Takes: Two Strategies for
Growth, Journal of Business Strategy, (July-August, 1997), pp. 3, 4
19

39

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Michael A. May of Andersen Consulting; Charles E. Lucier and Amy Asin, Toward A New Theory
of Growth, Strategy & Business (Winter 1996), pp. 10-16; Ed Michaels and Phil Humann,

Emerging Best Practices in Leading and Organizing for Growth, (Strategic Leadership Forum:
Atlanta, GA:, April 29, 1996); Sarah C. Mavrinac and Neil R. Jones, with Marshall W. Meyer,

Competitive Renewal through Workplace Innovation: The Financial and Non-financial Returns to
Innovative Workplace Practices, (Boston: Center for Business Innovation, Ernst & Young, LLP,
June 1995); Jeff Mauzy, Succeeding in Innovation: The Synectics Report on Creativity &
Innovation in U.S. Corporations (Cambridge, MA: The Synectics Corporation, 1993).

40 101
(Creative Problem Solving Techniques)

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Michael J. Mandel
Business Week

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940 68 Boston Consulting

Group Apple, 3M, Dell, IBM, Google, Nokia, P&G, Virgin, Samsung,
Toyota, IDEO Starbucks 12

41

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21

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(Creative Problem-Solving Process CPS)
2

42 101
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2.1 (The Creative Problem-Solving [CPS] Process)

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2.1 2.2
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43

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Warnaco (
Warnaco )

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IDEO

IDEO

IDEO IDEO

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: Bruce Nussbaum, The Power of Design, Business Week (May 17, 2004),
pp. 86-93.

Co

2.4

IDEO

63


Bruce Nussbaum, Get Creative, Business Week (August 1, 2005), pp. 63-64.

Joseph A. Tainter, Problem

Solving: Complexity, History, Sustainability, Population and Environment (September 2000),

pp. 3-33. E. Frank (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962); Charles Kepner and Benjamin Tregoe, The
Rational Manager (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965).
2

Rosemary T. Skordoulis, Strategic Flexibility and Change: An Aid to Strategic Thinking or

Another Managerial Abstraction, Strategic Change (August 2004), pp. 253-258; Michael
Nastanski, The Value of Active Scanning to Senior Executives: Insights from Key Decision-

Makers, The Journal of Management Development (Bradford: 2004, Issue 5/6), p. 426
; Andrew Bolger, Failure to Look. Ahead Increases Risk to Business,

Financial Times (June 2, 2004), FT Risk Management, p. 1; Torben Juul Andersen, Integrating
the Strategy Formation Process: An International Perspective, European Management Journal

(London: June 2004), pp. 263-26; Brent Dreyer, Uncertainty, Flexibility, and Sustained
Competitive Advantage, Journal of Business Research (May 2004), pp. 484-495.

Sq

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David A. Cowan, Developing a Process Model of Problem Recognition, Academy of

Management Review (October 1986), pp. 763-776.

fE

.I.

Abrahm Lustgarten, Brian Dumaine, Julie Creswell, Christopher Thaczyk, et. Al., 14 Innovators,
Fortune (November 15, 2004), pp. 192-197; Steven Gray, Starbucks Posts 49% Rise in Net on
Innovations, Wall Street Journal (November 11, 2004). P. B.5; Andy Serwer, Hot Starbucks to

Go, Fortune (January 26, 2004), pp. 60-74.

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Charles Kepner and Benjamin Tregoe, The New Rational Manager (New York: McGraw-Hill,

1989); Cowan, op. cit.

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. 6 7

Co

Mariko Sanchanta, Ikeas Second Try at Japans Flat-Pack Fans, Financial Times (March 4,
2004), p. 11.
8

Eugene Sadler-Smith and Erella Shefy, The Intuitive Executive: Understanding and Applying

Gut Feel in Decision-making, Academy of Management Executive (November 2004), pp. 76-91.
9

10

Crummer School, 2005

11

Martha T. Moore, Sorting Out a Mess, USA Today (April 10, 1992), p. 5B.

64 101
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 Gordon S. Bonner, Implementing Innovative Solutions:

Harvesting Acres of Diamonds (Buffalo, New York: Creative Education Foundation, 1990), pp.

2-31.
12

Bruce Nussbaum, Get Creative: How to Build Innovative Companies, Business Week (August

1, 2005), pp. 60-85.

13

: Jill Nemiro, Creativity in Virtual Teams : Key Components for Success (San
Francisco: Pfeifer: 2004); Barbara J. Streibel, Brian L. Joiner, Peter R. Scholtes, The Team
Handbook (Madison, WI: Joiner/Oriel, Inc. 2003); John Whatmore, Releasing Creativity: How
Leaders Can Develop Creative Potential in Their Teams (London: Kogan-Page, 1999);

Eric Skopec and Dayle M. Smith, How to Use Team Building to Foster Innovation Throughout
Your Organization (Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1997); Gregory P. Smith, The New Leader:
Bring Creativity and Innovation to the Workplace (Delray Beach, FL: St. Lucie Press, 1997).

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Emily T. Smith ,
Business Week

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General Motors 60%
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Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)

(Minicomputer)
DEC DEC PC

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Southwest

Sony

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SAP
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Ed Zander CEO Motorola

50%

Zander
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: Christopher Rhoads, Motorolas Modernizer, Wall Street Journal

(June 23, 2005), pp. B1, B5; Ted C. Fishman, How Ed Zander Hone RAZRs
Edge, Business 2.0 (June 2005), pp. 47-49.

92 101
(Creative Problem Solving Techniques)


Chris Bogan, Steal this Strategy, Inc. (July 2001), pp. 62-69; Thomas A. Stewart, GE Keeps
Those Ideas Coming, Fortune (August 12, 1991), pp. 41-49.
1

Amelia H. Ylagan, Corporate Watch, Business World (November 15, 2004), p. 1.

Peter T. Johnson, Why I Race Against Phantom Competitors, Harvard Business Review

(September/October 1988), pp. 106-112.

3

Elicet Cruz Jimenez, et. al., Detecting New Technologies: the Biomaterial Case, Competitive
Intelligence Magazine (November-December 2004), pp. 23-28.

HI
NG

William F. Pounds, The Process of Problem Finding, Industrial Management Review, Fall 1969,
pp. 1-9.

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Paul Krill, IBM Details New Tools, InfoWorld (May 30, 2005), p. 19.

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Tony Husch and Linda Foust, Thats a Great Idea, (Berkeley, CA: 10 Speed Press, 1987).

.I.

James M. Higgins and Julian W. Vincze, Strategic Management: Text and Cases, 5th ed., (Ft.
Worth, Tex.: The Dryden Press, 1993), 10

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Arthur B. VanGundy, The Product Improvement Checklist (PICLTM) (Point Pleasant, N.J.: Point
Publishing, 1985).
Creative Group Techniques, Small Business Report (September 1984), pp. 52-57.

11

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Anne Skagen, Creativity Tools: Versatile Problem Solvers That Can Double as Fun and Games,
Supervisory Management (October 1991), pp. 1-2.

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No author, The Invention of Velcro, http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa091207,

on 8-11-05; Victor Kiam, sppech to te Roy E. Crummer Graduate School of Business, Rollins
College, Winter Park, Florida (October 28, 1985).
13

14

Susan J. Wells, From Ideas to Results, HR Magazine (February 2005), pp. 54-58.

Jill Jusko, Sharing the Wealth, Industry Week (November 2004), p. 63; Robert H. Schaffer and
Matthew K. McCreight, Build Your Own Change Model, Business Horizons (May-June 2004), pp.
63-68; Thomas A. Stewart, loc. Cit.
15

16

Charles Kepner and Benjamin Tregoe, The Rational Manager, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967).

17

Bryan W. Mattimore, Brainstormers Boot Camp, Success (October 1991), pp. 22, 24.

&

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 Nigel Wood, Make It Flow:

Moving from Batch and Queue to Single Piece Flow, Management Services (May 2004), pp. 1418; Simon Majaro, The Creative Gap: Managing Ideas for Profit
(London: Longman, 1988) pp. 133-137.
18

Dan Koberg and Jim Bagnall, Universal Traveler (Los Altos, CA: William Kaufman, Inc., 1974), p. 57.

19

, p. 63.

21

Simon Majaro, op. cit; pp. 137-138.

22

., p. 139.

23

Michael Michalko, Thinkertoys (Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press, 1992).

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Extent Sony Can Stay in the Game. Financial Times (September 21, 2005),

p. 13 Sony Jim Higgins

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Kamal S. Birdi, No Idea? Evaluating the Effectiveness of Creativity Training, Journal of
European Industrial Training (Issue 2/3, 2005), pp. 102-111 reviews one related study; Ginamarie
Scott, Lyle E. Leritz, and Michael D. Mumford, The Effectiveness of Creativity Training: A
Quantitative Review, Creativity Research Journal (Issue 4, 2004), pp. 361-380 reviews several
related studies.
1

Bruce Nussbaum, Get Creative, Business Week (August 1, 2005), pp. 60-68; Special Report
The Innovation Economy, Business Week (October 11, 2004), throughout.
1 -

HI
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David Kohn, The Darwinian Police Sketch with Crime-Fighting Software Inspired by Evolution, A
Picture Is Worth a Thousandother Pictures, Popular Science (July 2005), p. 32.

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Charles W. Petit, Touched by Nature: Putting Evolution to Work on the Assembly Line, U.S.
News & World Report (July 27, 1998), pp. 43-46.

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Peter Rodelsky, The Man Who Mastered Motion, Science (May 1986), pp. 53, 54.

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Magaly Olivero, Get Crazy! How to Have a Breakthrough Idea, Working Woman (September
1990), p. 198.

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Brian Burlacoff and Mark Coutts, Conceptual Selling: Simple Ideas to Ignite your Selling,
National Underwriter (July 4-July 11, 2005), pp. 14-16; Robert W. Boozer, David C. Wyld, and
James Grant, Using Metaphor to Create More Effective Sales Messages, Journal of Services
Marketing (Summer 1990), pp. 63-71.

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Ikujiro Nonaka, The Knowlegdge-Creating Company, Harvard Business Review (November-

December 1991), p. 100.

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Kristi Arrellano, Gap Upgrades Design of Colorado Stores to Cater to Older, Upscale Customer,
Knight Rider Tribune Business News (April 22, 2005), p. 1.
9

11

Thomas M. Burton, By Learning from Failures, Lily Keeps Drug Pipeline Full, Wall Street Journal

(April 21, 2004), pp. A1, A12.

Robert Spitzer, Collective Creativity, Executive Excellence (August 2000), p. 14; Tristram Korten
, The Creative Spark, Design News (February 12, 1990), p. 136.
12

Mark Golin, How to Brainstorm by Yourself and Triple the Results, Young Executive (Spring
1992), p. 75
13

162 101
(Creative Problem Solving Techniques)

Bryan W. Mattimore, Breakthroughs: Creatively Destroying the Barriers to Business Innovation,

Success (November 1988), p. 46.
14

15

Arthur B. VanGundy, Creative Problem Solving (New York: Quorum Books, 1987), pp. 123-124.

Charles S. Whiting, Operational Techniques of Creative Thinking, Advanced Management

(October 1955), p. 26.
16

17

Bruce Nussbaum, The Power of Design, Business Week (May 17, 2004), pp. 86-94.

Dan Koberg and Jim Bagnall, Universal Traveler (Los Altos, CA: William Kaufman, Inc., 1974),

p. 50.

HI
NG

18

Michael Michalko, Thinkertoys: A Handbook of Business Creativity for the 1990s (Berkeley,
California: 1991), pp. 181-185.

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19

Joseph M. Winski, Big Idea in a Box, Advertising Age (March 25, 1991), p. 31; E. W. Brody, Software

Review: Idea Fisher 3.0, Public Relations Review (Winter 1990), pp. 67-68.

PU

20

Winski, op. cit.; Bryan W. Mattimore, Mind Blasters: Software to Shatter Brain Block, Success

(June 1990), pp. 46, 47.

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21

Jenny C. McCune, Creativity Catalysts, Success (July-August 1992), p. 50.

23

Brian Mattimore, The Amazing Invention Machine, Success (October 1993), p. 34.

24

Teresa Amabile, Creativity Under the Gun, Harvard Business Review (August 2002), pp. 62-70

25

Berkeley Rice, Imagination to Go, Psychology Today (May 1984), p. 48.

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22

Want to Design a Robot? Try Watching a Bug, Business Week (1986); Magaly Olivero, op. cit.,
p. 148.

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James Braham, Creativity: Eureka! Machine Design (February 6, 1992), p. 37.

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Michael Michalko, op. cit., p. 29.

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Michael E. Porter, Competitive Advantage (New York: Free Press, 1985), pp. 131-151.

30

Charles S. Whiting, op. cit., p. 29.

31

Carl E. Gregory , The Management of Intelligence (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962), pp. 45-51.

32

Dan Koberg and Jim Bagnall, op. cit., p. 27.

Co

29

Tony Buzan, The Mind Map Book (London: BBC Worldwide, 2003); Tony Buzan, Mind mapping,
Success (April 1997), p. 30; Tony Buzan, Use Both Sides of Your Brain, (New York: E. P. Dutton,
Inc., 1983).
33

34

Joyce Wycoff, Mind Mapping, (Berkeley Publishing Group: 1991).

163

Daren A. Brown and Nancy Lee Hyer, Whole-Brain Thinking for Project Management, Business
Horizons (May-June 2002), pp. 47-53.
35

Lars Torsten Eriksson and Amie M. Hauer, Mind Map Marketing: A Creative Approach in
Developing Marketing Skills, Journal of Marketing Education (August 2004), pp. 174-199.
36

37

Jill Neimark, Mind Mapping, Success (June 1986), pp. 52-57.

Anthony J. Mento, Raymond M. Jones, and Walter Dimdorfer, A Change management Process:
Grounded in Both Theory and Practice, Journal of Change Management (Issue 1, 2002), pp. 45-59.
James Braham, op. cit.,p. 33.

40

Jill Neimark, op. cit.

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38

Andi Esposito, Music Makes Their World Go Round: A Creative Outlet for Many Engineers,
Telegram and Gazette (December 17, 2000), p. E. 1.; Anne H. Rosenfeld, Music, The Beautiful
Disturber, Psychology Today (December 1985), pp. 48-56; 71.

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Judith Stone, Velcro: The Final Frontier, Discover (May 1988), pp. 82-84.

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About the Company, www.Envipco.com/envipco.asp, September 2, 2005; Inside Track: Finding

Riches in Garbage, Success (May 1987), p. 30.

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Bryan W. Mattimore, Breakthroughs: Creatively Destroying the Barriers to Business Innovation,

Success (November 1988), p. 48.

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44

Emily T. Smith, Are you Creative? Business Week (September 30, 1985), p. 48.

46

47

Magaly Olivero, op. cit., p. 145.

48

Arthur B. VanGundy, Creative Problem Solving, op. cit., pp. 136-137.

49

Buzzword of the Month, Success (November 1985), p. 20.

50

H.F. Crovitz, Galtons Walk (New York: Harper & Row, 1970).

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45

Arthur B. VanGundy, Techniques of Structured Problem Solving (New York: Van Norstrand

Reinhold, 1988), p. 105.
51

Edward Glassman, Creative Problem Solving, Supervisory Management (March 1989), pp. 14-18.

52

Robert Eberle, SCAMPER: Games for Imagination Development (Buffalo, New York: D. O. K.
Press, 1972); Alex F. Osborn, Applied Imagination (New York: Charles Scribners & Sons, 1953).
53

54

55

Carl E. Gregory, op. cit., pp. 45-51.

164 101
(Creative Problem Solving Techniques)

Sue Palmer, While They Are Sleeping The Time Educational Supplement (March 18, 2005),

p. 24; Anahad O Connor, Really? The New York Times (November 9, 2004), p. F.6; Ullrich
Wagner, Steffen Gais, Hilde Haider, Rolf Verleger and Jan Born, Sleep Inspires Insight, Nature

(January 22, 2004), p. 352; Pierre Maquet and Perrine Ruby, Insight and the Sleep Committee,
Nature (January 22, 2004), p. 304; Deirdre Barrett, The Committee of Sleep (New York: Crown,
2001)

56

Edison Ft. Myers, Florida, 17

1987

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Robert Wayne Johnston, Using Dreams for Creative Problem Solving, Personnel (November
1987), pp. 58-63; Edward Ziegler, Dreams: The Genie Within, Readers Digest (September

1985), pp. 77-81.

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Glenn Mazur, Theory of Inventive Problem Solving, www.mazur.net/triz 2

2005; Andy Raskin, A Higher Plane of Problem-Solving, Business 2.0 (June 2003), pp.
54-56.
Arthur B. VanGundy, Creative Problem Solving, op. cit., pp. 118-120.

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Lea Hall, Can You Picture That? Training & Development Journal (September 1990), pp. 79-81.

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Diane Brady, The Transformer: Beth Comstock, Business Week (August 1, 2005), p. 77.

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Samuel Palmisano, CEO IBM

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32 5-10

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, IBM Sets Up First A-Pac Lotus Support Centre in Pune, Knight Ridder Tribune

(September 21, 2005), p. 1; Larry Rullson, CEO Says Innovation is the Key, Knight Ridder
Tribune (September 16, 2005), p. 1; Anne Fisher, Get Employees to Brainstorm Online, Fortune

(November 29, 2004), p. 72.

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David J. Placek, Creativity Survey Shows Whos Doing What; How to Get Your Team on the Road
to Creativity, Marketing News (November 6, 1989), p. 14.

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Alex Osborn, Applied Imagination (New York: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1953), pp. 297-304;
Robert Kerwin, Brainstorming as a Flexible Management Tool, Personnel Journal (May 1983),

pp. 414-418.

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Adrian Furnham, The Brainstorming Myth, Business

Strategy Review (Winter 2000), pp. 21-28.

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Group Techniques: Part 2, Alternatives to Brainstorming, Small Business Report (October 1981), p.
15.

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Jonathan Alter, How to Save the Big Easy, Newsweek (September 12, 2005), p. 53.

Taryn Plumb, Local Volunteers Learn to Help: Red Cross Trains Recovery Personnel, Telegram
and Gazette (September 4, 2005), p. A1.

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Aimee Deeken, MindShare, Adweek (June 21, 2004), pp. SR 34, 35.

Chris Woodyard, Frequent Fliers Brainstorm to Create a Better Cabin, USA Today (October

1, 2002), p. 5B.
10

Steve Garhausen, How Lowell Five Rebuilt Its Marketing Unit, Strategy, American Banker

(August 9, 2005), p. 14A.

11

248 101
(Creative Problem Solving Techniques)

Jefferson Morris, Boeing Team Brainstorming List of ISS Exploration Experiments, Aerospace
Daily & Defense Report (July 18, 2005), p. 4.

12

Daniel Fienberg, Transporter2 Director Cuts to the Chase, Knight Ridder Tribune Business
News (September 2, 2005), p. 1.
13

14

IP Offers Creative Partnership, Purchasing World (August 1990), pp. 38-41.

4
: Sheridan M. Tatsuno, Created in Japan: From Imitators to
World-Class Innovators, (New York: Harper & Row, Ballenger Division, 1990), pp. 104-115;

Sheridan M. Tatsuno, Creating Breakthroughs the

Japanese Way, R & D Magazine (February, 1990), pp. 137-142.

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15

Arthur B. VanGundy, Creative Problem Solving (New York: Quorum Books, 1987), pp. 131-144.
6-3-5

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Horst Greschka, Perspectives on Using Various Creativity Techniques, in Stanley S. Gryskiewicz,

Creativity Week II, 1979 Proceedings (Greensboro, North Carolina: Center for Creative
Leadership, 1979), pp. 51-55.
Kathleen Gesell, Rohrbach Consulting BmbH 4/17/95.

.I.

18

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Janet Fiero, The Crawford Slip Method, Quality Progress (May

1992), pp. 40-43; Robert M. Krone, Improving Brainpower Productivity, Journal for Quality and
Participation (December 1990), pp. 80-84.

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19

Lea Hall, Can You Picture That? Training & Development Journal (September 1990), pp. 79-81.

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20

James F. Bandrowski, Taking Creative Leaps, Planning Review (January/February 1990),

pp. 34-38.

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Ray Dull, Delphi Forecasting: Market Research Method of the 1990s, Marketing News (August
29, 1988), p. 17.

22

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J. Daniel Couger, Key Human Resource Issues in IS in the 1990s: Interviews of ID Executives
Versus Human Resource Executives, Information and Management (April, 1988), pp. 161-174.

23

James F. Robeson, The Future of Business Logistics: A Delphi Study Predicting Future Trends
in Business Logistics, Journal of Business Logistics (#2, 1988), pp. 1-14.

24

Yeong Wee Yong, Kau Ah Keng, Tan Leng Leng, A Delphi Forecast for the Singapore Tourism
Industry: Future Scenario and Marketing Implications, European Journal of Marketing (November
1989), pp. 15-26.
25

249

Magaly Olivero, Get Crazy! How to Have a Break Through Idea, Working Woman (September
1990), p. 144.
26

Stan S. Gryskiewicz and J.T. Shields, Issues and Observations, (Greenville,

N.C.: Center for Creative Leadership) (November 1983), p. 5.

27

28

Horst Geschka, loc. cit.

29

30

Arthur B. VanGundy, Creative Problem Solving (New York: Quorum, 1987), p. 136.

Edward Glasman, Creative Problem Solving, Supervisory Management, (March, 1989), pp. 17-18.

HI
NG

31

Bryan W. Mattimore, Brainstormers Boot Camp, Success (October 1991), p. 24.

33

John Case, Customer Service: The Last Word, Inc. (April 1991), pp. 89-93.

BL
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32

Knut Holt, Consulting in Innovation through Intercompany Study Groups, Technovation (July
1990), pp. 347-353.

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34

Robert Bookman, Rousing the Creative Spirit, Training & Development Journal (November
1988), pp. 67-71.

Sq

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35

Sheridan M. Tatsuno, Createn Japan, op. cit., p. 110-113.

37

Sheridan M. Tatsuno, Createn Japan, op. cit., p. 109-110.

38

Carl E. Gregory, The Management of Intelligence (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), pp. 200-202.

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Sheridan M. Tatsuno, Createn Japan, op. cit., p. 110.

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36

Andre L. Delbecq, Andrew H. Van de Ven, and D.H. Gustafson, Group Techniques for Program
Planning (Glenview, III.: Scott Foresman & Company, 1975).

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Don Hellriegel, John W. Slocum, Richard W. Woodman, Organizational Behavior, 4th ed. (St.
Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Company, 1986), p. 259.

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S. Scott Sink, Using the Nominal Group Technique Effectively, National Productivity Review

(Spring 1983), p. 181.

42

Aubrey L. Mendelow and S. Jay Liebowitz, Difficulties in Making OD a Part of Organizational

Strategy, Human Resource Planning (1989, #4), pp. 317-329.

43

James B. Thomas, Reuben R. McDaniel, Jr., and Miachael J. Dooris, Strategic Issue Analysis:
NGT + Decision Analysis for Resolving Strategic Issues, Journal of Applied Behavioral Science

(1989), #2, pp. 189-200.

44

Edward J. Szewczak, Building a Strategic Data Base, Long Range Planning (April 1988),

pp. 97-103.
45

250 101
(Creative Problem Solving Techniques)

46

Incentive Magazine: Nominal Groups in Action, Incentive (November 1988, pp. 60-62.

William M. Fox, Anonymity and Other Keys to Successful Problem Solving Meetings, National
Productivity Review (Spring 1989), pp. 145-156; William M. Fox, The Improved Nominal Group
Technique (INGT), Journal of Manage-ment Development (1989), #1, pp. 20-27.

47

Anne Fisher, op. cit., / ; George

Anders, Inside Job, Fast Company (September 2001), pp. 176-183
7

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48

ProjectLounge.com, (September 15, 2005), p. 1; MyWiseOwl.com/Groove/software, (September

15, 2005), p. 1; Groupware Business.com (September 19, 2005)
Groupware
/
MyWise
Owl.com entrepreneur.com/
article/0,4621,322894,00.html Sep 17, 2005.

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Robert J. Allio, Interview: The InnoCentive Model of Open Innovation, Strategy & Leadership

(Issue 4, 2004), pp. 4-10; Paul Kaihla, Building a Better R & D Mousetrap, Business 2.0

(September 2003), pp. 50, 52.

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Group Techniques: Part 2, Alternatives to Brainstorming, Small Business Report (October

1981), pp. 15-17.

Bryan W. Mattimore, loc. cit.

53

Horst Geschka, loc. cit.

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Paul J. H. Schoemaker and Cornelius A. J. M. van der Heijden, Integrating Scenarios Into
StrategicPlanning at Royal Dutch Shell, Planning Review (May-June 1992), pp. 41-46.
Simon Majaro, The Creative Gap (Great Britain: Longman, 1988), pp. 202-203.

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Fred Mobasheri, Lowell H. Orren and Fereidoon P. Sioshansi, Scenario Planning at Southern
California Edison, Interfaces (September-October 1989), pp. 31-44.

56

57

Horst Geschka, loc. cit.

Mike Vance, Storyboarding from Creativity

(Chicago: Nightingale-Conant, 1982); Jerry McNellis, An Experience
in Creative Thinking, (New Brighton, PA: The McNellis Company, no date); and Lawrence F.
Lottier, Jr., Story-boarding Your Way to Successful Training, Public Personnel Management

(Winter 1986), pp. 421-427.

58

251

Larry Rand, Victorville, California, Museum Endures Financial Difficulties, Knight Ridder Tribute
Business News (June 15, 2004), p. 1.

59

Morris I. Stein, Stimulating Creativity: Group Procedures, (New York: Academic Press, 1975),
Chapter XV, pp. 172-221; William J.J. Gordon, Synectics: The Development of Careative Capacity
, (New York: Collier Macmillan, 1961).

60

William J.J. Gordon and George M. Prince, The Operational Mechanisms of Synectics, (Cambridge,
Mass.: Synectics Incorporated, 1960), p. 2.

61

Tom Alexander, Synectics: Inventing by the Madness Method, Fortune (August, 1965), p. 168.

HI
NG

62

R. A. Proctor, The Use of Metaphors to Aid the Process of Creative Problem Solving, Personnel
Review (1989), #4, pp. 6-12.
Gordon and Prince, pp. 6-12.

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. : Morris I. Stein, Stimulating Creativity: Volume 2,

Group Procedures (New York: Academic Press, 1975), pp. 196-202.

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Sivasailam Thiagarajan, Take Five for Better Brainstorming, Training & Development Journal

(February 1991), pp. 37-42.pp.

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Sheridan Tatsuno, Created in Japan, op. cit., pp. 104-106 KJ; Michael Michalko,
Thinkertoys: A Handbook of Business Creativity for the 90s (Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press,
1991), pp. 308-311 TJK

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67

: Briget Finn, Brainstorming for Better Brainstorming, Business 2.0 (April

2005), pp. 109-114; Noah Falstein, Brainstorming, Game Developer (September 2004), p. 47;
Greg Bachman, Brainstorming Deluxe, Training & Development (January 2000), pp. 15-18.

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Richard Foster
McKinsey & Company

253

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