Two examples of wrongly designed qualitative map;

(a)misuse of tints of black (b)misuse of bright colors

 Mapping absolute qualitative data

 Poorly designed maps displaying absolute quantitative

data; (a)wrong use of green tints for absolute population figures (b) incorrect use of colors.

 Mapping relative quantitative data

 Badly designed maps representing relative quantitative

data; (a) lightness values used out of sequence, (b) colour should not be used

 Visualization of terrain elevation; (a) contour map

(b)map with layer tints;

 ( c) shaded relief map; (d) 3D view of the terrain

 Quantitative data visualization in three dimensions

 Mapping change; example of urban growth of the city of Maastricht, the

Netherlands (a) single maps in which tint represent the built up area; (b) series of maps; (c ) ( simulation of an) animation

 Single static map specific graphic variables and

symbols are used to indicate change or represent an event. (a) applies colour tints to represent the age of the built-up areas; Series of static maps single map in a series represent a snapshot in time. Together, the maps depict the process of change. Change is perceived by the succession of individual map depicting the situation in successive in snapshot. Animated map Change is perceived to happen in a single image by the displaying several snapshot after each other just like a video cut with successive frames.