2.

2 Nhiu
Cng nh nhng cng ngh khc trong h xDSL, VDSL truyn trn i dy in thoi nn chu tc ng ca mi trng tp m ca bn thn mch vng dy ng.Tp m lm gim t s S/N gy kh khn cho vic xc nh chnh xc tn hiu u thu. Mch vng dy ng c mt s ngun tp m sau:

2.2.1 Tp m trng
Nhn chung c rt nhiu ngun tp m v khi khng th xt ring tng loi ta c th coi chng to ra mt tn hiu ngu nhin duy nht vi phn b cng sut u mi tn s. Tn hiu ny c gi l tp m trng. Tp m nhit gy ra do chuyn ng ca cc electron trong ng dy c th coi nh tp m trng c phn b Gauusia c gi l tp m trng Gaussia cng AWGN. Tp m ny nh hng c lp ln tng k hiu c truyn hay ni cch khc chng c cng vi tn hiu bn tin.

2.2.2 Xuyn m
Cng nh FDM ADSL, VDSL khng c t can nhiu u gn (self-NEXT). Xu hng v nhng k thut khng c self-NEXT, hay t nht vi gii hn self-NEXT, tin trin v vic thc hin c th thc hin tng ln, trong mt s trng hp, thit k n gin c th qu y . Phm vi trin khai ngn ca VDSL t ra kh nng mt vi nhiu mi. Xem xt hai cu hnh trin khai trong hnh 2.3 v 2.4.
ng VDSL FEXT

Trung tm chuyn mch

VTU-R FEXT

FEXT CPE

FEXT ng xDSL khc

Hnh 2.3 Vin cnh nhiu vi VDSL v cng ngh DSL khc trong b trn CO
ng VDSL VTU-R FEXT CPE ng xDSL khc NEXT

Trung tm chuyn mch

FEXT

ONU

Hnh 2.4 Vin cnh nhiu vi VDSL v cng ngh DSL khc trong b trn khch hng

Hnh 2.3 i khi c gi l b trn(1) CO. Trong hnh 2.3, VDSL v mt s k thut xDSL khc c hai u c cung cp t CO v dng chung mt nhm kt ni gia CO v mt s ti ch m VDSL c ly ra. Nhng loi khc nhau gia ca NEXT v FEXT m c th tn ti c ch ra trong hnh 2.3. FEXT gia hai im nt thng khng nhn t v khong cch thng ln lm suy gim tn hiu nhiu. Tuy nhin, Nhng ng i FEXT khc cng c th tn ti. D nhng tn hiu FEXT ny s ng k hay khng tu thuc vo cc chiu di ca hai knh cng nh nhng tn s s dng bi cc knh chiu xung v chiu ln. Trong cu hnh c ch ra trong hnh 2.4, tn hiu VDSL c kt thc ti mt ONU xa v xDSL ti CO. Ti mt im, nhng on i dy xon mang nhng tn hiu dng chung mt b kt ni chung. Cu hnh ny i khi c gi l b trn(2) CP. Ch rng iu l khng cn thit cho VTU-R v modem CPE xDSL khc nh v trong cng to nh, nhng nhng i dy xon mang chng phi dng chung mt nhm b kt ni cho mt s chiu di gn tng ng cc im u cui. Hnh 2.4 cng ch ra nhng con ng ng k NEXT v FEXT cho cu hnh b trn CP. S ng k ca nhng con ng FEXT tu thuc vo nh v ONU hay cng nh nhng tn s s dng bi cc knh truyn. Ch rng cc im nt ca mch VDSL c th gp phn NEXT hay l FEXT mt trong hai i vo trong cc im nt ca k thut xDSL khc, tu thuc vo cu hnh trin khai. Tnh linh hot ny tng thm lu tha t do trong mi trong nhiu phn tch. Tm quan trng ph bin cng tn ti trong ADSL v VDSL. Trong cu hnh b trn, ADSL v VDSL c hai c cung cp t CO v dng chung mt nhm b kt ni gia CO v ti im m VDSL c ly ra. (VDSL phi kt thc ti im ny, hay phi c nh tuyn trong mt nhm kt ni khc). khng c NEXT tn ti gia nhng dch v ny ti CO, hai iu kin sau phi c tn ti: Tn hiu VDSL chiu xung phi khng ln tn hiu chiu ln ADSL (tn hiu VDSL chiu xung phaie bt u cao hn 138 kHz). Tn hiu ADSL chiu xung phi khng ln tn hiu VDSL chiu ln (VDSL chiu ln phi khng ln 138 kHz ti 1,1 MHz). Thm vo, tn hiu ADSL chiu xung c th mt nguyn nhn gy ra mc FEXT trong tn hiu VDSL chiu xung tr khi khong cch gia my pht ADSL ti CO v b nhn VTU-R l nh. Tng t nh vy, FEXT t VDSL c th t ra mt vn ti tn hiu ADSL. khng c NEXT tn ti gia ADSL v VDSL trong cu hnh b trn CP, ph tn s chiu ln v chiu xung ca cc k thut tng ng phi khng ln nhau. Thm vo , FEXT VDSL trong tn hiu ADSL chiu xung phi tm thy, v FEXT ADSL c th xut hin trong VDSL tu thuc vo nh v ca ONU. Nh

c chiu di vng lp ngn c h tr bi VDSL, FEXT nh vy thp hn NEXT, phi c mt nh xu tc ng trn ADSL chiu xung. V cn thit loi b NEXT gia h thng ADSL v VDSL v qu thc kh nng FEXT c th gy ra s suy gim qu trnh thc hin, ph phn phi ti VDSL dc xung trn cc knh chiu ln hay chiu xung ADSL khi ADSL v VDSL c hai u c mt. Thm vo , khi giao tip vi nhng k thut khc, cu hnh nh v ca VDSL phi c a vo trong cc trng mc quyt nh nhng im no ghp phn NEXT hay FEXT ti nhng im khc.

2.2.3 Nhiu tn s v tuyn

My thu VDSL phi i ph vi vn nhiu tn s v tuyn (RFI). Vn RFI bao gm li vo (ingress) v li ra (egress). Nguyn nhn ca RFI egress (nhiu tn s v tuyn li vo) l trong bng tn ca sng v tuyn t nhng Anten gn vi mt i cp xon i mang tn hiu VDSL. Mt Anten v tuyn nghip d l mt v d r rng ca mt b lm nhiu RFI ingress. Hnh 2.5 minh ho trng thi c bn ny.

INGRESS

Trung tm chuyn mch

INGRESS VTU-R ng VDSL

Hnh 2.5 RFI ingress trong VDSL bi v mt v tr my pht

Nhn t tc ng ti lng ingress bao gm cng sut u ra ca cc Anten, khong cch gia cc Anten v cp xon i, quan h gia hng v c tnh bo v ca b nhm kt ni, v cn xng ca bn thn i dy xon. Thng, RFI ingress kch thch mi dy trong i dy xon, v vy to ra mt tn hiu ingress theo chiu dc i dy. V s cn xng ca i dy l khng l tng (thng 30 dB n 35 dB cho cc bng tn cao), mt s ingress r ra trong cc tn hiu khc. Cc tn hiu RFI ingress thng rt hp trong di thng khi so snh vi tn hiu VDSL. c im ny l rt c ch, nh ingress s ch nh hng ti mt phn nh ca bng thng c th s dng. Vn khc l tn hiu ingress c th l rt ln khi so snh vi tn hiu VDSL nhn c. Trong trng hp ny, trc ca my thu tng t phi c thit k cn thn n ni khng bo ho. Thm vo , mt s tc ng phi c thc hin bin i tng t ti s (ADC) chnh xc thch hp. Vn y l mt tn hiu ingress ln s trao i my chuyn i, v n n nhng bt li ca s chnh xc trn tn hiu khng gi tr ny thay v trn tn hiu thu c VDSL. V tn hiu VDSL c lng t ho vi s khng chnh xc thp hn, nhiu lng t, hay s khng chnh xc bi v qu trnh chuyn i, tng ln, s gim st c nh hng n tc bt c th t c trn knh truyn. ADC phi c kh nng iu khin tn hiu ingress cng nh s chnh xc lng t ho tng xng tn hiu VDSL nhn c. Thm ch sau lng t ho, xa hn na s c lng RFI c th cn thit trong min s. n gin hn thit k ca ADC, trc ca mt my thu VDSL tng t phi trin khai mch gim RFI ingress. Nh rng thng ingress hin din c hai theo chiu dc v s khc nhau trn mt i dy xon i. Hnh 2.6 ch ra mt phng php s dng tn hiu ingress theo chiu dc gim tn hiu ingress kim loi.
RFI
T n hi u khc nhau

my pht VDSL
Cp xo n
-

T n hi u nhn c v i li vo RFI c gim

1\2 + H(f)

t n hi u theo chi u dc

Hnh 2.6 Phng php gim igress m s dng mt tn hiu theo chiu dc B lc c gng lm cho khng cn xng ca i dy xon thc cht l k thut bi vic Tn hiu VDSL khc ingress vn ti tn hiu khc. Nu b lc to ra s khng cn xng hon ho, tn hiu tng u ra c th bao gm ch c tn hiu VDSL thu c. Hnh 2.7 minh ho tng ny theo mt s khi.
D(f) RFI ngun L(f) +
H(F)=

+ + Tn hiu thu vi RFI ingress c gim

D(f) L(f)

4
Tn hiu VDSL theo chiu dc

Hnh 2.7 Mch kh RFI ingress Vic gim ingress gn chnh xc 35 dB c th t c bi phng php ny. Ch rng n tng ng vi vic thu c hn 5-bit chnh xc trong ADC. RFI ingress cng l mt mi quan tm vi VDSL. Egress c minh ho trong hnh 2.8.

EGRESS

EGRESS

Bu in trung tm

EGRESS VTU-R

ng VDSL

Hnh 2.8

V d RFI egress

y tn hiu pht ra t i dy xon v c th lm nhiu lon tn hiu bi cc Anten nh v nu nhng tn hiu thu c ny chng cho ln ph VDSL. chng vn ny, cng sut truyn dn VDSL trong min tn s c d tr trong v tuyn hay cc dch v sng v tuyn, phi c h thp. Thng, vic gim 20 dB trong nhng khu vc ny s thch hp nh nhng vn t egress RFI VDSL.

2.2.4 Sng v tuyn bng rng iu bin

Sng v tuyn bng rng thng s dng cho truyn sng v tuyn qung b qua khong cch di. Tn hiu c truyn thng bao gm din vn v nhc. Nhiu trm v tuyn AM c th cng mt lc hot ng trong thnh ph v nh hng ln ng dy in thoi. AM bng rng cho php truyn vi rng tn s trong khong 0,1-2,0 MHz. Tn hiu v tuyn AM c th l cao hn 20dB hoc hn na so vi tn hiu HAM, nhng chng ta cn nh rng cp cn bng thng l tt hn tn s thp (gim t 10 n 15dB). ng thi, khong cch t ct anten AM cho ti ng dy thoi

thng l 1 km ch t cng ln hn 10mt, v nng lng tri rng gp 4 ln di thng (gim 6 dB). Do vy, tn hiu v tuyn AM c nhiu PSD khong t -80dBm/Hz n -120 dBm/Hz My pht c th s dng cng sut rt cao ln n 50 KW v c th pht ti cng sut ln nht vo bui ti. Trong c im VDSL AM bng rng c lm m hnh vi mt my pht AM vi mt b iu ch ch s 80%. iu ny c ngha rng sng mang khng c kh nhiu hon ton. Tn hiu thng tin c m hnh vi gii hn bng tn nhiu Gauusian chng 5 KHz. V vy, tn hiu sng v tuyn c pht s dng mt rng bng chng 10 KHz. Loi my pht RF mnh m loi ny c th gy ra RFI rt ln ti min ng, nhng ti mt khong cch ln thch hp RFI s nh c iu khin bi cc phng php thch hp. 2.2.5 S thm nhp ca nhiu radio amateur Cc bng ny chng ln bng truyn dn ca VDSL nhng trnh cc bng truyn dn ca cc DSLs khc. Do , giao thoa v tuyn HAM l vn ln i vi VDSL. Nh khai thc HAM c th s dng cng sut 1,5 KW, nhng s dng cng sut ln nh vy rt him khi s dng cc vng dn c ng hay cc vng c nhiu i dy in thoi. B pht 400W khong cch 20 mt (30 ft) c th gy ra in p cm ng chung theo chiu dc khong 11 vn trn ng dy in thoi. Vi cn bng l 33 dB, in p kim loi tng ng l 300 mV, l 0dBm cng sut trn ng dy Z0 = 100. Cc nh khai thc HAM s dng bng tn s 2,5kHz lin tc vi m thanh (thoi) hoc tn hiu s (m Morse, FSK), dn ti nhiu PSD xp x -34 dBm/Hz. Trn thc t, cc nh khai thc HAM truyn cc mc thp hn hoc c th cch xa hn 10m khi truyn cc mc cao hn. Tuy nhin iu ny dn n nhiu PSDs trong khong t -35 dBm/Hz n -60 dBm/Hz. Hn na, cc mc in p cao nh vy c th lm bo ho cc thit b in t analog u vo. Cc nh khai thc HAM chuyn tn s sng mang vi pht mt ln v tn hiu truyn l 0 (iu ch SSB) khi khng c tn hiu. V th, b thu c th khng c kh nng d on c s xut hin ca HAM vo. May mn thay, tn hiu v tuyn HAM l bng hp v v th cc phng php truyn dn c gng nh du cc bng tn hp v t ca cc nhiu ny, thc cht l trnh nhiu hn l c gng truyn qua n. Mt s b thu c cc b lc loi b hiu ng ny.

2.2.6 Nhiu xung

Nhiu xung l xuyn m khng n nh t cc trng in t tm thi gn ng dy in thoi. V d v b pht xung l rt a dng nh m ca t lnh (m t chy/tt), in p iu khin thang my (cc ng dy in thoi trong cc to nh thng chy theo ng ging thang my), v rung chung ca cc my in thoi trong cng b cp. Mi hiu ng ny l tm thi v gy ra nhiu xm nhp vo cc ng dy in thoi qua cng mt c ch c bn nh nhiu RF, nhng thng tn s thp hn nhiu. in p cm ng kim loi thng l vi mV, nhng cng c th cao ti 100 mV. Cc in p nh vy dng nh l nh, nhng s suy gim ln tn s cao trn i dy xon c ngha l thit b thu xung c th l rt ln so vi mc tn hiu DSL nhn c. Cc in p ch ny ph bin gy bi xung c th gp 10 ln v bin . Cc xung thng thng ko di t hng chc n hng trm ln micro giy nhng cng c th ko di ti 3 ms.

2.3 c tnh ca k thut VDSL

T s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR) l t s nng lng ca tn hiu mang thng tin my thu so vi nng lng ca nhiu nhn c. V bn cht SNR m t cht lng ca knh truyn dn. Trong min tn s, SNR c tnh bng cch chia mt ph nng lng (PSD) ca tn hiu mang tin my thu cho mt ph nng lng my pht. V suy hao v nhiu lun bin i theo tn s nn t s SNR l mt hm theo tn s.
H(f) -60 dBm/Hz 1 km 24 AWGN f Tn hiu thu c
2

PSD

Hnh 2.9 p ng tn s ca mt tn hiu cha nhiu AWGN

80 SNR (dB) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Tn s (MHz)

Cng vi xc sut d tn hiu sai nhm v di thng ca knh truyn, SNR xc nh vn tc ln nht m thng tin c th c truyn qua knh truyn. Hnh 2.9 minh ho trng hp a tn hiu vi mt ph cng sut pht phng -60 dBm/Hz vo ng dy cp cn bng c dy 24 di 1km. Nhiu tc ng ch gm nhiu Gauss trng cng (AWGN) vi mc

140dBm/Hz u thu. Hnh 2.10 l SNR nhn c.

Hnh 2.10 SNR ca tn hiu v h thng Nh phn tch trn, nhiu loi nhiu trn ng dy xon i nh nhiu xung chng hn l khng th lng trc c v li bin i theo thi gian. Khi , t s SNR cng bin i theo thi gian. trnh c nhiu tng ngoi mun lm cho t s SNR suy gim, hu ht cc h thng u khng hot ng tc ti a m knh truyn cho php. Thay vo h thng hot ng u cha d phng nhiu (noise margin). Nh vy, vic s dng d phng d phng cho h thng trnh sai lm do nhiu tng ln khng lng trc c. Yu cu cho cc h thng VDSL c cc cng ty in thoi thit lp qua thc t trong cc nhm tiu chun ANSI T1E1.4 Hoa K v ETSI TM6 Chu u. Mc d T1E1.4 v TM16 l cc nhm tiu chun c lp vi cc c tnh p dng cho cc vng a l khc nhau nhng nhng ngi tham gia xy dng tiu chun u nhn ra c li ch t vic thng nht tiu chun Hoa K v Chu u. V vy h c gng to ra nhng yu cu lu di cho h thng VDSL. C ANSI v ETSI u h tr cc t s tc d liu gia chiu xung v chiu ln trong VDSL bt i xng v tc d liu ca VDSL i xng. ETSI gi modem h tr tc d liu bt i xng l modem class I v modem h tr tc d liu i xng l modem class II. ETSI a ra bng kt hp tc payload ca modem VDSL theo bng 2.3 v 2.4. Nh vy, ETSI khuyn ngh t s gia dng d liu chiu xung v Chiu ln l 6:1, 3:1, 1:1. Tuy nhin mt s thnh vin ca ETSI li khuyn ngh rng nn loi b tc i xng 36,864 Mbps thuc nhm II v n cn d liu tc cao ch hot ng c vi mt s rt t cc ng dy in thoi rt ngn nhng li lm tng phc tp v gi thnh ca modem. ANSI cng xc nh tc bit cho c hai ch hot ng i xng v bt i xng. Bng 2.4 l tc d liu ca VDSL theo ANSI. Theo t s tc d liu ca chiu xung v chiu ln l 8:1, 4:1 v 1:1. Bng 2.3 Tc modem VDSL theo ETSI Modem Class I Downstream rate (kbps) 6 1024 12 1024 24 1024 6 1024 12 1024 24 1024 36 1024 Upstream rate (kbps) 2 1024 2 1024 4 1024 6 1024 12 1024 24 1024 34 1024

II

Bng 2.4 Tc modem VDSL theo ANSI Loi dch v Khng i xng Downstream rate (Mbps) 52 34 hay 38,2 26 19 13 Upstream rate (Mbps) 6,4 4,3 3,2 2,3 1,6

i xng

6,5 34 26 19 13 6,5 4,3 2,3 Hnh 2.11 V d v NEXT

1,6 hay 0,8 34 26 19 13 6,5 4,3 2,3

- 80 - 90 -100 -110 -120 -130 -140 -150 0 1 2 3 4

Hnh 2.12

5 Tn s (MHz)

10

SNR my thu khi a tn hiu vo mch vng v b nhiu tc ng

60 50 Hnh 2.11 V d v NEXT do 10 ng dy ADSL gy ra v nhiu trng GAUSS trung bnh

140dBm/Hz. Hnh 2.12 SNR my thu khi a tn hiu 60dBm/Hz vo mch vng B v b nhiu 40 tc ng. Nh ni trn, tn hiu truyn trong khng kh c th nh hng n ng dy in thoi lm ph hu tn hiu VDSL. Ngc li, tn hiu VDSL trn cc ng dy in thoi cng lm nh 20 hng v ph hu cc tn hiu v tuyn. V l do ny, c ANSI v ETSI u qui nh cc modem VDSL phi gii hn mt ph cng sut pht mc khng ln hn 80dBm/Hz trong gii tn v 10 tuyn nghip d c trong vng a l ca h. nh v ca cc gii tn v tuyn nghip d c ETSI v ANSI tha nhn c lit tng ng trong cc bng 2.5 v 2.6.
30 0

Bng 2.5 Di tn v tuyn nghip d c ETSI tha nhn Tn s u bng (MHz)

0 1 2 3 4 5 Tn s (MHz)

-10

Tn s cui bng (MHz)

6 7 8 9 10

10

1,810 3,500 7,000 10,100 14,100 18,068 21,000 28,000

2,000 3,800 7,100 10,150 14,350 18,168 21,450 29,100

Bng 2.6 Di tn v tuyn nghip d c ANSI tha nhn Tn s u bng (MHz) 1,800 3,500 7,000 10,100 14,000 18,068 21,000 28,000 Tn s cui bng (MHz) 2,000 4,000 7,300 10,150 14,350 18,168 21,450 29,700

Mt ph cng sut pht m t cng sut pht ca tn hiu mang tin c phn b theo tn s nh th no khi tn hiu c a vo knh truyn ng ra ca my pht. Chng hn, nu ton b cng sut 10 mW c a vo ng dy v my pht nng lng u trong di tn 1 MHz th mt ph cng sut pht l hng s v bng 10-5 mW/Hz. ng bao mt ph cng sut pht xc nh mt ph cng sut cc i cho php theo chiu tn s. Cng sut cc i c ETSI v ANSI cho php u l 11,5 dBm. Tuy nhin, ETSI v ANSS li khc nhau trong cch nng lng phn b theo tn s. C hai t chc tiu chun ny u a ra ng bao xc nh ng bao xc nh ph cng sut pht ti a v c hai u buc modem u c kh nng gim mt cng sut n 80dBm/Hz trong gii tn v tuyn nghip d. ANSI xc nh mt ph cng sut cc i bao gm ba la chn cho nh iu hnh h thng VDSL nh sau: PSD enhancement (on/off): Off: mt ph cng sut pht b gii hn gi tr ln nht l 60dB/Hz. On: mt ph cng sut pht c th tng trn 60dB/Hz. Vic tng mt cng sut pht c gim st bi mt ng bao mt ph cng sut pht v b kim gi tng cng sut 11,5 dBm. ADSL compatibility (on/ off): On: mt cng sut pht di tn di 1,104 MHz b gii hn -90dBm/Hz. Off: mt ph cng sut pht trong gii tn ny c th t c trng thi PSD enhancement.

11

 RF emission notching (on/off): On: mt ph cng sut pht trong gii tn v tuyn nghip d b gii hn -80dBm/Hz. Off: mt ph cng sut pht trong gii tn v tuyn nghip d c th t c trng thi PSD enhancement. ETSI cng xc dnh mt s cc ng bao mt ph cng sut pht (PSD mash) tu theo tnh hung s dng. Khi VDSL c ONU s dng (trong cu hnh FTTcab) th c hai chiu chiu ln v chiu xung u c chung mt ng bao mt ph cng sut pht. Khi VDSL c tng i ni ht s dng th hai chiu chiu ln v chiu xung c hai ng bao khc nhau. S khc nhau gia cc ng bao cng c th thy c trong tm tn s t 0 n 176 kHz tu theo c hay khng c POST/ISDN bn cnh cc h thng VDSL. Cc ng bao mt ph cng sut pht mnh m hn cng c nh ngha cho vic s dng cc mng m hu ht hay i khi tt c cc u c chn ngm v s bc x vo di tn v tuyn nghip d khng kh l khng ng k. Cui cng, ETSI cng yu cu cc modem phi c kh nng gim mt ph cng sut khng qu 80dBm/Hz trong cc di tn v tuyn nghip d. Nu c th pht trin c VDSL th cc h thng VDSL phi tng hp vi cc tn hiu ca cc dch v khc trong cng mt cho cp. H thng DSL b VDSL nh hng nhiu nht l ADSL. Trong mt vi cu hnh, VDSL c th nh hng mnh n ADSL tr khi c thit k cn thn. Trong mt s cu hnh khc VDSL li b ADSL nh hng ngc li. Trong cu hnh FTTEx nhiu i dy xon ta ra t mt tng i ni ht c th mang tn hiu ADSL, truyn vi mt ph cng sut pht 40dBm/Hz trong khi cc ng dy khc c th mang tn hiu VDSL vi mt ph cng sut pht t -60dBm/Hz cho cc thu bao gn tng i hn nh minh ho hnh 2.13. Trong cu hnh ny, nh hng ca VDSL ln ADSL l khng ng k.
VDSL CO ADSL

Hnh 2.13 nh hng ln nhau gia ADSL v VDSL trong cu hnh FTTEx

12