Microwave Photonics Applications: Radio-over-Fiber (Part 3)

Christina Lim
ARC Special Research Centre for Ultra-Broadband Information Networks (CUBIN) Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia Email: c.lim@ee.unimelb.edu.au

Outline
Analog Optical Link Design considerations Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS) RF Transceivers RF-over-fiber IF-over-fiber Overall CINR performance

System Design Considerations

Wireless Link

Transmitter (Tx)

Analog Optical Link Noise, Intermodulation Loss

Receiver (Rx)

Customer
Wireless signal requirements

RF noise contribution Wireless design considerations min power required at customer Analog optical link optical contribution

RF Noise Contribution
RF Device

C1 N1

Gain (G) Noise Figure (F)

C2 N2

Noise at output N 2 = G ( N 1 + kTB ( F 1) ) Output CNR

GC1 CNR2 = G ( N 1 + kTB ( F 1) )

RF Noise Contribution Cascade

RF Device 1 RF Device 2

C1 N1

Gain (G1) Noise Figure (F1)

C2 N2

Gain (G2) Noise Figure (F2)

C3 N3

Noise at output
N 3 = G2 ( N 2 + kTB ( F2 1) ) = G2 ( G1N 1 + G1kTB ( F1 1) + kTB ( F2 1) ) = G2 G1N 1 + kTB ( G1 ( F1 1) + ( F2 1) )

Output CNR
CNR3 = G2 G1N 1 + kTB ( G1 ( F1 1) + ( F2 1) )

G1G2C1

Wireless Design Considerations

Data in radio channel digitally modulated Need to know: User terminal sensitivity minimum power required at the user terminal to achieve a certain bit-error-rate Base station minimum transmission power Minimum carrier-to-interference-noise ratio at BS

Wireless Design User Terminal Sensitivity

User Terminal Sensitivity (in dBm) for a certain BER:

S = kT + Fuser

ES + + 10 log ( B ) + Luser No
Bandwidth Implementation loss

Noise figure Thermal noise

Energy per symbol Per energy noise

Wireless Design - Free-Space Loss

Radio signals experience free space loss a function of transmission distance and frequency

FSL = 32.4 + 20 log ( d ) + 20 log ( f c )

Free space loss In dB

Radio transmission distance in km

Radio carrier frequency In MHz

Wireless Design CINR required at BS

Carrier-to-interference-noise-ratio required at BS to achieve terminal sensitivity (at a fixed BER)

CINRBS = CINRmin + Fuser + Luser + LBS

Noise figure of user terminal User terminal loss

Minimum CINR before demodulation process

Base station loss

Analog Optical Link Contributions

For passive optical links Carrier-to-interference-noise-ratio (CINRopt) after photodetector
Optical modulation index Received photocurrent

CINRopt =

2 RIN . B . I + 2.e . I . B + I th
2
Shot noise

mI 2
2

)+ D

sys

Laser RIN noise

Thermal noise

Total link distortion

Spurious Free Dynamic Range (SFDR)

Minimum CNR and minimum CIR SFDR measures of operational range where system is not limited by intermodulation products

Link Design - Parameters

Need to set the specifications based on wireless link Optical/transceiver design will be dependent on these specifications

Specifications Wireless Transmission

Local Multi-point Distribution System (LMDS) 28-33GHz (Choose 28GHz in this case) Deliver up 40Mb/s of QPSK per channel 50m cell radius Es/No = 13.8 dB to achieve BER=10-6 Customer terminal unit (Sensitivity): Noise figure = 3dB Loss = 1dB
S = kT + Fuser ES + + 10 log ( B ) + Luser No

= 174 + 3 + 13.8 + 10 log 20 106 + 1 = 83.2dBm

Specifications Wireless Transmission

Free-space loss

FSL = 32.4 + 20 log ( d ) + 20 log ( f c ) = 32.4 + 20 log ( 0.05 ) + 20 log ( 28000 ) = 95.3dB
Base station Loss=3dB Required min transmission power at base station per channel

Pmin_ BS = 83.2 + 95.3 = 12dBm

Required CINR in base station (CINRBS)

CINRBS = CINRmin + Fuser + Luser + LBS = 13.8 + 3 + 1 + 3 = 21dB

Summary of Design Specifications

LMDS at 28GHz, 40Mb/s per channel, QPSK, 50m cell radius

50 m
Wireless Link

Analog Optical Link

Receiver (Rx)

Customer

Pmin_BS=12dBm CINRBS=21dB

Sensitivity =-83.2dBm (BER=10-6)

Design Procedure - Downlink

Wireless Link

Transmitter (Tx)

Analog Optical Link

Receiver (Rx)

Customer

RF domain amplifiers mixers filters Optical domain laser modulator

RF domain amplifiers mixers filters Optical domain photodetector

Will consider a few possible transmitter and receiver configurations Use commercially available electronic devices Analyze in terms of CINR

RF Component - Amplifier
x(t) y(t)=ax(t)+bx2(t)+cx3(t)

G gain of amplifier IIP2 2nd order input intercept point IIP3 3rd order input intercept point

Example Amplifier Model + Experiment

MiniCircuit ZHL-1042J Gain=28.4dB IIP3=4.7dBm IIP2=10.7dBm

100MHz 105MHz

RF Component - Mixer
Input signal Output signal

LO signal

Can be mathematically represented as:

y(t)

RF Component Mixer

Example Mixer Model + Experiment

Minicircuit ZAM-42 RF/LO port 1.5-4.2GHz IF port 0-500MHz PLO=7dBm RF-LO isolation=9.5 RF-IF isolation=18dB IIP3=9dBm IIP2=33dBm

100MHz 105MHz

Output

2GHz

Optical Component External Modulator

Link Configuration RF-over-fiber

Configuration A

Pin_tx=-25dBm

Pout_tx=4dBm

Pin_rx=-58dBm

Pout_rx=12dBm

Configuration B

CINR RF-over-Fiber
Analysis done for N=3 (N = number of radio channels)

Tx

Opt

Rx

RF-over-Fiber

CINR (Tx output) CINR (Opt output) 49.6 dB 73.3 dB 35.6 dB 36.1 dB

CINR (Rx output) 31.8 dB 32.6 dB

Configuration A Configuration B

Overall CINR is limited by optical frontend Configuration A more cost-effective

Link Configuration IF-over-Fiber

Configuration A

Pin_tx=-25dBm

Pout_tx=4dBm

Pin_rx=-58dBm

Pout_rx=12dBm

Configuration B

CINR IF-over-Fiber
Analysis done for N=3 (N = number of radio channels)

Tx

Opt

Rx

IF-over-Fiber

CINR (Tx output) CINR (Opt output) 42.4 dB 73.3 dB 34.0 dB 36.2 dB

CINR (Rx output) 28.3 dB 29.6 dB

Configuration A Configuration B

Overall CINR is limited by optical frontend Configuration A more cost-effective

Compare RF and IF-over-Fiber

Tx Opt Rx

CINR (Tx output) CINR (Opt output)

RF-over-Fiber

CINR (Rx output) 31.8 dB 28.3 dB 32.6 dB 29.6 dB

49.6 dB 42.4 dB 73.3 dB 73.3 dB

35.6 dB 34.0 dB 36.1 dB 36.2 dB

Configuration A
IF-over-Fiber

Configuration A
RF-over-Fiber

Configuration B
IF-over-Fiber

Configuration B

RF-over-fiber is 3 dB better off compared for IF-over-fiber IF-over-fiber requires upconversion mixers add nonlinearity
into system

All still meet CINRBS=21dB

Impact of Increasing Radio Channels

Use RF-over-fiber Configuration A Vary optical modulation index (OMI) per channel (i.e. vary the RF power of radio channel driving modulator) for different number of radio channels (N)

Impact of Multiple Radio Transport

Low OMI system dominated by noise High OMI system dominated by intermodulation Interplay between noise and intermodulation distortion Leads to an optimum OMI for different N

Ref: T. Kurniawan et.al., IEEE MTT, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 921-928, Feb. 2006