:  
: "!   #$% & (1-1 - 1
C H 3C O O H + H 2O C H 3C O O + H 3O +
********************************************************************************
= ( H O + ) . H 3O + + (CH COO ) . CH 3COO
: +, (1-2
3

H 3O + = CH 3COO

:  .

= H 3O + (( H O ) + (CH COO ) )
+

H 3O + =
: 
(H 3O + ) + (CH 3COO )
********************************************************************************
S 1 :  23 (1-3

1
3,5.102
H 3O + =
=
= 0,897666 0,9mol / m 3 = 0,9.103 mol / L
+

2
3
(H 3O ) + (CH 3COO ) 3, 49.10 + 4,09.10
S 2 :  23
2
1,1.102
H 3O + =
=
= 0, 28mol / m 3 = 0, 28.103 mol / L
(H 3O + ) + (CH 3COO ) 3, 49.102 + 4, 09.103
********************************************************************************
. 5  5 # 23 278+ ,: <;& , + (1-4
+
H 3O
x
0,9.10 3
1f
x 1f = H 3O + V
. 1 : x 1max = c1.V 1
1 = 1f =
=
= 0, 018 = 1,8%
1f
5.102
x
c
max

H 3O +
0, 28.10 3
2f
x 2 f = H 3O V
. 2 : x 2 max = c 2 .V 2
2 =
=
=
= 0, 056 = 5, 6%
2f
x 2max
c2
5.103
.278+ ,:>
? >& <;& +%    27,;  !  @ B+ &;<+.
********************************************************************************
x 2f

(1-5

x
CH 3COO = H 3O + = f
q
q
V
cV x f
x
= c f = c H 3O +
[CH 3COOH ]q =
V
V
K

[CH 3COOH ]q . H 3O + q
=
[CH 3COOH ]q

H 3O +
q
=
+
c H 3O

: & .D
q

: S 1 <;&  +.
2

H 3O +
1q
K1 =
+
c1 H 3O

1q

(0,9.10 3 ) 2
= 1, 6.10 5
2
3
5.10 0, 9.10

: S 2 <;&  +.
2

H 3O +
2q
K2 =
+
c 2 H 3O

=
2q

(0, 28.103 )2
= 1, 6.105
3
3
5.10 0, 28.10

.&$E &7,; & . F(% G & .D k 1 = k 2

********************************************************************************
: (IJ #K  #$( (& 1-2 (2

CH 3COOH + HO CH 3COO + H 2O

********************************************************************************
: L3>& I$ IJ 5 (2-2
C S .V A = C B V
. BE
CB V
. BE 1, 5.102.15, 7.103
=
= 1,1778.102 1,18.102 mol / L
VA
20.103
********************************************************************************
: MN>& I$ IJ 5 (2-3
2
C .V
1,18.10 .0,1L
Co = s s =
= 1,18mol / L

C o .V o = C s V
. s
Vo
103 L
:  P( IJ 5 Q(
CS =

. = 1g / mL : #N &E  & X 100 mL & #N 5 100g & #% &R & S
.V = 100mL
     
1
3
m = C o .V .M = 1,18mol .L .100.10 L .60 g .mol 1 = 7, 08 7 g
.E #N Y$ &E<& : F3  

. S 1 5% : @

(1
(1-1

********************************************************************************
a
********************************************************************************

(1-2
(1-3

L1
2D
********************************************************************************
(1-4-1 (1-4
2D .
L1

. a \3+  @ L1 &(:; $ L1 =

= : Q(
a
2D a
a
********************************************************************************
1
1
. = k  (Q( #K 5  Q:< 5$ ;$ & G,. ^# 3 #] 23 Y+ +( 1-4-2
a
a

k = : S #(

: +,  @5$ >& (;I( IJ 5


0, 4 0, 2
=
= 645.10 9 m = 645nm
5
1
( ) (6, 2 3,1).10
a
2D . 2.(1, 6m ).645.10 9 m
L1

a1 =
=
= 43.106 m = 43nm
=
: +,
2
L1
4,8.10 m
2D a1
********************************************************************************
k = =

-2
2D . 2.(1, 6m ).645.10 m
L1
=
= 82,5.10 6 m = 82,5nm

=
2
L2
2, 5.10 m
2D d
********************************************************************************
.8
2 @5%
-1-1 -1
-2
d =

********************************************************************************
: +, % E% >F;P. -1-2

********************************************************************************

[I ]
[L] = [U ][. t ]
[U ] = [L ].
[I ]
[t ]
[R] = [U ]
[U ] = [R ][
. I]
[I ]
[ ] = [L ] = [U ][. t ][. I ]1 [U ]1 .[I ] = [t ]

[R ]

-1-3
di
uL = L
dt

u R = R.i :

L
:  

Rt
. s       

********************************************************************************
1-4-1 -3

Io =

E
Rt

t=0

:
(*) ) (+

!" # $!" :

********************************************************************************
L
L = (R + r ) = 10.10 6 s .6 = 6.10 5 H

=
: +, -1-4-2
R +r
********************************************************************************
: II @E
i (t =o ) = I o : Q7, + 23 ,S% &G ,  a> 3 &  ,+$ (2-1 (2
. , F3% G i (t ) = B (1 e 0 ) = B (1 1) = 0

t = o ,+$

i (t ) = B (1 e ) & (23 (.

. , F3% &  cd i (t ) = Be = B .(1) = B t = o ,+$

i (t ) = Be & (23 (.
********************************************************************************
(2-2
0

: . ( )Y+ + S #( 5 ; )( Y+ + S #(& +( &  ,+$

.#R3& . &(]( h 8P. Q 2 2& )( :D g3

********************************************************************************

.  3 5% : @

-1

********************************************************************************
-2


M T .m s 
FT / S = G
uTS
(rT + h )2
********************************************************************************



a = at .u + an .n
: & <8E 2+3 Q( 23 -3

dv
dt

a
v 2
an = s
rT + h
********************************************************************************
-4-1 -4
at =


: FT / S 2 E : RN d S Y$ 5%+ 2 : F;P.


F = m s .aG


.&@& .dE : 8E E FT / S = m s .aG
FT / S = m s .an : 2+ Y$ : .
vs2
rT + h
********************************************************************************
: d 23 X a 5 $ &:;P E < > h % 23 Q<E Q( -4-2
FT / S = Ph
:

. R = rT + h 8$(h &+ &7 S & "g3 2. FT / S = m s .

m s .an = m s .g h
m s .an = m s .g h
an =

vs
rT + h

g h = go

rT 2
: 
(rT + h ) 2

an = g h

v s2
rT 2
= go
rT + h
(rT + h ) 2

v s = rT

go
rT + h

go
9,8m .s 2
= 6350.103 m
7.103 m / s :.
3
rT + h
(6350 + 1000).10 m
********************************************************************************
-5
FT / S = Ph
v s = rT

G.

m s .M T
rT 2
=
m
.
g
s
o
(rT + h ) 2
(rT + h )2

G .M T = g o rT 2

g o rT 2 9,8m .s 2 .(6350.103 m )2
=
= 5,92.1024 kg 6.1024 kg
11
2
2
G
6, 67.10 N .m kg
********************************************************************************
:  8< "X "& , <c  lE 2 m"I &;<+. + 2$+PK  : ,; 2 -5
T s = T = 24h
T
24h
Ts =
=
T :c g3 23 14 @E+ -&- 2$+PK  : .
14 14
MT =

. 2 m"I &;<+. + ,; G 83 2.

*******************************************************************************
: 5%+ 2 : 5$ >& (;I( IJ 5 +, -6
F = m .aN
m s .M T
vs2
G
v s = (rT + h ) : 
= ms .
:
(rT + h ) 2
rT + h
m .M
MT
G .M T = (rT + h )3 2
G
= (rT + h ) 2
G s T 2 = m s .(rT + h ) 2
2
(rT + h )
(rT + h )
(rT + h )3 2 = C te
: g3 5.D M T : G  .
*******************************************************************************
-7
2 m"I &;<+. + ,; 2$+PK  :
:  8< "X "& , <c
T s = T = 24h

(rT + h )3 =

G .M T .T
4. 2

G .M T
4. 2
=

(rT + h )3 T 2
h=

G .M T .T
4. 2

6, 67.1011 N .m 2 .kg 2 .6.1024 kg .[ 24.(3600s )]

rT

2
T

G .M T = (rT + h )3 2 : +,

: 

rT + h =

G .M T .T 2
4. 2
:.

h=

4.

6350.103 m = 3,595.106 m 3, 6.106 m = 3, 6.103 km

h = 3600km
*******************************************************************************
. .D Q +> c+(% . Q q +(
******************************************************************************