Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pages From Jackson - Classical Electrodynamics and Solutions For The Exercices
Pages From Jackson - Classical Electrodynamics and Solutions For The Exercices
" !# <
=
$
"
/
*
8 >
7 8 >
2 3#
? > 8
8
$
@
, $
7 3#
8
8
8
2 8 >
( (
))
7 () &*
' &
$
:
8
:
: 8 >
8 :
(
.
(
8
) 8
) 8
(
( )
C
"
() 8
(
) 8
.
+
(
.
8
) 8
(
) 8 B 8
( )
B
"
!
!
() 8
D(
)() 8
E
A
D(
.
)() 8
D(
() 8
1
D
)() 8 8
D(
)()
$
D(
) B
D(
.
) B
D(
) B
() 8
D(
B
) B
(
)
8 B 8
F8
G
$ % 5# &
F8
8
F
F 8
G
8
F
8
B
B
G (
)
'
F
C
"
@
9
?
$ ! F
F
F9
8
F8
F9
F
C
F
8
'
J
F9
F
8
8
8 >
C
C
8 > 8 >
2 3#
?
F9
8>
F9
8 F
&
F
F 8
F
F
L
! !
8
"!
"
"
!
"
8 F ! 8 F
" F
F
"
F
"
J 3# F 8 L #
F
F
8
"F
F
&
/
!
8
(F
F ) 8
MF
FN
F
F 8
F
F
$
F
F 8
F
F
7
!
$
7 ! 8 >
8
$
$ F () 8 F !
F
G
> G F
8
8 (>) G (>)
2 -
8 8 (
)
#B
$! 3
*
8
:
B C
$ 8
8
C
C B
C
B
P
( ) 8
EB
! !
@
*
8 >
F(
) 8
F(
8 >) 8
G
) 8 >
7 F 8 > * 8 8 >
8 >
8
L
8
F(%
% ) 8
C
G (
) G
G (
G ) G
G G
) G
G (
(
$
"F
8 8
8
C (
B
G G )
$
$
"
C
>
( G # G
# )
: 8
C
6#
C
:
C
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1.2
-1.4
-1.6
-1.8
sigma(x^2+y^2)
-2
0
4
(x^2+y^2) / d^2
8 B
C
8
K ( G G )
!
?
$
B
.
:
EB ( G )
8 G
L & 8 G & 8 B
$ 8
&
: 8
:
C C
K B &
$
7
'
8
C C
8
C C
K
B C 8 P
% E)K 4
' 8
B
8 H)OO
" "
0
,
F8
C
(
)
G
G
G
(
) G
G
8
7 8 8 &
? 8
L 8 8
6 !
& 8
8
8
. 8
&*
" " !#
!
$
F(+) 8
C
G +
+
8>
(
) G +
&
$
+ ?
F(%
% ) 8
C
(
)
G
G
+
(
) G
G
E
J 3#
F8
C
C +
$
!
/
8
B
+
C ( G
-)
8
B
+
C ( G
-)
$
C
C
+
8
C (+ + )
" ! F
F
"
&
C
F
/
F
F 8
&
H
/
.
7
.
(
.
.
& 8
(>). (
> % / 0 /
(>) 8
( )
8 (0)
% / 0 1
(>). ( )
0 B 2
)
8
L
%
) % ,
F(% ) 8
2
B3
& 8 B
3& & 8 B3&
8
8 B
3
3 8
F(% ) 8
F(% ) 8
) %
)
(
!
(B2).!( )
!
!
!
) !
(B2).!( )
!
3(
8 B3
!
(B2).!(
!
!
!
8
!
K
!
L 8
8
8
()!
!
J
.
F 8 B3
!
!
8
B! 2,
(B2 G ),,
!
B! 2,
(B2 G ),,
B! 2,
(B2 G ),,
(B2)
!
. (
!
!
)
(B2)
C
F8
8
( )
(B2 G ),,
B! 2,
!
. (
!
)
F8
( )
B2 G
!
. (
!
) %
J
8
38
B
B
8
B
B
B
8
8
$
F8
B
(
B
C
!
)
.! (
B2 G
,
( )
B2 G
O
)%
!
. (
!
) %
" #
"
"#
!
48
8
48
B
P
8
B
8 > 8 >% 0
2
$
F8>
" "F
" "
"F
G
G
"
"F
"
8>
"5
"
5 8>
5 8 ( ) G
( )
5 8 ( )
8
"
"
8 >% 0
6 8>
8 4 (6) G 7
(6)
" "
G
" "
8
6
G 8>
" () 8
Q
"
9" ()
"
8"
8" () 8 "
:" ()
$
8 >
(4 (6) G 7 (6)) "
0
0
L 4 7
F8
"
(4" (6) G 7" (6))
0
0
"
F8
5 8
"#
8 F(% ) 8 (% )
"
(4" (6) G 7"
0
0
.
(6)) 8
$ " % # 4"
$ 4 7
7"
"
"
/
83
7"
(6)
0
(6)
F(% )
0
83
4"
F(% )
3 8
(6) 8
0
(B) "
0 (B)
6 B
C
B
C
.
38
/
4" 8
0 "
F(% )
B>
(6)
0
7" 8
0 "
F(% )
B
0
(6)
8
38
) 8 CE 3
3(
8
E
C
)
(
(% % ) 8
E
C
(
) ( )
/ 3# ?
<(% ) 8 C
7
!
! "
+!
$!
(B2 G )
! " !
<(% ) 8 C . (
!
6 8 >
).
%!
+ 8 >
0
!
=!" ( % )=!" (% ) !
<(% ) 8 C
%!
%!
!
!
! ( ) $
%!
%!
!
F() 8
C
( )<(% )
C
) ( )
. ( ). ( )
(
)
!
E
BB
(
!
$
!
%
!
%
!
%!
!
E
K !
,
%!
%!
!
E
(% 2) 8
G
G
2
2 B (2 G )
(2 G E)
2 G 2 B (2 G ) (2 GE)
!
!
!
!
!
!
2G
!
2GE
!
!
!
!
!
!
E
K !
!
!
!
2 B.!()
F :
8
8
E
P
!
.! (
)
(B2 G )
(2 G )(2 G E)
BE
!
,
B!
(2 G )(2 G E)
2
.
!
8
2 8 >
$
EP . ( ) E B 8 C
F8
C
$ ! ! & # ,
BC
& 8
E &
&
( )
8 >
'
G G 8 >
$
'
'
'
8 8
'
K
E &
&
"
"
&
&
'
K
"
"
B
"
C
"
&
7
'
.
"
C
"
'
'
"
"
"
"
>
8 P)H
"
8 >)HBQ
C
R(6)
"
?
>
BH
;
C + 6 4
>
/ 5
$
'
$
8 +
" + *% *
2 8
8
%
+
>% >
+
(
8
(E
)
2
8
E5
C+
E
8
E5
8
C+
8
E5
C+
E5
B
.
8
C+
E5
B
&
C+
+
B
+
B
B
&
&
+
G
B
+
+
B
8
E5
C+
C+
E
C +
H
BK
+G
B +
E
H +
.
) 8
8 5+
H
5
8
H
B
B5
H
(+ G )(+
P5
+G
H
B
8
B
+ H B
8
P5
P5
H
BO
B
.
@
5# & ?
F8>
F *
8
F
8 ( ) 8 >
)
8 >
8 )
$
8
7
F
$
8
8>
" "
G
" "
G
()D()
"D
D "
8>
"D
"
6 D
"
(6 G " )
"
(6 G " ) 8
"
6) (
" (
") 8
"
" "
G
" "
L#
6 8 >
() 8 G 4% 6 8 >
"
$
$
8
F 8
6 !
F 8
:
7
8 +
8 * 8
BQ
$ ! *
'
#
$
*
>
1
F 8
G
"
"
"
(6 G " )
F" 8
"
"
" "
(6 G ?" ) G 4
F 8
"
7" "
(6 G " )
$ !
+ - L
( G ? ) G ( G ? )
7
( G )
E>
F 8
G
( )
F" 8
G
( )
7
( )
G 8 G
+ G
+
7 +
/ !
?
G 8 ( )
G ) 8 7
(
+
L 8 3
/ "
"# &?
8
8
7
E
8
#
>
#
>
# >
+
+
#+
3 3# >
3 3#+
7
8
>
>
$ ,
G
G
+
+
+
+
G
+
+
G
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
G
G
G
G
G G G
+
G
G G
+
G
+
G
+
8 G B
7
+ ( 3) ( G 3)
( G 3) + ( 3)
B ( G 3)
( G 3) + ( 3)
B + ( 3)
8
( G 3) + ( 3)
C 3
8
( G 3) + ( 3)
8
EB
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
B ( G 3)
( G 3) + ( 3)
B + ( 3)
8
( G 3) + ( 3)
8
?
/ "
8 7
B+
" ' ! 3 8 3 8 B
!
/
8
>
3
3G
8
B
8>
7 8
G3
C
( G 3)
/ "
8
B
G3
8 B +
7 8
3
( G 3)
C
( G 3)
8
B
G3
EE
F 8
3
G + G 3
F 8
BG 3
EC
7 8
$
J 7 7
B G B 8
$
?
8
G
C
7
L#
-
$
*
$
@
G
B
G
,
B
,
8 >
7
8 >
7
.
8
'
8
8
G B+
G B+
/ @
-
*
- 8
- 8
G
B+
8
@ .
( )
!
-
8 .
2 .
EK
2*. #
. ( )
. (
)?
8
@
2
C
. ()
* .
$
.
@
8 2
C
8
2
8
7 ( ) 8 ( )
8
( 4 ) 8 ( 4 ) ( )4
"
$
@
8
G C
2
8 ( ) ( )
$
@
C
. .
. .
. .
. .
@
8
C
EO
" !
:
+
& #
* ( )
$
&
U8
(: )
/
U8
$
@
8 U
C
7 U
EP
8
G
8
B
G
7
@
7 0
5 !
#
@
9 8
9
@G
$
A
9 8
@
9
@G
9 8
B@
@G
9
$
"
7
: 8 9
9 (
+)
( + )
:
@
8 @
:
C@
2 9
9( )
:
(
:
:
:
G ) G G
C>
( ): :
G :
( ): :
G :
:
@
@
@
:
@ : : 8 @ : :
: 8 :
B
:
: 8 : :
:
/ ?
:8
G 8
@ 8 ( )
8
8
B@
@G
@
@G
2 ! &
7 :
@ ( ) 8 (
G )
( )
8 G
"#
& "
"
8
@
@G
C
8
8
$
&
0
:
$
A 8
&
2 8 &
2
# ( )
$ 8
A
*
( ) 8
*
*
.
$
8 8 @
B
( )
$ F# F A -
/
8 C>>> (E > ) >>> 8 C)K >
$ "
R
0 6
'
C>> !R
"#
*
( 8 # # 8 )O >
!
R )
L! !
8 1
$
VA 8
1V*
6
CE
8 9 G (:
9) G +
9 G + (:
9):
:
&
2
:
$
9)
/ '? + (:
:
)9 G + (:
9):
. '?+
(:
8 > 8 9 + 8
7 :
8 9 G (:
" + 8
9) G +
9 G + (:
9):
:
9
J
2
!
#
CC
6
8
"
8
@
C
E
(
6 ) 6
6
8 >
@ 6
8
C
.
*
B 8
C@ B 6 6:
$ 8
@ B9
C B6-
@ 9
C6-
8B
>
;C*/D
8 >)H
$ 8 8 Q)B > " 8 P)QPP >
R6 8 )K>B >
6 8 >)H
$
6 *
8
O >
$
8
$ C >
"
"
"
-
*
J *
'
* !
CH
L!
7
+
*
&
2 *
!
;: 8 > 8 >
$
8
'
!
$
G ( )( ) 8 B
"
G
8
% ,
+
& 8
&
G &
*& 8
B
G &
&
G &
B
G &
7 "# ?
8
* * 8
G
B
G 8
G
* * 8
B
8
C
G
( G )
( )
8 G
( G )
CO
8 G
G +
8
G +
G +
8
G
G B
GE
E
8
G B
(B )
(B ) G ( )
8
G B
G ( )
(B ) G ( )
GE
CP
CQ
9 8 ""*
/ '#
9
9 8 ( ) 8
6#
8
9 8 8 8 ""*
G
"
"*
8>
()
(*) 8
B
(F )
1
F
"
G (F )
"*
1
B
(F )
1
F 8 >
F N (F)
/ *
7
M (F )
1
8>
F N (F) 8 >
H>
/
(F )
F 8 >
L F 8
F- G
G
(F )
FG
F G
8>
G
(F ) 8
-
-
8>
G G
.
"
F- >>
G
B
8>
G
G F- 8 >
G CF
-
(BG ) F
H
F-
*
8
$!
5
&
( ) 8 ""* 8 "*" @ 9 G @ ""*7
.
3
7
9 8 >
G "*" 7 8 >
8 .+
. 1
( ) G @ F " 7
8>
"*
( ) 8
J
( )
G @ F "*" 7 8 >
( )
2
7 8 & &
7
G @ F "*"
( )
&
(B)
& 8 >
F
E& 8 &
&
$ & B E
8 >
"
E 8 >
E ++ 8 !
!
E& #
&
HB
F
&
18
E& #
*
(
4
4 )
&
1 8
1
+
1
1 &
( 44 )
8>
4
( 4 )
.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
G
1
1
1
1
1
1
G
1
1
1
1
1
1
G
8>
1
1
1
1
1
G
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
G
G
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8>
1
1
G G G
1 1
1 1
1
J
G G
1
8>
HE
.
" #
(1
1
8>
( ) 8 1 7
(E)
( ) 8 1 7
(C)
1
1
7
( )( ) 8
( )( ) 8 1 7
8 1 7
1 7
7
7
7 !
1 8 1
.
&
0
8 7
&
$ & & & 8 & & &
7
7
8
$
& E C
8 >
7
7
G (: )(: )
HC
$ W*WX
?
1
(F )
8G
F
F
F
(F )
F
(F )
8G
B
1
F
1
F
F F G >
(F )
8 G
1
1
(F )
F F
(F )
8 G F
F
1
1 8 G
F
F
F
F
(F )
8G
((F
-F
F ) G - F ) (F
F ) F
$
"#
$
% 0 !
(F )
8G
(F F )
(F F ) G F -
HH
"
(*) 8
(F*)
$
&
$ ! (*)
(*)
/ ! Q
Q
+
() 8 @ ( )
+
C
,
" 8 B ,, ( )
" %
@ +
() 8
C
"
9( )
9 8 F
@ F +
8
A
C
" (
)
F8
E
. (
)
P
O
.
( ) G
K
. (
) G )))
A
G
G )))
C
C
A 8 A
6 !
F8
.
E
B
8
C
A 8 BE C
A
A(*) 8 K
HK
(F*):
@ F +
A :
8
C
8
"
A)
+
:
@
:
0
1 " #
/
8 @ A F
8 @ :
C
@ A F
8
C
J
+ :
+ :
$ 5
.
U
8
B@
@ A F
:
B K
%
!
@ A F
@ A F
U
8
B K
K
.5 8
8
E
.5 8
G B
E F
HO
*
H
9
! 9
9
(
9)
7 !
9
9 8 1
8>
: G
: +
9 8 + 1 ( :
# 1 8
I 8
:)
L
H
:)
I
!
H 8 ( I ) G I
I (
:
:) 8 >
8
!
E
E
E
8 B+ : G B+
: G B+ :
HP
7
8 >
8 >
A 8
(
: G
: G :) (
)
#
3 8
() 8 3
A 8
(: G
: G :)3
'
&
& 8 >
(&)
$
A 8 3:
J
8 B3:
8
$
A 8 3:
5
3
,
?
B+
( ) 8
BC
B +
E
B
A 8 )CQ+ :
HQ
B
E
(B )
8
( )
C,
?
6
8
H
+ 1
( :
:)
7
6
@
$
& 6
.
8
9
A
B
8
7
> (9F ) +
9 F T 8 .
J
T 8 K)E >
.7
+ 8 E)Q
A 8 (B+
+ ):
1
+
1
.3 8 >)>P(9F )
.3
.7
+
>)CH
K>
>
HH
I
/ ?
9 8
B
() (
)
1
B
:%
@
() 8
C
" @
+. .
9(% *)
+. .
+
+
$
@ +
:
() 8
C
B
+ *
:
8
8 B
?
+ +
+
+
+ *
:
B
B
8
+ + + *
B
+ + + *
+
+
+ *
+ + *
+
(
+ +
+ *
+ + + *
G
8
B
( G )
B
( )
+
+
+ *
)
+
+
+ *
( G )
8
() 8
( )
D
B@ +
C
( )
()
()
8 :
8 (: ) : 8 :
8 :
.
U
8
B@
B@
B@ ( )
C
KB
.
U
7 8
B@
K
( )
P@
G 8 B (
)
.
U
)
K
( )
"
.
8
"
.
@
U 8
U
B
( )
U
.
8
@
( )
@
8 (>)PC)
KE
@ + ( )
() 8
+
C
,
/ 8 ?
@ +
8
C
@ +
9( ) 8
:
C
( ) 8 >
@ +
8
C B
(
8
8
8
C@
+
:
C@
@ +
:
C B
+
B
(
M ( ) G ( ) N
@ +
"
:
( )
C
"
" ( + )
@ +
B :
8
C
"
@ +
B :
C
B
B
B
( ) 8
KC
7
8 B
8
C@
+
:
.
U
2
8
.
U
B@
8
@
8
B@
EB
8
@
P
.
@
U 8 (B )
U
P
@
H
L 8
(
( )
) 8 E H
( )
(
)
C
H
8
@
H
8 HHU
KH
# $#
0#
$
"
7 *
2
*
$
-
2
$
! &
. 6
KK
'
W
$ #
, $
!
&
!
@
+
U
B (
8 + : :
:
)
!
( : )
" !
J
) (4 7
) 8 ( 4 )( 7
) ( 7
)( 4 )
(
U
8 +
!
!
(:
: ) ( ) G ( : )(: )
B
B
(H)
( )
" 3*.
I !
@ (:
1 1: 8 )
$
KO
8
G ( ) G T ( )
8
G ( ) G
( )
$ @
7
?
8
:
8 ( ) G
( )
: 8 >
!
8 >
$
( )
8
M : ( )( : )N 8
:
T 8 :
8 :
U
G
U
U
8
5
" !
?
@
T
8
(
:
M
( :
) 8
:
( ) N 8
(
) 8
:
8
M ( : )(:
8
7
M:
(
8
KQ
) 8
(
/
& H :
@
8 +
( )M
U
+
!
( )N G ( )( )
B
B
!
( : )(
( )N G ( : )(:
)
B
B
8 +
!
!
8 + (:
: )M ( )N
B
!!
M( ) : N
B
8 + M( ) : N
8 +
( )M
U
U
8
5
+
M : N M
N G M(
B
) : N M B
U
G
8
5
+
M(
) G CH N
!
H
) : N M C ( ) G C N
+
M : N M(
O>
N
U
8
5
+
M : N C M(
8
) : N G (M : N
8 M N
G M N
G M(
) : N )
$
M : N G
M(
) : N
8
U
M N C M ( )N
8
5
7
+
!
(K)
8
) 8 ( ) 8 1: 8
(
H
C
M N C M ( )N 8
!
H
C
C
H
C
O
B
B (
B)
U
8
+
H
P
( G
)
OB
P
E
B
Y8
Z8
G
B
"
+(
1
&
)
J ( +(
Y( ) 8
B
+
/-
$
8
8
+
-
8 B
(
= )
+
9
OE
G
.
K8
(
=)
G
K K
8 B
+:
( ) 8 B 9 ( )
)
(
8 ; ( )
B
9
8 B
L
K K 8 B
M
+:
K
(K ) G (K )N
K
L 8 K# L 8 K
8 B
M
L
(L ) G (L )N
B ; () G B 9 ()N
L 8 BM
9 ( )
"
"
; ( )
OC
(
C )
(
C )
8
"
M (
C ) G ( C )N
8
"
B +
8
B
+
"
Y8
B
B
+
"
8
B
#
( J )
+
;
#
( J )
+
(
G (
;
5)
(
G (
5)
" ( J ) ,, 5 ( J ) G 5
5 G (;
.
"
B5
&
+(
5
&
+
( (
"
Y8
B
+(
5
"
B5
&
B
B 8
B
OH
G
B
Y8
G
B
"
+( 1
&
)
Z 8 J ( +(
? " #
"
"
1
. " % !
8
&
4 () 8
() 8
(
(
)
B
)
"
#
& 8
M4 () G () G 4 (Z) G (Z)N
B
$ 4 () () 4 (*) 8 (*) 8
( G ) G 4 (Z) G (Z)
$
Y
"
!
G
B
G
8 B B G 4 (Z) G (Z) 8
& 8
B
M4 (
+( 1
B
4 (Z) G
OK
B
(Z) G
B
8 B
4 (Z) G
B
G
(Z) G
B
Z
G
Z
J 8 > Z 8 > 8
OO
>
'
W
+
8
<
"
6
"6
"
"<
" "
6 "
6 8 6 6 8 6 6 8 6 6
"
"
"
8
4
6 8
"
"6 <
4
"< "
OP
8
7
6
"= ">
7
"
"6 =>
" % "
$ !
L@ ?
4
6
7
6
"= ">
7 4 < 8 =< > 7=> 4 < 8 7=> 4 =>
"< " =>
/
H0: $
6 *
(
8 H0: $ 0: 8
0: 1
L@ *
H0: $
OQ
$ ! "#
$
*
*
8
1
1 &
G
8
*
& 8
?
? 8 ? * 8 4
*
!
C * 8 - (* G ? )
8 4
$
- 8
4
1 &
* 8 - G *
*
*
8
1
1 &
G
/ !
E & *
& G 1
& 8 4
G
$!
+ 8
&
*
+
*
G 4
*
*
& G 1
1 &
G
+ 8
&
*
1 &
1 & *
8 G
G
+
*
1 & *
& 1 1
G
G
+
*
P>
1 *
+
*
+
4
8
4
( G )
*
+
*
4
G 4
+
"
E !
& 8
&
G 4
+ 8
&
*
*
- G 4
*
+
+
4
8
G
4
*
&
G 4
1 + *
*
& (1 +)
1 &
+ G
1
(+ &)
+
4
8
4
G
+ G
P
%
&'(' )
&*''! +""
,
-
.
!
!
-
/
! B !
"
!
0
-
/
1
!
!
!
1
!
1
!
-
2'
! !
B>
$
B% * , H
+(* ) 8 $ B% H , * , H
B% H , * , B>
3
#
0
S 7
S
6
+ 8 B * 8 > H
L *
! *
$
L@ & * 8 <
* 8
E+ 8
E 8
* 8
<
$
* 8 H
- (* )*
$
- (* ) "#
!
,
/ *
? 8 4
? 8 4
8 *
$
* 8 , ?
"
- ( )
!
8 ( )
"
PB
? 8 (
)
V? 8 (V)
* 8
" ( ) 8
/
*
( )
B
* 8
B
B
B
* ) 8 ( * )
B> - (* ) 8 ( , * )
B
E
8
* *
B
HB
8
* 8
B
B
$! B 8 > R 8 E > R
#
H
&
" 8 )HOKP
>
$ E
8 Q
2
!
- (* )* 8
%
. !
! C Q 8 EKC
$ !
B>> G EKH 8 BCKC
$
#
" &
8
8
? (* )* 8
B
* *
B
PE
? (* )- ( *)*
B * *
B
*
KP
PC
" L@
&
*
?
E
&
E 8
E
&8
7
*/
/
-?
*3
3
-8
8
-?
-? *
-
-? *
-
8
/ 8
PH
5
5
- 5
- 5
-
-
5
5
E
>
*
3
*3
8
8
5
5
E
8
5
$
G
*
/ 8
/ 8
*3 8
3
&
G
8
PK
"
8
B
8
*
8 - ( G ?
8 - (
) - -G ? (? )
? ) - -G ? (? )
8
-
B
* 8 - ( ? ) 8 ?-
B
* 8
?- B
PO
"
8
9 8
9
9
9*
()
8
>
>
>
?- > >
?- > >
48
>
>
>
>
>
>
8
9 8 49
?
9 8 9 8
9
9
9*
8
<
( )
6<
( )
>
>
8
/ 2
@ 9
B
B
@
8
* 8
B
7 "
> 8 > 8 > 8 >
-
*
-
B
?- 8 ?
@
B
8 0
'
PP
"
? 3 ?
8 :
/
$
>
/ !
- -G ? ?
? - G ? ?
8 - G ?
8 -
"
8
-
(? ) G (? ) G (? ) (? )
)(? )
G
(? ? )(?
-G
- G- ( ? )(? ) G (? ) ?(? )(? )(? ) ? (? )(? )
?
B
E
(?
C
(?
? 8>
(? ) 8 ? ( ) (? )
) 8 (? ) 8 ? ( ) G (? )
) ? 8 ? (? ) 8 ?( ?) (? )
PQ
8 >
?
K
(?
(? ) 8 ? (? ) (? )
8>
(
): G ? ( ): ?(
J
.
?
8
G ?
-8
): 8 >
G
:
G
8 B G 8 H
/
,,
7
8 - ( G ?
G?
B
H
#
?>
1
) G > 8 ( CH )
Q>
M
G N
H
B
(
.
BHC )
8 B
8
(
C
H
)
&
$ ? 8
"
/
> E
Q
$! 8
E W
!
B)H > 4
!
*
+
L@ &
.
C6 8
B6
>
G
A G A
(A
G A G BA
A )
C6 8
(
G
A
A
B )
7
8
8 )>CC
>
4 )KO
>
6
%
QB
M G M
M
G M
"
!
L@
L@
&
&
. "
'
A
6
G 6
A
8
A
&
' 8
G
>
?@
' 8 G
A?@
?
- 6 8
?@ ?@
A
6 G
6A
6 8
6 G
'
'
QE
M
8 M?@
+ &
(
G
A
6 )
8 ( G ) 8
?
A
$&
B6
8 BA G B
&
[
C6
8 B
G C
G C
B6 A
PA 6
PA 6
6 A
B6 BA
8
&
$
??@ ?
??@
A 8
6 A
'
A 8
6 A
'
A
8
8
QC
A
G 6
? 8 G 6
( G 6 ) A 8 G 6 G B 6 A
-?@
A
G
. ' 8
E 8 6
A 8
6 G B 6 8 '
A
G 6
'
B6 6 G B 6
'
. B6 E
G 6
( G 6 )
8
-?@
"
8 (6 G 6 ) G
,, 6 G 6
B6 E
(6 G 6 )
G G
(6 G 6 ) G (6 6G E6 ) 8 6 G 6 G 6 6G 6 E
E 8 6
/ 1 ,, 8 6 G
G N (A )
. E 8 6 G
G ))) 6
6 A
' 6 G6 G
6 G 6 B6
'
(6 G 6 ) '
J
'
-
"
6A
A 8
'
-
"
??@
6
6 G 6
A
6 G
A
A
6 G 6
6
/ "
! !
2
< = !
/ "#
!
* &
/
8
A
"
J
8
M M 8 6
8 V G 6
M G M 8 M
.&
(M
>86
6 G A (
G 6 V
G M
M )
A
(
6
B( A A
8 (M
)
M M 8 M M
M
M )
M 8 6
D ) 8
)
M M
8
2 L@
V 8
6 G 6
A
6 G A
6 G 6
B( A A )
!
!
QK
6
$
A A D 8 6
8 V G 6 8 V
A A D 8 (V G 6 ) 6 ( V ) 8 V ( G 6 )
A A
D 8
6
'
A (
6 )
V
A
V 8
A ) ( )
A 8 A 8 A
8 6 G A 6 G A 8 >
8
"
(M M )
(A
$
8 (A
A )
8 BA (
QO
)
(O)
(P)
(
J V 8 "
)
BE
.
V 8
V@
B6
B6 - ?
- ?
- ,,
"
" 5
/
6 A
(
'
)
8
B6 A
'
8 B
B6 - ? 6
'
' 8 6
6
6 G G B
6
6 "
"
.
'
V@
6
7
B6 - ?
7 ! ! "# 0
0 &
!
6
I#
QP
V@
8
8
6 A
6 G 6
- ? 6
-?
8
6
-6 G 6
-G
B6 A
B6
8
G 6 G 6
G6
A
? 8
V@ 8 (-
<
<
.
) 6
8 :
. *
$! $
1 8 1
:
$ A
8 $
&
61 :
8
:
4
*
61
:
8>
4
*
"
61
4 8 >
4
* G 4
61
4
4
61
4
4
4
61
1
8
1 8
*
(
6
1 8
4
(
6
1 1 )
1 1 )
1
1
*
>>
- 8 (
1
1 8
*
6 G * G 4
1 8
4
6 G * G 4
4
)
+8
'
"
7 &
+*
+ * G -
1 8
1 8
- 1
+ * G -
(*)
(*) 8
+*
* 8
+
+ * G -
(*) 8 - 1
+*
G-
1
* 8
>
+*
G-
-
- 1 + * G - G +*
+
-
(*)
3
& 8 '3 :
7
?
8 - (
&): 8 -( ): 8 - ( ):
7 - 8 ( & )
8 (
8 : 8 :
8 - (
3
3 '
'
8
3 )
V 8 (
. V
* )
F3
& V 8 V
!
F3
3
3
" 8 <"
"
4
8 3 8 "4
3 8 3 1 8 1
*
$ F3
V 8
F3 *
>B
1
.
1 8
1
& 8 - V&
&1
1
V 8
.
A ?
0 -6
- V&
B- 6 - &
8 '
7
V 8
7
0
B-6&
V&
BA
0
& V
>E
8
:
:
.
,
8 - ( G ?
8 - (
? 8 > ? 8 >
&
. .
8 '3
3
&
'
8 3
:
$
) - G ? (? )
-
? ) - -G ? (? )
) 8 -( &):
8 -( ) 8 >
8 - ( ? ) 8 - ( & ):
8 ( ):
)
8
2 - 8 (
8
:
8 - ( G ?
'
3
3
3 '
8
--
"
G +(
)
!
1
(*) 8 1 *
: G +
F3 *
: G + F3 *:
-
-
F3 8 3
<" + 8 3
&8
:
>C
-8
! & " # *
* 8 (* )
$ &
:
$
:
- L@
$ :
-
$ -
$
(*) 8 +
(F3 *):
G 1# *
: G (-+ (F3 *) G -&*):
" #
>H
8"
. /
8
9
"
""
( 6
"
"
"
" (" 6
)
8
B " 0 : " 2 )
0 2 :
- / (" > < ) 8 B> <
"
" (" 6
)
P B
B " 0 : G 6
2 " 2 N
0 2 : M 60
:
"
" (" 6
)
P MB
B " 6
G B60 B
: " 6
N 8
6 2
P MB" N
6
" 6 "6
8
C
(Q)
$ L
8 K $ $ 9
" "
7
$
6
>K
8 K M" " " " " " G " " B" " N
G "
6 " 6 6 N 8
P
"
6 " 6
P
"
6 " 6
8
P
"
( 6 " 6
)
" -
$
M"< % "> N 8 >
>O
8 C;5
6 ?
B- ? 6
9 F
?
5
# 8 C
6 6 ?
B- ? 6
9 F
?
? -
*
? 8 '- 8 E G 6 8 A G 6 ($ & "
8
9 8 )
$
2
6
5
>
H >
>>
E>
EE>
>> 4
P >
O
HB
HH
>>>4
E >
H
B
K
O
>P
6
5
>
Q >
Q
HP
K
>> 4
B)K >
H
C
O
P
6
5
>
EO
EO
EC
P
E>
6
5
>
K
P
O
>
K
H
H
K
>>>4
Q
Q
P
K
R )
>> 4
B
>
B
>
Q
K
>Q
R )
>> 4
K
K
E
H
P
H
>
>>>4
B)O >
H
K
O
P
>>>4
B
B
Q
K
6 1
1
8
(F ) 8
$
"
5 "
8 E G 6
? ?
8 '
.
5"
? 8
8 5"
"
5
5
$
5 5 !
;
B
8
F
8
9 "
F
F
?
?
9
F
8 ; 9 F 8 ; 9 F
.
$
F8
F 8
;
8
F
;
B
>
"
;
B
8 B
J
8 C>>>
H#6
?
" # "
"#
%
/ E 8 4 6!
PO
$
>
OP
/ E 8 H>> 4 6!
OQ
$
>
H>
61
8
G ( )
(>)
/ #
.
5
8
U C 6
. 5
8
1\
U C
6 1\ 8
.
5
U 8
U
C 6
8 8 B
.
8
. 8
E 6
B 5
$ ! ?
' 8
. * 8 B
BE 5 6 *
18
*
"
' 8
E
* 8
M"
C 5
()N
B
" M "
.
()N
' 8
M"
()N
C5
E
6
B
"
$
7
V' 8
C 5
E
6
6
B
M"
()N
()
/
8
(
8
8
5
8
5
V' 8
E 6
C 5
(
M "4 N
5
E 6
C
6
B
+
) 8
"4
P
B
K
8 H G H G H
+
.
&
V' 8
5
E 6
6 K 61
B H
E
561
CH
P
!" #$
%&'( )%
* +-,/.0.01324,5+ 6 +8792&:<;>=@?BA C ,ED 1324.
F8GIHKJML0NIOQPSRTFNKUWVYXWGIJ
# Z\[]_^`a cbdefhgji
kdlnmpoqlsrtvuprKw"xzypl3{I|}lsmu~lsmx
ls)xro~lsmjoKut-lsup}|s
kduurx_u_|}uuutYm}l
-up}lsmWkK]p}
_x~n}xo
{Irl
I}}}q}_`nSqnq
npqsvpK"zp3I}ss
8s)sjK-sp}s
__}Y}
-_nW }p
)
sKnnq
S8sK8qp
}qKn})a_sq`pjKjp}
4psjsI)n
s n$_ }}jnp
0>
(nza
Q
nsS s
_
H>
>
G
<<=<<<<<<<=<<<<<
<<<<<=<<<<<<<=<<<<<
d
`)Q
_ihkjl<
$ Xnm3z8opqErst ^sS s
_ :u
Ev
\
<<<<=<<<<<<<=<<<<<
>
iG
wWd
ww
w0?
w7HwW\N2+*':.'0/1365$)W13':45!765':<<<<<=<<<<<<<=<<<<<
wW
3 } :nm3S5opqErs
e5
wW[
\d
\$
egf
vxm 0
<<<<=<<<<<<<=<<<<<
\
&tpt
T7XEs$q:$P q
zH:-W5.7<<<=<<<<<<=<<<<<<<=<<<<<
z 755.:5<<<<=<<<<<<=<<<<<<<=<<<<<
5.*$5t<<<<=<<<<<<=<<<<<<<=<<<<<
zHX:$,<<<<=<<<<<<=<<<<<<<=<<<<<
tpcCPp
&$"*"*M:.CWOW8JP YPM$5.,(:M::750<5.U.977E5W," 3&$J
$$ MPW*MW$($ E,EM::YE iE$7W$ 5$J:t$Y9 -$5.,pU
W8JP Y&WEc$,,5P5V Mt < (97$7*3$ $c.50E"7-$7&C
57.$t557 YJW8c$<$$ M
&$$:$$$J=$3.k( 3V5W5PW5c5W:XVY7J:MW5O-7M 0&$WJ3"
ME EUn.9".LC5M$ "J80*5:n$5$ Y75WJ87 V< ( 5
V5W5-LYW$c.;c(5z8E:OEC-7M- Y7$$V50.:5-JJ.$M.
5<. JcV ( &MVY7
}<$ YW$,0W"W$7$W9Y` , $:YW7:9Y "0$37"JW8 LP
$YW5{:*$5,CEY750P( &t$<7 0.:OX$8:.V*V J
&$E*. z,3:MC$: -&.,<$:V3.:${,Y8W7 Y
2
9;:=<?>@BADCFEG98HJIKCMLNCOQPFRJ@S@UT?>9RJVM@XWYIZL[HJ>#@UT?CML#\ ]#E^H_CR
`ba*cedZdf_ghajikdKlmanlpodq
r
sZtvuxwUy"z{
|K}~h}
iFJoZo r dlpJo&gcJo7maZoQJo"d lKa* spt dlZJo=eoZ ll lKY*bpo"o&deao ~! o7Jni[ lpanl
_clZpd a*ghgnima*pod;po"oDlpnoDi lZ ~b ^iFJo7Jgao =a*&o"lpo"p a*g8dKlmanl o"gholp bogh
maZodbnolp&lZovdZcJao ;lZJoQe_c lp8a*"o"g &lZJoolZoZag ogh d _ o lZov _clZ ~
JoZo"poXa5_clZba*pZ JQJgh=dlpanl maZoa*?ajoJ5o"gholZ eo"g=i lZ lpdbanlpo" ag
iF moa*d8lpJoFgcoFmaZoJo"d lK d"o"pba*oJ"odpdma*podg oF+lZJodZcJZao;Gab_clZ ~
:<>#@k&@XE^H_RIEPIK@\(IL WIZ\@x9xCMCXT?CML#\ ]#E^H_CR
JolpJoQZooQma Zog od+c_lpd _oQlZJo5"aj lK p"cJ o"po""o_cl J? a*lZo a*g | dZo"ovcJZo
a G`ba*cdpd"feghajid Jg eod#lZa*Jga"of dFoca*l 5lZJo"aj lK Jo+"_cel Ja*lZo" a*gZd#a
} ~h} gcob8oc ^*lpo"l a*g_eo"acdolpJoo"gholZ ogh vlpJoD_c~ lZ d;o"pa
olpJoelZol ag d;al ccdcJl &zxa"uBZdZ#dwa ma*po^cJa*plZJo^*lpo"l a*gGlpJo |K}J~o"
dZ cJ ao lZJo"JclpadFlp eodKlma*l ~ d dniaJZJ gho"dpanl d XaJghaof dFocanl
i lZ mJgo"lM ^cJa*p+ l d ~ dol }~ *S am_dS l dMdZJniFlZa*llZo dZghc_l M lZ d
JpJgho" dcJ co ~ oD edKlma*lna*ghcJo*8lZJo e lZo"l agSQlZoc_lpo"#dZcJZaoblpJo"aj lKdpanl dod
XaJgaof docanl 7a* dFlpJo"poZoJ dZghc_l ~; 7lZJoimJd"lZJo+Jghghnik"_celZ#alpd#g oa
o"gholZ ogh5dZ o"g;lZJoDaj lK ~
# 3K;;F8";3FxM FFSe8"
a
q
q
8Jph#J*Fpn=JmnQKJ*nBmn^*n"ne;mJ**_Jmn
K++J*nmn^*n"
Z Jb Z" JZ5 Z J
, -.$&
!
/1032(46587
F J5Z JZ np
( )
%*+"
K
JZ p * J Zp _F J
_ " e ZX J# Zp J Z _
J _J J "# Z _b eJ " J ^ X J _
v J J 5
;%
9):
<=
"#
+ )
$ (
K
+
?
) =?
&
>
= $>?
& >?
) @A%$ $&'B
C+?
)
& &?
> .N
>D +.EGF
?O6
!H@
$ (
>
I $>?J
) &?
) P T @ %A$ U
VXW*Y[Z@\^]`_a
\bVLcA_dfegdDhJcAZ@\^ikj\!VLc6a_MVBlJ_\bjmndpoqcAr6_Mm@\ts1u[dfevmRovVLc.dDa
0
h p K np
"
w
$
S
&
$&?
>
+
J D
<= >
)'
)
O<=
C"#
? J h "J
>
Q$&$ (?
Q$p$&~"#
+
)
A$>
h J
f}
&+x+"
0324S{b7`|
}k
*
n
K
Z * J
)
?yQ6z
$ S (?z
>
( K
? q8
C$&% ?[
&y"#
}S
$ %
2
1
4
3
A$ U+$ $
+$
) x
M"%
*+"
(
)+
w $&
A P
K
$& O
C%
?
[#
)$
)
K $&?
% n (
&
%
[+
?`}
Q y
AS
C+?
) (
&+k;S &qF
)
+.tXvRqp.pvfvp
++
>AqA+C=
+%f.M ++&
Cp+XM
+&&b#)q
+%D C+.
)+X>X .Q(
A
+O MA++
1P@Okv@
3(68
)
+ %
A%@Q&%M(
)+A&% (JMA 8
Q
J&)>
&[>.&(([)%.&+ &k+A +)*#%)AC%)P+
AAA(
+ 'k
+ ) S
k
R+
+
' )!
#%
C
+ %
>@))+ %SM#+ Q
S
+ %
"!$#&%(')+*-,.-
/%0*-'"
*132
+*
4567/%084
<homogeneously charged
>conductor
a
distance from the origin
FEaF
r $5
_5$ D
K
D
n KD
H$J[HD
r 5
$
FD@[[F$FEa@BmF _|x$E F $F) Fj0DFn$- F ${$ADF0F$CmaB EGA$Fa FEaF
xFCm_G@BDIH$JYJ FOF0[FYaEG@[mF0yo$/
xCmmWG@BD|w@[G$mYFOEGF3[aaF+@B|mA$CmEaFH$J K-x$E F-YDmwCmYaDE
F ${$ADF0F$Cma[I EGA$Fa F0EGF+mj@[w ${$ADF0F$CmaBI EGA$Fj F0EGF @B wRwJ
|W
e+8|eRuv8|/
F+GF0a@y$)FCwaER wwEG$A$Fja$@[
3
Du D
H$J[H$H
$5
FCm$[
w@B@ywFj{ F+O O
E ER$@BCmJ/ FyYCy_GF F+m[DY@y5 FDwG$@B F]$DBCm)F
FEaF
$EaADF wFma@d( w EaDCA e $@yGD5 F Cma@[$
$U
780- -
"!#"$&%(')*+#',!-.!/%0%"'213+4,-657*-98:"!2;=<>!#%4?"-'@%"$BA="!2;3*%(:CED=,6'F*G+H$&%"'IJLKM
N 5&ICPORQTWSBX UFI4V Y+Z([.\"]
5*^"_^F`"C
a%('!-"b%$IcdK
fe i95&ICPOjfe
V
k Xml I
],gbh
h
a',%"eo*F!E%"p^"_rqsftA="!2;3%"uvb+w?"x5y]2A:gb^"_ h n^wCEz
5*^"_^-n(C
5*^"_^#k=C
~ %"eM8f+5*^"_^-n=CEDm5^(_f^-k=Cv:1%(,*%(m @F=G+4,f%(mD3u@b(/$&%"'IcdK
5*^"_^F"C
N 5&IC@O V } 5&IC
pM!#"esG+H,f',f((9* 13s%"$-=G+%"5^(_f^w"C80
uf%(G3b!#%"+-=G-+!/F#_)+9f%4u))$&%"'
ex%"',9-f-("(uw%$u'f+13,!/',/,6+1!#%"=Z [0\(G] %"G:+',v,%""#-'
N 5&ICPO } 5yI4CQ W"SBX I4U Y+V4Z [\(]
5*^"_^-(C
1,!/',/,+'',#',-#=,6*,%"+"'',%%(uH,!2+'," _'%(G+1p+',%%(%"',8H2s"
#-!/',%"uf!2+"'(Q _s!/%(==G+%"G+:'%$+M!2+"'(b1#+V H$&G+!/%" )ex%('*, ,!-
13 ,'8G3,f%(%$,6%0!-4V,f%(%"$,6#-!/',%"m_
sE
6s)j#-t/jvBs
a1
a2
` Xml
=
h(
5*^"_^wqC
@"6B#P6m:)B#
-
9 +,( "f F -" 2 H - "FB t: ( #"F ,
+ 3
+/0 +3- 0 +6#-
+# / " + F0 #: *f "
%'&
! #"
( # m *) #,#+#(: @-# v/0 +3-
-62
+ ,.-0/
,1-23+
54 7 8 - / (
"
-2
( ;& : 7 8 - /
!9 f f $
! <> & ! <@? &
!9 f=<> $
$
B v -,
" 2" 3 +/0 :3# C
<> @< ? <+ Dx FE
*) --+/
+ ,1-G/
, -62
+
H
.
f < "
-3+ ( f :/5: -) f f- 3 *
D 3
/0 :3# f #0
I
+ ,.-62
,1-G/'+
f KJ < &
$
A'&
=<@? :
$
< - + -
'&
3L&
a =Z [ GD 3 3Dx #
6 , =Zf 6D
a 'Z [ GD 3 3Dx #
6 , =Z b 6D
a [ 6D 0 3Dx #)
6 , 6D
c!dc5e
fhgjikimlonqpsrtimukv6wxgjyzukv0{.|~}ximy!gjim
LkR k]R((6kXkR
S3
S3
te 2
te 1
S1
te 2
te 1
Pla
Pla
Pla
Pla
S1
S2
S2
q
S4
S4
|
x0
*'
KkG0xq!x.3=G!#*G#x!3=q=!U!0KG'3K.3
KGG.*3;G6#=(0`@#GKYU5=0=]5m=`6.Y'GGsj3=
'z66C3Y3K.'#*06#0
U#Y
6*6j!6m.*3;(G0`kGK
#3;6=#3.*3;G6
66 6'Y
'' q3YL
3'
Uk=G.G6Y=U1 '!K"#$Yq=%G
3!
1'!Y
< Uj3* )+ 3! -, %Y'.UY Y/U 310 3!32547
6 YL. 8G Y9
: 9$ '&
)( ;KY9Y9
YY=3(MR
% YF1
Y'' 'm=3G ''*@'=mY
:8GY9DN=89PO
A
CY oIKJ=N =*$ 7L Q *=N *Y#KU]3!6 % Y' YR.
zq'?6 6 Y
m#
.3YYU;U;UqGE6
S #TJ
VU
(63F= 3Y;% YY>% G Y6'W6 3. (KX=N ":6
YK*=!z'Y@Z Y
[6=
=\
@]"^_ O ]8^
(8* "0 YA`1N :AG 'RG.
=!3?$a
*Y q=% G B =3
/K=q*$cb U(YKZ q'-@6 8d =3Y
G
;'\
^#] PO/egf =hYi ekjPfl Omnf>o h H b[pVq?r
s V :' 6"@6 *=YAK5Y6
!K*0 Y'tO 7J K6 Y=6n%
k
3w
^#] Oumnfo h b[pVq?r;v
@
.oCL#'
"x y
z|{}`~|SF|Bcz
5:
1)z
|B
-*}t5:z'
"Y;)>BAV?88H/>?->P:/X>8Y;9"!V?X x y A>!:
FW
)H 5'!
? D >
x y;
:!:n8c';9> c9;>";
!"*>8?9 ?c9: ) ;* - !a*X>c*>:?9S;*I>!
#G
x y;
>!>P:/X>8Y;;Hu?::*>8?:A
W x 1 '
_
x
?_:B>YF!;?X":G FX?:Y;59_"*V>9 F x y ?FF9?>u8>H>aY!>8R
!!;?98X!:X*8/
>;Y;-Y!>
x x"
.
t P@I P .t P
x
SGAV?8
X>8
;?:>A;A ?B
;>8>A;-9*:S8:9tF9X!8;!!?X
1 ' 1 x H ' x
P T I F7 _
x ;
u?::[ ?:>89tVT?8*n8c>G"*V>9 x ;*D"!V?X x ; 9 x
1
' Y1 n'
tP x _ T
x
9!n/?A
8!XX@3*
9DtXW
;?:>A;A >Y*;?8SD>!B9;>"
3!
*
.t ! .t x I
x
K#.
B
KK
"!$#&% #(')!$*,+*.-0/214365.#7!$36895:#<;
=(>@?A<BDC$E9FGBIHJFGKL=9MONPH QRKLS<BFTA<BVUXWYA<B2Z[B
\(]T^`_ba[cedPfTgihkjV^`_b_e^ljm^lg`nocqprd6pe][hshutTnvjma[gihs_e]Tdxwzy{dPy{a[no|Phk_J}v~TR}oOnvy[{v6dv2PnPR_edvyI\(]Th hglhkprce^`([hkgl
GThprdnadP^iyp:][nvce|Phm^iy_L^`Gh{n$|vcrdvTyGhkudPy[G[upe^lyT|_LaT][hcr^lknogq_e]Thglgqnvynvgl_edfh,cehnxprhkfpe]Th
adv^lyPp<][nvce|PhYnvy[noy^ij{no|Ph6][nocr|vhYxdvyTglv9[dvczcrhknv_edvy_bdv_ejjhuprce,^p<^`_(hR^`Ghyp(pe][nopsx^`_(gidGnopeh
dvype][hYgl^lyThOudPyTyThkupe^lyT|mpe]ThdPce^l|v^lynvy[Rq\(][hY|PdPnvg^`_Xpedm[y,pr]Th6gldRknxpr^idPynoypr]Th6j{no|vy[^pr[Ghdope]Th
^ljnv|vh6][nvce|Phv)\(]Th6hglhkupecr^l [hkgl$nvy,pr]Thy$fhOGhk_rucr^lfh,fR_eTahcrad_L^ipe^ldvydoadP^iyps][nvce|Phk_k
YIb v2rP $ X v2rP $x
Gl
y[|v[cehOGlvdP$knoy$_Lhkhpe][nop<^`_(pr]ThOvhprdvczudPyTyThkupe^lyT|{dvcr^l|v^lynvy[,dPf[_ehcrnope^ldvyadP^iypqudPyTyThkupr_
pe][h.dPce^l|v^ly@noype][hm[yT^p6][nvce|Ph:R:^iynoglgiPI)^l_ pr]ThmdvyTy[hkpr^idPy@fhupwXhhkype][h.dPce^l|v^ly@noype][h.^lj{no|vh
][nvce|Ph.xmshutRpk2wXhwzce^ipehmpr]ThvhkupedPcr_ ^iypehkcej{_dvXn_eknog`noc pe^ljmh_Ype]Thk^ic6[yT^pOPhkupedvcnoynPpedPcYpe]Th
_rnog`noc_X noy[dvTp(dvpr]ThOGhkyTdvj^ly[nxprdvc_
v2r
xxv2r
YIb ) v@x
Gv
u (
\(]Th advpehypr^lnvg[dPcb0.^`_Jhcrd[vdvc(noglg[adP_r_L^lfTglh dvj:f[^iy[nope^ldvy[_bdoI{e9\(]Thsj{no|PyT^ipe[Gh dopr]Ths^lj{no|vh
][nvce|Ph ^`_
G P
nxp<G^`_Lprnoyuh
R
G
k
) s )J[6m <s<bGssb6((IJ@{JIYz)zI[<9
P
x
G/HI6J;9K
PQ
LNMO
R S
`a
Q
T.UV
T H"E;XJ
H U-W
Y,[
Z \
V
Y,ZB[ ^ \
Tke 6 [ T i T l T T e T T vrlv
[ vriP
T v
e [PTr6T : [ i T
Lk r v
H U W
Y%ZB[ ^ \
H_"J
G
I
/ dc9
T orv
T i T T r T
[ v P [ r [ T vriP
-J
f
*8& -g E e &5
( & *"E&& "B & h
(
&5&%'5
("$
D
&%'?
* & *"&& "B &
e
i
&j8&%'<
h), &;*
kl/1 m
9 fH
i & 8
no
ip "E "&& "B & ?
h
&C8
&D'
gD p &<), &;*k
q0rtstu*vxw;y*z#{*|}voz~-{($|}vu(f=vvy*F8
T eT1"uh"$
%veP'G&%eXn&n
T)
Tke
G 9
MO
H-#
Z
LN U
U
W
U
Y [
Z \
Y}[
Z \
[Z
"6J
U
*$
/ 89
*#i6.X-(n f*(
f(-=%}(C*f=
?$E53+D;i$%85!FC?% t8=5%%Et$%*!E%.%E
#;%8
%h$EhC?h5%h%
j8i !8h$%
#
.
N1
.
.6
(!(
N
.
/102
3547698;:=<*>=?%@A:B?%4DC5<*::4FEG@IHKJL:=MN<*:PO
(Q%No
*,X
ba
a dc
ec
fT
Ua
a ec
dc
fT c
.
g tt*xC.oX*h
RDB !E%;%8
x. 58C5%ji6++6k! ml;
t
Ron j
pZqsr$tvu
u
t x{z|
y
td
zZ
w
v
w w
w
~}"
.
z
P
q
z
q
""%'\ m"\ \U%'S ;% \mv'P%"P"Pm% %ZL
m"m\ 1\\v%\o
"
_SZ9
"
,.-0/1-32547698;:5<
=?>&@A6CB:ED
6CF;GHID
2KJLFMN@PO#85>#Q
JRD?:5<A@.8;>#<S<
TU
V?WYX[Z]\3^`_aP\cb&aPd(efg_#bha.Z]\jikeSl]dm
n.oqp
rts9u.vPwyx+z.xRp|{~}oy}PoyzA. Tq .}0x+Co
!$r| s g~ $r rqrL|
&
T
s r
s E T & 1
P T+q
#
Wb5;._Sl]d(eKa.dL_#b
}wq1}px+
pz.wx+1{~oyzA. Tq
r1qr1
!$ s ~tr |
P~u
q
o
#
# .
}oyzw.x{Prts9u .#x xP. px+(oyz(.}0&xC o
!S T j 1
Py
C.
I.x{~xpx(}0
s T T
P
T
t]g9`R
`
`;R
E0
E0
FAGIHKJMLONP3Q RMSTVUXWMYMNLXG[ZB\^]$Z_K`$a3J$ZbXGc`MHdUXYMNB]c]$Gc`e\fYM_^gh_^HKNB`MN_^J$UN]INiZ2bOLXG[Z?j$N]caea3GILONZbXNiahGI`;bOYMNkBlmaMGILONZbXGc_^`nQ
oqp bXY$N(GI`$aMJ$ZNiarZsYt\uLOH^NUQ
v5YMN(N]INiZ2bXLOG[ZjtNB][araMJMN@bX_*bXY$N(GI`$aMJ$ZNiarZsYt\uLOH^NU_K`ebOYMNwUxY$NB]c]DGcUwyzUxNN;{ P}|~MW6Q0 i S
>c^ Pu On
yP3QP}
_^JrZB\^`
UXNBNbOYMG[U?\^U0bXYMN>LXNiUxJ$]bOGI`MHdj$N]caeGI`r\dZ\uW$\KZGIbX_^L ?GbOY
_K`MN_^nbXY$NWM][\}bONU5\}b5Gc`3j$`MGIb p Qv5YMN>NB]cNZbXLOGcZ
j$N]ca(Gc`$UXGcaMNbXYMNZ_K`$a3J$ZbXGc`MHUXYMNB]c]^G[U,kBNBLO_$Q,v5YMNBLON_KLXNbOYMN0NBbONBLO`$\u]^j$NB][a(Y$\KUDbO_ o N _u3bOYMN UO\ughNg;\uHK`MGbOJ$a3N
yUXNBN@jtH^JMLON@PMQ Q
v5YMN@_KLOZBN>_^6bOYMN(NqbXNLX`t\u]j$N]car_^`\u`rNB]cNBghN`Kbs\uL p UXJMLx\KZN(q_^,bOYMNwZ_K`$a3J$ZbX_^L5G[UBS
KV>K(DPu 3
yP3QP^
a3GcLXNiZ2bONarLO\Ka3G[\u]c] p _KJ3b<5\uLsa;LO_^gbOYMNwUXWMYMNBLON^ U?ZN`bXNBLiQ0F$LX_KgbXY$NwU p ghghNbXL p NwZB\^`UXNBN>bOY$\}b\^]I]_KLOZBNU
ZB\^`$ZN]z~3NBMZNBWMb?bXYMNwZB_^ghWt_K`MNB`b?Gc`
bOYMNwa3GcLXNiZ2bOGI_K`
_^,bOYMN(NqbXNLX`t\u]j$NB][aDQ
59$M0656x
v5YMNra3NBLOGI}\ubXGc_^`_u5bOYMNeGc`$a3J$ZBNaZsYt\uLOH^Na3N`$UxGIb p _^`&\ZB_^`$aMJ$Z2bOGI`MHUxWMY$NBLOGcZ\u] UXYMN]I] GI`&\YM_^gh_^HKNB`MN_^J$U
NB]cNZbXLOGcZ\u]jtNB][a?G[U(H^Gc^N`yX{ Ru|~AWnQu Q
v5Y$NYM_^gh_KH^NB`$NB_^JtU>j$NB][aGcUwWt_KLxbOLO\ p Na op Wt_KGI`bdZsYt\uLOH^NU>_^
_^W$Wt_UxGIbXNdgh\^H^`MGIbXJta3Nd\ub(\u`taGI`3jt`MGb p Q>Nqb~bOYMNd]c_3ZB\ubXGc_^`\u`tag;\uH^`$GbOJ$a3Nf_^bXY$NfGcgh\^H^NfZsYt\uLOH^NU
\uLON(Z_Kg*W$J3bXNiaDQv5YMN@LXNiUxJ$]bG[U
yP3QPu
y R^ Z_Ux
<6iz<}sxn zu<u2 z2si2?22xix2i,<<zA}<>MIqAi<xz}<Azzi<x
m}sz2<Ai<iBBn6<Bzxz}s3}<@nuxzuxi<s,z5i zzcs<s$z0<2z2A6 @s2i ic2mB
nnnssi<z<>Bsz2
E ext
E ext
E ind
E ind
cavity
V^i[ g j l m l :B"12i6
n
VX Y [
"!#%$'&()+*,!.-/10%0
24357698(:<;>=@?BADCEC
FGA.zQ\.A&3E0'z62Ba.0s.HG 2.0kA30&Qx&x.zU2QA'&.o Y& Cx.M&&';IG
0z3#&0J
G ; .A&9&PR&AB O>B0O?'.3#0BU.K0R^\)0E.Q2
^&P#&AUMC0&Q {A{K{ &6ALUK &) .&Fc &M U\N &E.a#h0.Q>L>O E.azRCU2L
A PS
G .J0QJ
G .7.a&'&BB&zC&\.M0.BK {#0BU.K0x0Bz' ;AzQ
E>
G ; & ABR R KB0K{L|B{c&;..A'& {SO T
[ V [EV ] BHZ
{o..c&;9C&.h .?PG&.R#RW Vo K
UhWVYXHZ
c U d
d
c V dd eJfhg
B IZ
<aQ
&
{90&]C0&
Jx
xy
]$
BHZ . zZ{Z|{^}
&
<QYE/4%P@Dh>
"<
E0
P
P
r
r
0
q 0 -q
-q
z
a
V
0
E0
D
%t|<J llW<>t)W<D|)Y"SPW<vI|t"4D1Jvz^4vt"<IY)S"1Yv)
41P1z4tY#<<"z<"o))PSIE o zt)"t)D)kz1Dvt
kzSE4W<1"4P)<^SW<"^zQYzW<)Yvz^vQY > zY
vs'"^zYI^)YED"t k
p>p><D9(<>BDE>
LHp><
>Yl1<1<|"z"zQI|
<lIzJIt
vQ^)zI|>LS|I|<zl
|zlIQ<YItIpIz
v |QpIJ<J<l
JIQIzPJ tI
Iz YJ
z1"^JtJ!H"PJtz#
$|t^%)zJ %& <('EQ<Iz
v<<!lJt|)t I
Iz*IIS
+
Wz,)zJl)kQ-z<J ll. <pl0/"J"Iz S<)<1H
Y#tz<t2J3"1I<<|"<
4z5 6
<l 7. <,vJ"^I#%Iz I
vItIQ
+I<
vQ|8)J791Y<HJ ztI<J"7)zI|
:<;>=@?BAC
H
9
DEGF
;I=@JLK JLK = 12ACMBNJ3O
O Q = J KSR(T K
U(V
. <)zI|l
I2I<%
v4
;>=PJLK J
O
= "ACMNJ
Q = J KYR(T
U(V O
J R V W BAX MBNJ[Z
U
; l \ D1C
F *^
^
=_
_ W` R
_
; l \| C
_
. <JJ\#z|
a)zI|"4IzH<
"%)zJl"Ht2oQ|J"|JI
Y
DJ<I<B
#
%Iz%
1
]
b
E Jdcfe
NJ
HQA A
; l \g C
hh
iaj)k8l)man$oqprfs%tudv)w4k8o4x+y{zk8|8udn}l+o%ts|~n$2vn$|~n<imao7t~mk4mi55
,
f%,8
h 1#
a* G% 4
> @
(
@
#
P
r
b
r2
r1
V0
h
!"#$&%'()+*,
-./012345 60,7./2
8
*1:9;<0=>?
@7A 3/)?BC8
,EDF=,G%7/8,
-H/0FIKJ68L/MLE*1N./,
8
*+ 9O=P3)1
0Q {"R@ %MS/8,D1=
G%T/87
-./01U?L.)V"LW
45X345 Y10/Z[ I
tF1G'y':W'y$Q'y(mGQ2:
UKK_Y
G
P+=5),F=Y[FtEy=<)L
t(2
5+&)tFLF
Pt)'F1,F(
),1:)t
F1'
X:)
T1)tF:1
F1ENt&">)1
"&
)P=
6<
Ea
tQ
F
a2>16
'16
1
F=1&LC(2O2EBFF:1T
T FB t"+)1 F E5
EFtE>EX
C6<
F
g
16
X
+
65
' &:
tK
&:
&1
:a[tFF)1B=
C6
tQG:
t
GY
m
'
16G
+W
+
1
1
&t
)GY<
11
P1'
y
_'+G
'
6+=)1"+)1 F FB
&)
t
N
6
E
F
>
F
:
"
a
+
<
1
O
F
P
6<
1
2>+&Y
FG1&Y
2)5"FF:7C
tF=
g6 _ 1+Y
E;
N1)tF;
W)t
NF1(;=CFT1tC1
NE1TFY
W+tt
F1EHGN=
g
21F
YCF:EH
PEFF2a:WtF [
'
1&
N
F
F+
(rad)
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
R/b=2
-3
R/b=4
( /2 b )
KGLNMPORQS RTVUW<X;Y E
S Z[S
^ a[b Y S;cdORQda \`e S fe Yg\ QM`S;hSicdLNbBjlknmELNb YA\ iRM`o_Spaq^`Q bBmp^FhRL
rsSQSitbHQ \ bdL_^PcGZ[SubBmpSSi
Y \] L_^`Q
b Y SQ \ hLNOgc;^a<b Y S e jv_o LNighSQ \ ihwb Y ShLxcyb \ i e SDbd^zb Y SoNL_iRS efY\ QdMPS T
{|~}~$4s*7R4ly$4 R
X;Y SFaq^PQ e SD[SQEzSbdSQ$^`iwb Y So_LNiS efY\ QM`S"L_c"(^PORo_^`lZ< c;o \ m W
:RP
`
[SQEzSbdSQ
T t
zD
w4u4D<Gz* $0 u
;|?}4H<(yHly"vy{4R4?4yd${4<
izb Y L_c e\ cdScdSS;gM`ORQS T 2b Y S QS \ QS;iR^aqQSS efY\ QdMPSc L_izb Y S \ QS \ ^aL_iPbSQScyb T X;Y SQSuaq^PQdSpb Y S4[^bdSitbdL \ o
LNicdLxhSDb Y S e jto_L_ihSQE^PZgSjc4 \ Ro \Pe SP cpStO \ bdL_^`i W
T P
S e\ imEQL
bSFb Y S[^bSitbdL \ oL_i e jvoNL_ihQL e\ o e ^v^`QfhLNi \ bdSc \ ihcyS \ Q \ bSDb Y S ]\ QL \ ZRo_Sc W
Dgf[(:zqBAs
T vU
R_R"4H<B$D7C"$<G(w4*E;"g$0-D 7GB"2
!#"%$'&
LM$
1325476.2
* 49: 8 1 ; * ; ABA- 4DC ; $A4D6 ; *FE ;G
HBA- 4IC ; $KJ
;=<?>@
N OPQ
ORS TUVQW#X#FYF=Z[F G 3 Q* /]\
^OU%T_VW
[`abdcF &
()*,+.- $0/
Lg$
6 ; /a6.2e/f\
Q
h.iRbj=
3=
1 2 4 : 8 1 ; * ; ABA- 4DC ; $
;=<?>
lSm#Znbi5UORb
OR3QWjFFo= T G Fo,
()*,+.- $k/
V1
V=\$
P
r
V2
V"x$
ZQV.V{fAZ#K
(
/ ~} 2,
j A<
V`$
eZeYFD?eVZV{'ZZ?{AYUwYA)QlQAFVp
R'
Se
SQii5p
ViAYnne#nVaVV
Vz
z
y
a
Vz
a
=
$
.-
/
5
@
5
!D:
S3
#<>=
&AB
!%@
5
!"9
$
:
!"?
'
@
!DC
.-
3
.0
3
E '
)
8A
E $
E '
)
5NMO)PRQNS KTLPU
,(
5
33
$
' FE
@
, S l S F
J E $
LK
45
3
S3
78
!;:
('
IH
$
&
&
Q
Vj 3 = _RS ,
"!
#
#
)+*
('
&
.010
&
$ %!
_ j .
#
"!
E VEW+E **X*
G
Y[Z Y\[ZD]_^a`cbNbd`fehgikjdl/gm]nbgo`cprq
isgoto`cu
vw
xyLz|{.}[{W~I)}
A}
xyzN{W{W~I)}
>)
N yL_{ v {W[{X
c[fW3VW3sW+o.VFW
xyz|{W{W~I
RRz
cN
WX[
~
D
xyz|{W{W}IA+
RRz
nWX
V sk
+U
n~
F(
y vV
c[W
y vV
_3W/./W[f/FF/(.s3kV3+[X+3[.XoWyLW/oX+.3+FOX|
c[c sW+ o
[[.XW
>1
A
RRz
WX
y vV }
[o3+
3ocV[
c+r
oV[yL{
V .
n/Wy I
o/Wy
[|y
3+
[..VW[O.[FV[..3I
xyLz|{{.~(I
nW[Ny |"
+W
>xyz|{W{WV
y vV
y vV v
RRz
WX
o%FWyV
D
[fy
W[
AF(
o[W >N
y vV
!
xy
I
WX
R
v
o/W|y
[fy
WX+
A/W
V
v
y vV
"$#
%'&)(*)+',-.0/1!2435)6(-78:9(;3,<*-!2=1=;
,>@?BA5C,;
,D%E+'-F2E?
+0(+GAH%?JIJK
L<MONQP4RS0TUNVWUXZY\[^]_N`P
a!bdc^NQafegN`Mih^j
hkN=N`P
amlnafegN`aHoEMpT
[fqgrds v [EwxlncgTQPy{z " t
| TQMOe0P~} t
lHcgTQP} t
qgr s
TQMOe0P
y{z " t
|
z "
z J" =
$$$
tu
L<P
afea!h^
N`P
aFNc4N`aHo`T!yVY
y " q |
0 g g
eN`P
a!h$b
baHedMMONEMiT=TQP
ckEeBN`P0hkN=NQP0aDMOaHo`aHeNQMphkN`MOcgec$
NQP
aFP__bdafoQc^jiMilDTQMOe
aDMpTN`P
aDP_baHo`dcgjOMplDlncgTQMie
a
S0oUN`P
aHo`c^o`a
lHcgTQ P
y | Y<_TQMOe
Py
y " q |
|
TQMOe
Pmy ^ |
tu _ x Q:!VJ X
TUMie
P $ W
y " q # |
Yw`0 s` Y
s
f
[
g
q
r
V
X
E
[
w
H
l
g
c
Q
T
P
y
J
t
J
t
$ TUMie
w
TQMOe TUMie
Pmy $ lHcgTQPFy $ | TQMOe
Pmy $ | Y
J
V
X
t u _ `:!
$ |
t u _ Q:mVJ X
~C
F
!"
$#% #'&)(+*!,
p1
p2
Er
0. /21436587'9;:2<4=?>A@CBEDGFIHEFIJLKIM B6@IDGNO%O$NPB6FIJCFIQRNCKTSUVFWKIMXOYQRFIHEZCN[;\
]_9;:2^a<4~n`W^bc;/2d/2e27t`4e2v7f'%gh/Xfa5C75Cfi7$77td6k8gh`,5jgI58kC`47kCb"gIkCln74mo:]_g;bc7?/Xfi`4kC5Cgh/Gpr7pq7LkCgI[nkC:L/G`upst/2`hdr`uk8eG;77?vAeXwVgIki/2kCfy7$5_x;/Xzcfa7{b;b7ghx6k'p;7{g4bVp|lng4mLp;14kC;e27,7y}g4p;gu14f?e27ybc7}4x6p6g47fab|bc7/Gpxrp;x671ubT3;58/Gp 7
x61u3;587'96:G<u:7k36fqgheXq3;eXgIkC7yk8;7%g4p;143;eXgh5bc7dr7p6bc7p6q7'l7k^a7$7pTkC;7?k^a`Lb;/Gd`4e27f_/2p73;/2eG/2l;5C/G3;:
]_ sy;9;7T: 947$e27YqY= kC58/XqLx67e2bbc3;7kC`ogob;/Gd`4e27Vq$g4pl7Tbc7{q`4Ld`uf87b/2pk8`ogo5Cgubc/2g4eghprbgkCg4p;147pk8/Xgheq$`4Ld`4p;7puk
9;:2<{
[Ii}AuYq$8`u[IfR} u f88/Gp6[I}
^;7587'C'/2fakC;7%bc/27$e27qk85C/2q?d7$5CL/k8k8/2/Gkm4:|5C/kC/Gp;1v/GpWkC7$5CLf_`4[,ghp6bW};=
9;:
v [I8}u v v q`f} fi/2p;}
]_;7'd`hkC7$pk8/Xghe7p;7$5C14m`4kC;7%fi7{q`up6bTb;/Gd`4e27'/GpWkC;7'7$e27qk85C/2qtx67e2bbc3;7?kC`,k8;7?x65jfikb;/Gd`4e27'/2f
9;: 9u
A [Ii};8} A'$vu 8 [I q`f}4q$`ufi} fi/2p;}4f8/2p;}
4
tyc%$'__o
_ ;Va$8$W$4C6;|?c2rLuGcV2ruGG2{$C hjI8,CLG;2LGGC'hC$8Xh$;8u40;6;2;C;Vh64;Xh%cr6c6
4ERC $I $u i2 n 82 42T
u 8G 82
C4 jh C ;
;
Y
z
b
a
+q
-q
x
02468 ; "!$#%&!('*),+-#.),+/!1032.54)7698"+/+;:<6"!$8=?>@$AB%
+/)#AB63)*09%+C2EDF6"!$8 D1G )7%&2IHB%#
'*+/J"%
KML?>
?9VV
"3V37
(.1(-"759 7 t
9 $j"15 9" 1B
B
?7.BQ&9<V9
937"?v9B
V V
B1&??B1C
377BV9&
?"9V??V?d7V1(9V"?9B(7Vr (3V9r7B
?(9B
1C
7(137
( -51.
B
B"3VB V7BV717?"9V
B19r7(9?
1EC7
(9
f . $j3?
BV 9
Bj?V"VBB?
77V?;7 *jB(,7V?;
-51. 3
- 59.
BV?
B7 3( 3B<B7 ( d,9V17?3SV B"VB7BC
7
?V
BV37V?j99
V
9E? C
/777d?r /
7?3V?B17B19r7(9?
177E?r
f d
BVd
BC?7B3
17C3?B5(3?&9&97Cv7VB9C3B7]rVQ"7
-3 d 3 " - zr
BV
Q
&
79 V7B""B
V&79"V(?79V? j 7
3?BB]rQ"QQB]???E?
7v3
17C3C"7B(17V?(z
77717?$1 315 r9 ]V?
r37V?
!
"#%$'&)(*,+.-/0&1+2$" (3"*4&,+576789*1:<;
=7>@?BADCFEGIHKJLAM?ONPJQ?BADRFNPSTSTCURWVVXNYVX>@CVX>I?ZS\[QN!ST[CUSU]_^?ZS\AMVU`aVT>@C=HcbedZN!SCEGIHKJIAX?ONPJQHKSTNPfIJI[_VX>IChg)ikj9lXmnlToqp
GnCSXVXf@STrLCs[?ZJVX>ICGLNqAM?ZVX?OtPC)EeuvRNPw GnNPJ@CUJ!V
g)ixjlMm{lXoep
g)ixj9lXm{lXoep
zy{
z y
j
j
g)ikj9lMm{lToq p
z y0 iz!p
{
j
2CEeVU`VT>@CAXHPw C)CEGIHKJIAX?ONPJHKSTNPf@JI[g)ixj_znlMm{lXoepW
g)ixj yQznlMm{lToqpa|}g)ixj9lXm{lXoep~y
i ]Oqp
g)ixjlMm{lXoep
g)ixj9lXm{lXoep
zy{
z
j
j
g)ikj9lMm{lToqp
{
z y0 iz!p
i ]OsPp
j
>@CUJC)H![@[fIGVT>@CUAXC'VNDCUqfIHVT?ZN!JIAU`!VT>@CN[@[GnN1CUSTA1NKzRHPJIRFCUd]a=7>@?BA?OA1VX>ICATHKw C%xNPSVX>IC)bquHKJL[
uRFN!w GLN!J@CJqVU]1=7>@Cz uVXCUSXwHP[@[@A7fIGVXN VX>IC9HPG@dOH!RF?BHKJ ]1%AXAXf@w ?OJ@ VX>@CUSXC?BA2JINR\>IHKSTPC)
?VT>@?OJVX>@C
S\HP[?OfIA
zNP7ikj9lMm{lToqpF`@9HKGIdOH!RFCP A7CUqfIHKVX?ONPJ>@NPdB[@AU
g)ixjznlMm{lToqpa|}g)ixj9lXm{lXoep}
g|
HKJL[VT>qfLA7VX>@Cz VTCSTw?OA CSTNI`qVTNqNL]=7>@CSTCFxN!SXC!`qVX>@CGnNKVTCJqVX?BHKd9HKVixj9lXm{lXoep7RHKJrnCP?OtPCJreb{
g)ikj9lXmnlToqp|.cKIig)ikjyQznlXmnlToqp~yg)ixjznlMm{lToqpyg)ixj9lXmy0znlXoep
yg)ikj9lMmD_zLlToqp~yg)ixjlMm{lXo)yQzp~yg)ixj9lXm{lXo_zpMp9y ikzqp
i ]OU!p
i ]OcKp
}UD2a)
0
4x{vknMP xn{kn %
0
4{kn{kn!
Os
'F
1,9n%@'~@9
) q9
%eL@'~@9
2
Y, M
@2"!#2%$
. 0
. ' /231
&
. 6
.
')(*'% +,'%- . 86 7:9
.
. ' (<=(
.
@
' + 14
6
6878;
' +,<>+
' - 5 1 ..
.
6 ..
687,; .
.
' -,<>- ..
ACB
DFEGEHGIFJLKNM"DPORQSDUTVFHGQSDUTWKXDFYZT\[][^YW_
`%acb@d&egf&hejikel@mnef&dop,bCqLpl@mnrsl@te,tkfvuwf&h0bCfyxerset0xzl@t{f&hejp*l|l@dvxot0b}fe~u&ufemRlkdybb@dfhe,u&ob@t
p*l|lkdxot0bCf&euuf&emf&he,wb@d&el@tek lkd^f&hepqot0xdop,bCq#ufemR
`)\
`%FZ
`%F
lkd^f&heu&rhe,d&opb@qp*l|l@dvxot0b}feu&ufemR
`)\"
`%L
`0FZ}uot0
~\W U"FF)
xo|
` ` 8=*
#
`s`08`0 %
` ` ,>8
W
s
` ` 8>,
%
of&hf&heubCmneb@p*f&lkduU` a xerset%xot0il@twf&hepllkdxot0bCf&e]u&|uf&e,mR
WGFj]#CjLF
y n
t|w@e,p*f&lkd^p,bCt%e]\doff&e,tRotf&e,d&mu^l@bc@e8pfl@d^r%l@f&e,tkfob@qbCt%xwbnupbCqbCd^rslCfetf&obCq
nR
v
{RR*PR
#U 0
)
Z:
"y*URP y
{p*lu u&ot
!
"$#&%('
798:.;=<!>
?@"A'
*,+.-CBD*!23+&4
798:.;!;=>
"$#&%(E('
* - /F* 234
798:.;
*,-CBG*!234
798:.;
?@!"E('
HJILK
*,+.-0/1*!23+&465
4
>
MONQPRSTUSVXWYZN[
>
; /
"$#&%]\^'_)
?@"
7cb
/ d >
F
)
798:.;a`>
)me
* +9g&h!2jikcl
*n * +oh * 23+oiqp
5
e
?^@!" ?^@!"
"#&% "$#&%
b
b
7$t.tu>wv
*sr
dB
dB
?@!" ?@!"
"#&% "$#&%
b
b
dCB
d
*
798:.;
>
xzy
{C|}|~}C{U{C~}{Z^{CmZ
.(s!a}a.c(L9(6]L39}z9q6c96]q=,&&sz}!z]qA
a.&za!!
, ]ss&^cL9c6^z3^coq=,&&szU}z]!z(_a.&za!z(
6] ]!!q$!.6qq9qjs&^ca639Lz!(_.&^_!]^&(&q=.&z=z!(