.

: 
 

:     
 -1-1
-1
C n H 2 n +1COOH + HO C n H 2 n +1COO + H 2O

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CB V
. B 10 2 mol .L 1.15.103 L
=
= 1,5.10 2 mol / L

C A .V A = C B V
. B :  !" # #%  -2-1
3
VA
10.10 L
m
0, 450 g
n
m
M =
=
= 60 g / mol
: &' m = M .C A .V
CA =
=
2
1
CAV
. o 1,5.10 mol .L .0, 5L
M MV
.
: ')
CA =

C n + 2 H 2 n + 2O 2

. CH 3COOH


*+'& ,- C n H 2 n +1COOH : ./1  2
3/ 1
 /! M : 4
M = 12n + 12 + 2n + 2 + 32 = 14n + 46
: 1
!& /!
60 46 14
: . 2
3 ,-
n=
=
=1
14n + 46 = 60 :
14
14

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
:  !) :! .-1 ;) -2-1

x f = 10 pH .V

[CH 3COOH ]f
CH 3COO
f

x
H 3O + = CH 3COO = f = 10 pH
f
f
V

C A 10 pH [CH 3COOH ]f C A 10 pH
=
=
= 1 + C A .10 pH
pH
pH

10
10
CH 3COO
f

[CH 3COOH ]f

CH 3COO
f

= 1 + C A .10 pH

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CH 3COOH / CH 3COO : *

</ pk A ))3 -2-2
2

pk A2

CH 3COO
f
= pH log
[CH 3COOH ]f

[CH 3COOH ]f
CH 3COO
f

PH = pk A2

= 1 + C A .10 pH

:  /?

pk A2 = pH + log(C A .10 pH 1)
2

CH 3COO
f
+ log
[CH 3COOH ]f

pk A2 = pH + log

[CH 3COOH ]f
CH 3COO
f

pk A2 = 3,3 + log(1,5.10 .10 1) = 4, 76

3,3

: .

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
NH 3 : CH 3COOH  )3 D   !  -3-1
CH 3COOH + NH 3 CH 3COO + NH 4 +

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: E ? !  :

 1! ! G -3-2

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: !) :  *)H'

=
../! 

xf
=
x max

k
1+ k

no .

k
k
1+ k =
no
1+ k

27, 5.103
1 + 27,5.103

: .I J') :! K?

= 0, 994 1

:.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.L? ? 1
 : .? M;<
: 1
 ,!N #% - 3  ! 
-1

Q r ,i

Zn 2+ C .V
=
=
=1
Ni 2+ C .V

.N K
 R3'
 . 1Q!  !

: .I)K !  % -1 1

Q r ,i < k

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.1?S 1
/ T  TQ: M
 )V! L?< ! W N K
 R3'
 . 1Q!  !
-1-2
 1
 % 
 .I J ! W &'
. 1  1
/ T*1
 TQ: M
 ' ! !<X '? 1
.L?< ! 13? '!

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
. '? 1!< X L?<< / )V! 1
 ,!N #% -2-1
. 1
 ,!N)) ) 3  ''
 1H D) 3
 
!  M
 '? 1 W 1 )*1 !+ /!

Ni 2+ + 2e Ni
n (e )
n (e ) = 2.C .V

n (Ni 2+ ) =
=CV
.
2
2.C .V .F
t max =

Q max = I .t max = n (e ).F

: ')
I
2.(5.102 mol .L 1 ).0,1L .(9, 65.104C .mol 1 )
t max =
= 9650s = 2h 40mn 50s
:.
0,1A

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: 1
 ,!N #% - 3 !  1Q! .-1 ;) # 

(1)

n (Ni ) = (n 'i + x f ) n 'i = x f

Ni 2+ + 2e Ni
n (e )
(2)
n (Ni ) =
2
I .t
n (e ) =
: 4
F

: ,!N\ ) #% 1!

  '
:  ?^] 
 #%  ')
: ,!N\ ) #% 1!

  '

n (e )

2
I .t
xf =
: &'
2.F
xf =

(2)=(1)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------=

-1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2

tg =

L=

2 D
d

L
2D

=
2D d

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
:  = f ( ) R'3'
/ &*1
 
 
d

:
-3-1

-3

(0, 44 0).102 rad

=
= 0, 44.106 m = 0, 44 m
4
1
1
(1 0).10 m
( )
d
c 3.108 m .s 1
= =
= 6,82.1014 Hz
6
0, 44.10 m

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3-2
.

R = 800nm 
S V = 400nm .;'K  13 1`/ .I

;
2 D

. < 
:K "
  R^" E 1 1/ S 1`/ *1 1b K W L =
. R = 800nm 
S 1`

: < 
:K


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

T .I
 1`/ I1` NS 4
* 1- = 0 L = 0 :  K' &?S 2  
< :K dH 1 -
.2 S 1/ .Q 1S] /!X

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1-1

uL +uR = E
di
L
+ r .i + R .i = E
dt

di
+ (R + r ).i = E
dt
: ). .I J) ! N J::3 .! /e !
 
L di
E
. +i =
R + r dt
r +R
L
=
:4
R +r

L.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

: /e ! 
  . 21!

: )' .? M Q')

  1 T; "# fD E:3! .

: ./
 3 T! LD

L
R +r

: 4

i =

E
R +r

e
1

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------R/ ^3?

i =

E
R +r

t
t

e
1

"#
.
21
^
R
e

. I o = 100mA :  ?  K . I o =

r = 4

r=

= 2, 5ms

+ R t  I )g' E:3! )'

E
: I )g' . .I J) ! N 
"
R +r

E
E
2,4
I o (R + r ) = E

R =
20 = 24 20 = 4
Io =
R +r
Io
0,1

i = I o :
 4 t = 0 g3/ ') R'3
/ 

4b : Q:? < ! G ? K

L
L = (R + r ). = 24.(2,5.10 3 s ) = 0, 06H

=
R +r

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-2-1 -2

. D 2 RLC TQ: .I 'G E 1 ( ) R'3'



? ') 1? "

 D%V Z R'3'
 
? K

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Z = (R o + r ) 2 + (L 2 N ) 2

: ?

 D1 ?
 ,! M

 ) ( R'3'
 #%  -2-2

R o + r = 1000 : 1000 : J!
" 3 i #%  ? K Z = R o + r
R o = 996

1
Z = (R o + r ) + L .2 N

C o .2 .N

: D1 ?
 jK^ N = 0 !/ K'
R o = 1000 r = 1000 4 = 996
: &'

: ?

 D 2 ?
 ,! M

 ) ( #% 
R'3'


Co =

1
LC o .4 2 N o

(a) LC o .4 2 N o 2 = 1 : L .2 N o =
Co =

1
:  1? 

? 1
C o .2 .N o

1
= 4, 22.109 F = 4, 22nF
2
4 2
0, 06.(4). (10 )

:.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: '3'
 4b : Q:? )' -2-3

Z = Z ' : ')

N =

1
8. 2 .C o L

8 2 N 2C o .L = 1
N =
No =

1
2 C o L
N =

1
2 2 C o L

= 2 N

: &'

2L
1
= 2
C o . C o .

: ') LC o .4 2 N o 2 = 1 (a)
No

:4

#% 

N
1
=
:
No
2

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. 
g!' I . 'Q-\
 :  K'1

:S b  &/ :KQ

 .?1 !; 1" R .eS 
< 4*
 . &! #% . 'Q-\
 : 4`X


m .m

.<  D;? F = G . 2 T n
r
: 1' .? M 1? : EKQ!




F = m .a


m .m

G . 2 T n = m .a
r
dv
at =
= 0 . ').H

  & m!'!? LD .! G &!H W l K'  H . 'Q-\

 :

dt






v2
an =

a = at + an = an : ! J;! .' / .

r



m

. r J N 
g!' . 'Q-\
 :  n G J
g'  < D;? ! J;!
a = an = G . T2 n
r
2
m .m
v
G . 2 T = m.
r
r
m
v 2 =G. T
r

v = G.

mT
r

v = r
v 1
m
m
= =
G T = G T3
r r
r
r
2

T =

= 2

r3
G .mT

: )

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T2
4. 2
=
r 3 G .mT

T2
r3
=
: : " # #%  -2
4. 2 G .mT

4. 2
G .mT

k =

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:  Q
 #% 

: o
i b  J/ :KQ
 .?1 !; 1: 4`X .! S R/ 1' .? M 1? : EKQ!




FS /T = m .aG
mT .m S
vT 2
G.
= mT .
: .
g'
 R/ :H\
rT 2
rT
TT =
mS =

= 2

rT 3
G .mT

T =

4. 2 .rT 3
G .TT 2

: 

vT
1
=
rT
rT

mS
m
= G S3
rT
rT

vT = G .

mS
rT

TT 2
4. 2
=
: 
   
  
    !
rT 3 G .m S

: ! %&'() " 
   
  
    #

4. .r
mT =
G .T 2
2

T2
4. 2
=
r 3 G .mT

m S rT T
= .
mT r TT
T =To =24h =1j

: X!? &'

: J? 1 S   f W .e q#
 K' ' H )K . 'Q-\
 :
:.

r = 4, 22.104 km
m S rT
=
mT r

rT = 1, 496.108 km
3

T s = 365, 25 j

T 1, 496.108 km 1
5
. o =
.
3, 34.10
4
T
4,
22.10
km
365,
25

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-1

. m + M 1 : J!/! { C1 ; + 1^:
} H 
)1
;

:  ! 1:/ 1! ') 1
;
 4`X


.1
;
 : P


. !
jQH GV : R


. R1 2 ' b  :KQ
 1: : F 1


. R 2 2 ' b  :KQ
 1: : F 2

F = 0
: 1! N EKQ!






F1 + F 2 + P + R = 0
: ox R/ :H+
F1 + F2 + 0 + 0 = 0

k 1 + k 2 = 0

k 2 = k 1

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------F2 = k ( o x )

.K* 
" x : 4

: F1 = k ( o + x )

: 3 #% -2
: 1' .? M 1? : EKQ!

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
: ./
T! :  /e !  
  -3-1

=
t =0

. t = 0 : g3/ ') x = 0 : ') 2 i #% 

2
)' v < 0

cos = 0

>0

0 = X M cos( )

ox R3' o . 1

;
 :!' t = 0 )' R'3'
 #% 

v = x = x M sin(

=+

sin > 0

2
t +)
T

v = x M sin( ) < 0

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

t = 0 )'

: 3/ /e ! 

  #%  -3-2

T = 2

m +M1
2k

o =

2k
m +M1

o 2 =

2k
m +M1

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------T = 1s

k =

4. (m + M 1 ). 0,3kg .4.(10)
=
= 6N / m
2T 2
2.(1s ) 2
2

: ') ? K -3-3

T 2 m +M1
=
4 2
2k

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4-3
.2 '  #- J!/! 1H E/! \ 1
;
/ X)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

T2 ' m +M2
=
42
2k

********

-4-4
m +M2
T 2 ' = 2
2k