Fluid Mechanics

Payam Molla-abbasi
PhD Student of Amirkabir University
Polymer Engineering &Color Technology Department

Chapter 3

Fluid Flow
By: Payam Molla-abbasi

Fluid Flow

:
4 ( )Basic Law :
.I ( ))Conservation of Mass(Continuity Equation
.II ( ))Conservation of Energy(1st Law of Thermodynamics

.III (
.IV 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics

))Conservation of Momentum(Newtons Second Law

( )Constitutive Equations .
. .

Fluid Mechanics

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Chapter 3 : Fluid Flow

Fluid Flow

:
( )System .
()Surrounding .
.
( )Control Volume .
( )Open System .
( )Control Surface .

Fluid Mechanics

Payam Molla-abbasi

Chapter 3 : Fluid Flow

Fluid Flow
Conservation of Mass(Continuity Equation)
z
dA

dA
Fluid Flow

V
x

Input Output + Generation Consumption = Accumulation

y

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Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Flow
Conservation of Mass(Continuity Equation)

Fluid Flow
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Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Flow
Conservation of Mass(Continuity Equation)

2
1

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Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Flow
)Conservation of Mass(Continuity Equation
(:)Streeter
1
3ft/sec 2 ft . 2
3 ft .
.

Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid Flow
Conservation of Energy(1st Law of Thermodynamics)
z
dA

dA
Fluid Flow

V
x

Input Output + Generation Consumption = Accumulation

y

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Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid Flow
Conservation of Energy(1st Law of Thermodynamics)
Energy Component (per unit of mass):
-Internal Energy (u) u=f(T)
-Potential Energy(zg)
-Kinetic Energy(v2/2)
-Pressure Energy(

-Heat (

- Mechanical Shaft (
-Accumulation (

)
)

-No Viscosity(=0)
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Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid Flow
Conservation of Energy(1st Law of Thermodynamics)

Fluid Flow

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Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid Flow
Conservation of Energy(1st Law of Thermodynamics)
2

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Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid Flow
Conservation of Energy(1st Law of Thermodynamics)
2

Bernoulli Equation

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Fluid Flow
Conservation of Energy(1st Law of Thermodynamics)
2

Bernoulli Equation

( Q=0 , w=0, Steady State, T=cte, =0)

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Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid Flow
Conservation of Energy(1st Law of Thermodynamics)
Holland Book Procedure:

wi

wo
e2

e1

Q
(Q = 0 , T = cte , Steady State)

Bernoulli Equation for a

stream line
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Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid Flow
Conservation of Energy(1st Law of Thermodynamics)
Other Form of Bernoulli Equation:
Extended Bernoulli Equation or Engineering Bernoulli Equation

H = Head imported by pump

hf = Head loss due to friction
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Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid Flow
Conservation of Energy(1st Law of Thermodynamics)
Other Form of Bernoulli Equation:
Kinetic Energy = f(r)

u = Volumetric Average Velocity = Q/A

= Kinetic Energy Correction Factor
Turbulent Flow(Newtonian) 1
Laminar Flow (Newtonian) 1/2
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Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid Flow
Conservation of Energy(1st Law of Thermodynamics)
Other Form of Bernoulli Equation:

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Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid Flow
Conservation of Energy(1st Law of Thermodynamics)

hf

u2/2g

u2/2g
2

P2/g

P1/g
z2
1

z1

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Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid Flow
)Conservation of Energy(1st Law of Thermodynamics
(:)Holland
. 60mm .
20 mm . 200kPa
.

No Pump, No Friction

1 = 2 =1

20mm

21

60mm

Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid Flow
Conservation of Energy(1st Law of Thermodynamics)
Pitot Tube:

v2 = 0

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Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid Flow
Conservation of Momentum(Newtons Second Law)
Input Output + Generation Consumption = Accumulation

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Fluid Flow
Conservation of Momentum(Newtons Second Law)

2D Flow in Pipes

Out =2 , In =1 , Using average values:

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Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid Flow
)Conservation of Momentum(Newtons Second Law
1D Flow in Pipes

(:)Holland

.

CV . CV
.
25

Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid Flow
)Conservation of Momentum(Newtons Second Law
(:)Holland

. .

Rx

Ry

26

Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid Flow
Conservation of Momentum(Newtons Second Law)

:
. .I
S1S2 .II

. .III
. .IV

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Fluid Flow

:
.I

)Tensile Stress(

)Shear Stress( .II

)Pressure Flow(( a
)Drag Flow(( b

:
.I

)Laminar Flow(

)Turbulent Flow( .II

)Intermediate( .III

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Fluid Flow
(:)Holland
( )Steady State ( )Fully Developed ()Incompressible
.
r
w
P2

ri

x
P1

Momentum = cte F = 0

.
Pressure Flow.
29

Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid Flow
:)Holland(
.
r

ri
P1

Momentum = cte F = 0

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rx
rx

P2

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Fluid Flow
Sign Convention for Stress:

:

y
+x .
.
31

:

y
-x .
.

Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid Flow
:)Holland(
) Incompressible( )Fully Developed( )Steady State(
. .
r

rx
P1

P2

x
P1

Momentum = cte F = 0

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dr

P2

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Fluid Flow

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Fluid Flow

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Fluid Flow

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Fluid Flow
Volumetric Flow Rate and Average Velocity in Pipe:
r

x
L

dr

Laminar and Newtonian Flow:

Hagen Poiseuille Equation

Laminar, Newtonian, Pipe
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Fluid Mechanics

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Fluid Flow
Volumetric Flow Rate and Average Velocity in Pipe:

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Fluid Flow
Stress Component

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Fluid Flow

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