1

n tt nghip i Hc

CHNG 1 : TNG QUAN V K THUT MPLS

Trong nhng nm gn y MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) pht trin rt nhanh. N tr thnh cng ngh ph bin s dng vic gn nhn vo cc gi d liu chuyn tip chng qua mng. Chng ny s gip chng ta hiu ti sao MPLS li tr ln ph bin trong thi gian ngn nh th. 1.1 Gii thiu v chuyn mch a giao thc (MPLS) MPLS l mt cng ngh kt hp c im tt nht gia nh tuyn lp ba v chuyn mch lp hai cho php chuyn ti cc gi rt nhanh trong mng li (core) v nh tuyn tt mng bin (edge) bng cch da vo nhn (label). MPLS l mt phng php ci tin vic chuyn tip gi trn mng bng cch gn nhn vo mi gi IP, t bo ATM, hoc frame lp hai. Phng php chuyn mch nhn gip cc Router v cc b chuyn mch MPLSenable ATM quyt nh theo ni dung nhn tt hn vic nh tuyn phc tp theo a ch IP ch. MPLS cho php cc ISP cung cp nhiu dch v khc nhau m khng cn phi b i c s h tng sn c. Cu trc MPLS c tnh mm do trong bt k s phi hp vi cng ngh lp hai no. MPLS h tr mi giao thc lp hai, trin khai hiu qu cc dch v IP trn mt mng chuyn mch IP. MPLS h tr vic to ra cc tuyn khc nhau gia ngun v ch trn mt ng trc Internet. Bng vic tch hp MPLS vo kin trc mng, cc ISP c th gim chi ph, tng li nhun, cung cp nhiu hiu qu khc nhau v t c hiu qu cnh tranh cao. c im mng MPLS: - Khng c MPLS API, cng khng c thnh phn giao thc pha host. - MPLS ch nm trn cc router. - MPLS l giao thc c lp nn c th hot ng cng vi giao thc khc IP nh IPX, ATM, Frame Relay,

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n tt nghip i Hc - MPLS gip n gin ho qu trnh nh tuyn v lm tng tnh linh ng ca cc tng trung gian. Phng thc hot ng: Thay th c ch nh tuyn lp ba bng c ch chuyn mch lp hai.MPLS hot ng trong li ca mng IP. Cc Router trong li phi enable MPLS trn tng giao tip. Nhn c gn thm vo gi IP khi gi i vo mng MPLS. Nhn c tch ra khi gi ra khi mng MPLS. Nhn (Label) c chn vo gia header lp ba v header lp hai. S dng nhn trong qu trnh gi gi sau khi thit lp ng i. MPLS tp trung vo qu trnh hon i nhn (Label Swapping). Mt trong nhng th mnh ca kin trc MPLS l t nh ngha chng nhn (Label Stack). K thut chuyn mch nhn khng phi l k thut mi. Frame relay v ATM cng s dng cng ngh ny chuyn cc khung (frame) hoc cc cell qua mng. Trong Frame relay, cc khung c di bt k, i vi ATM di ca cell l c nh bao gm phn mo u 5 byte v ti tin l 48 byte. Phn mo u ca cell ATM v khung ca Frame Relay tham chiu ti cc knh o m cell hoc khung ny nm trn . S tng quan gia Frame relay v ATM l ti mi bc nhy qua mng, gi tr nhn trong phn mo u b thay i. y chnh l s khc nhau trong chuyn tip ca gi IP. Khi mt route chuyn tip mt gi IP, n s khng thay i gi tr m gn lin vi ch n ca gi; hay ni cch khc n khng thay i a ch IP ch ca gi. Thc t l cc nhn MPLS thng c s dng chuyn tip cc gi v a ch IP ch khng cn ph bin trong MPLS na.

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n tt nghip i Hc 1.2 Lch s pht trin v cc u im ca MPLS.

1.2.1 S lc s pht trin ca MPLS Xu hng pht trin mng Internet. Th gii ang bc vo k nguyn thng tin mi bt ngun t cng ngh, a phng tin, nhng bin ng x hi, ton cu ha trong kinh doanh v gii tr, pht trin ngy cng nhiu khch hng s dng phng tin in t. Biu hin u tin ca xa l thng tin l Internet, s pht trin ca n l minh ha sinh ng cho nhng ng thi hng ti x hi thng tin. Nn tng cho x hi thng tin chnh l s pht trin cao ca cc dch v vin thng. Mm do, linh hot v gn gi vi ngi s dng l mc tiu hng ti ca chng. Nhiu loi hnh dch v vin thng mi ra i p ng nhu cu thng tin ngy cng cao ca khch hng. Dch v ngy nay c nhng thay i cn bn so vi cc dch v truyn thng trc y (chng hn nh thoi). Lu lng thng tin cuc gi l s ha trn gia thoi v phi thoi. Lu lng phi thoi lin tc gia tng v bin ng rt nhiu. Hn na, cuc gi s liu din ra trong khong thi gian tng i di so vi thoi thng thng ch vi pht. Chnh nhng iu ny gy nn mt p lc cho mng vin thng hin thi, phi m bo truyn thng tin tc cao vi gi thnh h. gc khc s ra i ca nhng dch v mi ny i hi phi c cng ngh thc thi tin tin. Vic chuyn i t cng ngh tng t sang cng ngh s em li sc sng mi cho mng vin thng. Tuy nhin, nhng loi hnh dch v trn lun i hi nh khai thc phi u t nghin cu nhng cng ngh vin thng mi c lnh vc mng v ch to thit b. Cu hnh mng hp l v s dng cc cng ngh chuyn giao thng tin tin tin l th thch i vi nh khai thc cng nh nh sn xut thit b. C th khng nh giai on hin nay l giai on chuyn dch gia cng ngh th h c (chuyn mch knh) sang dn cng ngh th h mi (chuyn GVHD:ThS.Lu c Thun SVTH: Trn Vn ng

n tt nghip i Hc mch gi), iu khng ch din ra trong h tng c s thng tin m cn din ra trong cc cng ty khai thc dch v, trong cch tip cn ca cc nh khai thc th h mi khi cung cp dch v cho khch hng.Sau y chng ta s xem xt v nh gi s pht trin ca cng ngh chuyn mch, mt im trng yu trong mng thng tin, vin thng tng lai. 1.2.2 K thut chuyn mch nn tng. Trong cc cng ngh chuyn mch hin nay, IP v ATM ang c s quan tm c bit do tnh nng ring ca chng. Cc phn sau s tm lc mt s im chnh ca tng loi cng ngh ny cng nh mt cng ngh mi cho chuyn mch IP v MPLS. 1.2.2.1 K thut chuyn mch IP. IP l thnh phn chnh ca kin trc ca mng Internet. Trong kin trc ny, IP ng vai tr lp 3. IP nh ngha c cu nh s, c cu chuyn tin, c cu nh tuyn v cc chc nng iu khin mc thp (ICMP). Gi tin IP cha a ch ca bn nhn,a ch l mt s duy nht trong ton mng v mang y thng tin cn cho vic chuyn gi tin ti ch. C cu nh tuyn c nhim v tnh ton ng i ti cc nt trong mng. Do vy, c cu nh tuyn phi c cp nht cc thng tin v topo mng, thng tin v nguyn tc chuyn tin (nh trong BGP) v n phi c kh nng hot ng trong mi trng mng gm nhiu nt. Kt qu tnh ton ca c cu nh tuyn c lu trong cc bng chuyn tin (forwarding table) cha thng tin v chng tip theo c th gi gi tin ti hng ch. Da trn cc bng chuyn tin, c cu chuyn tin chuyn mch cc gi IP hng ti ch. Phng thc chuyn tin truyn thng l theo tng chng mt. cch ny, mi nt mng tnh ton bng chuyn tin mt cch c lp. Phng thc ny, do vy, yu cu kt qu tnh ton ca phn nh tuyn ti tt

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n tt nghip i Hc c cc nt phi nht qun vi nhau. S khng thng nht ca kt qu s dn ti vic chuyn gi tin sai hng, iu ny ng ngha vi vic mt gi tin.

192.0.0.34

192.0.0.34

DA

DA Next hop

Routing table

Hnh 1.1: nh tuyn IP truyn thng. Kiu chuyn tin theo tng chng hn ch kh nng ca mng. V d, vi phng thc ny, nu cc gi tin chuyn ti cng mt a ch m i qua cng mt nt th chng s c truyn qua cng mt tuyn ti im ch. iu ny khin mng khng th thc hin mt s chc nng khc nh nh tuyn theo ch, theo loi dch v, v.v Bn cnh , phng thc nh tuyn v chuyn tin ny nng cao tin cy cng nh kh nng m rng ca mng. Giao thc nh tuyn ng cho php mng phn ng li vi s c bng vic thay i tuyn khi router bit c s thay i v topo mng thng qua vic cp nht thng tin v trng thi kt ni. Vi cc phng thc nh CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing), kch thc ca bng chuyn tin c duy tr mc chp nhn c, v do vic tnh tn nh tuyn u do cc nt t thc hin, mng c th m rng m khng cn thc hin bt k mt thay i no. Tm li, IP l mt giao thc chuyn mch gi c tin cy v kh nng m rng cao. Tuy nhin, vic iu khin lu lng rt kh thc hin do GVHD:ThS.Lu c Thun SVTH: Trn Vn ng

n tt nghip i Hc phng thc nh tuyn theo tng chng. Ngoi ra, IP cng khng h tr cht lng dch v. 1.2.2.2 K thut chuyn mch ATM. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) l mt k thut truyn tin tc cao. ATM nhn thng tin nhiu dng khc nhau nh thoi, s liu, video v ct ra thnh nhiu phn nh gi l t bo. Cc t bo ny, sau , c truyn qua cc kt ni o VC ( virtual connection). V ATM c th h tr thoi, s liu v video vi cht lng dch v trn nhiu cng ngh bng rng khc nhau, n c coi l cng ngh chuyn mch hng u v thu ht c nhiu quan tm. ATM khc vi nh tuyn IP mt s im. N l cng ngh chuyn mch hng kt ni. Kt ni t im u n im cui phi c thit lp trc khi thng tin c gi i. ATM yu cu kt ni phi c thit lp bng nhn cng hoc thit lp mt cch t ng thng qua bo hiu. Mt im khc bit na l ATM khng thc hin nh tuyn ti cc nt trung gian. Tuyn kt ni xuyn sut c xc nh trc khi trao i d liu v c gi c nh trong thi gian kt ni. Trong qu trnh thit lp kt ni, cc tng i ATM trung gian cp cho kt ni mt nhn. Vic ny thc hin hai iu : dnh cho kt ni mt s ti nguyn v xy dng bng chuyn t bo ti mi tng i. Bng chuyn t bo ny c tnh cc b v ch cha thng tin v cc kt ni ang hot ng i qua tng i. iu ny khc vi thng tin v tn mng cha trong bng chuyn tin ca router dng IP. Qu trnh chuyn t bo qua tng i ATM cng tng t nh vic chuyn gi tin qua Router. Tuy nhin, ATM c th chuyn mch nhanh hn v nhn gn trn cc cell c kch thc c nh ( nh hn ca IP), kch thc ca bng chuyn tin nh hn nhiu so vi ca IP router, v vic ny c

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n tt nghip i Hc thc hin trn cc thit b phn cng chuyn dng. Do vy, thng lng ca tng i ATM thng ln hn thng lng ca IP router truyn thng.

Internet Service Provide

ATM Switch R1

R2

ATM Switch

ATM Switch

Hnh 1.2: nh tuyn IP qua ATM.

1.2.2.3 Cng ngh chuyn mch MPLS. Trong nhng nm gn y, ngnh cng nghip vin thng v ang tm mt phng thc chuyn mch c th phi hp u im ca IP (nh c cu nh tuyn) v ca ATM (nh thng lng chuyn mch). M hnh IPover-ATM ca IETF coi IP nh mt lp nm trn lp ATM v nh ngha cc mng con IP trn nn mng ATM. Phng thc tip cn xp chng ny cho php IP v ATM hot ng vi nhau m khng cn thay i giao thc ca chng. Tuy nhin, cch ny khng tn dng c ht kh nng ca ATM. Ngoi ra, cch tip cn ny khng thch hp vi nhiu router v khng tht hiu qu trn mt s mt. T chc ATM-Forum, da trn m hnh ny, pht trin cng ngh LANE v MPOA. Cc cng ngh ny s dng cc my ch chuyn i a ch nhng u khng tn dng c kh nng m bo cht lng dch v ca ATM.

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n tt nghip i Hc Cng ngh MPLS ( MultiProtocol Label Switching ) l kt qu pht trin ca nhiu cng ngh chuyn mch IP ( IP switching ) s dng c ch chuyn gi ca ATM tng tc truyn gi tin m khng cn thay i cc giao thc nh tuyn ca IP. Thit b CSR (Cell Switch Router) ca Toshiba ra i nm 1994 l tng i ATM u tin c iu khin bng giao thc IP thay cho bo hiu ATM. Tng i IP ca Ipsilon v thc cht l mt ma trn chuyn mch ATM c iu khin bi khi x l s dng cng ngh IP. Cng ngh Tag switching ca Cisco cng tng t nhng c b sung thm mt s im mi nh FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class), giao thc phn phi nhn, v.v T nhng kt qu trn, nhm lm vic v MPLS c thnh lp nm 1997 vi nhim v pht trin mt cng ngh chuyn mch nhn IP thng nht m kt qu ca n l cng ngh MPLS. MPLS tch chc nng ca IP router ra lm hai phn ring bit: chc nng chuyn gi tin v chc nng iu khin: Phn chc nng chuyn gi tin, vi nhim v gi gi tin gia cc IP router, s dng c ch hon i nhn tng t nh ca ATM. Trong MPLS, nhn l mt s c di c nh v khng ph thuc vo lp mng. K thut hon i nhn v bn cht l vic tm nhn ca mt gi tin trong mt bng cc nhn xc nh tuyn ca gi v nhn mi ca n. Vic ny n gin hn nhiu so vi vic x l gi tin theo kiu thng thng, do vy ci thin kh nng ca thit b. Cc router s dng thut ny c gi l LSR (Label Switching Router). Phn chc nng iu khin ca MPLS bao gm cc giao thc nh tuyn lp mng vi nhim v phn phi thng tin gia cc LSR, v th tc gn nhn chuyn thng tin nh tuyn thnh cc bng nh tuyn cho vic chuyn mch. MPLS c th hot ng c vi cc giao thc nh tuyn GVHD:ThS.Lu c Thun SVTH: Trn Vn ng

n tt nghip i Hc Internet khc nh : OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) v BGP (Border Gateway Protocol). Do MPLS h tr vic iu khin lu lng v cho php thit lp tuyn c nh nn vic m bo cht lng dch v ca cc tuyn l hon ton kh thi. y l mt tnh nng vt tri ca MPLS so vi cc giao thc nh tuyn c in. Ngoi ra, MPLS cn c c ch chuyn tuyn (fast rerouting). Do MPLS l cng ngh chuyn mch hng kt ni, kh nng b nh hng bi li ng truyn thng cao hn cc cng ngh khc. Trong khi , cc dch v tch hp m MPLS phi h tr li yu cu cht lng v cao. Do vy, kh nng phc hi ca MPLS m bo kh nng cung cp dch v ca mng khng ph thuc vo c cu khi phc li ca lp vt l bn di. Bn cnh tin cy, cng ngh MPLS cng khin vic qun l mng c d dng hn. Do MPLS qun l vic chuyn tin theo cc lun thng tin, cc gi tin thuc mt FEC c c xc nh bi gi tr ca nhn. Do vy, trong min MPLS. Cc thit b o lu lng mng c th da trn nhn phn loi cc gi tin. Lu lng i qua cc ng chuyn nhn (LSP) c gim st mt cch d dng dng RTFM (Real-time Flow Measurement). Bng cch gim st lu lng ti cc LSR, nghn lu lng s c pht hin v v tr xy ra nghn lu lng c th c xc nh nhanh chng. Tuy nhin, gim st lu lng theo phng thc ny khng a ra c ton b thng tin v cht lng dch v ( v d nh tr t im u n im cui ca min MPLS). Vic o tr c th c thc hin bi giao thc lp 2. gim st tc ca mi lung v m bo cc lung lu lng tun th tnh cht lu lng c nh trc, h thng gim st c th dng mt thit b nn lu lng. Thit b ny s cho php gim st v m bo tun th tnh cht lu lng m khng cn thay i cc giao thc hin c.

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n tt nghip i Hc 1.2.3 u nhc im.

u im ca MPLS. - Tch hp cc chc nng nh tuyn, nh a ch, iu khin, v.v trnh mc phc tp ca NHRP, MPOA v cc cng ngh khc trong IPOA truyn thng. - C th gii quyt vn phc tp v nng cao kh nng m rng ng k. - T l gia cht lng v gi thnh cao. - Nng cao cht lng. C th thc hin rt nhiu chc nng nh tuyn m cc cng ngh trc y khng c kh nng, nh nh tuyn hin, iu khin lp, v.v Khi nh tuyn thay i dn n kha mt ng no , MPLS c th d dng chuyn mch lung d liu sang mt ng mi. iu ny khng th thc hin c trong IPOA truyn thng. - S kt hp gia IP v ATM cho php tn dng ti a thit b, tng hiu qu u t. - S phn cch gia cc n v iu khin vi cc n v chuyn mch cho php MPLS h tr ng thi MPLS v B-ISDN truyn thng. V thm cc chc nng mng sau khi trin khai mng MPLS, ch i hi thay i phn mm n v iu khin. Nhc im ca MPLS. - H tr a giao thc s dn n cc vn phc tp trong kt ni. - Kh thc hin h tr QoS xuyn sut trc khi thit b u cui ngi s dng thch hp xut hin trn th trng. - Vic hp nht cc knh o ang cn tip tc nghin cu. Gii quyt vic chn t bo s chim nhiu ti nguyn b m hn. iu ny chc GVHD:ThS.Lu c Thun SVTH: Trn Vn ng

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n tt nghip i Hc chn s dn n phi u t vo cng vic nng cp phn cng cho cc thit b ATM hin ti. 1.3 ng dng ca MPLS. 1.3.1 Mng ring o VPN. MPLS-VPN : Khng ging nh cc mng VPN truyn thng, cc mng MPLS-VPN khng s dng hot ng ng gi v m ha gi tin t c mc bo mt cao. MPLS VPN s dng bng chuyn tip v cc nhn tags to nn tnh bo mt cho mng VPN. Kin trc mng loi ny s dng cc tuyn mng xc nh phn phi cc dch v iVPN, v cc c ch x l thng minh ca MPLS VPN lc ny nm hon ton trong phn li ca mng. Mi VPN c kt hp vi mt bng nh tuyn - chuyn tip VPN (VRF) ring bit. VRF cung cp cc thng tin v mi quan h trong VPN ca mt site khch hng khi c ni vi PE router. Bng VRF bao gm thng tin bng nh tuyn IP (IP routing table), bng CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding), cc giao din ca forwarding table; cc quy tc, cc tham s ca giao thc nh tuyn... Mi site ch c th kt hp vi mt v ch mt VRF. Cc VRF ca site khch hng mang ton b thng tin v cc tuyn c sn t site ti VPN m n l thnh vin. i vi mi VRF, thng tin s dng chuyn tip cc gi tin c lu trong cc IP routing table v CEF table. Cc bng ny c duy tr ring r cho tng VRF nn n ngn chn c hin tng thng tin b chuyn tip ra ngoi mng VPN cng nh ngn chn cc gi tin bn ngoi mng VPN chuyn tip vo cc router bn trong mng VPN. y chnh l c ch bo mt ca MPLS VPN. Bn trong mi mt MPLS VPN, c th kt GVHD:ThS.Lu c Thun SVTH: Trn Vn ng

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n tt nghip i Hc ni bt k hai im no vi nhau v cc site c th gi thng tin trc tip cho nhau m khng cn thng qua site trung tm. u im u tin ca MPLS-VPN l khng yu cu cc thit b CPE thng minh. V cc yu cu nh tuyn v bo mt c tch hp trong mng li. Chnh v th vic bo dng cng kh n gin, v ch phi lm vic vi mng li. Tr trong mng MPLS-VPN l rt thp, s d nh vy l do MPLS-VPN khng yu cu m ho d liu v ng i ca VPN l ng ring, c nh tuyn bi mng li, nn bn ngoi khng c kh nng thm nhp v n cp d liu (iu ny ging vi FR). Ngoi ra vic nh tuyn trong MPLS ch lm vic lp 2,5 ch khng phi lp 3 v th gim c mt thi gian tr ng k. Cc thit b nh tuyn trong MPLS l cc Switch router nh tuyn bng phn cng, v vy tc cao hn phn mm nh cc router khc. Vic to Full mesh l hon ton n gin v vic ti cc site ch cn da theo a ch c cu hnh sn trong bng nh tuyn chuyn tip VPN (VEF). 1.3.2 iu khin lu lng trong MPLS tng c bn ng sau vic iu khin lu lng l s dng ti u h tng mng, bao gm cc ng kt ni s dng khng ng mc, bi v chng khng th thuc cc tuyn u tin. iu ny c ngha l iu khin lu lng phi cung cp kh nng hng lu lng qua mng trn cc tuyn i khc nhau t tuyn u tin, y l tuyn c chi ph thp nht c cung cp bi nh tuyn IP. Tuyn chi ph thp nht l tuyn ng ngn nht nh tnh ton bi giao thc nh tuyn ng. Vi nhim v iu khin lu lng trong mng MPLS, ta c th c lu lng m c xc nh c th t trc hoc vi cht lng c th ca lung dch v t im A n im B dc theo mt tuyn (m tuyn ny khc vi tuyn c chi ph GVHD:ThS.Lu c Thun SVTH: Trn Vn ng

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n tt nghip i Hc thp nht). Kt qu l lu lng c th tri rng hn qua nhng ng kt ni c sn trong mng v lm cho s dng nhiu ng kt ni khng s dng ng trong mng. Hnh 1.3 th hin v d ny

Hnh 1.3: iu khin lu lng trong MPLS

Nh ngi iu hnh mng iu khin lu lng MPLS, ta c th hng lu lng t im A ti im B qua tuyn di (y khng phi l tuyn ngn nht gia A v B 4 bc so vi 3 bc nhy tuyn trn). Theo ng ngha, ta c th gi lu lng qua cc ng kt ni m chng c th khng c s dng nhiu. Ta c th hng lu lng trong mng trn ng pha di bng vic thay i ngn ng giao thc nh tuyn. V d hnh 1.4.

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n tt nghip i Hc

Hnh 1. 4: iu khin lu lng trong MPLS Nu mng ny l mng IP n thun, ta c th khng c b nh tuyn C chuyn lu lng dc theo tuyn pha di bng cch cu hnh mt vi th trn b nh tuyn A. B nh tuyn C quyt nh gi lu lng trn tuyn trn hay tuyn di ch l do quyt nh ca chnh n. Nu ta c th iu khin lu lng MPLS cho php trn mng ny, ta cn c b nh tuyn A gi lu lng ti b nh tuyn B dc theo tuyn di. iu khin lu lng MPLS bt buc b nh tuyn C chuyn tip lu lng A B trn tuyn di. iu ny c th thc hin c trong MPLS do c ch chuyn tip nhn. B nh tuyn u (head end router) ( y l b nh tuyn A) ca tuyn iu khin lu lng l b nh tuyn m a ra tuyn y lu lng chuyn qua mng MPLS. Bi v n l b nh tuyn u cui (head end router) m ch r tuyn, iu khin lu lng cng c nhc n (xem tham kho refer) ti nh l dng (form) ca nh tuyn ngun c bn (source based routing). Nhn c dn (gn) vo gi bi b nh tuyn u cui (head end router) s to nn lung lu lng gi dc theo tuyn ng m do b nh tuyn u cui ch r. Khng c b

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n tt nghip i Hc nh tuyn trung gian no chuyn tip gi trn mt tuyn khc. Mt u im vt tri ca vic s dng iu khin lu lng MPLS l kh nng nh tuyn li nhanh (Fast ReRouting FRR). FRR cho php ta nh tuyn li lu lng c nhn quanh mt ng kt ni hoc mt b nh tuyn m tr thnh khng dng c. Vic nh tuyn li lu lng xy ra nh hn 50ms, m n nhanh nh tiu chun hin nay. 1.3.3 Cht lng dch v trong MPLS (QoS) Cht lng dch v QoS chnh l yu t thc y MPLS. So snh vi cc yu t khc, nh qun l lu lng v h tr VPN th QoS khng phi l l do quan trng nht trin khai MPLS. Nh chng ta s thy di y, hu ht cc cng vic c thc hin trong MPLS QoS tp trung vo vic h tr cc c tnh ca IP QoS trong mng. Ni cch khc, mc tiu l thit lp s ging nhau gia cc c tnh QoS ca IP v MPLS, ch khng phi l lm cho MPLS QoS cht lng cao hn IP QoS. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn khng nh MPLS l khng ging nh IP, MPLS khng phi l giao thc xuyn sut. MPLS khng chy trong cc my ch, v trong tng lai nhiu mng IP khng s dng MPLS vn tn ti. QoS mt khc l c tnh xuyn sut ca lin lc gia cc LSR cng cp. V d, nu mt knh kt ni trong tuyn xuyn sut c tr cao, tn tht ln, bng thng thp s gii hn QoS c th cung cp dc theo tuyn . Mt cch nhn nhn khc v vn ny l MPLS khng thay i v cn bn m hnh dch v IP. Cc nh cung cp dch v khng bn dch v MPLS, h bn dch v IP (hay dch v Frame Relay hay cc dch v khc), v do , nu h a ra QoS th h phi a ra IP QoS (Frame Relay QoS, v.v) ch khng phi l MPSL QoS.

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n tt nghip i Hc iu khng c ngha l MPLS khng c vai tr trong IP QoS. Th nht, MPLS c th gip nh cung cp a ra cc dch v IP QoS hiu qu hn. Th hai, hin ang xut hin mt s kh nng QoS mi h tr qua mng s dng MPLS khng thc s xuyn sut tuy nhin c th chng t l rt hu ch, mt trong s chng l bng thng bo m ca LSP. Cht lng dch v tr ln ph bin trong nhng nm qua. Mt vi mng khng c s hn ch v bng thng, do tc nghn thng xuyn c kh nng xy ra trong mng. Qos l mt phng tin (means) dnh s u tin cho nhng lu lng quan trng hn nhng lu lng km u tin khc v m bo rng n c vn chuyn qua mng. IETF c thit k 2 cch thc hin QoS trong mng IP: dch v tch hp (IntServ) v dch v khc bit (DiffServ): IntServ s dng giao thc bo hiu giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn (RSVP). My ch bo hiu cho mng qua RSVP s cn thit QoS l cho lung lu lng m n truyn. Vic a ra m hnh IntServ c v nh gii quyt c nhiu vn lin quan n QoS trong mng IP. Tuy nhin trong thc t m hnh ny khng m bo c QoS xuyn sut (end to end). c nhiu c gng nhm thay i iu ny nhm t mt mc QoS cao hn cho mng IP, v mt trong nhng c gng l s ra i ca DiffServ. DiffServs dng vic nh du gi v xp hng theo loi h tr dch v u tin qua mng IP. Nhng b nh tuyn tm kim nhng bit nh du, xp hng, nh hnh, v thit lp quyn u tin (drop) ca gi. Dch v Best effort: y l dch v ph bin trn mng Internet hay mng IP ni chung. Cc gi thng tin c truyn i theo nguyn tc n trc phc v trc m khng quan tm n c tnh lu lng ca dch v l g. iu ny dn n rt kh h tr cc dch v i hi GVHD:ThS.Lu c Thun SVTH: Trn Vn ng

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n tt nghip i Hc tr thp nh cc dch v thi gian thc hay video. Cho n thi im ny, a phn cc dch v c cung cp bi mng Internet vn s dng nguyn tc Best Effort ny. u im ln ca DiffServ so vi IntServ l m hnh DiffServ khng cn giao thc bo hiu. M hnh IntServ s dng mt giao thc bo hiu m phi chy trn my ch v b nh tuyn. Nu mng c hng nghn lu lng, nhng b nh tuyn phi gi thng tin trng thi cho mi lung lu lng truyn qua n. y l mt vn ln lm cho IntServ tr nn khng ph bin. V d tt nht cho QoS l lu lng VoIP. VoIP cn thit c truyn ti ch trong thi gian thc, nu khng n s khng cn dng c. Do , QoS phi u tin lu lng VoIP m bo n c truyn trong mt thi gian xc nh. t c iu ny, Cisco IOS t VoIP vi mc u tin cao hn lu lng FTP hoc HTTP v m bo rng khi nghn mch xy ra, lu lng FTP hoc HTTP s b nh rt trc VoIP.

Hnh 1.5: Cc k thut QoS trong mng IP

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n tt nghip i Hc

GVHD:ThS.Lu c Thun

SVTH: Trn Vn ng