11o ΔΙΕΘΝΕΣ ΚΡΗΤΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΟ

11o
ABSTRACTS
2011
Adams Ellen
Agelarakis Anagnostis
Alberti Lucia
Alberti Maria Emanuela
Albertocchi Marina
Aldama Javier Alonso
Allegro Nunzio
Alram-Stern Eva
Alusik Tomas
Ambers Janet
Lecturer in Classical Art and

Archaeology, Department of
Classics, King's College
London
..
e-mail
King's College Strand
London, WC2R 2LS
UK
ellen.adams@kcl.ac.uk
44 (0)20 7848
2768
agelarakis@gmail.com
001-917-856-1547
lucia.alberti@cnr.it
memalberti@gmail.com
-44161292
-3391034480
Professor of Anthropology,
Director Environmental Studies Adelphi University, Science
Program
Hall, Garden City
USA
New York 11530
sulle Civilt dellEgeo e del
Vicino Oriente Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche
(ICEVO CNR)
Via Giano della Bella, 18
00162 Rome
Italy
Dr., University of Udine
Via Anapo 29
00199 Rome
Italy
Dipartimento di Scienze
dell'Antichit e del Vicino
palazzo Malcanton Marcor,
Oriente, Universit Ca' Foscari
Dorsoduro 3484/D
Italy
30123 Venezia

, Dpto.
Estudios Clsicos, Facultad de
Letras
01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz Spain
Professor of Classical
Archaeology (University of
Palermo)
Via Serbatoio 22
92019 Sciacca (AG) Italy
Archaeologist, Mykenische
Kommission, Austrian
Academy of Sciences
Ignaz Seipel-Platz 2
Austria
A-1010 Wien
Czech
Ph.D., MIfA, Czech Centre for
Republi
Mediterranean Archaeology
Malesicka 26
c
CZ-10800 Prague 10
Lecturer - University of
University of Manchester,
Manchester
Oxford Road
M13 9PL Manchester
UK
m.albertocchi@alice.it
javier.alonsoaldama@ehu.es
0034 945013928
nunzioallegro@yahoo.it
390810607679
eva.alram@oeaw.ac.at
0043 1 51581 3500
alusikt@seznam.cz
420 606 431 493
ina.berg@manchester.ac.uk
0044161 2757754
Anastasiadou Maria
Andersson Strand, Eva

Anzalone Rosario Maria
Apostolakou Stayroula
Arbel Benjamin
Aruz Joan
Aubriet Damien
Babbi Andrea
Bakker Wim F.
Baldacci Giorgia

Corpus der
minoischen und mykenischen
Siegel, Marburg
The Danish National Research
Foundations, Centre for Textile
Research, SAXO-institute,
University of Copenhagen
Student

..
e-mail
Reitgasse 13-15
35037 Marburg,
Germa
ny
m_anastasiadou@yahoo.com
0049 6421 167029
evaandersson@hum.ku.dk
rosario.anzalone@libero.it
00 45 35329693
393408311960
Njalsgade 80
C/DA Babbaurra 92

Tel Aviv University / School
Professor - Tel Aviv University
of History
2300 Copenhagen Denmark

93100 Caltanissetta (CL) Italy
2842023106
72200
69978 Tel Aviv
Israel
arbel@post.tau.ac.il
0097299540712
Dr., Assistant au Collge de

France, Chaire d'Epigraphie et
Histoire des cits grecques
52, Rue du Cardinal Lemoine
Francedamien.aubriet@college-de-france.fr
75005 Paris
Alexander von Humboldt postdoctorate Fellowship Heidelberg Universitt, Institut
fr Ur- und Frhgeschichte und
Vorderasiatische Archologie
Via Campania 55
393491619563
45 Genzano di Roma (RM Italy
andreababbi@tiscali.it

,

,

Ca Foscari
Dia.Philipppides@bc.edu
S. Croce 644/a
30135 Venice
Italy
giorgia_baldacci@yahoo.it
0039 3483548605
Baldini Isabella
Assistant Rrofessor
Dipartimento di Archeologia,
piazza S. Giovanni in Monte
2
Baldwin Bowsky Martha
Professor of Classics
824 Burr Street
40100 Bologna
95616 Davis,
California
D. Phil., Oxon
72 Rue Edouard Dereume
B-1330
Bancroft-Marcus Rosemary
..
e-mail
Italy
isabella.baldini@unibo.it
3905120977
USA
BELGI
UM
mbowsky@pacific.edu
fbmrem@base.be,
vt670292@base.be
530-758-4855
32-2-6523608
Bardet Romaric
Bealby Marsia
Beckmann Sabine
Ben Petre
Benda-Weber Isabella
Etudiant en 1 anne de thse,

sous la direction du Pr. A.
FARNOUX, Universit ParisSorbonne
Final Year Ph.D student,
University of Birmingham
15 Mulberry Drive
Lichfield WS13 6FF
PhD Candidate, Prehistorical
Archaeology, University of
72100 Agios Nikolaos
Crete
Vigla Panagias
-

, . 6,
/
71409
romaricbardet@hotmail.com
UK
GR
Bernhardt Katrin
Austrian Archaelogical Institute

Franz Klein-Gasse 1
Austria
A-1190 Vienna
Professor of Aegean
Archaeology, Department of
Sheffield.
Northgate House, West Street
S1 4ET Sheffield
U.K.
Lecturer - University of
University of Manchester,
Manchester
Oxford Road
M13 9PL Manchester
UK
Academy of Science, Dr.
Archaeologist
Ignaz Seipel- Platz 2
1010 Vienna
Austria
Betancourt Philip
Dept. of Art History, Temple

University, 2001 North 13th
Street Suite 211
Bennet John
Berg Ina
Professor, Temple University
Philadelphia, PA
19122
USA
MAS486@bham.ac.uk
beckmann@students.phl.uoc.gr
28410 26391
bfjjp@yahoo.gr
2810 361467
isabella.benda-weber@oeai.at
0043 1427727170
d.j.bennet@sheffield.ac.uk
+44(0)1142225103
ina.berg@manchester.ac.uk
0044161 2757753
Katrin.Bernhardt@oeaw.ac.at
436504484664
ppbcourt1@aol.com
001-856-234-82
Biondi Giacomo
Consiglio Nazionale delle

Ricerche Istituto per i Beni
Archeologici e Monumentali
Catania
.
Blagojevi Gordana
..
e-mail
Via Biblioteca 4
95100 Catania
Italy
g.biondi@ibam.cnr.it
0039/095/311981
Knez Mihailova 36/IV
11 000 Belgrade
Serbia
gordanabago@gmail.com
381 11 2636 804
Knez Mihailova 36/IV
11 000 Belgrade
Serbia
gblagojevic@hotmail.com
381 11 2636 804
Franz-Klein-Gasse 1
Norrtullsgatan 31
1190 Vienna
11327 Stockholm
Austria
Sweden
Fritz.Blakolmer@univie.ac.at
mary@mikrob.com
43-1-4277/40620
36 Beaumont Street
OX1 2PG Oxford

Istanbul
U.K.
Turkey
amy.bogaard@arch.ox.ac.uk
flpetrology@bsa.ac.uk
California State University

Fullerton
Fullerton, CA 90803
USA
ebonney@fullerton.edu
vicolo Florio 2
33100 Udine
Italy
elisabetta_borgna@yahoo.it

(, )
Blagojevi Gordana
Blakolmer Fritz
Blomberg Mary
Bogaard Amy
Boileau Marie-Claude
Bonney Emily Miller
Borgna Elisabetta
Archaeologist, Prof. Dr.,

Institute of Classical
Vienna
Associate Professor
Lecturer in Neolithic & Bronze
Age Archaeology, Institute of
Oxford.
RSAC, Ko University
Assoc.Professor of Liberal
Studies
Associate Professor,
Dipartimento di Storia e Tutela
dei beni Culturali, Universit di
Udine
+44(0)1865278281
0039 0432 556165
Bttcher Maria
Brogan Thomas
Bzinkowski Michal
Cadogan Gerald
Caloi Ilaria
Campbell-Green Tim
Canavas Constantin
Capdeville Gerard
Cevoli Tsao
Chrysanthi Angeliki
idem Maner
Cline H Eric
Coutsinas Nadia
Cucuzza Nicola
..
Dipl.Ing.Architekt, Member of
Minoan Road Research Project/ Historische Bauforschung,
Germa
Hellenic Ministry of Culture
Am Maingarten 3
63075 Offenbach am Ma ny
/ INSTAP,

. 47
72100
University Assistant Professor Campus de San Vicente S/N
(University of Alicante)
Spain
Vicente S/N (University of Alic 03080 - Alicante
Department of Art, 6036
Sidney Smith Hall, 100 St
CANA
PROFESSOR, University of
George St,
M5S 3G3 TORONTO DA
Toronto
PhD Student
Archaeologist
Prof. Dr.-Ing., Hamburg
University of Applied Sciences,
Faculty of Life Sciences
Profeseur a l Universite ParisSorbonne
e-mail
hist-bauforschung@gmx.de
49 (0)69 86
710049
kdepka@culture.gr
2841025115
mserrano@ua.es
3,4966E+11
geraldcadogan@onetel.com
14169785002
00 393477992419
Via Ponte Alcardi, 3

22 Danefield Road, Holmes
Chapel, Crewe
37121 Verona
Italy
icaloi@yahoo.it
Cheshire. CW4 7NT
UK
tcampbellgreen@googlemail.com
Lohbruegger Kirchstr. 65
D-21033 Hamburg
Germa
ny
costas.canavas@phl.uoc.gr
0049-40-428756252
12, rue Felicien David

Francegerard.capdeville@paris-sorbonne.f 33(0)142888922
F-75016 Paris
Piazza Santa Maria La Nova
39.347.862.17.63
12
Italy
80134 Napoli
cevolitt@libero.it
PhD in Archaeological
School of Humanities
Computing
University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BF UK
a.chrysanthi@gmail.com
Lecturer; Ko University Dept.
Istanbu
for Archaeology and Art
l,
History
Rumeli Feneri
Turkey
34450 Saryer-Istanbul
cmaner@ku.edu.tr
GWU
assafyasur@hotmail.com
00 33
26 rue du Cdt Ren
(0)1.43.21.50.41
Archologue Dr
Mouchotte
France
75014 Paris
nadia.coutsinas@gmail.com
Universit degli studi di Genova
Via Balbi 4
Italy Nicola.Cucuzza@lettere.unige.it
16126 Genova
Cultraro Massimo
Cutler Joanne
DAgata Anna Lucia

De Angelis Sara
Dderix Sylviane
Del Freo Maurizio
Di Tonto Serena
Dipla Anthi
Drakaki Eleni
Driessen Jan
Duhoux Yves
Duplouy Alain
Eaby Melissa
Earle Jason W.
Evely Doniert
PhD. Archaeologist, Researcher

of the Council of National
Researches (CNR)-Istituto per i
Beni Archeologici e
Monumentali
Via Biblioteca 4
Institute of Archaeology,
University College London
31-34 Gordon Square
Senior Research Fellow,
CNR_ICEVO/Istituto di studi
sulle civilt dell'Egeo e del
Vicino Oriente
Via Giano della Bella 18
Universit La Sapienza
Ph.D. Candidate, Universit
Catholique de Louvain,
Dpartement darchologie et Melissinou & Nik. Foka 130
dhistoire de lArt.
+ P.O. Box. 1119
CNR ICEVO, Rome
Via Ascanio Rivaldi, 31
Occupation Contract Professor,
University Suor Orsola
Benincasa, Naples
Via Elio Vittorini 10
Ph.D., Researcher/Editor,
INSTAP
Professeur lUniversit
catholique de Louvain
Professeur
mrite de l'Universit
Catholique de Louvain
The Villa Candia, 66 Vista

Drive
Place B. Pascal 1
..
e-mail
95124 Catania
Italy
massimo.cultraro@cnr.it
London WC1H 0PY
UK
j.cutler@ucl.ac.uk
0039-095-311981
00 44 0207
6797495
00168 Roma
Italy
Italy
annalucia@tiscali.it
0039 06 44161326
32494883047
74100
00151 Roma
Italy
sylviane.dederix@student.uclouv
ain.be
delfreo@tiscalinet.it
80129 Napoli
Italy
serenaditonto@yahoo.it
390815584719
ed246@nyu.edu
00 19145745518
jan.driessen@uclouvain.be
3210474880
yves.duhoux@uclouvain.be
32-10/61 45 41
aduplouy@univ-paris1.fr
0033 142626974
melissaeaby@gmail.com
2842093027
jearle@instap.org
203-862-9201
Greenwich, CT 06830 USA

1348 Louvain-laBelgiqu
Neuve
e
B-1490 Court-Saint- Belgiqu

28, rue ferme du coq
tienne
e
Universit Paris 1 PanthonAssociate Professor
Sorbonne, 3 rue Michelet
75006 Paris
France
PhD, librarian fellow, INSTAP- INSTAP-SCEC, P.O. Box
SCEC
364, Pacheia Ammos
72200 Ierapetra
Research Associate, The
Institute for Aegean Prehistory
66 Vista Drive
Greenwich, CT 11217

Farinetti Emeri
Farnoux Alexandre
Faro Elissa
Fassoulakis Charalabos
Ferrence Susan C.
Francis Jane E.
Gaignerot-Driessen
Florence
Gardeisen Armelle
Gesell Geraldine
Gigli Rossella
Girella Luca
Gomre Thibaut
Goodison Lucy
Goshen Nurith
Guizzi Francesco
Guttandin Thomas
Hadjidaki Elpida
..
e-mail
316 Reed Hall
Hanover, NH 03755
USA
elissa.faro@gmail.com
603/646.1714
1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd.
Montreal, QC M3H
1M8
Canada
Belgiqu
e
janef@alcor.concordia.ca
514-848-2424
(Ext. 2490)
Paris IV
Sorbonne
Professor, Classics Department,
Dartmouth College
PhD, Associate Professor,

Archaeologist, Dept. of
Classics, Modern Languages
and Linguistics, Concordia
University
Ph.D. student (Paris IVSorbonne)
Archozoologue
Professor Emerita, Department
of Classics, University of
Tennessee, Knoxville
Researcher CNR -Italy
Research Fellow in
Venice
Ph. D. Candidate in
Lyon 2
Justus Lipsiusstraat 6
UMR 5140 - CNRS, 390
route de Prols
B-3000 Leuen
1101 McClung Tower

Via V. Giuffrida 53
Knoxville, TN. 37916

95128 Catania
13 Carducci
246 Cours Lafayette
Independent Researcher
97, Victoria Grove, Bridport
UP
Assistant Professor (Sapienza University of Rome)
via Chiana 35
Diplom Designer
Dr., Marine Archaeologist
Lindenstrae 34
PO Box 14 Kisamos
34 970
driessen.florence@gmail.com
France armelle.gardeisen@montp.cnrs.fr
USA
Italy
7 San Giovanni La Punta Italy
33673876385
ggesell@utk.edu
gigli@unict.it
865-947-5383
39095445887
lucagirella@yahoo.it
3,93479E+11
32437569834
00 44 1308
421574
69003 Lyon
France
thibaut.gomree@mom.fr
Dorset DT6 3AE
UK
lgoodison@yahoo.co.uk
00198 Roma
Italy
francesco.guizzi@uniroma1.it
39068411353
guttandin@t-online.de
hadjidaki@gmail.com
0049-6190-72514
28220 41119
D-65795 HattersheimGermany
73400 Kisamos

Hgg Robin
Haggis Donald
Halikias Kostas
Harissis Anastasios
Harissis Haralampos
Harrison George W.M.
Hatzaki Eleni
Henrich Gnther Steffen

Henriksson Gran
Hershenson Carol
Hitchcock Louise
Hoffmeister Martin
Horrocks Geoffrey
Prof. Em. of Classical

Archaeology
Professor of Classical
Archaeology

,

Professor, Concordia
University, Department of
Classics
Asst. Professor of
Mediterranean Archaeology,
Department of Classics,
University of Cincinnati.

.
Dr.
Editor in Chief, Nestor ,
University of Cincinnati.
Senior Lecturer in Aegean
Bronze Age Archaeology,
Centre for Classics and
Archaeology Research Chair,
School of Historical Studies,
University of Melbourne
Professor of Comparative
Philology at Cambridge
University, Faculty of Classics
Smedberg 23A
Dept. of Classics, University
of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill
..
SE-45591 Munkedal Sweden
NC 27599-3145
USA
e-mail
robin.hagg@telia.com
46-524-23001
dchaggis@email.unc.edu
919 962 7640
72200
chalikias@gmail.com
hharisis@uoi.gr
2842023106
M. 64
45445
hharisis@uoi.gr
6932483518
gharriso@alcor.concordia.ca
514 848 2424
1455, de Maisonneuve Blvd.

W.
3G 1M8 Montreal Queb Canada
Blegen Building, P.O.Box

210226
OH 45221 Cincinnati
USA
eleni.hatzaki@uc.edu
(513)556-3204
Burgwedeltwiete 17
S:t Olofsgatan 10B g
D-22457 Hamburg
()
75312 Uppsala
henrich@rz.uni-leipzig.de
goran.henriksson@astro.uu.se
0049-40-550 99 51
Sweden
hershenson@classics.uc.edu
(513)556-3095
PO Box 210226
incinnati, OH 45221-022 USA
Old Quadrangle, 127

1525 Candlelight Dr, Las
Cruces,
Parkville, Vic 3010
Austral
ia
lahi@unimelb.edu.au
New Mexico 88011
USA
mhoff@nmsu.edu
575-522-6371
Sidgwick Ave.
Cambridge CB3 9DA
UK
gch1000@cam.ac.uk
44 (0)1223
(3)35164
Jones Bernice R.
Kakissis Amalia
Karan Niyazi
Karetsou Alexandra
Kelly Amanda
Klomp Froukje
Klys Anna
Knappett Carl
Kokkinou E.
Krzyskzowska Olga
La Rosa Vincenzo
Lamage Jrmy
Ringling College of Art and

Ph.D, Art Historian/ Professor Design, Dept. of Art History,
of Art History and Archaeology 2700 North Tamiami Trai
Archivist, British School at
Athens
52
-..

Kurtulu O Kuyulubag
Sok. No 94 L

National University of
Ireland, Classics Department,
Office 506, Towel II, 3th
Classics Department, National
Floor
University of Ireland, Galway
Palmstraat 77
Archaeologist/Phd Candidate
41
Professor, University of
Toronto, Department of Art,
6036 Sidney Smith Hall
100 St George St
Laboratory of Geophysical
Satellite Remote Sensing &
Archaeo-environment / Institute
for Mediterranean Studies
Foundation of Research &
Technology, Hellas
Melissinou & Nik. Foka 130,
(F.O.R.T.H.)
PO. Box. 1122
Institute of Classical Studies,
Dr.
Senate House, Malet Street
Professore Ordinario di
Archeologia e Antichit egee
Via A. di Sangiuliano 264
Lecturer in Classical
Archaeology (University of
Strasbourg)
3, rue du Maroquin
..
e-mail
Sarasota, Florida,
34234
USA
bjones2@ringling.edu
941 706-4977
archive@bsa.ac.uk
210 7210-974
niyazikaran@yahoo.com
00 905054037823
10676
stanbul
urkey
ALKARETSOU@altecnet.gr
Galway
Ireland
Hollan
d
1015 HP, Amsterdam
69100
Torondo M5S 3G3
Canada
74100
amanda.kelly@nuigalway.ie
ext: 5230 (ext: 091495230)
froukje.klomp@wanadoo.nl
anna.klys.mela@gmail.com
2531033128
carl.knappett@utoronto.ca
001 416 978 5002
ekokinou@chania.teicrete.gr
WC1E 7HU London
UK
+44 207 862 8700
Italy
olgak@sas.ac.uk
vincenzolr@libero.it
vlarosa@unict.it
95124 Catania
67000 Strasbourg
France
jeremy.lamaze@unistra.fr
00 33 686425621
095-7158253
Langohr Charlotte
Lefvre-Novaro Daniela
Lenuzza Valeria
Longo Fausto
Martinez Angel
Mathioudaki Iro
McGeorge Photini
Melas Manolis
Militello Pietro Maria
Minniti-Gonias Domenica
Misch-Brandl Ossi
Mlinar Elisabeth
..
e-mail
Charg de recherche F.R.S.FNRS, Universit Catholique de Collge Erasme, Place Blaise

Belgiqu
Louvain
Pascal, 1
e
32485957985
1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
charlotte.langohr@uclouvain.be
Matre de Confrences
d'Archologie Classique
Universit de Strasbourg
daniela.lefevre@orange.fr
Ph.D. holder, University of
Pisa, Italy
via R. Lambruschini, 44
50134 Florence
Italy
0039/3494658917
vale_len@hotmail.com
Ricercatore di Archeologia e
Storia dellArte Greca e
Romana, Docente di
Urbanistica del Mondo Greco,
Dipartimento di Beni
Co-direttore (con M. Bredaki e
Culturali Facolt di Lettere
con il Prof. M. Benzi) della
e Filosofia - Universit di
Missione di Ricognizione di
Salerno, Ponte don Melillo 84084 Fisciano (Salerno) Italy
Superficie a Fests
39089962013
flongo@unisa.it

Maria del Cristo Ossuna, 200034-922-631124
4d
La Laguna E-38204 Spain
amarfer@ull.es
210-8054735
. 48
15122
imathiou@yahoo.gr
Archaeologist-Physical
6946005377
Anthropologist
N. Evoikou, 35
19009 Rafina
tinamcgeorge@hotmail.co.uk
Ass. Prof. of Aegean
Archaeology, Dpt. of History
and Ethnology, Democritos
University of Thrace, Dpt. of
2531039475 +
History and Ethnology
. 1
6977234569
69100
emelas@he.duth.gr
Professor, Dipartimento
SAFIST, Universit di Catania
Via Grotte Bianche 148
Italy
00 39 095444763
95124 Catania
milipi@unict.it
. .
2106442704
/
7
11473
domini@isll.uoa.gr
Archaeologist
Dr. Niedermayrgasse 18
3021 Pressbaum
Austria
elisabeth@mlinar.at
0043 650 5620140
Momigliano Nicoletta
Classical Tradition School of

Humanities Dept. of Classics
and Ancient History University
of Bristol
Moody Jennifer
PhD Student, University of

Florence (Italy)
Archaeologist, University of
Texas
Morris Christine
Leventis Senior Lecturer in

Greek Archaeology and History
Montecchi Barbara
MLLER CELKA, Sylvie
Mller Kathrin
Mller Walter
Murphy Cline
Nikita Kalliopi
Nixon Lucia
Nodarou Eleni
Nowicki Krzysztof
Director of the Corpus der

minoischen und mykenischen
Siegel
Research MA in Minoan
Kent
Postdoctoral research fellow

Senior Tutor and Tutor for
Admissions, St Hildas College
INSTAP Study Center for East
Crete
Head of Department of
Classical Archaeology, Polish
Academy of Science
..
e-mail
11 Woodland Road
Bristol BS8 1TU
UK
n.momigliano@bristol.ac.uk
(0044) 117
9546082
barbara.montecchi@unifi.it
0039/055/443430
* mob.:
0039/3338663348
50019 Sesto
Fiorentino, Firenze
Via dei Grilli 445

Italy
Hogwild, 945 County Road
3135
Valley Mills, Texas 7668 USA
hogwildjam@mac.com
Trinity College Dublin
Archorient (UMR 5133),
Maison de l'Orient et de la
Mditerrane, 7 rue Raulin,
Dublin 2
Ireland
cmorris@tcd.ie
Lyon 69007
sylvie.muller-celka@mom.fr
0033 4 72 71 58 41
Wustrower Str. 3
13051 Berlin
Germa
ny
kathrin.m@kabelmail.de
030/9200760
Schwanallee 19
D-35039 Marburg
wmueller@staff.uni-marburg.de
06421 25817
any
50, Pound Lane

Canterbury Kent CT1 2BZ UK
Department of Archaeology,
University of Nottingham,
University Park
Nottingham NG7 2RD
St Hildas College
Oxford OX4 1DY
UK
kalliopi.nikita@nottingham.ac.uk 0044 1158467269

lucia.nixon@st-hildas.ox.ac.uk
+44-1865-276811
enodarou@yahoo.gr
Al. Solidarnosci 105
00-140 Warsaw
Poland
erganos@hotmail.com
0048 22 620 28 81
Palermo Dario
Panagiotaki Marina
Panagiotakis Nikos
Panagopoulou Eleni
Full Professor of Classical

Catania; Director of the
Archaeological Expedition of
Prinias, Crete
PhD Candidate in
Archaeological Computing,
Archaeological Computing
Research Group, University of
Southampton / Honorary Ephor
of Prehistoric and Classical
Antiquities
Papadopoulos Constantinos
Technology, Hellas
(F.O.R.T.H.)
Papadopoulos E.
Dr Seismologist, Research
Direcror Institute of
Geodynamics, National
Observatory of Athens
Papadopoulos Gerassimos
Technology, Hellas
(F.O.R.T.H.)
Papadopoulos N.
..
e-mail
Viale A. De Gasperi, 241/B
95127 Catania
Italy
palerdar@unict.it
39095493012
UK
cp5v07@soton.ac.uk
00 44 75 19 10 44
96
University of Southampton,
School of Humanities,
Avenue Campus, Highfield O17 1BF

PO. Box. 1123
74100
ilias@chania.teicrete.gr,
Institute of Geodynamics,
National Observatory of
Athens
11810
papadop@gein.noa.gr

PO. Box. 1120
74100
nikos@ims.forth.gr
210-3490165
Papazoglou-Manioudaki
Lena
Pappalardo Eleonora
Pautasso Antonella
Pekin Mufide
Perna Katia
Petre Ben ( )
Philippides Dia
Pini Ingo
Dr. Keeper of the Prehistoric

and the Egyptian Collection,
National Archaeological
Museum
Dr., Universit degli Studi di
Catania - Facolt di Scienze
della Formazione, Dip. Processi
Formativi, Missione
Archeologica Italiana a Prinis
..
1, Tositsa str.
103 82 Athens
via Biblioteca 2
95124 Catania
Italy
Archaeologist, CNR Researcher

Via Biblioteca 4
95124 Catania
Italy
Instructor of Foreign Laguages
and Literature - Vice President
of the "FOUNDATION OF
LAUSANNE TREATY
EMIGRANTS-LMV" of
AYHAN ISIK SOKAK 15/3
Turkey
Turkey
BEYOGLU - ISTANBUL
Universit di Catania,
Archeological Mission of
University of Catania at Prinias
Cannizzaro
(Crete)
via T. di Lampedusa 14
(Acicastello), Catania Italy
-

, . 6,
/
71409
Boston College, Dept. of
Classical Studies, 140
Prof. of Classical Studies,
Commonwealth Ave
Boston College (USA)
Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 USA
Prof.Dr., Akademie der
Wissenschaften u. der Literatur
Corpus der minoischen u.
Germa
mykenischen Siegel CMS
Schwanallee 19
ny
35037 Marburg
e-mail
mann@otenet.gr
210-8217724
elepap74@yahoo.it
a.pautasso@ibam.cnr.it
39095311981
pekinmuf@boun.edu.tr
0090-532-4546543
katia.perna@libero.it
bfjjp@yahoo.gr
2810 361467
Dia.Philipppides@bc.edu
001-617-552-3664
pini@mailer.uni-marburg.de
06421/25817
Plath Gerhard
Pomadere Maia
Pouradier Duteil
Poursat Jean-Claude
Privitera Santo
Puglisi Dario
Rackham Oliver
Ricciardi Maria
Rizio Arianna
Rizza Salvatore
Rizzotto Laura-Concetta
Robinson Harriet B. L.
Rossi Amedeo
Rumpel Dieter
Runnels Curtis
Dipl.Ing.Architekt, Member of
Minoan Road Research Project/
Hellenic Ministry of Culture
Matre de conferences,
University of Amiens
Professor (emeritus) University
Clermont II (France)
PostDoctoral Fellow, Institute
for the Aegean Prehistory
Archaeologist
Architetto, Scuola Archeologica
Italiana di Atene
Researcher in Aegean
Archaeology at the University
of Molise, Italy.
Architect, CNR Researcher
Dott.ssa/Dr. Des., Deutsches
Archologisches Institut DAI
Athens
PhD
Dottore di Ricerca in
Topografia, Universita degli
Studi di Salerno, Dipartimento
di Beni Cultural
Professeur mrite, Dr.-Ing.
..
Historische Bauforschung,
Germa
Am Maingarten 3
63075 Offenbach am Ma ny
hist.bauforschung@gmail.com
49 (0)69 86
710049
maia.pomadere@u-picardie.fr
33627634939
121 avenue Gambetta
75020 Paris
2 rue de Roche Bonnet

Via Giuseppe Mazzini 2
Aci S. Antonio
via Cefal n. 4
63400 Chamalires
95025 Catania
97100 Ragusa
Italy
Italy
santoprivitera@hotmail.com
dariopuglisi@yahoo.it
00 393803317381
Corpus christi College
Cambridge CB2 1RH
UK
or10001@cam.ac.uk
0044 1223 360144
via San Francesco A Pira
00153 Roma
Italy
mariolinaricciardi@alice.it
393391433644
via I Maggio 17
Tocco da Casauria (Pe Italy
Via Antonino Di Sangiuliano
262
95124 Catania
Italy
ariannarizio@hotmail.com
(0039)
3397766599
s.rizza@ibam.cnr.it
39095326583
1
107 Bow St.
Ponte don Melillo

Sophienstr. 86a
10678
Otisfield
France
e-mail
j-claude.poursat@univ-bpclermont.f 33 4 73370225
lrizzotto@yahoo.it
USA harrietlewisrobinson@gmail.com
84084 Fisciano (Salerno) Italy

Germa
D-91052 Erlangen
ny
2103307417
39089962013
mob.
3933880414437
dieter.rumpel@uni-due.de
Rupp David
Saholu Vasif
Sakel Dean
Sanavia Alessandro
Snchez Idoia Mamolar

Santaniello Emmanuella
Sarris A.
Saunier Guy (Michel)
Schallin Ann-Louise
Schlager Norbert

Brock University,
Ontario, Canada.

..
7
Ankara University, Dil ve
Tarih Corafya Fakltesi,
Dept. of Archaeology
11528
Associate Prof, of Archaeology

at Ankara University
Sihhiye Ankara
Associate Professor of the
University of the Bosporus
Dalyan, Sule sok. Manolya
(Turkey)
app. 6/6, Fenerbahce
Istanbul 34726

Ca Foscari
S. Croce 644/a
30135 Venice

, Dpto.
Estudios Clsicos, Facultad de
Letras
Paseo de la Universidad, 5 1006 Vitoria-Gasteiz
Student
Vico I, Piazza Larga 7
80133 Napoli (NA)
Technology, Hellas
(F.O.R.T.H.)
PO. Box. 1119
74100
Paris-Sorbonne
10 rue Hector Guimard
F 75019 Paris
Senior Research Fellow,
Swedish Institute at Athens
Swedish Institute, Mitseon 9
117 42 Athens
Archaeologist, University
Lecturer, Institute of Classical
Vienna
Franz Klein-Gasse 1
A1190 Vienna
e-mail
drupp@cig.icg.gr
210-7223201
Turkey
vsahoglu@gmail.com
00 90 505 2543577
Turkey
dean.sakel@yahoo.com
0090 537 5733514
Italy
alexandros.75@libero.it
0039 3483548605
Spain
Italy
idoia.mamolar@ehu.es
santanella@libero.it
00 34 945013303
390810607679
asaris@ret.forthnet.gr
France
Austria
michel.saunier@laposte.net
33142490772
ann-louise.schallin@sia.gr
210 9232102
norbert.schlager@univie.ac.at
43-1-4277-19674

Schmid Martin
Seferou P.
Serrano Manuel
Sikla Evi
Simandiraki-Grimshaw
Anna
Sinha Bijon
..
e-mail
Architecte
6
10680
2103679792
martin.schmid@efa.gr
Technology, Hellas
(F.O.R.T.H.)
PO. Box. 1121
74100
evi@ims.forth.gr
University Assistant Professor,
Spain
University of Alicante - Spain e San Vicente S/N (University o 3080, Alicante
mserrano@ua.es
210 8642733 +
Dr., Member of Mochlos
6932159131
Excavations
8
11364
evisik@gmail.com
Archaeologist, Art Historian, The Gatehouse, Manor Farm,
University of Bath
South Stoke
UK llaborations@anna-simandiraki.co. 0044-7773-770853
Bath, BA2 7DW
PhD Candidate/ Researcher,
SY16 2BG Newtown,
0044 7817183715
Open University, UK
26 St. Marys Close
Powys
UK
B.Sinha@open.ac.uk
University Professor
Soledad Miln Quiones de UNIVERSIDAD AUTNOMA
DE MADRID, Spain
C/ Costa Brava, 23 1 D
28034 Madrid
Spain
Len, Maria
soledad.milan@uam.es
Technology, Hellas
(F.O.R.T.H.)
PO. Box. 1124
74100
soupios@chania.teicrete.gr
Soupios P.
Intitut fr Archologische
katja.sporn@archaeologie.uniWissenschaften, Abteilung
freiburg.de
Klassische Archologie
Fahnenbergplatz
79085 Freiburg
Sporn Katja
katja.sporn@sbg.ac.at
Germany
Department of Art and Art
History, Providence College
549 River Avenue
TSTRASSE@providence.edu
Strasser Thomas F.
Providence, RI 02918 USA
34917349429
0049/+761/2033107 oder 3073

(Sekretariat)
(401) 865-2246
Teffeteller Annette
Theodoropoulou Tatiana
Todaro Simona
Tomas Helena
Trainor P. Conor
Tsangaraki Evangelia
Tyree Loeta
Uzbek Hakan
van Gemert Arnold
Vianello Andrea
Department of Classics, Modern
Languages, and Linguistics,
1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd
Concordia University
West H663
Zooarchaeologist
. 43
University Dipartimento
Safist
via Biblioteca 4
Lecturer in Aegean
Archaeology and Mycenaean
Epigraphy, University of
Zagreb, Department of
Archaeology, Faculty of
Philosophy and Social Sciences
Ivana Lucica 3
..
e-mail
Montreal, Quebec,
H3G 1M8
15124
Canada
teffet@alcor.concordia.ca
tatheod@hotmail.com
514-8482424ext2304
6972 238 459
95124 Catania
Italy
svtodaro@unict.it
0095 2508215
10 000 Zagreb
Croatia
htomas@ffzg.hr
385 98 316 992
trainocp@tcd.ie
210-2236302 / 693656452
tsagevag@yahoo.gr
24410 24763 +
697703 65 90
PhD Candidate at Trinity

51 (Irish Institute of
College Dublin
Hellenic Studies at Athens)
10683
.
...,

16
43100
American School of Classical
Studies
54
10676
Architect, Doctor of City and
Regional Planning, Yeditepe
ehit akir Elkovan Sok.
Univerisity
No.4, Demirli Apt. D.21
Erenky - stanbul
Turkey

/
M.L. Kinglaan 92
NL-1902 DR Castricum Holland
Dr. MA PhD, Subject reviewer
in archaeology Intute - Oxford
University
19 May Road
Sheffield S6 4QF
UK
eltyree@hol.gr
hakanuzbek@gmail.com
0090-216-3608559
arnold.van.gemert@zonnet.nl
31.251.653.374
a_vianello@hotmail.com
+44 (0)114
2347857
von Rden Constance

Wallace Saro
Warren Peter
Weber Bernhard
Weingarten Judith
Whitelaw Todd
Yasur-Landau Assaf
Zurbach Julien

-
post-doc scholarship holder,

German archaeological Institut
at Athens
..
Fidiou 1
10678 Athen
Lecturer
Professor Emeritus of Ancient
History and Classical
Bristol,.
69A Westfield Road
Archaeologist
Ph.D.Senior Researcher, the
Leon Recanati Institute for
Maritime Studies
ENS, Paris
,
..
,

-

,

-
43 Woodland Road
Grundsteingasse 39/20
Lauriergracht 82
e-mail
Constance_von_Rueden@yahoo.com0030-2103307414
Reading .K. RG4 8HL UK
sarowallace@hotmail.com
UK
Bristol BS8 1UU
pmemdacw@btinternet.com
Austria
A 1160 Wien
pareavienna@hotmail.com
1016 RM Amsterdam Netherla judith@judithweingarten.com
Haifa University
97 avenue de Royat
1
Haifa 31905
63400 Chamalires
74100
29
Israel
France
0044 118 948 3306
44 14353 842290
06 991 956 38 34
julien.zurbach@gmail.com
aggelakivalia@hotmail.com
6974495783
15232
eangel@ionio.gr
210-6817491
34
116 36
glafkos@otenet.gr
210-9210474
71202
Kathanasaki@culture.gr
2810-279000
&
712 02
kathanasaki@culture.gr
2810279000
14122 .
m_k_athanasekou@yahoo.com
210-2817705 +
6974930712
73100
stefan_v@otenet.gr
2821033736,
6973235888
GR
, .

..
e-mail
m.diktakis@gmail.com
6936575626
alexethn@otenet.gr
2103819465
-,

43
10681
71306
. 102
73133
dialekt@otenet.gr

..
11
71201
aligisak@med.uoc.gr
30
17871
genalba@otenet.gr
71307
gwgw_an@yahoo.gr
,

,
74100
17123
anastasopoulos@phl.uoc.gr
akafetzaki@ath.forthnet.gr
23
71201
manos@androulakakis.gr
76
71409
,
71004
71202
15562
mandroul1959@yahoo.gr
()

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2
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2810 289261
kypriot@steg.teiher.gr
kgepka@culture.gr
meadono@gmail.com
2821043566,
6973883109
2810283056 +
6946280497
210 9515300
2810346548 +
6978148474
2831055774
210 9353068
2810-342430 +
6972108600
2810210211 +
6973053616
2810 258321 *
6946475799
2810226092
2106534162
, MSc
/
Sheffield, .

/
..
. 18

()
e-mail
71305
eapostolaki@noc.uoa.gr
2810-313015
14
10673
dimitrios.apostolopoulos@gmail.com
2103664662 +
6972095840
,
DPEA ENSAS Architecture
et Patrimoine Archologique
,

31
15233
nikivikiap@yahoo.gr
210 6832186 +
6937245057
. 10
54636
kotzam@the.forthnet.gr
2310 218836
32
11141
gvavouranakis@gmail.com
210 201 7241, 697

369 1414
73100
mvakondiou@yahoo.gr
6974732781
210 65 42 488
28310-58842
75-77
214
15562
74100
gvarzel@yahoo.com
varthalitou@gmail.com
.
,

10559
georgevaroufakis@yahoo.gr
51
73133
baruchcretese@gmail.com
28210-58274 +
6942929436
..
71202
andonis.vasilakis@gmail.com
,
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71202
71409
zaxv73@yahoo.gr
hermesvas@hotmail.com
,

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14452
magdavasi@yahoo.gr
2810-226092 +
6948680411
2810-226092+
6981313274
6972778738
2102815308,
6937676421

35
, 73133
71202
vatsaki@venizelos-foundation.gr
info@vgontzas.gr
28210 56008
2810 223392-3
10682
73100
yvenieri@gmail.com
2108258652
25
4
54644
13671
verren@hist.auth.gr
peggyv21@yahoo.gr
2310-814231+
6972327357
6946963943
3
15,
13671
susamurug@gmail.com
2102385548
74100
giorgioviol@yahoo.gr
6997112694
-
-
&

e-mail
210 8201306
6976970362
..
13
13
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e-mail
74100
aggeliki_vlachaki@yahoo.gr
6987341583
74100
15231
giotavlachaki@yahoo.gr
leonvok@gmail.com
6947937595
697 4353088
10679
kevmt@academyofathens.gr
,
.
28
, 13

24
. 47
71202
11471
13eba@culture.gr
manvour@windowslive.com
,
,

74100
eirinigavrilaki@mail.gr
15772
71202
ioanna.galanaki@gmail.com
galanakimaria@hotmail.com
, ..
28 3
31

Ashmolean

s, Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, OX1 2PH
ioannis.galanakis@ashmus.ox.ac.
uk
2810 288394
210 6439202
28310 29975,
6976808738
2130154898 +
6977071145
6974905937
e-mail
74100
73100
ngalanidou@phl.uoc.gr
6972 508000
71202
igalli@culture.gr
2810279063
(PH.D.)
- 4645
,

/
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,
(EFA)
6
-
Liverpool
15
,
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,
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74100
eagasp@yahoo.gr
28310-75325
11635
chgaspa@eie.gr
210-7273647
10680
elgerontakou@yahoo.gr
2103679915
71305
kgeorgakopoulos@yahoo.com
2810288083
1678
[mpieris@ucy.ac.cy]
00357-22-894530
136 77
geor-el@ath.forthnet.gr
210-9230073
11635
yangaki@eie.gr
2107273631
Kallitsa@gmail.com
6942422342
kostasgiapi@yahoo.gr
2831023653
214
..
74100
..
e-mail
Fener Rum Lisesi, Sancaktar

Yokuu No 36
34087 Fener-Hali/
Istanbul
urkey
gigourtsis@gmail.com
.,
74100
9
244 Olin Hall, University of
Akron
71306
13,
16121
16232 ,
giangrint@yahoo.gr
210-7640787
10676
el_dal@hotmail.com
210 7210536
. 214
71202
igalli@culture.gr
2810279063
74100
71410
74100
11471
73100
daskala@phl.uoc.gr
daskalakis20@yahoo.gr
deredakis@yahoo.gr
nouk@tee.gr
2831058436 +
6944779325
6932251471
6978200399
2103610003
emdrakakis@yahoo.gr
2810289038

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4
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61
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10
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30
OH 44325-1910
71201
90 534 3335296
(Turkey),
6937006373
(Greece)
28310 53959
USA
calliopegk@gmail.com
2810 320 898
eg20@uakron.edu
(001) 513-3075811
210 7291921 +
697 2471645
GR
MSc Politecnico di
Milano,

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A PhD

..
85,
e-mail
57010
drak@arch.auth.gr
23210-357400
74100
sophiedrossa@yahoo.gr
6979698884
70
11361
memmanouil@arch.ntua.gr
210 7723308
parisepitro@hotmail.gr
29
14564
spevag@theatre.uoc.gr
210-8075694, .
6944834690
14-16
45444
xristoszabakolas@yahoo.gr
2651074382 +
6946096302
71202
skoutzan@otenet.gr
85100 P
nzarifis@otenet.gr
2810 -300487
22410 37050 +
6977220547
:
15
47
22100
72100
zerbou@rhodes.aegean.gr
e.zouzoula@gmail.com
veima@yahoo.gr
2831053272
6979871882
2841022462
mikzoito@yahoo.gr

- .
..
54
20 Jarrow Road
71202
Sheffield S11 8YB
t_theotokis@hotmail.com
v.isaakidou@sheffield.ac.uk
15561
desiosif@yahoo.com
210 6516605
71305
panexam@yahoo.gr
2810244271 +
2810286894
, ...,

.....,.
2
e-mail
2810-330-900 /
6972-623410
, 24

47
35100
gthkakavas@hotmail.com
6945378862
. 21-23
11473
dpanos@hol.gr
210-6423270
16777
26442
ir.kallergis@windowslive.com
2610436721
11521
73100
kallia.kalliataki@gmail.com
2107210398
75
55131
del_61@otenet.gr
2310-412937

47
70006
73134
miltoskal@tellas.gr
,
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71304
kalokyri@sch.gr
2810310634 6979930724
11527
nkalospy@phs.uoa.gr
210-7798956
2810283219
71202
ekanaki@culture.gr
2810 288484
71202
athanasiaka@gmail.com
2810 226092
74100
ep.kapranos@hotmail.com
28310-29975
71305
angie280@hotmail.com
2810 210944
16346
rkaragian@yahoo.gr
71306
dimos53@yahoo.gr
210-9931577
2810 763019 +
6974012347
15124
nekkaradimas@yahoo.gr
210-8055777
.
-

,
,
..
29
11633
74100
karamalpan@students.phl.uoc.gr
pkaramaliki@culture.gr
18
74100
karanastasi@ph1.uoc.gr
35100
efikar@gmail.com
11524
karantzola@rhodes.aegean.gr
71306
niko@stigmes.gr
2810 281918 &

2810 286414
carpediem7gr@yahoo.gr
artkarnava@yahoo.gr
2661023126
28310-20101
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2831029975
6972054969
2231029992,
2231042351
.6972777517
114 71
mkarterakis@gmail.com
0030 6946697457
. 3
71409
antonis45@hotmail.com
2810-235079 +
6937270042
74100
sofikatopi@yahoo.gr
28310-50931 +
6948520680
..
e-mail
archanes1315@yahoo.gr
akafetzaki@ath.forthnet.gr
6973547197
210-9353067
zkapsala@otenet.gr
28920-42248 +
6948400112
ekapsome@yahoo.gr
26510 30253,
:
6937088443
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mkla12@otenet.gr
2831036212
. 6932726227
6942857504
evangelia.kokkinidi@kcl.ac.uk
GR
kokkonas@ionio.gr
2661087412

27
74100
15452
kolovos@pbl.uoc.gr
2831077341
210 6749 884
11523
anniekont@gmail.com
0030 6972332036
71202
danaedesign@gmail.com
2810 227237
..

,
,

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Postdoctoral Researcher,
University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Archaeological
Centre
, 28

,
/

,
,

,

e-mail
74100
kopaka@phl.uoc.gr
6944 224158
13562
katerinakorr@yahoo.gr
210-2618502, .
6948622496
a.kotsonas@uva.nl
0031205258742 +
0030 6974396777
The
Netherl
ands
Turfdraagsterspad 9
1012 Amsterdam
214
74100
28eba@culture.gr
28310-58842
11601
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210-7235937
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21072736464
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210 6514794
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210 6126961
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210 6778952 +
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6945709707+
2107240162
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71304
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: 00357-894533
2810 286480
2810 263816 +
6936622363
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tlendari@phil.uoa.gr

6-8 (

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18536
210-4518279
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.

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2831022781
74100

(00357) 22 456
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301
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College, USA,

001-717-2451014
Keck Archaeology Lab, P.O.
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USA
maggidic@dickinson.edu

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210-8054735
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28410-41234
2810289038
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gemamakis@yahoo.gr
0039 041 5226581

28410 32319 +
6932686702
15235
smamaloukos@geam-mnimeio.gr
210-6132821
71305
katmand@her.forthnet.gr
2810-237292
. 6977620287
71202
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2810 226092
marios_papadakis@yahoo.gr
2810375322
80
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6976512099
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210-6817316
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28310 51471
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28310 51471
76

71307
73400
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drapaniabeach@yahoo.gr
2810 323245
28220 83110
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t.markaki@uva.nl
2810-229549 +
0031-20-6140818
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32
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71409
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2310439367
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35799970424
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aspasia.micha@gmail.com
71409
flora78her@yahoo.gr
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11147
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2810 -244234 +
6974797597
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2108217724 +
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2610430670
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15236
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210 8045208 +
6974446225
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210 3671089
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2651037518 +
2651005201
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71202
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6947941392
2810-226092+
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mlptmt@otenet.gr
2810/288484
210-9240549,
6973790185
70300
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28910-22042
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6970219454
28 49
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6972283190
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22410-43791
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2810341287
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2752024690
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Birmingham
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30100
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26410-29215
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71500
dim@magnetism.gr
2810542562
74100
panagop@phl.uoc.gr
6974025445
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11635
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2107273631
39
19400
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2106624390 +
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15125
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210- 6835 773 +

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6977575133
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210-8663294 +
6937-793172
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2106712457
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74100
nikos@ims.forth.gr
28310-56627
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28210-44418
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28210 53038
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28310 71277
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11635
apardos@eie.gr
210 7273633
74100
paschalis@phl.uoc.gr

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conpascalgr@yahoo.com
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71307
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2812 221839
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maryp_pat@hotmail.com
2811 221839
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2310 319 545

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74100
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210 9701256
28310 28792
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2821055501 +
6978995398
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74100
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71305
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vpetrakisrm@yahoo.gr
28310 31143
2810234168 /
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6972 970748
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28100
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petratos@sch.gr
28430 23590
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cproimos@otenet.gr
2821023169
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71202
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210 2817126
2810-226092 +
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74100
pirnick@yahoo.gr
8030726
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71306
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71202
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73133
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6977267891
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2810346548 +
6978148474
2810721106 +
6944880702
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mrousakis@ATH.forthnet.gr
broussgr@yahoo.gr
mroussou81@yahoo.gr
GR
2810/331 284
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72100
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174 55
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28210 81641
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6944-789404
71202
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2810-226092
2821052606,
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2810-235595
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2810 300487
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210-6930488
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2810244084
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2109939991
2130044356 +
6944667896
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28410-22462,
25115
alexiaspil@gmail.com
2810 227237
mixspi@yahoo.gr
6932311115
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6972017274
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302107228321-3
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229504100 +
6972779380
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54645
isteriot@vivodinet.gr
2310814546
85100
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22410 99340
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70100
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2108032060
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71201
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2841028242
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6941 44 67 24
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28310-29975
6945159056
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694-4893798
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tzorakis_g@yahoo.gr
30 2810 224856
6972026114
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2310 997056
ktoul@otenet.gr
2310210151 +
6972835074
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00494038633419
2810 324735
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2310 418643 +
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tsapmic@ath.forthnet.gr
6944-563872
74100
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28310-29975
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ktsikn@eie.gr
6977919176
210-9328097
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2810-731456
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mtsipopoulou@culture.gr
2103229820
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tsougar@ionio.gr
210-6817491
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22670 32142 +
6945135021
6948523078
71306
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2810-279068 +
6976759681
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73134
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2821058275
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2831024944
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210-920781,
6976865482
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71410
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71201
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210-3604024 +
6937077984
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hatziangelu@yahoo.com
2108228885
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lastjudgment1540@hotmail.com
mahatz@eie.gr
2821400753
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chiotakis@pol.soc.uoc.gr
2831053272
74100
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28310 77611
2810 312036 +
6947262619
71305
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2810-313015
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28210 44418
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Among the series of numerous seals and jewels of various types and materials which were brought to light
in the excavations of the harbour town of Knossos at Poros, four gold signet rings, two gold seals and a
peculiar gold signet pendant that were found in the large rock-cut tombs of the Neopalatial (MM III-LM I)
cemetery are of exceptional significance. Intensive workshop activity at Poros and moreover the existence of
organized workshops producing seals, jewels, minor artefacts and metal objects, suggest that these gold rings
and seals were made by locally working, specialized artists. Issues concerning iconography, thematic circles
and interpretation of the representations, as well as style, manufacturing techniques and dating are discussed
here. With reference to some particular aspects of burial practice, the issue of symbolic meaning of these
prestige objects as a means of projecting social differentiation by persons of high rank at Poros is further
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Elissa Z. Faro, with Carl Knappett, Alexandra Karetsou
Jouktas: The Middle Minoan pottery
We intend to report on the first two seasons of our ongoing research project, which re-examines the
Middle Minoan pottery from the peak sanctuary at Jouktas. Despite their long history of exploration
and research, many questions remain regarding peak-sanctuary pottery due to a dearth of research.
The Jouktas assemblages impressive and unusual size, and its use during the Pre-, Proto-, and
Neopalatial periods, make it an excellent sample with which to explore the following issues: 1) the
extent to which the Jouktas peak sanctuary was affected by its local and regional landscape, and
33
whether the patterns found there reflect a regional differentiation; 2) changes in ritual practice across
chronological periods as well as their expression in the material culture of the sites; and, 3) how peak
sanctuaries inform our understanding of the ritual landscape of Minoan Crete, including its creation,
transformation, perception, manipulation, and remembrance.
We approach the assemblage with specific questions in mind: these regard phasing, with the possibility
of distinguishing sub-phases within Middle Minoan sanctuary use, and typology, with implications for
the varieties of social and cultic practice represented therein. In particular, we examine whether all
drinking, pouring, storage, and cooking vessels one might expect to find in a domestic setting are
represented, whether any additional or ritual-special types are represented, and whether pottery was
produced outside to the sanctuary itself at nearby settlement sites such as Knossos and Archanes.
Through detailed, macro-fabric analysis and technological assessment, we further aim to identify a full
range of settlement locations that may have provided pottery for use at the sanctuary. Our investigation
intends to contribute not only to the body of work on peak sanctuary themselves but more generally to
our understanding of the relationship between the Minoan ritual landscape and the development of
socio-political complexity on Minoan Crete.
Athanasia Kanta, Danai Z. Kontopodi, Eirini Krasagaki
Conservation and interpretation: Two entwined aspects of archaeological material. The case of
the cave of Eileithyia at Inatos Tsoutsouros
Recent detailed conservation and mending has changed the form and interpretation of objects known
from an old excavation of N. Platon and C. Davaras.
This work has shown the value and necessity of detailed work in conservation, a field which is too
often neglected in the present economic climate.
-, ,
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34
. .
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Sylvie Mller Celka
The burial customs at Malia during the Old Palace period
The archaeological survey of Malia provided some new information about the grave types which were
in use in the palatial town and its surroundings during the Old Palace period, adding to the variety
already noticed in the course of the excavations. On the other hand, the surface material collected
around the Chrysolakkos building allows for a reassessment of its function, which is traditionally
considered funerary.

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35
Ellen Adams
Representing the anthropomorphic form in the Minoan world
Although the legendary figure of King Minos has cast a long shadow over Cretan studies, the concept
of Minoan personal identity has received surprisingly little attention. I propose to redress this situation
by reviewing questions of identity and difference through a variety of evidence, ranging from frescoes
to burial practices and from seals to figurines. In recent years, wider social theory has been tackling the
slippery notions of personhood and the body; building upon this, I aim to re-analyze how people are
represented through art and burial and also in association with artefacts in Late Bronze Age Knossos,
capital of Crete.
Particular facets of Minoan identity, notably gender, have previously been explored, and scholars have
sought the missing ruler the dominant male sovereign with limited success. I shall investigate how
relationships between people are depicted in different media, such as the formation and representation
of individual versus group identities. Phenomenological studies have permeated landscape
archaeology, but they have been criticized for their inability to integrate the individual into his/her
surroundings. An examination of the represented one and the many will explicitly address this
problem. For example, both key individuals and crowd scenes are depicted in the frescoes, representing
idealized single persons/elite few and the social body.
I shall focus on Knossian figured iconography (frescoes and sealings), figurines and burials, charting
the changes between the Neopalatial and Final Palatial periods. Some of this material is fragmentary
both fragments of originals, and reconstructed fragments of archaeologists imaginations but there
remains an appropriate range. I will analyze the two-way, dynamic relationships between audience and
media, viewer and viewed, or agent and experienced, incorporating these various immobile and mobile,
two- and three-dimensional sources. My methodology will highlight the correlations and tensions
between these patterns of data, which will best reveal the myriad facets of identity.
Points of comparison in the database include: date, context, material/medium, absolute size (miniature
or life-sized), relative size (scale), overlapping or free-standing figures, patterns in compositions of
figures, background, dress, gesture, pose and attributes. In addition, how do representations of
anthropomorphic figures accord with mortuary practices? Is the treatment of the body in death a
representation for the living? Regarding change through time, there is a shift from relatively invisible
Neopalatial burial practices to major investment in this sphere, while fewer figured seals date to the
Final Palatial period. Does this indicate changes in personal identity and, if so, what?
Maria Emanuela Alberti
Vessels in cooking fabric from Petras House I (LM IA)
The focus of the present work are the vessels in cooking fabrics from Petras House I, dating to LM IA.
At the moment, a general and systematic study of Minoan cooking ware is still missing. However,
since many contributions on the evidence from various sites are available, the main technical,
typological and functional characteristics of the class have been investigated, as well as major
chronological and geographical distribution patterns. As for Petras in particular, the study of the vessels
in cooking fabric from another Neopalatial structure, House II (LM IB), already completed, allowed a
development of the established typology and some observations on chronological and regional factors.
The analysis is now extended to the assemblage from House I (LM IA) where the percentage of various
types of cooking pot is different and where various kinds of trays and trapezes (probably to be
identified as pithos lids and/or drain-heads) are particularly abundant.
Lucia Alberti
Continuit e discontinuit nellarchitettura funeraria di Cnosso fra Medio e Tardo Minoico
Uno dei temi pi controversi dellarcheologia egea certamente la supposta presenza micenea a
Cnosso nella fase successiva alle distruzioni del TM IB. La presunta discontinuit nellambito dei
costumi funerari di Cnosso e dellarea immediatamente circostante nel TM II-IIIA1 una delle
argomentazioni spesso citate a favore di tale presenza continentale. In questa fase, infatti, nuovi tipi di
tombe monocamera, a fossa e a pozzo con nuovi corredi caratterizzati da armi e vasi in bronzo
sembrano apparire allimprovviso. Tali tipologie funerarie sono state positivamente messe a confronto
con tombe continentali cronologicamente precedenti o contemporanee, ma la loro interpretazione come
tombe di personaggi provenienti dal continente risulta ancora oggi molto controversa e uno dei punti
sensibili dellarcheologia egea.
Uno degli aspetti non ancora del tutto approfondito e sul quale permangono una serie di incertezze la
presunta continuit o discontinuit delle tipologie architettoniche in discussione. In queste sede
verranno analizzate in particolare la tipologia della tomba a tholos e quella della tomba a camera.
36
possibile parlare di continuit, anche solo ideale, fra le tholoi MM e quelle che compaiono a partire
dal TM II? E per ci che concerne la tomba a camera, quali sono gli elementi comuni e le differenze fra
le tombe a camera MM-TM I e quelle che compaiono dal TM II in poi nellarea di Cnosso? In che
misura tali tipologie architettoniche possono essere considerate delle vere novit al momento della loro
diffusione nellarea intorno al Palazzo?
Eva Alram-Stern
The network of the Kampos Group: Crete in context
The Kampos Group is an Aegean cultural phenomenon dating to the end of Early Cycladic I. In its
distribution and homogeneity it is a forerunner to the Early Bronze II cultural groups of the Aegean
koine. However, its character differs considerably from this of the succeeding period by the emergence
of culturally homogenous coastal settlements around the Aegean Sea. This paper intends to highlight
their similarities and local traits and to compare them with the well known sites at the Cretan north
coast.
Tomas Alusik
Rural aspects of Minoan Crete
This paper will focus on the research of rural aspects of Minoan Crete, which were considered to be
marginal since the beginning of last century. Since the first systematic excavations in Crete, Minoan
civilization has been interpreted mostly as a palatial civilization whose basic centres were large
architectonic complexes with inner courtyard labeled palaces and similar, and smaller buildings
labeled villas. These edifices had administrative, economic and religious functions. The research of
such structures is still in progress and, especially on the basis of its results, Minoan Crete is presented
as a well-developed palatial civilization with a dense network of palaces and villas. Much less attention
has been paid to other, less attractive or minor features of Minoan civilization, and the possible
contribution of small rural sites to the better knowledge of Minoan Crete was rather underestimated.
Therefore, my attention will be centred on small rural or rustic sites, which formed the important
economic hinterland of large settlements or palatial/villa centres. Since the World War II, up to several
thousands of all kinds of prehistoric sites including the numerous group of small rural sites
characterized mostly by remains of one or several buildings and terrace walls were discovered during
surface survey projects. However, only a few of the sites in question were more closely described or
surveyed. Only recently similar sites have been investigated in three regions. [SENSE? Moreover, in
most cases [the] sites with a single building have been examined and only several/a few? of them have
been excavated] What do you mean?.
In this paper I will present several examples of such sites and, especially, try to understand their
particular functions and place within the settlement hierarchy and pattern. Chronology, architectural
typology (including topography) and social aspects belong, also, to the key points of this paper.
Finally, the overall context of the sites in question and their relations to large settlements and palatial
centres should be cleared up.
Several appropriate model micro-regions will be designated within Crete (based on topography,
number of sites and publications) and will be processed by detailed multistage analysis including GIS
studies and 3D-software reconstructions in several different ways. A general picture and the contexts
of Minoan rural sites in larger geographical units, even on the whole island, can be deduced eventually,
based on the results of these analyses.
Janet Ambers, Ina Berg
New insights into forming techniques of Minoan and Mycenaean pottery from the British
Museums X-radiography collection
The British Museum collection of X-rays is an almost unique source of information whose potential
has so far been virtually untapped. Few museums or research institutions in Britain have the ability to
undertake essential scientific investigations, including the application of X-radiography, in house
(British Museum, York Archaeological Trust, National Museums Liverpool). As a result, very few
museums objects held in Britain have been scrutinised with this powerful technique. Fortunately, all Xradiographs produced in the British Museum have been archived and are now being made accessible
for study via the EU-funded Charisma Scheme. In total, the X-ray collection consists of 5.000 images,
if which ca 50 are of ceramic vessels from Bronze Age Greece with further 70 of Bronze Age vessels
from neighbouring regions. This poster presents a first attempt to analyse all images of Minoan and
Mycenaean pottery in the collection and put the findings into the wider context of both X-ray studies
and Greek pottery studies in general. At the very heart of this investigation is the acknowledgement
that manufacturing techniques not only provide insights into how skills are passed on from generation
37
to generation, and how a craft is being organised, but also show that these are crucial means of
expressing facets of peoples identities. Gosselain (XREIAZETAI EDO? 2000: 189) has found that
certain facets of identity were related consistently to certain stages of the chaine operatoire; and that
visibility of a manufacturing stage is related to specific identities. Thus, primary forming techniques
the most invisible of potting tasks, as most traces are later obliterated by secondary techniques or
decoration reflect the most individual and rooted aspects of social identity, including kinship, learning
networks, gender and social class (XREIAZETAI EDO? Gosselain 1998, 2000; Gelbert 1999).
Maria Anastasiadou
Seals with centred-circles in the Aegean Bronze Age
The paper presents a group of seals which, on account of their very similar shape, material, cutting
technique and iconography, are seen as the product of one 'workshop'. Characteristic of these seals are
round seal faces, the use of soft stones, engraving by hand tools, chaffing which creates soft, at times
'plastic' intaglios, and a preference for the depiction of human and animal heads.
On the basis of contextual evidence, the group is dated to MM Il/MM III (Middle Minoan). The
majority of its representatives have been recovered at Knossos, which suggests that the 'workshop'
producing them was located in this area. A comparison of the iconography of these seals with other MM
soft and hard stone seals shows that they fit well within the MM glyptic of Central Crete. Thus, not only
do the ornamental themes on these seals find parallels to those met on MM II soft stone seals produced in
the Mesara, but also some of the themes of the human and animal heads are easily comparable to those
on impressions of hard stone seals from Knossos and Phaistos.
As regards the development of Minoan glyptic, the group is of interest because its representatives
combine ornamental themes, which are typical of the MM II glyptic, with 'naturalistic' depictions of
figural motifs, which can be seen as the first 'regular' representatives of the 'naturalistic' tendency on
Minoan soft stone seals.
Eva Andersson Strand, Joanne Cutler
Textile production at three Middle Minoan centres
A large number of loom weights of different types have been found in Middle Minoan contexts at
Knossos, Phaistos and Malia, Quartier Mu. The presence of loom weights indicates the use of the
warp-weighted loom, in these contexts associated with other than household production. In the past,
variations in loom weight shape have generally been explained in terms of cultural, geographical and
chronological factors. In contrast, recent research has considered some aspects of shape as a direct
indication of loom weight function. This new approach, which is based on extensive experimental
archaeology, has made it possible to render textile craft visible, even if the textiles themselves are not
preserved.
In this presentation we will consider the evidence from Knossos, Phaistos and Malia, Quartier Mu, and
discuss what light it can shed on the nature of textile production at these palatial sites during the
Middle Minoan period.
Sabine Beckmann
Middle Bronze Age mountain-farms in the area of Agios Nikolaos, Crete
The slopes of Mount Katharo Tsivi, Agios Nikolaos, have provided evidence that the area was
populated from the beginning of the Minoan Protopalatial period, in parts until LM III: Over 300
Minoan buildings occupied an area of ca. 30 square kilometers, at an altitude between 600 and 1000 m.
These buildings are isolated, but not farther apart than ca. 400 m. Most of the structures were at least
partly built with large blocks, occasionally employing stones of over 2 tons in weight. The marginal
agricultural region, today used for herding and, until recently, for small-scale mixed agriculture, has
fortunately kept many of the Minoan structures well preserved (over 50 ruins still stand in parts up to
1,5 m).
Identifiable remains include not only buildings, but also round structures (similar structures are called
kouloures at the Minoan palaces) and long (700-1000 m, occasionally longer) enclosure walls that
surround nearly all of the structures. These peribolos walls, often constructed with large stones as well,
associate the buildings with plots of land of various sizes (average ca. 3.4 hectares), suggesting that the
installations were used as farmsteads. A. Evans and other archaeologists who saw several of the ruins
near the ancient main road believed them to have been forts or watch towers. The sites and enclosures
are interconnected by an unexpectedly well-planned network of paths and roads and are situated never
more than ca. 500 m from some source of water, showing that this marginal area was systematically
settled and structured from the Middle Bronze Age.
38
John Bennet, Amy Bogaard, Eleni Hatzaki

First view: The cityscape of Bronze Age nossos on Lower Gypsades
After over a century of fieldwork at Knossos, our knowledge of the layout and organization of the
Bronze Age city still relies heavily on the excavation of isolated plots, the result of systematic and
rescue excavations, leaving the cityscape of the largest settlement in the Aegean largely unknown.
This paper presents the results of a geophysical survey (magnetometry and resistivity) conducted on
Lower Gypsades. The area, located south of the palace, beyond the Vlychia stream and along the
northern half of the Gypsades hill, was chosen as the only part of the Bronze Age city which is not
buried under extensive Greek and Roman occupation levels. The aim of the project is to provide an
overview of the nature and density of the urban outer sett1ement in order to offer new information
about the extent, nature, and organization of a major part of Knossos's southern suburbs. In addition,
the results of the geophysical survey are analyzed in the context of previous archaeological discoveries
in the Knossos area, and are also compared to the picture of the urban layout of other major centres in
Bronze Age Crete.
Katrin Bernhardt
Mycenaean imports to Crete: Some thoughts on the interrelations between the Greek mainland
and Crete
This paper investigates the interrelations between the Mycenaean mainland and Crete during
LH/LM IIIA1 to LH/LM IIIB2. My particular focus lies on imported Mycenaean pottery; however, the
starting point for such a study, which needs clear assignments of vases to production centres, is
problematic. Scientific research methods, such as petrographic and chemical analyses, have only been
applied to a limited number of assemblages. In contrast, a much larger amount of pottery has been
labeled as imports and assigned to production centres on stylistic reasons only. These assignments have
to be discussed.
On the basis of preliminary statistics, I will bring forward a detailed analysis of vessel shapes imported
to Crete, which shows that in comparison to other regions of the Mediterranean, for example the
Levant, different vessel shapes seem to have been preferred for import.
This fact suggests close relations to the mainland which are on the one hand linked to the import of
various goods. On the other hand this may also be an indicator for the social behaviour of the Minoans
during this period.
Philip P. Betancourt, Susan C. Ferrence
Excavation of the LM I to LM III Farmstead at Chrysokamino-Chomatas
The excavation of an isolated megalithic farmstead near Kavousi in East Crete uncovered an interesting
building with two chronological phases. The architectural complex is near the earlier smelting site of
Chrysokamino, and pottery from the same period as the smelting site there suggests this may be the
settlement that supported the copper smelting workshop at that location, but all of the architecture was
later. The earlier of the two excavated building phases dated to LM IB, and it consisted of several
rooms constructed on bedrock. The building went out of use in LM IB-Final, contemporary with the
destruction at nearby Mochlos. The later phase, which was substantially larger, was from LM IIIA to
LM IIIB. It had a massive external wall and an interior courtyard with several rooms opening off of the
court. One room was a kitchen with a stone hearth. Many animal bones suggest that in LM III the
building was a farmstead engaged in raising animals and in farming. The building yielded bronzes,
sealstones, and substantial amounts of pottery.
Fritz Blakolmer
Iconography versus reality: Goddesses and gods in Minoan Crete
By studying the iconography of deities in the Aegean Bronze Age, we come across a multitude of
fundamental difficulties of definition as well as across contradictions between the evidence of images
and of written sources. Some of these problems are due to the history of research (e. g. the Minoan
Snake goddess) or based on highly improbable conceptions of a Minoan monotheism. Since it
seems reasonable to assign a highly pluralistic character to the Cretan divine kosmos at least from the
Neopalatial period onwards, some basic methodological questions of how to define distinct gods and
goddesses in the iconography of the Bronze Age Aegean are raised. Although scholars have defined a
multitude of distinct male and female deities in the figurative art of Minoan Crete, the evidence appears
rather ambiguous and seems to suggest a Pantheon without attributes.
A possible key for a better understanding of the inconsistencies between iconography and reality in
Minoan religion could be delivered by applying a diachronic perspective and by perceiving the
functions of religion during the Neopalatial period as a dynamic process. Therefore, a model of a
39
sociopolitical strategy will be proposed, which points to the creation of a standardized, uniform
religious iconography coined by the Knossian elite in order to remove regional diversities and to
realize political as well as social integration on the island of Crete and beyond.
Elisabetta Borgna
New evidence for cult places in LM III Crete
The analysis of the still unpublished LM III complex of the Casa ad? check ovest del Piazzale I at
Phaistos has brought to light various evidence useful for exploring some aspects of symbolic activities
related to the field of religion. From the area later occupied by two rooms of the complex, some LM III
and even earlier materials generally related to the ideological domain of Late Bronze Age people, such
as figurines, may be better explained by adopting a diachronic perspective which permits to detect
persistence and continuity in the use of special symbols. On the same spot, indeed, some later materials
clearly related to the field of cult and belonging to a very late phase in the life cycle of the complex,
well into LM IIIC, may be contextualized in an architectural framework, which may be interpreted as a
kind of shrine. Interesting similarities with well-known cult structures related to, both, independent
shrines and elite dwellings in the Aegean islands, Crete and Mainland Greece from Phylakopi to
Asine, Haghia Triada and Karphi are considered with the special purpose of interpreting the evidence
of Phaistos in the framework of the cult places of the end of the Bronze Age in the Aegean.
Maria Bttcher, Gerhard Plath Provlima!!
The beginnings of bridge construction. The example of the Minoan road network
After a short presentation of the Minoan road network and aspects in Trassenplanung (planning road
courses) we will point to the crossing of Cretan rivers and rivulets.
1.
Natural fords: We will show evidence of natural ford-passages. The recognizing and the using
up of natural facts are the essential pointers to talk about engineer-technical planning. The state of
ground, the resistance of abrasion, all clefts, faults and gaps were to proof and the site was to recognize
as suitable for a permanent crossing. Such ford-passages were also evidence of key-points of the roadcourse. The building of guardhouses was reflected to such sites, which were the essential points of the
road layout. (f.e. Choiromandres)
2.
Artificial fords: Examples of first artificial ford-passages will be presented. They are stated at
the same observance as for. But the lack of natural resources was now artificial repaired. Small
abysses were filled by big blocks, all gaps, clefts and cavities were closed by stones until the subconstruction of the road. A dam-like construction was arising. The down-under hollows were kept free
for water flowing through. (f.e. Lithoriako, Skafi)
3.
Sideropetra: Tests in compressive strength and experimental quarrying have given some
characteristic facts of the broad spread of this stone in Crete. In considering this Cretan hard limestone,
all aspects of static functions in walling will be analyzed. Examples of MM II buildings show
techniques in spanning spaces. (f.e. Phourni, Platanos-Pobia, Choiromandres)
4.
The Vlychia viaduct: The graphic reconstruction of the Vlychia viaduct (under Sir A. Evanss
direction) will be explained by examinig aspects of bridge-constructions in corbel technique. The static
function of tholos-graves with their circular corbel construction will be analyzed. The development to
linear corbel constructions will be shown. This change from circular to linear corbel techniques could
be considered as a technological jump in bridge building construction. One can say that this was the
beginning of constructive engineer planning.
Gerald Cadogan
Are there any patterns? The destructions, disasters, abandonments, establishments and
resettlements of Bronze Age Crete
This paper will attempt a summary view of the settlement history of Bronze Age Crete, through the
destructions, disasters, abandonments, establishments and resettlements that appear to have punctuated
this history. In particular, I shall look for any possible patterns, or recurrences of phenomena that may
indicate similar causation, over the two millennia I shall examine. These factors will include: the
impact of earthquakes; the identification of enemy action, whether from inside Crete or from overseas;
changing environmental conditions; changing political conditions; defence as a reason for choosing
sites to settle; and the implications of resettlements and/or entirely new settlements in the same district,
whether including synoecisms (nucleations) or not.
This will of necessity be a cursory survey, but it is essential to include a brief look at the island in both
Neolithic times and in the Early Iron Age and later.
40
Ilaria Caloi
Funerary rituals in the Protopalatial period (MM IB-MM IIB): he evidence from Kamilari and
from the other Mesara tholos tombs
The aim of this paper is to present the funerary rituals attested in those tholos tombs of the Mesara
plain, in southern Crete, which were founded or re-used in MM IB-MM IIB.
This paper aims at a deeper understanding of the funerary contexts of the Mesara plain in the
Protopalatial period, focusing first on the chronology of the tholos tombs in use in the Protopalatial
period, and then on their functions. In particular, this work will try to answer a series of important
questions, such as: which tombs were founded in the Protopalatial period? In which phase of the
Protopalatial period the Prepalatial tombs were re-used? Which tombs were used (or re-used) in the
Protopalatial period for burials and which ones only for non-funerary rituals? Why this differentiation?
The new definition of MM IB-MM IIB ceramic sequences that I have proposed for Phaistos have
persuaded me to reassess the chronology of the Mesara tholos tombs in the Protopalatial period. In fact,
new results from the study of the MM IB-MM IIB ceramic material at Phaistos, together with the
investigations I carried out during the last years on the MM IB-MM IIB Kamilari material, have
provided crucial support to understand the chronology of the ceramic material coming from those
tholos tombs, which have revealed MM ceramic.
Since previous studies have clearly demonstrated that centres like Phaistos, Kommos and Ayia Triada,
as well as most of the tholos tombs of the Western Mesara shared the same ceramic tradition, I have
used the ceramic sequence proposed for Phaistos to re-study the Protopalatial material from Kamilari.
This study has allowed me to define the funerary rituals attested at Kamilari in the discrete phases of
the Protopalatial period, that is MM IB, MM IIA and MM IIB. Indeed, at Kamilari it is possible to
recognize a differentiation in the funerary rituals from the beginning to the end of the Protopalatial
times. The same work can be done for the other Mesara tholos tombs used in the Protopalatial period.
For example, the funerary rituals attested in MM IB at Kamilari, that are mostly based on libation rites
rather than on food and drink consumption, can also be observed in the cemetery of Ayia Triada A as
well as in the cemetery of Koumasa. On the contrary, from MM IIA until MM IIB, the funerary rituals
are mostly based on drink consumption as the high quantity of drinking vessels has demonstrated not
only for the cemetery of Kamilari, but also for those of Port and Platanos.
Tim Campbell-Green, Antonis Vasilakis
The Prepalatial settlement of Trypiti: The view from the pottery
The Prepalatial settlement of Trypiti is situated on a hill on the south coast in south-central part of the
island. Although a relatively small-scale settlement, its importance is derived in part from the fact that
it represents a domestic counterpoint in an area that is, archaeologically, almost exclusively dominated
by mortuary data, and has, then, the potential to tell us much about how the people occupying the
Asterousia in the Early Bronze Age lived. Moreover, as the state of preservation was particularly good,
the process of occupation and abandonment can be observed, and modes of use and reuse noted. This
paper examines the domestic realm through the use and function of the pottery recovered from the site.
At least two distinct phases of occupation are visible in the ceramic record. The first, dating to the later
EM I period, is visible by the small, but significant, numbers of sherds from this period spread over the
crown of the hill, and is presumed to mark the foundation date of the settlement. Furthermore, it is
almost certainly the contributing settlement for the tholos tomb of Trypiti located some 250m to the
south east of the settlement hill, and which seems to have been founded at the period.
The later period, corresponding to the EM IIB/MM IA, makes up by far the greater part of the
excavated material and witnesses the construction of at least four distinct housing units. Cooking
pots and storage vessels are represented, as one would expect from domestic habitation, as are cups and
bowls for eating and drinking, and spouted and larger vessels for pouring and serving. Furthermore,
from the rubbish dumped in areas/rooms that went out use and were abandoned we can see not only
patterns of pottery consumption, but also patterns of reuse in the pottery, providing a fascinating
insight into the day-to-day existence of an Early Bronze Age settlement.
Kostas Chalikias, Stavroula Apostolakou
Settlement patterns in the Ierapetra region: A case study of the island of Chryssi
The landscape of the south Ierapetra Isthmus has changed dramatically over the past few decades
affecting the way we interpret settlement patterns and past human activity in the area. The island of
Chryssi is one of the few exceptions, and recent archaeological investigations there by the 24th
Ephoreia have provided significant evidence for the exploitation of this small island through the
centuries and, in turn, the broader changes in settlement patterns that occurred along the south coast of
Crete.
41
Islands are ideal case studies because of their isolated environment which suffers minimal human
impact. The colonization of small islands around Crete since the Neolithic period constitutes a
pattern that is well documented for Gavdos, Kouphonisi and Pseira. So far, the archaeological
fieldwork on Chryssi has focused mainly on recording past human activity and understanding human
choices on settlement location and land use. Research there has recorded a number of sites that date
from the Final Neolithic to the Venetian period. The occupation on Chryssi demonstrates the particular
importance of this small island community during the Neopalatial, Hellenistic and Roman times and
suggests the existence of a thriving and complex network of settlements in the opposite coast of Crete,
some of which have not even been discovered (i.e., Neopalatial).
Angeliki Chrysanthi
Walking in a Minoan town: A computational approach
This paper deals with some preliminary results of on-going research in the field of site interpretation
and presentation via 3D graphics and simulation technologies. The investigation of circulation patterns
in prehistoric urban environment and the perception of such built spaces are attempted, providing a
basis for further research on proposing a methodology for an on site presentation.
Although new research is carried on, concerning accessibility and perception of the Minoan built
environment, it is focused foremost on the palaces. The site chosen for this study is the Late Minoan
town of Gournia, which constitutes perhaps the most extent excavated urban entity of the Minoan
civilization and a product of complex planning with unique rules of spatial organization. A main
characteristic of Minoan architecture is its compound mobility system which offers a significant variety
of alternative pathways in between spaces, in three or more levels.
Movement around an urban built space is related to the specific social, administrative and economical
functions that take place in it as well as to the everyday life activities. Such functions are reflected to
the urban character and the street network of the settlement. The analysis and interpretation of the
street network will be viewed along with the study of perceiving the urban public space through
locomotion.
Drawing upon analogous theoretical approaches and the implemented work on movement simulation,
this paper proposes the notion of locomotion as an alternative, non static interpretative tool.
Nicola Cucuzza
La villa minoica di Kanni presso Mitropolis
Si espongono i risultati della revisione dei dati di scavo e dei materiali rinvenuti nel corso dell'indagine
archeologica che, sotto la direzione di Doro Levi, nel 1958 port alla luce la Villa di Kanni presso
Mitropolis. Lo stato di pubblicazione solo parziale dell'importante complesso (sostanzialmente limitato
ad un solo articolo preliminare di Levi) ha spinto ad intraprendere dal 2008 un esame complessivo
della documentazione disponibile e dei materiali rinvenuti in vista della edizione dei dati noti, con la
sola esclusione dei materiali neolitici.
Lo studio condotto consente di affermare che l'edificio venne costruito sul sito di un vasto
insediamento neolitico; i resti di alcuni muri indicano l'esistenza di una fase architettonica pi antica
della struttura neopalaziale; la presenza di materiali del TM III anche nei vani occidentali indica che la
frequentazione di quel periodo non si limit ai soli ambienti orientali, dove furono trovati i noti
esemplari di statuette delle "dee dalle braccia alzate". Il rinvenimento di un kernos fittile e quello di
un'urna-capanna indicano come l'area fu oggetto di una frequentazione cultuale anche durante le fasi
finali dell'Et del Bronzo; qualche statuetta ed alcuni vasi fittili miniaturistici di epoca arcaica ed
ellenistica testimoniano qualche saltuaria deposizione votiva anche in epoca storica, con la probabile
costruzione di una piccola edicola.
Massimo Cultraro
The Late Neolithic period at Prinias (north central Crete): Ceramic change and technological
innovation
This paper explores the unpublished pottery assemblage of the Late Neolithic/EM I period found in the
area of the Geometric and Archaic Cemetery at Siderospilia, Prinias. The pottery complex was
discovered during the archaeological explorations carried out by the University of Catania (prof. G.
Rizza), in the years 1969-1975. The archaeological material comes from relatively well-stratified
deposits, some of which were excavated beneath the floor of the Geometric burials. A pit dug in the soft
calcareous rock gives us an additional assemblage of this phase important in order to classify the ware
according to fabrics and forms. In this fill occur numerous mudbricks, some with plaster still adhering
to their face, which could represent the debris of a demolished building with plastered walls.
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The pottery assemblage includes mostly the main fabric wares of the Late Neolithic II found in Central
Crete, as Pattern-Burnished Decoration and a Coarse Red Fabric with large calcite inclusions, which has
strong affinities with a comparable pottery group found in the Final Neolithic III at Knossos.
The Late Neolithic pottery at Prinias is characterised by two interlinked ceramic traditions: one clearly
rooted in a long history of ceramic development on Crete (e.g. Phaistos, Knossos), and the other
marked by features such as the cheese-pots, which shows strong links with the Late Chalcolithic of
North Aegean and South-East Anatolia.
Anna Lucia DAgata, Marie-Claude Boileau, Sara De Angelis
Do Italians do it better? Handmade burnished ware from Thronos Kephala (ancient Sybrita)
Handmade Burnished Ware (HBW) is one of the most debated ceramic classes of Late Palatial and
Post Palatial Greece, whose chart of distribution includes the Mainland, Crete, Cyprus and the Levant.
Recent studies have made clear that the main parallels for HBW may be found in the handmade
production of Southern Italy and, to a lesser extent, Northern Greece. In the last study seasons carried
out on the material from Thronos Kephala (ancient Sybrita) a group of sherds which may be referred to
HBW was identified. Although a fragment of HBW was already known from the site, the circulation in
the settlement of a few vases realized following a foreign tradition of pottery manufacture in the course
of the 12th century BC deserves a deeper enquiry. It is the aim of this paper to present some
preliminary results on this new archaeological evidence trying to assess its importance within the local
context and in the wider world.
Sylviane Dderix
Settling the dead. Some observations on the funerary landscapes of Minoan Crete
Minoan civilization yielded interesting, diversified funerary remains. Unfortunately, in spite of its
abundance, the archaeological record related to the mortuary practices of Bronze Age Crete is badly
affected and lots of questions persist. In the absence of undisturbed contents, and given the limited
evidence from the tombs themselves, progress lies in examining available funerary data within their
broader cultural context. This paper attempts to define the spatial patterning of Minoan tombs in
relation to their wider landscape. Indeed, of all the choices made by a society regarding the treatment
of its dead, those related to the location of the cemeteries are amongst the most fundamental. The
establishment of the abode of the dead plays an active part in a communitys process of both forgetting
and commemorating its deceased, while reflecting and influencing its attitude to death and the dead. By
examining the spatial arrangement of burials, it must therefore be possible to glean some insight about
the Minoan funerary behaviours and their meanings.
The paper is intended to approach the spatial location and distribution of burial places within their
broader environmental context in order to get clues about natural and cultural criteria that influenced
the establishment of cemeteries during the Cretan Bronze Age. Since the archaeological visibility is not
sufficient to judge the cultural importance of a landscape, the environment of the activities of ancient
societies needs to be comprehended as a whole and thus the location of Minoan tombs can be better
realized through the examination of topographical, geological, hydrographical and archaeological data.
Calling on Geographical Information Systems service makes it possible to describe the terrain
characteristics of the cemeteries, and more important, to explore the connections between them and
their surroundings. In order to accomplish the above, a number of spatial analyses have been used. Cost
weighted analysis gives the opportunity to demarcate the catchment area of burial places and to
understand the spatial relationships between cemeteries and tombs and the rest of the landscape along
the settlement shifts through time. Viewshed analysis enables to explore the visual links that burial
areas held with the neighborhood and so, to estimate whether funerary structures were conceived as
landmarks and/or as dominating features. In the course of the above analyses, a special attention must
be paid to the spatial and visual relations existing between the different cemeteries, and between the
cemeteries and contemporary archaeological sites (distance, relative altitude, orientation and
intervisibility), for these reveal the level of integration of the deceased into the world of the living.
Through the study of the spatial links between burial places, natural environment and archaeological
sites, we can get a better understanding about Minoans attitude towards death and the dead, and about
the roles and influences they assigned to their deceased.
Maurizio Del Freo, Julien Zurbach
La prparation du Supplment au Recueil des Inscriptions en Linaire A
Cette communication a pour but de prsenter le travail entrepris, linvitation de Louis Godart et JeanPierre Olivier, pour constituer un volume de supplment au Recueil des Inscriptions en Linaire A dont
le dernier volume (tudes Crtoises XXI/5, cole franaise dAthnes) est paru en 1985. Il sagit,
43
selon les principes tablis par les auteurs du Recueil, de prsenter une nouvelle dition de chaque texte
publi, selon des critres et une mthode uniformes. Cela pose un certain nombre de questions, qui
seront abordes ici, sur la nature et lampleur des index et des outils de travail qui seront prsents dans
ce volume de supplment. Il ne sagit cependant pas seulement dun travail ddition mais aussi dune
entreprise de recensement qui, grce laide prcieuse des autres pigraphistes et surtout des fouilleurs,
amne complter notre connaissance du linaire A. Ce volume changera videmment notre
apprciation de la rpartition gographique, sinon chronologique, de lusage de cette criture, et
comprendra des inscriptions de tous types qui enrichissent considrablement certaines catgories.
Ltablissement des textes, enfin, amne quelques nouveauts intressantes.
Serena Di Tonto
The formation of identity and the organisation of a Neolithic community: Some evidence from
Phaistos (Crete)
A new cycle of stratigraphical excavations conducted at Phaistos (Crete - Greece) and a systematic reevaluation of the known data have clarified the nature and extension of human occupation and
activities on the hill during the Final Neolithic period. In particular they led to the identification of
deposits and associated features that testify to a ceremonial and ritual frequentation of some parts of the
site. These ceremonies, characterised by the consumption of food and drinks, involved the phaistian
neolithic community and maybe members of the surrounding territory. The communal consumption is
a way in which the society structured itself and it can be evidence for social integration or competition.
These episodes of intra- and intercommunity commensality may have served to strengthen relationship
between the competing local households and also to create obligations of hospitality with households
from further afield in order to obtain mutual help or food and raw materials. Furthermore the memory
of the ritual activity that occurred at Phaistos may have endowed the hill with a special status that
contributed to its selection as the site of the successive occupations through the First Minoan Palace.
Eleni Drakaki
The Master with Lion motif of Bronze Age Cretan iconography: A comprehensive study
The motif of a male figure accompanied by a lion, here conventionally termed Master with Lion, was
conceived in the Neopalatial era, the most flourishing period of the Bronze Age civilization of Crete,
and has thus far been witnessed exclusively on (a very small number of) works of glyptic (seals and
sealings). Although it has attracted (some) scholarly attention, especially in respect to the identity
and/or status of the Master and its/their (possible) implications for Cretan religion and the nature of
rulership on the island, a comprehensive study of this motif is long overdue. To this purpose, the scope
of this paper includes the following: 1) a careful examination of the available material that leads to the
discovery of variations even if minor of this motif, which seem to warrant different identifications;
2) a systematic analysis of the morphological characteristics and/or contextual associations of the seals
and sealings in question, in an effort to shed some light on the identity of the selected few who
owned them; and 3) a thorough investigation beyond the Aegean borders, in search of the motifs
parallels in the iconographic traditions of the other great Bronze Age cultures of Egypt, Anatolia, the
Near East and Mesopotamia. Considering the nature and extreme rarity of the Cretan artifacts which
carry the Master with Lion motif as well as the fact that it was conceived at a time of intense
interaction and contacts between Crete and the eastern Mediterranean, this undertaking is crucial for
ascertaining the degree of independence and/or (possible) external influence involved in its
formulation.
Jan Driessen
The Bronze Age settlement on the Kephali at Sissi
Since 2007, a team of the Belgian School at Athens has been excavating the coastal site of Sissi
(koinotita Vrachasiou), a hill settlement naturally defended by steep slopes and river valleys, located
about 4 km east of the palace site of Malia. Strategically located near the sea but also close to important
land routes, the hill seems to have been continuously occupied from at least the Early Minoan IIA
period (if not earlier) and stayed in use till Late Minoan IIIB when it was suddenly abandoned, perhaps
in favour of the refuge settlement located nearby on the Anavlochos. The cemetery, in use from EM
IIA to MM IIB, illustrates a variety of burial practices (house tombs, ossuaries, pithos burials) and
detailed anthropological examination allows to reconstruct certain social features. The settlement
evidence dates primarily to Late Minoan I-II-III with a series of Neopalatial workshops, perhaps
mainly concerned with textile production. During this same phase, the hill may have been protected by
a Cyclopean wall. During LM III, only the summit of the hill seems to have been occupied by a large,
almost monumental building with concerns for defence. This comprised a series of storage areas and
workshops but also larger halls with central hearths and at least one shrine. Many floor deposits were
44
preserved in situ. The importance of the site is discussed, especially by comparing it with
contemporary Malia.
Yves Duhoux
La Room of the Chariot Tablets du palais de Cnossos : cole scribale ou archives oublies ?
La Room of the Chariot Tablets (= RCT) du palais de Cnossos fait lobjet de deux interprtations trs
diffrentes. Chadwick y a vu une cole scribale. Par contre, dautres auteurs, dont le plus important est
Driessen ont exclu cette analyse : aux yeux de Driessen, there is no evidence to support an
interpretation of the RCT material as training documents. Pour lui, la RCT serait un dpt ordinaire
darchives plus archaque que le reste des tablettes en linaire B.
Je voudrais montrer que plusieurs particularits importantes des tablettes de la RCT sont typiques dune
ambiance scolaire
1) Il est admis par tous que les textes de la RCT manifestent une uniformit dcriture remarquable, bien
quils aient t crits par des auteurs diffrents. Ceci est sans parallle linaire B connu et suggre que
la RCT fonctionnait autrement que les autres bureaux mycniens
2) Or, une srie dobservations faites par Driessen lui-mme suggrent que la RCT tait une cole
scribale. Driessen parle de the inexperience of the writers; du fait que the RCT scribes felt uneasy
with the writing material et du semi-literate environment in which the documents [of the RCT] were
produced. Il ajoute que the scribes of the RCT acquired their writing-qualities together et quils
did indeed acquire their abilities in school-like environments.
3) La tablette KN V(1) 114 est un document capital pour comprendre la fonction de la RCT. Ce texte
contient les mmes quatre mots crits sur son recto et son verso (pa-ze a-mi-ni-so pe-da wa-tu). Or, ces
deux faces ont t crites par deux mains diffrentes, dont lune est manifestement plus doue que
lautre. Ceci a des parallles dans le monde proche-oriental, o lon trouve galement des tablettes dont
lune des deux faces est crite par le matre et lautre par llve. La tablette KN V(1) 114 ne peut donc
bien se comprendre que si lon y reconnat un authentique exercice scribal, avec la partie de llve et
celle du matre.
Conclusion : cet ensemble dlments invite penser que la RCT tait un lieu dapprentissage scribal.
Ceci est valable quelle que soit la datation de la RCT, puisque ladministration palatiale devait
rgulirement former de nouveaux scribes.
Melissa Eaby
Unit A.2 at Chalasmenos
Excavations at the site of Chalasmenos (Monastiraki) were begun in 1992 as a joint Greek-American
project under the direction of Dr. Metaxia Tsipopoulou and the late Prof. William Coulson. The site is
located on a relatively steep, rocky hill (240 m. above sea level) just south of the Ha Gorge on the
eastern side of the Ierapetra Isthmus. Chalasmenos was a relatively large settlement, covering perhaps
7-8 acres, and was apparently founded in the middle phase of the Late Minoan IIIC period
(approximately mid 12th c. BC). Although limited phasing, in the form of blocked doorways, multiple
floor levels, and building repairs or additions, is visible in some structures, it is essentially a single
period site, abandoned before the end of LM IIIC; very limited Protogeometric and Late Geometric
activity has also been recorded.
The Chalasmenos settlement shows a degree of urban planning: at least four distinct neighborhoods,
separated by paved and unpaved pathways, have been identified on the site. While many buildings at
Chalasmenos are of an agglomerative nature, consisting of a large room with one or two smaller rooms
extending off of it (often creating a -shaped plan), at least six buildings of megaron type, including
the shrine, have also been identified (as previously presented by Dr Tsipopoulou). Buildings of
megaron type consist of two axially aligned rectangular rooms (typically a larger room with central
hearth leading into a smaller one) with the entrance on the short side.
This paper serves as a preliminary presentation of Unit A.2, a two-room building located on the
southwestern edge of the site, immediately west of a series of rooms known as Coulsons House
(House A.1). Unit A.2 appears to have been the first megaron type construction at Chalasmenos; it
began as a single square room to which a long rectangular room with central clay hearth was added. In
this paper, the architecture, pottery, and small finds from these two rooms will be examined: the finds
from the building include vessels for storage, food preparation, drinking and food consumption, as well
as stone tools and burned and unburned animal bones. The possible significance of the building will
also be discussed; specifically, does this structure represent a typical house at Chalasmenos, or did it
have a special function? It is hoped that the evidence from Unit A.2 will contribute to our knowledge
of LM IIIC settlements in east Crete and also aid in better understanding the relationship between
Chalasmenos and other nearby sites, such as Kastro, Vronda, Vasilike Kephala, and Vrokastro.
45
Jason W. Earle
Diminished Cretan influence in the Cyclades during Late Minoan IBLate Minoan II? Evidence
from a ceramic perspective
It is well established that Cycladic ceramics of the late Middle Bronze Age and early Late Bronze Age
were deeply influenced by contemporary Cretan wares. Many Minoan shapes and styles were adopted
and adapted by Cycladic potters, and there is even a possibility that itinerant Cretan potters were
working in the Cyclades. To date, discussions of Cretan-Cycladic interactions have focused mainly on
the late Middle Cycladic and Late Cycladic I periods (Middle Minoan III and Late Minoan IA in
Cretan terms), and particularly on pottery from the sites of Akrotiri on Thera, Phylakopi on Melos, and
Ayia Irini on Kea. Studies examining Cycladic responses to the Cretan Late Minoan IB and II styles,
however, are lacking. Consequently, our understanding of Cycladic stylistic and cultural dynamics
during these historically crucial periods, which witnessed the shift from Minoan to Mycenaean cultural
hegemony in the Aegean, is dim. Did the strong Minoan influence seen in Late Cycladic I ceramics
continue into Late Cycladic II (LM IBII)? Or did Cretan influence in the Cyclades diminish following
the Theran eruption, as Mountjoy has suggested on the basis of imports?
To address these questions, I present the findings of my examination of ceramic material from relevant
Cycladic deposits, both published (House A at Ayia Irini on Kea, Grotta on Naxos, and unpublished
Trenches A, C, S, K, PLa and KKd at Phylakopi on Melos). To my knowledge, no study has
dealt exclusively with Late Cycladic II ceramics, let alone Minoan influence on Late Cycladic II
ceramics. Limited (and often tangential) discussions of Late Cycladic II ceramics have appeared in
excavation reports and studies of Late Cycladic I pottery, but interest has tended to focus instead on
Minoan and Mycenaean imports to the Cyclades. While an understanding of the changing proportions
of Minoan and Mycenaean imports is important, the relationship of these imports to local ceramic
developments in Late Cycladic II has not been explored. Therefore, I pay particular attention to
stylistic developments in local ceramics, discuss the relationships between Cycladic products and
imports from the Greek Mainland and Crete, and highlight the similarities and differences in Cycladic
responses to Minoan and Mycenaean pottery. In turn, this study enables us to understand better from a
ceramic perspective the transitional period (Late Minoan IBII/Late Cycladic II/Late Helladic II)
between Minoan and Mycenaean ascendancy in the Cyclades, and in the broader Aegean.
Florence Gaignerot-Driessen
From communal incorporated shrines to public independent sanctuaries in LM III Crete
Characteristic of discovery of Cretan Postpalatial bench sanctuaries are large wheel made terracotta
figures with upraised arms together with typical cultic equipment. Past and recent excavations on Crete
illustrate a series of contexts that contain elements from this cultic equipment, particularly snake tubes,
but lack such a Goddess with Upraised Arms. Most of these contexts date to Late Minoan (LM) IIIA-B
and form part of larger buildings with potential communal functions, this in contrast to contexts in
which figures occur which are freestanding public buildings and date to LM IIIB-C. This evolution
suggests the changing dynamics of the use of cult spaces. It is argued here that the LM IIIC figures
with upraised arms are a later addition in what we could call LM IIIA-B Snake Tube Shrines and that
they were not cult images, but symbolically represented votaries in context of elite competition.
Ioanna Galanaki, Evi Goroyanni
Crete and the Cyclades reconsidered: Communication networks and processes during the
Middle Bronze and the beginning of the Late Bronze Ages in the light of new evidence from
Lefkandi and Keos
At the apex of Minoanisation, Cretan influence seems to have been strongest on those nodes of the
exchange network that are arranged along the western Cyclades (western string) and the Dodecanese
and the western coast of Asia Minor (eastern string). The northernmost extent of this influence is where
the Aegean sea is constricted at its narrowest, i.e., approximately at the latitude of Ayia Irini and
Miletus. The reasons for this very specific geographic distribution have as yet not been addressed in the
literature. The present paper attempts to fill this lacuna and address the reasons for this geographical
discrepancy by comparing unpublished material from two sites, Ayia Irini on Keos and XeropolisLefkandi on Euboea. These two sites, although in close proximity to each other and with established
contact between them, participated in the exchange network connecting the Aegean with Crete in
considerably different degrees, both quantitatively and qualitatively. At Ayia Irini, one can find the
entire Minoan package complete with imported and minoanising pottery, Linear A, Minoan weights,
measures, and artistic tropes, as well as the upright loom. However, at Lefkandi, not far from Keos
along the Euboean coast, the amount of Minoan or minoanising pottery remains small throughout the
Middle and early Late Bronze Age, even though the site was far from isolated from the rest of the
46
Aegean, as the abundance of Cycladic and Aeginetan fabrics makes evident. Thus, if interaction along
certain routes existed and sites such as Lefkandi were part of these contact networks from the
beginning of the Middle Bronze Age and on, what forces or choices in the communication patterns
excluded Lefkandi from the sphere of Minoanisation? This paper proposes answers to this question
through a diachronic and comparative study of the patterns of interaction between these two sites and
Crete.
Armelle Gardeisen, Tatiana Theodoropoulou
Approvisionnement carn et gestion animale Malia au cours du Minoen Rcent I
Des fouilles rcentes ralises sous lgide de lEFA et sous la responsabilit de Dr. Maia Pomadre
dans le secteur P de Malia ont mis au jour un riche assemblage faunique bien contextualis au cours du
Minoen Rcent I. Cette communication se propose de donner des aspects de lapprovisionnement carn
dans cette priode partir de ltude des restes danimaux et discuter les conditions de lexploitation du
milieu terrestre et marin au sein dune conomie pastorale et piscicole circum-palatiale.
Lapprovisionnement carn est majoritairement dorigine domestique. Il est probable que lespce la
plus rgulirement consomme est le mouton, puis le porc, suivis de la chvre, du buf, et en dernier
lieu par la chvre sauvage, Capra aegagrus cretica. ct de ce spectre terrestre, un large ventail de
mollusques collects sur toutes les profondeurs suggre une exploitation diversifie du milieu marin.
La reprsentation plus faible de restes de poissons est intressante. Les choix dabattage des cheptels et
de pche-collecte des faunes marines nous informent sur les stratgies saisonnires dexploitation des
ressources animales. Les techniques de dcoupe et de prparation en vue de conservation/
consommation clairent dun jour nouveau les pratiques alimentaires maliotes au dbut du Minoen
Rcent. Les composantes de cette exploitation sont discutes au sein de lorganisation dune conomie
bien structure et sont compares avec les donnes vivrires existantes en Crte pour cette priode.
Geraldine Gesell
The goddesses with upraised hands at Kavousi: The relationship between potters,
fabrics, technology, and appearance of the figure
Although the goddess with up-raised hands is a standard type of goddess figure, most of which is
thrown the same way on the wheel in the LM IIIB and C periods, the details of its construction
and modeling vary from site to site and also on the same site. At Kavousi these variations appear
to be connected with the choice of the fabric used in the individual figures. The goddesses from
this site were made from five different types of coarse fabric and one of fine. The five coarse
fabrics were studied by Peter Day, Louise Joyner, and Vassilis Kilikoglou and published in
Hesperia 75 (2006) 137-175. Very briefly, Group 1 is characterized by frequent low-grade
metamorphic rocks set in a ground mass rich in silver mica laths and quartz grains. The firing
temperature was relatively low, about 750 degrees C. Group 2 has a red matrix which contains
frequent inclusions of acid igneous rocks, mostly granite. The firing temperature was relatively
low, 750 degrees C. or below. Group 3 is characterized by large well-rounded aplastic inclusions
of low-grade metamorphic rocks (phyllite and slate), sedimentary rocks (sandstones and
siltstones), and fine grain igneous rocks (basic volcanics?), set in a very fine-grained base clay. Its
firing temperature was 800-850 degrees C. Group 4 consists of granodiorite inclusions in a
calcarious matrix. It is easily recognized by its gold mica. Its firing temperature is 750-800
degrees C. Group 5 is characterized as the phyllite group. Its firing temperature was less than 750
degrees C. Groups 1,2, and 5 are considered to be cooking vessel types and Groups 3 and 4 are
common jar fabrics. The article claims that many workshops of potters, probably in the area of
the Isthmus of Ierapetra along the south coast of the Bay of Mirabello and in the Kavousi and
Mochlos areas, made the goddesses and the major ritual equipment, the snake tubes and plaques.
The discussion in this paper builds on the article to discuss the differences in the figures of the
goddesses made from these different types of fabric, particularly in the details of the construction
of the figure, modeling the surface, and the final decorations. Most of the numbered goddesses
(20 out of 26) were made from Group 3 material. The details of these will be considered the
standard for Kavousi. The fabrics of Groups 1, 2, 4, and 5 were used in only one numbered
goddess apiece (two goddesses are of fine ware). These will show the variations based on fabric.
There is the same relationship between the fabric and the snake tubes and plaques. The majority
of the snake tubes (25 out of 34) and plaques (29 out of 39) are also of Group 3 fabric. These,
although they may be referred to, will not be discussed in detail in this paper.
47
Luca Girella
The Kamilari tholos tombs project: New light on an old excavation
The two largest tholos tombs, both about 1.5 km north of the village of Kamilari, were excavated by
the Italian scholar Doro Levi in 1959. A quite exhaustive preliminary report drew attention to the keyrole of this pair of tombs. The larger of the two tombs, built in MM IB, was most intensely used during
MM III, but there are also some deposits datable from LM I to LM IIIA. The smaller tomb was
exploited almost uninterruptedly from MM IB to LM I. Thanks to the generous permission of the
Italian Archaeological School, Prof. V. La Rosa, the Greek authorities, and the financial support of
INSTAP, a project is currently focusing on the complete study and publication of the Kamilari
material.
The emerging picture is admittedly rather fragmentary, but the reading of excavations notebook and a
study of a large body of the so far unpublished material allow us to present new information on the
nature and amount of grave offerings.
This paper seeks to understand formal and functional changes in the tombs through their periods of use.
Firstly, by relating vessels shapes to specific areas of the tholos (the main chamber, annexes -, the
external courtyard) it is possible to draw a clearer picture of vessel distribution. Such a distribution
sheds new light on the ritual offerings and activities carried out within the tomb and in the external
courtyard nearby.
Secondly, by exploring diachronic changes in the tombs the paper aims to set properly the Kamilari
cemetery in their region and to interpret differences in the use of the tombs as elements of the mortuary
behaviour of the communities which used the cemetery through the centuries.
Thibaut Gomre, Maia Pomadre
The Pi Area at Malia: An exploration of a Prepalatial, Protopalatial and Neopalatial period
Minoan town quarter
The Pi Area, which is located between the House Delta alpha and the Hypostyle Crypt, is being
excavated since 2005. A Neopalatial building, the btiment Pi, has been discovered, and the
excavations have revealed that the area had been inhabited over different periods. The building had
been constructed upon Protopalatial and Prepalatial levels. The LM I material which has been collected
suggests a mainly residential and domestic function of the building. In addition, various activities (such
as textile production or obsidian manufacture) were taking place in the course of every-day life in the
area of btiment Pi. Moreover, some artifacts of particular importance, such as seals, figurines and a
'cupule' stone found in situ, indicate administrative as well as religious activities in the building. The
house was finally abandoned during the late LM IA after having been destroyed and/or rearranged
several times.
This paper will present the spatial organization of this new building, btiment Pi, as well as the rich
history of the area, which seems to have been inhabited, at least in part, without interruption as early as
EM II. This Prepalatial level is of particular interest because the remains of that period, which have
been discovered sporadically throughout the site, have provided us with little information about Malia
during this period.
The excavations on area Pi have provided new data concerning Neopalatial urbanism, as well as a
valuable enrichment of our knowledge of the first occupation period in the site of Malia.
Lucy Goodison
At deaths door: New evidence and new narratives from the Mesara-type tombs
A new catalogue of the Mesara-type tombs compiled recently is based on field trips to all previously
listed sites, including some not seen by any archaeologist for up to 60 years and never published in
visual form. This fieldwork raised new questions about the identity, location, architecture and ritual use
of the tombs.
In particular it drew attention to the significance both literal and symbolic of the tomb doors through
which the living interfaced with the unknown world of death. The view and passage in and out of the
tombs suggest a relationship mediated through physical and experiential elements including not only
toasting but also: movement; handling of bones; intervisibility; situation in landscape; activities at
special times of day and year; and engagement with the cardinal points.
Archaeologists investigating the tombs also stand at the door of an unknown world of death, about
which they have constructed a number of narratives. These have included generalized models of the
funerary process based on: universalizing anthropological theories; analyses of mortuary rites as
primarily a vehicle for social representation indicating wealth and status; and narratives of abstract
anthropomorphic divinity.
48
This paper suggests how such narratives have reflected a presentist privileging of the flight from
corporeality to abstraction, and have pre-empted a thorough interrogation of the material. It highlights
the need for the articulation of new narratives consistent with the physical evidence of the tomb users
engagement with death and the body.
Lucy Goodison, Christine Morris
The archaeology of the lived body in the Cretan Bronze Age
Within archaeology and anthropology academic study of the body as a system of signs or as a passive
surface to be inscribed has given way to an interest in the body as a product of lived experience.
Bronze Age Crete offers an exceptional range of prehistoric representations of the human body,
worked in a rich variety of materials/genres (such as seals and rings, figurines, stone vases and
frescoes). This imagery shows the body in a variety of situations, postures and modes including social
situations; nudity; interaction and fusion with animals; hieratic poses; and ecstatic dance. Beyond the
field of imagery, treatment of the physical body is of course preserved through funerary practices. A
further important dimension to the lived body is bodily engagement with and movement through
different environments and landscapes. Rarely has this wide range of material been considered as a
whole as a means of exploring how the body was represented and experienced by the inhabitants of
Bronze Age Crete.
The Round Table would welcome papers that engage with the theme of embodiment and lived
experience in Bronze Age Crete from a wide range of perspectives including, but not restricted to,
gender, costume, posture, performance and display, sensory experience, body modification, ritual
practice and treatment of the dead body.
Thomas Guttandin
Minoan ships in context. From longboats to planked ships
Seal depictions, few clay models and iconographic sources give a raw idea about shape and
construction of Minoan ships. The depictions show very different types of ships. If we presume that
ships are formed always functionally, we can reach conclusions on the building and use of Minoan
ships. From EBA to LBA the ships construction changed radically twice, as a reflection of the
environment, new technologies and oversee contacts in the Aegean.
Here, we will first analyse the transition from paddled longboats to sailing ships. Ethnographic studies
will help us understand clay models, seal depictions and depictions in other iconographic sources.
Examples from Indonesia, Oceania and West Africa will be presented to understand the evolution of
Minoan ships. From EC I/EM I to MM III, these fit seamlessly into a system, which reflects a special
development from the longboat to the planked ship.
We will also connect changes in building traditions and construction methods to the Minoan
communities achievements. In the Middle Minoan period, their culture and economy expanded and
encouraged innovation in all sectors of life. Settlements grew bigger, trade activities were expanded,
and far-reaching contacts were established. This expansion called for many ships with high loading
capacities and small crews. The answer was the Middle Minoan beaked boats with rowers and sail.
The era of the beaked boats ends with the beginning of the Late Minoan period, when there is
another change in shipbuilding. This reflects Minoan overseas connections and contacts with other
boatbuilding traditions, as shown by Egyptian rigging systems and hull decorations on Minoan ships.
Self-defensive systems in form of ikrias and warriors on the ships are new and show how valuable and
endangered the transported goods were.
Elpida Hadjidaki
The first Minoan shipwreck: Eight years of study
During an underwater survey conducted in the summer of 2003 through the Greek Department of
Maritime Antiquities and funded by INSTAP, a collection of Minoan transport vessels was found at a
depth of 40-50 meters near the coast of Pseira, East Crete. An additional underwater survey in the
summer of 2004 provided evidence that the vessels might constitute the cargo of an ancient shipwreck.
Thus excavation began in the summer of 2005 and ended in the summer of 2009. Around 200 artifacts
were recovered from the site, including around 80 ones which are nearly whole and easily identifiable
as types of amphorae and other large jars that would have carried liquids, probably wine or olive oil.
All date to the same period, which is 1800-1700 BC, or Middle Minoan IIB. However, they are larger
than corresponding vessels of the same period found so far on land. The large concentration of vessels
in a single location, their similarity, and their size, all confirm the initial supposition that we have
found the first Minoan shipwreck. Although no wood from the ship survived, we can conclude that
49
transport ships of around 10-15 meters in length serving the local inhabitants were sailing the coasts of
Crete by the Middle Minoan period.
Robin Hgg
On spatial relationships in Minoan religious architecture
After my paper on The bent axis approach in Minoan ritual presented at the 9th International
Cretological Congress, I am continuing my investigation of various aspects of spatial relationships in
Minoan buildings of religious or ceremonial function. Here, I will explore the relationship between
dark indoor cult rooms and adiacent outdoor gathering places, between pillar crypts and columnar
shrines, between lustral basins and their hypothetical superstructures, and between peak sanctuaries and
palace shrines.
Haralampos V. Harissis, Anastasios V. Harissis
Apiculture in the prehistoric Aegean: Minoan and Mycenaean symbols revisited
The scenes on Minoan and Mycenaean rings, seals and clay sealings have been often conceived as the
key for an understanding of prehistoric Aegean religion. The views of Evans, Nilsson, and many others
over the past century have dominated the various theories about the nature of this religion. The aim of
this article is to suggest an alternative view for some of the most important gold rings that have led to
these theories. By applying a naturalistic context of interpretation instead of a religious one, it is
possible to recognize in these rings some apiculture paraphernalia and practices instead of the
established religious symbols. It is further suggested that these rings and seals were used by overseers
of beekeeping, a high-status and highly valued industry of prehistoric Aegean as it can be deduced by
the finds of hives, smoking pots, honey extractors and so on that indicate systematic Minoan apiculture.
Eleni Hatzaki
Urban transformations: The Little Palace North Project and the urban landscapes of Late
Bronze Age Knossos
This paper presents the results of the Little Palace North Project (LPN), a two-season excavation aimed
to provide a diachronic picture of urban activities in the core elite sector of urban Late Bronze Age
Knossos.
The emerging picture from combining new and old excavation data suggests that the urban landscape
of Knossos underwent drastic changes in the Neopalatial, Final Palatial and Postpalatial periods. This
analysis, therefore, challenges Arthur Evanss vision of an unaltered urban layout for Late Bronze Age
Knossos (regularly used as a pan-Cretan model) and prompts the re-examination of urban development
in other Cretan settlements with long and complex occupation sequences.
Gran Henriksson, Mary Blomberg
The results of the Uppsala project on Minoan astronomy
The project has had as its main objectives the definition of Minoan astronomy, the uses of that
astronomy by the Minoans, and its possible influence on Mycenaean and Greek astronomy.
As far as we are aware, this subject has not been studied systematically before. An obvious impediment
is the lack of written sources surviving from the Minoans. However, the development of
archaeoastronomical methods to determine the orientations of ancient structures and the profiles of the
landscape opposite them, as well as our computer programs that exactly recreate the positions of the
celestial bodies as they were in the far distant past have made the study feasible. In addition, statistical
analysis, iconographical studies of Minoan artifacts, and the study of Mycenaean and Greek documents
for possible Minoan influence were also part of our method.
The project is a pilot study of representative examples of Minoan peak sanctuaries, palaces, manor
houses and shrines. In the case of large monuments, we measured the most likely places for
astronomical activity, for example generally accepted religious or ceremonial areas. Of the peak
sanctuaries we chose: Chamaizi, Juktas, Modi, Petsophas, Philioremos (Gonies), Pyrgos and
Traostalos; the palaces at Knossos, Malia, Phaistos and Zakros; the manor houses at Agia Triada, the
Southeast House at Knossos, Tylissos A and C and Vathypetro: the bench shrine, portico and west
shrine at Gournia, the tripartite shrine at Vathypetro and the oblique shrine at Malia 22 buildings in
all. We measured the orientation of foundations, walls, and the horizon profiles opposite them with a
digital theodolite. In the case of foundations, we measured each stone on both sides and computed the
orientation by least squares fit.
Although we have not yet completed our analysis of three of the buildings, the manors at Agia Triada
and Tylissos A and C, the results of the remaining 19 give a clear picture of Minoan focus on motions
of the celestial bodies and some of their achievements in astronomical knowledge. Seventeen buildings
50
were oriented to major celestial events: sunrise and sunset at the equinoxes and solstices, major
standstill of the moon, heliacal rising and setting of bright stars. Most of these had deliberately
arranged artificial or natural foresights. Eleven buildings had one such orientation, four had two
orientations, one had three, and one had four. The other two, as well as one of the seventeen, had
orientations to sunrise at the times of year that would make it possible to identify the beginning of the
months not signified by the other orientations.
The analysis of the orientations of these buildings has helped to define the Minoan calendar and has
also indicated that three of the shrines were probably made by or for the Mycenaeans, thus sharing light
on a thorny problem in Late Minoan history.
A brief presentation of the results will be presented.
Carol R. Hershenson
The expression of social differentiation across time: A diachronic study of Minoan halls
Minoan halls have been extensively discussed in scholarship on Minoan architecture, examining their
plans, circulatory connections, distribution among Minoan houses, and diachronic changes in fashion.
This study compares the expression of social hierarchy through different forms of Minoan halls in
Neopalatial and Prepalatial houses, with brief consideration of Protopalatial examples, and speculates
on the architectural technology whose introduction into Minoan domestic architecture may have enabled
the invention of the familiar Neopalatial forms of halls from their Prepalatial counterparts.
Three types of halls have been recognized in Neopalatial Minoan houses, with different arrangements
of columns and other supporting structures: polythyra, rooms with a column, and 'Palaikastro-style'
halls. The plans of these rooms are sharply differentiated, as are the materials, building methods, and
decorative techniques of the first two; these three types of rooms are similar largely in their
relationships to other rooms and their positions within the circulatory systems of their houses.
Two types of halls have been documented in Prepalatial Minoan houses: high style and vernacular. In
contrast to the strong distinctions among Neopalatial halls, Prepalatial high style and vernacular halls
are differentiated at the ground-storey level only by their synchronic sizes, exterior shape, and details
of construction and plan; they are similar not only in the same elements shared by all types of
Neopalatial halls (relationships with other rooms and circulatory position) but also in most aspects of
plan, building materials, and most techniques of construction. Indeed, the degree of socioeconomic
distinction expressed in Minoan halls during the Prepalatial and Neopalatial periods is a microcosm of
the differences among their houses.
Similarities, especially those common synchronically to all Prepalatial halls, are also shared
diachronically by Pre- and Neopalatial Minoan halls, without regard to socioeconomic or typological
differentiations in either period. There are further detailed similarities of Neopalatial rooms with a
column and polythyra to Prepalatial halls -especially but not exclusively to vernacular and high style
ones, respectively in their plans and functions, in structural supports for the former rooms, and in
associated spaces and possibly control of exposure to outside weather conditions for the latter.
Prepalatial halls thus present architectural structures and arrangements that might have inspired the
characteristic halls of both vernacular and high style Neopalatial Minoan houses.
Introduction of a single additional technology to Minoan domestic architecture during the later
Prepalatial period the reduction of supports for ceiling and roof-beams at the ground-storey level
from two-dimensional walls to one-dimensional points such as columns or piers enables many of the
differences in plans visible between Pre- and Neopalatial halls. From the rather similar forms of
Prepalatial vernacular and high style halls, differential application of columns and piers can create all
three quite diverse plans of Neopalatial halls. This study thus suggests both the inspiration and
mechanism for the invention on Crete of these distinctively Minoan rooms, and traces the sharpening
of the socio-economic distinctions expressed in Minoan domestic architecture.
Louise Hitchcock
All the Cherethites, and all the Pelethites, and all the Gittites: A current assessment of the
evidence for the Minoan connection with the Philistines
The co-occurrence of the ethnic designations Cherethite and Pelethite and the association of the
Philistines with Caphtor in the Old Testament point to a specifically Cretan origin or affiliation for at
least some of the Philistines in literary tradition. This identification, although bolstered by the
discovery that the Philistines produced their own version of Mycenaean IIIC pottery, has rightly come
under criticism from those reluctant to simplistically associate pots with peoples. However, additional
categories of archaeological evidence indicating an Aegean origin for the Philistines are well-rehearsed
and include the reel-style of loom weights, drinking habits, consumption of pork, Aegean-style cooking
pots, use of hearths and bathtubs, temple architecture, and megaron-style buildings. Yet, in contrast to
51
the strong identification of the Philistines with Crete in the literary tradition, these Aegean
characteristics of Philistine culture point to Mycenaean Greece.
This paper examines the current state of our understanding of the specific connections between Crete
and Philistia with regard to recent discoveries and interpretations of Philistine culture, with particular
reference to the authors excavations at Tell es-Safi/Gath and study of other Philistine material in
Israel. Among the categories of evidence examined in this paper are architectural features, particularly
hearths, but also spatial syntax, plaster, and tool use; the spatial manipulation of artifacts such as the
practice of curating animal head cups and seal use, ritual action, and recently discovered inscriptional
evidence. It is argued that key features of Minoan culture survived in Philistine culture, embedded
among other cultural practices that can be associated with the Mycenaeans, Cypriots, and Canaanites,
and that they form an important record of the Cretan and Minoan contribution to human civilization.
Martin Hoffmeister
Early Minoan II construction technology: Vasiliki and Myrtos Phournou Koryphi
A detailed analysis of the walling components such as the thickness and height, mortar, chinking,
stone surface finishing, stone size and distribution and stone origin, bonding, outside and inside
treatment, uniformity and variety, finishes, treatment of openings and of foundations, ceilings,
floorings, stairs, pillars and pillars bases[,] provides comparative data, [does not make sense!!!: not
only on the refinement level of pottery typology, but has also a disclosure value in diachronic
geographic, cultural and phasing/chronological? assessments].
In the transition from EM I (e.g. Mochlos, Ellenes Amarion, Myrtos Pyrgos, Phaistos) to EM II (e.g.
Vasiliki, Palaikastro, Phournou Koryphi), the building technology reflects an increase in awareness of
the properties of materials and sophistication in the use of available resources, as a result of the process
of nucleation and increased availability of food resources.
From the roughly worked stones of EM I Phaistos with small cobbles embedded in their core,
uncoursed anon clay foundations.
The EM I structures at Phournou Koryphi show an increase in structural awareness in the composition
of the antae, jambs and corners. The use of chinking emphasises the lessened reliance on mud fillers,
and the placement of heavier stones on top shows the use of anchoring properties of weight. The use of
available flat stones permits very rough coursing and increases vertical bonding. While the stones
remain unworked, a selection of suitable units permits flat faces of the walls. The almost total lack of
running joints may be accidental, due to the flat shape of available materials. Free standing walls are
consciously composed to sustain the lack of lateral support. The inlined shape of the hill and the
presence of exposed outgrowth of the bedrock are used to increase the stability of the all-rock walls.
The presence of second floors remains unknown, but, if they existed, it is safe to assume that they were
made of light materials, like mud or wattle-and-daub, because of the relative thinness of the rock walls.
The variety of shape and composition of the stones suggests their casual collection from the nearby
fields. The use of grinding stones is a proof of phasing or gradual growth of the settlement and of
architectural additions. The chinking, again, shows the care for solidity of the walls when contrasted to
boulder/clay assemblages. While the appearance of the walls is extremely rustic, their technology has a
long history, which is apparent in the selection and construction of the materials and the structural
integrity of different components of the walls. Indeed, the duration of the walls is a proof of the long
tradition of building trials and errors.
On the hamlet of Vasiliki House on the Hilltop, a conflation of houses of different dates includes the
Red-House, roughly contemporary with Myrtos. This building introduces us to urban sophistication,
with its paving, its two stories, its red painted walls and floors, its mudbrick and pise superstructure,
and its storerooms and its well. It is worth noting that other Minoan settlements of the same period are
architecturally less advanced than Vasiliki. Rough stones are used for the walls, but abundant mud
mortar compensates for their uneven shapes. The available material has dictated such an arrangement,
in contrast to Myrtos where the flatness of local stones allowed for tighter joints. The doorjambs and
thresholds use flat elements enhancing thus stability. The thick plaster played a crucial role in
consolidating the cobble/mud walls. The monumentality of later ashlar walls is here contrasted to the
almost concrete-like appearance of the heterogeneous mass used to fill the walls. The random
collection of the rocks is compensated by the copious use of soft mud and reflects the care for
experimentation which is characteristic of the period. The amorphous shape of some of the steps shows
the lack of building rules. On the other hand, double walls cobble fills result from the search of
stability, especially to support loads of the second floors. The expenses of selecting, collecting and later
shaping the stones reflect directly the appearance and, thus, social significance of the structure. The
complexity of the buildings of Vasiliki and Myrtos reveals the communitys effort required to
accomplish these settlements. It may be argued that technological sophistication goes step by step with
52
social, intellectual and cultural sophistication, but, in reality, the quality of inhabited space is driven by
increased demand, and the real and perceived need for quality in life styles, which are also retraced in
food, clothing, travel and other life strategies.
Bernice R. Jones
The Minoan peak-back robe: An investigation of Middle Minoan dress
The elegant womens costume that emerges at the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age on Crete is a
fitting match for the grand palaces that appear contemporaneously. Topped by a tall headdress, a dress
with a high peaked back, breast baring front, and flair skirt exudes the refinement and sophistication of
the burgeoning Minoan civilization. Portrayed on a corpus of small, crudely carved terracotta figurines
found mainly at peak sanctuaries, however, we are presented with a mere hint of its original finery.
Nevertheless, despite the lack of details, certain elements of the costume's construction
manifest themselves when examining the remnants of dress on each and every figurine, some
photographed in the round for the first time. Comparisons with representations of clothes from the Near
East and preserved garments from Egypt provide us with new evidence for contemporary construction
technology in the Eastern Mediterranean.
This paper evaluates previous suggestions and new evidence for construction and presents a modern
cloth replication of the garment on a live model who imitates the pose of the figurines. This new
methodology in research and analysis results in a better understanding of the early elegant Minoan
costume that is no longer preserved and ultimately brings it to life. It discerns how it contrasts in some
respects, and looks forward in others, to the luxurious Minoan dress design of the Late Bronze Age.
Amalia G. Kakissis
Knossos online: The BSA Excavation Records and the Stratigraphical Museum collection
The Archives of the British School at Athens is the principal repository for all Excavation Records
associated with projects of the School from its foundation in 1886. One of the largest sections of the
BSA Excavation Records is the archival records from BSA excavations in Knossos. The aim of this
presentation is to show how the online resources of the British School at Athens new Museum and
Archives Online (BSA-MAO) programme (specifically the Archive Records and the Stratigraphical
Museum artifacts) will facilitate research about Knossos.
The Knossos Excavation Records collection contains material from all the British archaeological
excavations conducted in Knossos and its environs beginning in the late 1900s to the present day.
Some of the Knossos sites represented in the records include: Ailias Cemetery, Ayios Ioannis
Cemetery, Fortetsa, Fortetsa Fork Cemetery, Graeco-Roman Cemetery, Gypsades Aqueduct, Gypsades
Cemetery, House of the Frescoes, Kephala Tholos Tomb, Medical Faculty, Minoan Unexplored
Mansion, Monasteriako Kephali, North Cemetery, Roman Agora, Sanctuary of Demeter, Sellopoulo,
Spilia, Unexplored Mansion, and Venezelion Hospital.
The bulk of the records consist of contributions of excavators who worked on projects in the 1960s1980s, several of which are now published. The Knossos Excavation Records Collection is an open
collection in which new records are added after publications of sites and materials are completed.
Various British excavators who worked at Knossos produced documents. Among them are Sir Arthur
Evans, Duncan Mackenzie, John Pendlebury, Sinclair Hood, Hugh Sackett, Mervyn Popham, and
Hector Catling. The material in the collection includes notebooks, original drawings, photographs,
catalogue cards of finds, correspondence, manuscript/printers proofs and various pamphlets and
publications.
In 2003-04, the Knossos Excavation Records were re-catalogued under a new classification system
following the international standardized archival description. This new data was added to an electronic
database for future migration into an online searchable database. Additionally, a few notebooks and
plans were digitized during this project. Simultaneously, the Statigraphical Curatorial Museum Project
was undertaken to record all the artifacts in the Knossos Stratigraphical Museum. This data, along with
images, was also put in an electronic database.
In 2009, the BSA purchased KE Softwares EMu programme to create a unified and cross-searchable
digital catalogue of our holdings, with a web interface to enable worldwide access for research and
teaching. In the first migration the catalogue of the Stratigraphical Museum catalogue was uploaded
and is now searchable online. The next step will be for the Knossos Excavation Records catalogue to
be migrated into the BSA Museum and Archives Online and more of the collection to be digitized.
These two collections once linked on BSA-MAO will be an indispensable online research tool for
scholars. The aim then is to link other collections in the BSA Archives associated with Knossos such as
the Personal Papers of Mark Cameron, Nicolas Coldstream, and Vincent A. Desborough as well as
53
linking to online catalogues of other institutions holding information on Knossos like the Sir Arthur
Evans Archival Project of the Ashmolean Museum who have started digitizing the collection.
Athanasia Kanta, Alexia Spiliotopoulou
Hollow animal votives in Cretan sanctuaries. The case of the Sanctuary at Symi Viannou
Hollow animal votives are a distinct feature of Cretan sanctuaries in Prehistory and in the Early Iron
Age and later times. Large hollow animals are already present in peak sanctuaries. Some of them are
obvious rhytons, while others do not seem to have had this function. From LM IIIC onwards they
become fashionable votives in open air sanctuaries of various types and in caves. The sanctuary at
Symi Viannou has produced a great number of such votives dating from the LM IIIC onwards. The
present paper examines the evidence for their form and construction. It also examines the reasons that
led to the introduction of this kind of offering in Cretan sanctuaries of various types at this period, e.g.
the Patsos cave or the Piazzale dei Sacceli at Hagia Triada and elsewhere, together with their great
longevity in Crete. Matters of function and symbolism are also taken into consideration.
Froukje Klomp
Vasiliki Kephalaki revisited: A reassessment of its Early Minoan architecture
Preliminarily it should be stated, that the general background of my paper is formed by research
concerning the development of architecture from the Neolithic to the mature phases of the Bronze Age.
The palaces of Crete have been characterised, by some, as being the principal ceremonial places of
Minoan religion, which grew gradually around a court that formed the focus of ritual activities since
the Early Minoan IIB period. Others have suggested that, by the Late Bronze Age, the symbolic and
social practices of village settlements in the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age were gradually
monumentalized, transformed, politicized and brought under control of the central authority of the
Minoan palace system. Since I would like to follow this train of thought at least partly, as it might
reopen the debate as to how long and how endemic and in what shape, in fact, the pre-palatial
foundation of the palaces manifests itself, the central questions posed in my investigations may be
formulated as follows: which religious concept may initially, and basically, have governed the
architectural creation of the palaces? And why is mortuary practice singled out from explaining the
emergence of the palaces? Obviously, the monumental tombs of the third millennium BC are the most
potential architectural candidates for being the forerunners of the palaces. To shed some light on these
issues I would like to deal here with some intensively debated architectural phenomena of the Early
Bronze Age, in particular with those of the excavations in Vasiliki, on the Isthmus of Ierapetra.
During the EBA the first tombs, constructed in stone, appeared. Often single or doubled as for example
the tholoi tombs in the Mesara, or structured like houses in groups resembling a settlement, as is the
case in the east of Crete. The creation of built cemeteries for the first time in Crete reflects a growing
concern for the deceased and consequently a cult of the ancestors, the remembrance of whom must
have been closely bonded to that of the living. In the archaeological record, however, we are faced with
the problem that different regions show divergent histories. To put it bluntly, in the Mesara we have
many circular tholoi, without properly built settlement layouts, and in the east, in Fournou Korifi and
Vasiliki, it seems that we have squarely built settlements, without cemeteries. Does this discrepancy
reflect excavation bias or a different emphasis on basic cultural and hence architectural traditions?
It has been recognized, that during the Neolithic it was practice to bury at least some of the deceased,
for example infants, inside the habitation walls of settlements. And recently, on account of more
careful investigation of habitation debris, this practice is becoming more detailed and also confirmed
for adults. If this Neolithic burial tradition of inhumation in houses has been retained somehow during
the Early and later Bronze Age, it seems reasonable to expect that it may show up in the devise and
innovation of the architectural environment. As it does, for example, in the house tombs.
On account of the above stated meditations, and on examining the architecture in the reports, and by
myself on site, it will be proposed that the core of the EBA settlement of Vasiliki, as represented by the
Red House, in all probability was a monumental tomb, which, together with the contemporary
architecture, such as the great pavement, formed an early monumental building, like perhaps a
sanctuary or early palace, and that the subsequent building phases and occupation of the site reflect a
modest but lasting preoccupation with this very important ancient beginning.
Anna Klys
The Afiartis Project: Current survey results on Karpathos with special reference to Minoan
penetration
The Afiartis Project constitutes the final stage of an ambitious diachronic programme on a marginal
island environment, at the SE fringe of Europe. The project involves an intensive and systematic
54
surface investigation of the region of Afiartis, including the integrated area to the NW now officially
belonging to the municipal district of Arkassa. This is a more or less even and relatively fertile coastal
area on the southern and SW part of the island of Karpathos in the Dodecanese.
The survey is designed to cover the ancient times, with some emphasis on the prehistoric remains. But
the now irretrievably vanishing and methodologically invaluable material ethnography and
ethnoarchaeology of the area are also included. Closely linked with archaeology and ethnography are
matters of geology, geography and ecology, and these are being studied as well.
During four research seasons, 96 new sites were found: one Prehistoric with no pottery associations,
13 Neolithic, 5 Neolithic/EBA, 2 EBA, 44 Minoanizing and 31 Roman. Among the pottery collected
from these sites are small scatters of Mycenaean, Classical and Hellenistic date.
Most of the new Minoanizing sites represent a single household, a farmstead, including arable land and
farming installations. The material remains of a typical household assemblage are of Minoan style and
include tripod cooking pots, jars (hole mouthed, oval mouthed, bridge-spouted), pithos jars of various
types, bowls and cups, beehives etc. Minoan imports, usually fine decorated pots and stone vases, do
not occur very often.
This kind of economic system, which appears to survive until recently, is called by the locals stavlos.
In a few instances, concentrations of such sites form small nucleated settlements, that is to say
hamlets. Two sites, both on a low hill slope, seem to represent traditional local shrines, whose
ceremonial repertoire appears to have been enhanced by Minoan traits, as is shown by the plentitude
of conical cups.
An essential conclusion can be drawn from the survey results: there seems to have been, in the course of
Minoan palatial times, an impressive settlement expansion, population and wealth increase, and
cultural elaboration in this, relatively fertile part of Karpathos, a fact that must be associated with a
significant impulse from Crete in the form of technology accompanied by acquisition or imitation of
Minoan prestige objects.
Carl Knappett, Gerald Cadogan
Pre- and Protopalatial pottery from Myrtos Pyrgos
For those interested in the political geography of Crete in the early 2nd millennium BC, ceramic
regionalism is probably the most important strand of evidence available. The pronounced differences
between the centre and the east of the island in pottery styles have often been used to argue for distinct
geopolitical entities at this time, that is to say the late Prepalatial and Protopalatial periods. Yet
relatively few sites have been included in the discussion, other than the palatial centres of Knossos,
Phaistos and Malia, each of which has substantial ceramic assemblages from the periods in question.
Very few non-palatial sites have been considered, although among these it is probably Myrtos Pyrgos
that has figured most prominently, largely due to the abundance of its deposits, and the striking
similarities of its finewares to those of Malia. However, these comparisons have come before the full
publication of the Period II and III (late Pre- and Protopalatial) pottery, which is now imminent thanks
to a series of study seasons. In this paper, then, we conduct a detailed assessment of the corpus and its
regional comparanda, further facilitated by new evidence from other non-palatial sites in east Crete,
such as Petras, Palaikastro, Sissi, Mochlos and Pefka near Pacheia Ammos. This new level of detail in
the ceramic evidence allows for the elaboration of a more richly textured story of early geopolitical
complexity on the island of Crete.
Olga Krzyszkowska
Seals from Petras, Siteia: New insights for MM II hard stone glyptic
Excavations in the cemetery of Petras, Siteia have yielded important new examples of MM II seals
made of hard semi-precious stones agate, carnelian, blue chalcedony and jasper decorated with
ornamental, pictorial and hieroglyphic devices. Shapes represented are a Petschaft (loop signet), a
rectangular bar, and three-sided and four-sided prisms. The association of prisms, whether made of
steatite or hard stone, with eastern Crete has long been recognized. Hitherto, however, virtually all
extant hard stone prisms have been stray finds, and none has been discovered in a context likely to be
more or less contemporary with manufacture date. The new examples from Petras are of exceptionally
high quality, matching if not exceeding the very finest known and thus helping to reinforce earlier
observations regarding the role of Petras as an emerging regional centre in this period. From a purely
glyptic perspective, the seals now encourage a thorough reappraisal of the interplay between script and
contemporary trends in ornamental and pictorial motifs in MM II hard stone engraving.
55
Charlotte Langhor with Emanuela Alberti

A preliminary examination of the Neopalatial pottery from Area Pi at Malia
In terms of ceramic consumption and relative chronology, we still lack a good definition of Neopalatial
Malia in the perspective of other contemporaneous Cretan sites. Indeed, the Neopalatial ceramic
sequence available today for Malia is still largely based on the one suggested by Pelon for Quartier
Epsilon explored in the 1960, although partially refined in the course of the stratigraphical excavations
conducted in front of the North-East Entrance of the Palace (A. Van de Moortel, P. Darcque). One of
the aims of the recent archaeological project of Btiment Pi was to better understand the occupational
sequence of the Neopalatial settlement. Thanks to detailed stratigraphical observations we have
initiated a definition of the ceramic phases of this building. Moreover, this pottery analysis aims to
provide a simultaneous examination of the production and consumption of both fine and coarse wares,
the latter being particularly missing from the published ceramic corpus of Neopalatial Malia.
Several elements suggest that Btiment Pi was violently destroyed, perhaps by earthquake, a short
period before its abandonment. Massive and particularly compact deposits of broken pottery and
building material have been revealed, sometimes covering entire rooms, sometimes pushed aside in the
corners of the rooms. There is even a large pit, dug through previous levels, which was filled with
largely complete domestic pots that were discarded. The preliminary examination of this pottery
suggests that it is a stylistically homogenous assemblage of mature LM IA date. This may imply that a
major catastrophe hit at least this part of the settlement, an event maybe contemporary to that identified
at Knossos (Macdonald 1996). The scarcity of primary floor deposits and the thick deposits
encountered in secondary position in the two small storerooms 10 and 11 also suggest that a cleaning
and leveling operation of the building and perhaps its surrounding area was undertaken following this
destructive episode. Stratigraphical traces of a reoccupation of the Pi Area are very limited, partly
complicated by the proximity of the modern surface. The analysis of the pottery found in some of the
more superficial levels does not exclude a late LM IA or LM IB occupation and at least some
frequentation of the area during this specific period, still sparsely evidenced at Malia.
Valeria Lenuzza
Rain-water management in Minoan Crete
Despite the rising attention to subsistence strategies and environmental management in Bronze Age
Crete, the development of techniques related to the run-off and the use of rain-water in Minoan sites is
still a neglected subject within Minoan archaeology. The need of managing the drainage and the storage
of rain-water is indissolubly connected with climate, with the cycles of rainfall and drought which
characterize the whole course of Minoan civilization and have been partially reconstructed with the
support of palynological data and archaeological evidence.
Documents pertaining to rain-water drainage mainly occur in the Neopalatial period. This could just
reflect the fragmentary nature of archaeological investigations, but could also indicate a growing
technical knowledge or the emergence of new needs connected to climatic changes towards more and
more unstable conditions and an increasing rainfall.
The excavations yielded different kinds of items which could be classified as fragments of eaves gutters,
rain-pipes or receptacles for the water falling from the roof. They allow to follow at least a part of the
rain-water course, from the roof of the buildings to its final discharge out of the structure or to its
collection inside cisterns. Fragments of drains with -section found in the collapse of the roof at
different sites could be interpreted as part of eaves and, in some cases, still preserve the end, in the form
of a drain widening in a semicircular shape. From the eaves, the water pelts down freely to the ground,
falling inside rectangular limestone or circular clay receptacles, which are the starting point for
horizontal conduits that lead water to the main drainage system of the buildings.
In some cases, rain-water is conducted to the ground through vertical drain-pipes. Indeed, the limestone
receptacle discovered in the Area of the Stone Drainhead, in the NE wing of the Knossos Palace, still
preserves fading traces of plastered clay on the top surface. These traces could pertain to a vertical
drain-pipe descending from either the roof top or from an open area at the upper floor towards the
drainage system of the sector, which ends at the blind well inside the verandah on the N side of the
Court of the Stone Spout. Vertical drains also ensure the drainage of water from terraces and balconies,
as in the oval house at Chamaizi, still belonging to the Protopalatial period.
A distinctive architectonic element related to rain-water management is the so-called impluvium, a
hollow rectangular basin often consisting in a simple depression of the pavement framed with columns,
in connection with an open area, which gathers rain-water and discharges it through a drain.
Evidence concerning the rain-water management, mainly belonging to the Neopalatial period, does not
allow to glimpse, for this period at least, an urgent need of keeping and storing water. Water, even if
surely a precious natural resource, does not seem to represent in this phase a rare good, but a quite
56
abundant resource on the island. In other words, architectural evidence, mirrored in the flourishing
landscapes of the contemporary wall-paintings, sheds some light on the knowledge of the climate in the
Neopalatial period, confirming the scarce information obtained by the scientific analysis. For the
Protopalatial period, the picture is quite different, with more documents pertaining to the collection and
the storage of rain-water, such as the cistern in the inner court of the building at Chamaizi, that receives
the water descending from the inward-sloping roof, or the cistern on the slopes at Myrtos Pyrgos,
possibly related to fragments of pipes found in the immediate surroundings.
57
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Towards Dosiadas Conception of Poetry
Perhaps identifiable with the Cretan historiographer author of Cretica (FGrHist 458), in his famous
technopaegnium (Anth. Gr. XV, 26) The Altar, i.e. delicate carmen figuratum that depicts an object
an altar, viewed semiotically and thus linking the graphic and iconic with the linguistic and symbolic,
featuring also enigmatic language which has to be decoded in order to understand the poem, we can
definitely underline a change in the conception of what a poem is. With its allusions to known
mythological figures, its subject being a literary dedication of an altar that Jason erected on Lemnos and
62
at which Philoctetes was injured and a subtle language consisting of a mixture of Doric and epic forms
in iambic verses of varying lengths that form the shape of an altar, Dosiadas poem may provide us with
another trait of native Cretan poetic spirit in the Greek Anthology. In my paper, in addition to stylistic
considerations and philological commentary upon Dosiadas poem, there is an attempt to clarify given
historical information about Dosiadas as well as to orientate Dosiadas contribution to Hellenistic
enigmatic poetry towards Lycophrons mode.

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Agelarakis Pan. Anagnostis
A Dignified Passage Through The Gates of Hades: The Burial Custom and Practice of Cremation
at Orthi Petra in Eleutherna-Rethymno, Crete
This paper presents archaeo-anthropologic data pertaining to forensic analyses of a considerable
number of human cremated skeletal remains (cremains) of a select population sample, the
overwhelming majority of which comprised younger adult male individuals, recovered from the Iron
Age monumental funerary tomb A1K1 at the burial ground of Orthi Petra-Eleutherna, on the basal
ridges of Ida Mountain in Crete, Greece.
The study of the cremains, despite the implication of complex ancient anthropogenic parameters
such as funerary activities as well as the potential of diachronic taphonomic impacts of nearly three
millennia, was able to yield significant information pertinent not only to demographic dynamics,
trauma, and paleopathology, but also reflective of skeletal biologic growth and development,
adaptability processes, as well as aspects of ante mortem behavioral traits of body kinetics relative to
the individuals involved; evidentiary data permanently recorded on skeletal and dental surfaces.
Hence, in conjunction with the rest of the archaeological record it was possible to reconstruct in a
deductive way facets of life and of the human condition during Iron Age in Eleutherna. In reflecting on
some of the more esoteric imprints of behavior left caringly by the ancients in the funerary urns of their
honored warriors, to be witnessed as traces of ideational norms implemented at the transitional stages
between death and afterlife, this presentation focuses on the decipherment of specific characteristics
and discernible manifestations of the burial custom of cremation as practiced by
the inhabitants of Eleutherna. Such considerations pertain to the multilayered handling of cremains
following the pyre exposure environment during which juncture unique steps of preparation and
placement of cremains taken in systematic patterns by the ancients shed light on the fitting positioning
of the second body (the cremated body) within the funerary vase. Clues of this kind address as they
may a cluster of existential concepts on the advent of the dead through proper rights of passage to the
underworld in expressive defiance to eternal, inglorious, muted namelessness, to feeble footing and to
obscure peerlessness when hitting a dance floor in the uncharted substrates of Hades.
Such significant features relative to the Greek burial practices of cremation, never revealed so far
from the ancient Hellenic normative world and first observed among the Iron Age cremains of the time
capsule of tomb A1K1 at Orthi Petra in Eleutherna, provided for significant consequent implications in
conducting relative inter-site comparative research within Aegean Archipelago sites ranging a
diachronic span from Iron Age to Hellenistic periods.
This presentation provides original understandings in the study of cremations within the world of the
Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean. It is of particular interest to the scholarly domains of the social
sciences and the humanities and of singular concern to archaeologists and cultural resource
management specialists.
Albertocchi Marina
Modellini di Danzatori/Danzatrici a Creta in Epoca Storica
Com noto, la danza costituisce una forma di espressione fondamentale nella cultura greca antica, e
come tale accompagna le cerimonie e i momenti di passaggio della vita umana. Limportanza della
danza rappresentata nella Creta dellEt del Bronzo dalla presenza di diverse raffigurazioni di danze e
danzatori, tra cui anche dei modellini fittili di figure danzanti disposte in circolo su una base (da
Kamilari, Palaikastro e Haghia Triada). Esistono inoltre alcune figurine appartenenti a dei gruppi
analoghi di epoche successive rispetto a quella del Bronzo, sia da Creta che da molte altre aree del
mondo egeo, che presentano spesso problemi di inquadramento cronologico data la loro realizzazione,
estremamente stilizzata.
Lesame nel dettaglio, nellambito di una rassegna complessiva della classe, dei pezzi appartenenti a
modellini di questo genere rinvenuti a Creta in epoca storica presenta diversi motivi di interesse.
72
Innanzitutto importante analizzare il luogo di rinvenimento di questi oggetti (esclusivamente contesti

sacri?) per precisarne la funzione votiva, e le possibili variazioni di tale funzione rispetto alle fasi pi
antiche.
Saranno inoltre considerate eventuali modificazioni nella composizione e nella struttura dei gruppi (ad
esempio se accompagnati o meno da un suonatore), soprattutto in relazione ad analoghi modellini
rinvenuti nel resto del mondo egeo, in modo da poterne identificare possibili specificit regionali.
Allegro Nunzio, Anzalone Rosario, Maria-Santaniello Emanuela
:
1987 1988,
-
- , 2004, -
.
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Aruz Joan, ,
Hunters and animal combats on a bowl from Eleutherna and the imagery of interaction

73
Aubriet Damien
Mylasa et la Crte
Issue dune thse de Doctorat en Histoire grecque rcemment soutenue lUniversit de Paris IVSorbonne, sous la direction du Professeur Andr Laronde, Membre de lInstitut, cette contribution,
fonde sur diffrentes formes de transmission du savoir, utilise nanmoins principalement les sources
pigraphiques dites, pour Mylasa, par Wolfgang Blmel, dans la collection des I. K. G. S. -volumes
34 et 35- ainsi que les nombreux supplments parus depuis lors dans la revue Epigraphica Anatolica,
ds 1989.2 Les inscriptions du sanctuaire de Zeus Labraunda sont runies en deux volumes par Jonas
Crampa.
Mylasa est une petite cit, sise en Carie intrieure, zone de contacts entre le monde grec gen
et le monde asiatique. Adosse au Sodra Da et entoure par de nombreuses collines, Mylasa est, de
surcrot, une cit de plaine dote dun systme hydrographique hirarchis. Labraunda est un sanctuaire
extra-urbain situ Karkcakyaylas, sur le versant Sud du Mont Latmos, environ 700 mtres
daltitude ; consacr Zeus, il est reli Mylasa, la cit de laquelle il dpend, par une voie sacre.
Suspendue telle une nacelle entre la pointe du Ploponnse et la presqule de Cnide, par
lentremise de Cythre, de Carpathos et de Rhodes, la Crte, la plus grande des les de la Mer ge,
forme comme un pont entre lEurope et lAnatolie. Si la proximit gographique entre la Crte et
Mylasa est assurment une piste intressante, elle ne peut, elle seule, toutefois tout expliquer.
Les testimonia et les realia nous suggrent lexistence de nombreux liens tisss, ds les
poques recules, entre la Crte, le tantt crdite chez Homre de 100 ou de 90 poleis, et lAsie
Mineure et, plus particulirement, la Carie. Hrodote qui est un Grec dHalicarnasse mais dont la
famille est en partie dorigine carienne, affirme ainsi que les Cariens sont dorigine crtoise. Ailleurs, il
rappelle quArtmise, reine dHalicarnasse au Vme sicle av. J.-C., est moiti crtoise. La religion
met naturellement en vidence ces liens : une gnalogie fait de Car le fils de Crt et de Zeus. Quels
rapports faut-il admettre entre le Zeus Crtagns, bien prsent en Carie et Mylasa en particulier, et
les Zeus cariens de Mylasa et de Labraunda ? Lhymne crtois de Palaikastro chante la naissance de
Zeus mais, parmi dautres cits, Halicarnasse, dans linscription de Salmakis rcemment publie,
revendique galement cette naissance divine. Les trois Courtes qui excutent, selon la lgende, leurs
danses guerrires et bruyantes, entrechoquant leurs armes dans un fracas qui couvre les cris du
nouveau-n divin, se nomment Panamoros, Palaxos et ... Labrandos ! Les labyrinthes crtois ont-ils,
par ailleurs, voir avec la double-hache, symbole tout la fois minoen et ... labraunden ? Le jeu de
taureaux, rendu clbre en Crte par la scne de tauromachie de Knossos, ne se retrouve-t-il pas dans
certaines clbrations religieuses mylasiennes ?
Dans le domaine de la politique, une inscription de Labraunda, la fin de lpoque classique,
souligne les liens profonds des dynastes hcatomnides, Mausole et Artmise, avec la Crte. La
documentation pigraphique, lpoque hellnistique, dvoile lamplification des relations entre
Mylasa et plusieurs cits crtoises. Les parents lgendaires sont particulirement intressantes en ce
quelles mettent en vidence les efforts fournis par les cits pour prendre place dans tel ou tel rseau.
Est remarquable, cet gard, la gnalogie du hros fondateur de Mylasa. Apparat alors, dans
lpigraphie mylasienne, lexistence dune intense vie diplomatique entre Mylasa, dote dun port, et
plusieurs cits crtoises. Du fait de sa situation gographique, au croisement de routes maritimes de
premire importance, la Crte, dans lHistoire, na cess de dtenir un rle stratgique. La mise en
vidence de ses rapports varis, profonds et complexes avec une petite cit de Carie intrieure, en est
une nouvelle preuve.
Mots-cls : Monde hellnique, Crte, Asie Mineure, Carie, Mylasa, Labraunda, pigraphie grecque,
Hcatomnides, Zeus, Courtes, polis, syngneia, labrys.
Le titre de cette thse de Doctorat est le suivant : Recherches sur Mylasa et Labraunda
lpoque hellnistique 336-31. Les membres du Jury, runis pour la soutenance publique, taient :
Monsieur Denis Knoepfler, Membre de lInstitut, Professeur au Collge de France, Prsident ;
Monsieur Andr Laronde, Membre de lInstitut, Professeur lUniversit de Paris IV-Sorbonne,
Directeur ; Monsieur Christophe Feyel, Professeur lUniversit de Nancy II ; Monsieur Lars
Karlsson, Professeur lUniversit dUppsala (Sude) et Directeur de la Mission archologique
sudoise Labraunda ; Monsieur Franois Lefvre, Professeur lUniversit Paris IV-Sorbonne.
74
Babbi Andrea
The Protogeometric Clay Human Figurines from Crete: a Reappraisal
As clearly stated by Ian Morris [ante 1945] The Heroic age was interesting, important, and worthy of
serious scholars attention. The Dark Age was not. (MORRIS 2000, 77). As a result of such a kind of
archaeological policy the evidence dating back to the dawn of the historical era has been deeply and
systematically taken into consideration only in the last decades.
Among the different classes of objects, which had been faintly considered, that of human figurines
must be mentioned. Only since the 60ies was the scholars attention drawn to it (Boardman 1961),
despite the fact that this evidence bears stylistic, iconographic and iconological information. The
important essays of Naumann (1976) and Verlinden (1984), shed a new light of knowledge most of all
on the bronze figurines, while more recently Rethemiotakis (1998), DAgata (1999) and Lebessi (2002)
published fundamental works considering even the clay specimens.
Nevertheless, the approach to these findings and their taxonomy have been inevitably limited to
and based on the stylistic features. Besides, a gap between Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age has
been suggested concerning ritual practices involving this kind of paraphernalia (DAgata 1999, 2006;
Prent 2005).
The analysis of some Cretan and Aegean contexts, whence figurines were recovered, seems to call
into doubt the above-mentioned notion and to sharpen a phenomenon of continuity instead. As a matter
of fact, both figurines and rituals underwent a transformation, but apparently more gradual than it was
considered before. As far as stylistic features are concerned, changes seem to spring from the
intermingling influences of the Mainland, the Near East and the core of the Minoan tradition as well.
While if we take into account both places and iconographies the transformation appear to be consistent
with the social changes brought about in Crete over this period.
Baldwin Bowsky Martha
Apteraian Renaissance, Part II: The Evidence of the Italian Sigillata Stamps from the Theater
This study presents an assemblage of stamped fragments of Italian sigillata from two structures
discovered during systematic excavation of Apteras Theater. We should compare this new Apteraian
assemblage with those previously discovered from Aptera and other Cretan cities, so as to address a
series of fundamental questions: (1) where stamped Italian sigillata has been found; (2) when the
potters attested were active; (3) whence this pottery made its way to the island; (4) how these imported
goods came to Aptera, and what that contributes to our knowledge of distribution patterns; and (5) why
Apteraians imported Italian wares to supplement their own local production.
Adopting this approach enables us to show one way in which Aptera was one type of city in
the sociopolitical map of Roman Crete, neither a colony nor a caput provinciae nor a civis libera.
Aptera, like Eleutherna, was a polity whose strategic position and exploitable resources might predict
successful integration into the Roman world for the city and its hinterland. We can also document the
role the city played in the regional context, situated as it was between the two free cities of Kydonia
and Lappa, in the realigned civic landscape of the island. Identification of the production centers of
Italian sigillata imported to Aptera and Crete, and the multiple routes by which these wares might have
made their way to the island, give concrete expression to the symbiotic relationship between the
Empire and its half-province.
The presence of Italian sigillata at Aptera was a result of Roman manipulation of the Cretan
landscape of cities and realignment of a transit and communication corridor in the western part of the
island. What distinguished Aptera from other cities in Roman Crete was its position and role within the
western part of an island that was reorganized and realigned from Augustus onward. At the same time
two different sea routes might have been secured, one linking Crete with the Greek peninsula and the
other linking Crete with Africa. Aptera lay on the north coast of Crete and so could have beeen
accessible via a route passing north of the island, or by a north-south route that linked Achaia and
Crete.
The Italian sigillata known from Aptera and Crete now provide evidence for the Cretan side of the
symbiotic relationship between the half-province and the Empire. The evidence of the Italian sigillata
stamps and two Latin inscriptions, together with that derived from excavations, Greek inscriptions,
and onomastics demonstrates that Aptera was not a polity that merely survived in the Roman period
as a shadow of its Hellenistic self but one that served as a social and economic anchor for the region of
Crete between the two free cities of Kydonia and Lappa. Aptera may have utilized the coinage of
Kydonia and participated in the imperial cult there, but the epigraphical evidence on Italian sigillata
as on stone documents the vitality of the Roman civitas.
75
Bardet Romaric
" Les cits crtoises et l'eau, de lpoque gomtrique la priode romaine "
Limportance vitale de leau dans lexistence et le dveloppement des socits humaines, souvent
rappele par lactualit et patente notamment en milieu mditerranen, suscite depuis trente ans un
intrt durable et des travaux diversifis dans le champ des tudes grecques. A la diffrence dautres
rgions du monde grec, on ne dispose toutefois, pour la Crte du Ier millnaire av. J.-C., daucune
synthse globale traitant des questions relatives leau. Cette lacune est dautant plus regrettable au
regard de lactuel regain dintrt pour cette priode de larchologie de lle.
Grce aux connaissances concernant la gomorphologie, lhydrologie et le paloclimat crtois,
on peut valuer les ressources en eau de lle (nature, quantits, localisation), leur disponibilit, et ainsi
dterminer les contraintes qui pesaient sur lapprovisionnement. Ces contraintes, relles, ont influenc
les dynamiques territoriales : leur rle dans le choix des sites, la configuration des territoires, et parfois
lors de transferts de populations, est manifeste ds lpoque gomtrique, quand apparaissent et se
multiplient les sites-refuges de hauteur, et plus tard, au moment de lavnement et de lpanouissement
des cits.
Ces premiers aspects sont insparables dune rflexion sur les moyens techniques et lgislatifs
mis en uvre par les cits afin de sassurer la matrise des eaux et garantir un approvisionnement
prenne. A Gortyne, un droit des eaux contraignant est attest. A Eleutherne, Phalasarna et Polyrrhnia,
de nombreuses citernes, parfois un puits, indiquent une matrise des techniques permettant datteindre
les nappes phratiques et de conserver leau. En milieu rural, on observe le mme souci de matrise :
terrasses de culture et drains luttent contre lexcs deau (ruissellement, stagnation) et lexploitent des
fins agricoles.
Ces exemples npuisent pas le sujet. La constitution dun catalogue des sources (littraires,
pigraphiques) et ouvrages hydrauliques crtois (destins au captage, au stockage, ladduction,
lvacuation) permet galement, outre de rassembler une matire dissmine jusqu prsent entre de
nombreux articles, de recenser les usages de leau, de procder lanalyse des vestiges pour identifier
les solutions techniques adoptes dans lle et les comparer au reste de la Grce.
Ltude du cas de Lato (Mirabello) offre par ailleurs loccasion unique de comprendre la
gestion raisonne de leau mise en place par une cit de Crte. Sur ce site de hauteur occup du VIIe au
IIIe sicle av. J.-C., plusieurs dizaines de citernes palliaient labsence de source. Bien conserves,
facilement accessibles aujourdhui, leur tude est facilite par lexistence, sur le site, dun cadre
topographique prcis, et amliore notre connaissance de la morphologie urbaine. Enfin, les
gomorphologues ont montr que la prsence deau, certaines priodes, dans les dpressions
environnant le site, aidait comprendre limplantation de la ville en ces lieux en apparence peu
propices.
La date de 67 av. J.-C. marque la fin de ltude. Elle correspond la conqute de lle par
Rome et, symboliquement, au passage une nouvelle civilisation de leau , comme le montrent les
nombreux et importants amnagements hydrauliques de Gortyne (Messara).
Benda-Weber Isabella
The development of early Greek female costume and the contribution of Crete in the 7th cent. BC.
Early Greek costume is very different from the later classical peplos, chiton and himation, which
are thought to be "typical Greek". The two main types of Greek costumes are the endymata and
the epiblemata, the tailored and the draped garments. But there existed a lot of other types of
clothing reflecting the tradition of Mycenaean time on the one hand and different influences of
many cultures like Asia Minor, Syria and Phoenicia on the other, which had an impact of the
development of Greek culture.
After the end of Bronze Age the Greek artefacts from the 8lh and 7,h century on provide
the opportunity to analyse the clothing of this time. Besides the proto-Attic and proto-Corinthian
vases, the figurines of the sanctuaries of Artemis Orthia in Sparta, the Hera of Argos and Samos,
Artemis from Ephesos and others we have the relief pithoi from Tinos, the artefacts from
Olympia and Delphi and especially the Daedalic art of Crete with its monumental statues.
The main dress was a long and narrow gown, which was sewn from several parts of
cloth, with sleeves or without, sometimes with a train, but always girded with a broad belt. The
different types of ornaments account for luxuriousness, individualism and the love for details in
textile arts. From the mid of 7lh century BC a kind of short tippet can be observed on the
artefacts. It covers the shoulders and its seam maybe was plugged into the broad belt.
76
Reconstructions with methods of the experimental archaeology allow proving how the clothes
looked like and how they did "work" in reality.
A database of the relevant artefacts of early Greek time allow detailed questions, the
comparison between Doric and Ionian dress and the question about the impact of Cretan
monumental art on the art of the eastern Aegean. The differences and parallels of the clothing of
Crete, the islands and the mainland will be analyzed to show the richness and elegancy of Greek
dress in its beginnings.
Biondi Giacomo
Per una carta archeologica del territorio di Prinis
El 1990, in vista della costruzione della superstrada tra Iraklion e Aghia Varvara, la Missione
Archeologica di Prinis, allora diretta da Giovanni Rizza, su richiesta della Soprintendenza dIraklion,
attu una serie di ricognizioni di superficie mirate ad individuare leventuale presenza di siti dinteresse
archeologico nellarea in cui si sarebbero svolti i lavori e nei dintorni di Prinis.
Lindagine fu proficua e, grazie anche alle segnalazioni degli abitanti del luogo, al gi noto
sito di Flega se ne aggiunsero altri di et minoica, geometrica, ellenistica ed imperiale, distribuiti in
varie zone del territorio. Di particolare interesse si rivelarono quelli di Votiro, in cui affioravano resti di
ossa umane e frammenti di ceramica minoica; di Ammoudara, dove sintravedeva la volta di una tholos
e che si trova qualche chilometro a sud-ovest dalla necropoli urbana di Siderospilia; di quello
ellenistico di Petrokastelo, situato sulle rocciose colline che dominano visivamente sul territorio di
Prinis e sui mari Egeo e Libico.
Nella comunicazione sintende presentare i nuovi siti, la cui scoperta, pur non essendo il
risultato di una ricerca sistematica, d tuttavia idea delle dinamiche di popolamento di unarea collinare
posta lungo la via che collega la costa settentrionale di Creta a quella meridionale.
Capdeville Gerard
Lappa, cite Cretoise
Lappa fut l une des cites les plus importantes de la Crete antique, avec un vaste territoire, qui s
etendait sur toute la largeur de l isthme occidental de l ille, dans l oust de l actuel nome de
Rethymnon. On tentera de dresser un portrait ce cette cite, sous differents points de vue-geographique,
historique, institutionnel, religieux, economique
Coutsinas Nadia
The glass material of Itanos (Eastern Crete)
The coastal site of Erimoupolis in Eastern Crete, has been identified with the city of Itanos. This one
played an important part in Eastern Crete. The city was occupied from the archaic to the Early
byzantine period. It was abandoned during the 7th century A.D.
The glass material we propose to present comes mostly from the necropolis (in use from the
archaic to the Hellenistic period), from the houses (in use at least from the classical period until the
Early byzantine period) and from the Early Christian basilica. Thus, the site offers a great
chronological range of glass material.
We propose to compare this Itanos glass material to the glass coming from other Cretan sites,
and especially from Eleutherna (Sector II), which glass material is also being studied by the author. We
will try to learn more about the commercial routes in Eastern Mediterranean and within Crete.
DAcunto Matteo
The Hunt Group of the Idaean Shields: the South Syrian and North Syrian Groups
The paper points out that the so-called Hunt Group of the Idaean shields is not unitary. The Arkades
shield (Kunze no. 11) is closely related to the North Syrian style as the comparisons with the NeoHittite sculptures of Zincirli show. Otherwise, other shields (e.g. Kunze nos. 5, 6, 10) show a mix of
North Syrian and Aegyptianizing aspects. This mix of styles was interpreted by many scholars as the
proof that they were made by Cretan craftsmen. An alternative interpretation is here suggested, i.e. that
77
their craftsmen came from the South Syrian region, where ivories were produced with a similar mix of
North Syrian and Aegyptianizing characters. Some shields of the Hunt Group were possibly hammered
by the first generation of the immigrant craftsmen, i.e. by true Near Eastern craftsmen: some of them
came from North Syria, others from South Syria.
Francis Jane E.
The Domed Beehives of Roman Phalasarna
The ceramic beehives from Greek and Roman Crete are almost exclusively the horizontal, cylindrical
type which features two open ends that would have been plugged with wood, bark, wicker, or stones.
These vessels are preserved in great quantities across the island, especially in the west. There is also a
variant type of beehive, but until recently this has been known only in two examples, one from
Knossos (Villa Dionysos) and the other from Gortyn (tomb). These vessels display a solid, domed floor
within a ring base and both date to the 2nd century CE. In the summer of 2009, six examples of these
rare domed ceramic beehives were identified among material from the Phalasarna Excavations.
These objects augment considerably the known assemblage of this beehive shape and aid in
understanding what seems to be a distinctly Cretan beehive type. These beehives also contribute to
knowledge about landscape exploitation and the local economy of Roman Phalasarna.
Francis Jane E., Moody Jennifer, Nodarou Eleni
The Fabrics of Cretan Amphoras from Sphakia
The Sphakia Survey Project has collected over 900 fragments of Greek and Roman amphoras that
represent a wide variety of production centers across the Mediterranean. Of particular interest are a
group of amphoras that may have a Cretan source. These date to both the Greek and Roman periods
and include possible imitations of imported wares as well as the well-known AC1 and AC2 Roman
types. Intensive macroscopic and petrographic fabric analyses were carried out on 40 of these vessels
to place them in fabric groups and to identify the mineralogy of these groups that can then be compared
to known geologies both within Crete and around the Mediterranean. This data will provide an
understanding of fabric and production variations possible within a single ware and strengthen methods
for more readily separating authentic ceramic products from imitations. This is particularly important
for the study of Cretan amphoras, for which so little fabric information is currently available. This
paper presents the Cretan amphoras from Sphakia and outlines the results of this fabric study.
Gigli Rossella
Nuove ricerche nell area a sud del tempio B nellinsediamento arcaico della Patela di Prinias.
Excavations during the years 2007-2011 in the area south of the temple B revealed the presence of a
new building parallel to the temples A and B and the monumental building VB / VD discovered in
2003 south of them, and some service rooms (VE-VF).
The paper describes the situation revealed by the excavations and attempts to insert it in the urban
context of the archaic city.
Guizzi Francesco
Cretan Settlements in Asia Minor
Ancient mythological traditions witness to cretan settlements in Asia Minor. The paper aims at
analizing some of those narratives and tries to contextualize them, as far as possible. It will focus on the
foundation of Colophon and the oracle of Claros, and on other similar issues.
Haggis Donald
Public Dining and Ritual Consumption in the Archaic Civic Buildings at Azoria, East Crete
Continuing excavation on the South Acropolis at Azoria in eastern Crete has exposed buildings of
Archaic date (7th-early 5th century B.C.), which served ostensibly public or civic functions: the
putative andreion complex on the upper west side of the peak, and the Monumental Civic Building and
its adjacent Service Building on the southwest slope. This paper discusses the results of excavations of
Late Archaic levels within these buildings, providing details of their forms, and allowing us to
78
characterize dining and ritual practices, and important differences in patterns of food production and
consumption. The results show extensive evidence in both buildings of communal feasting, the
provisioning of food, and the integration of cult activities. The economic and sociopolitical implications
of public feasting are discussed in the context of evidence for centralized storage and scaled-up
production of certain foods such as olive oil, which is represented by a lever-beam press. Community
integration and civic identity are reflected in both buildings, but in different ways. The Monumental
Civic Building encouraged a communal feast in which status distinctions were probably emphasized
through the nuances of rituals and perhaps ceremonial allocation of sacrificial meat or special meals. On
the other hand, the separate and segregated dining rooms within the andreion made it possible for
participants to dine together, but separately; to be part of the civic community, while at the same time
expressing corporate or kinship distinctions. The nature of the ceremonies and feasts in these two civic
contexts suggests distinct but parallel modes of interaction and expressions of sociopolitical identity in
the early city.
Harrison George W. M.
A dedication from hellenistic Phalasarna: phoenician influence in Crete?
2008 saw the discovery of a quixotic dedication at Phalasarna under the direction of Elpida Hadjidaki.
A pair of silver vipers of uneven workmanship and coiling in different directions were carefully placed
in a chased silver bowl. Although clearly deposited together and intended as a dedication, there is no
reason to believe that the snakes and bowl have the same place and time of manufacture.
This paper examines the objects in order to identify the deity to whom the objects were
dedicated and potentially identify the reason for deposition. A firm date can be suggested since it
comes from a carefully stratified deposit. Aside from information thatthe objects may supply about
Hellenistic cults in Crete, they may speak as well to the tempestuous relations between the Seleucid
and Ptolemaic kingdoms, which bid for the allegiance of Cretan cities through competitive euergetism
and afforded Cretan mercenaries great opportunities for personal enrichment.
Objects from Crete of Phoenician workmanship of earlier periods are also adduced
building on the work of DiVita, the Shaws and Galanaki, among others. The chronological range
of Phoenician material on Crete raises the larger question of links between the eastern coast of the
Mediterranean and Crete, particularly centres, such as Mt. Ida, Kommos, and Phalasarna on the
western part of the island.
Kelly Amanda
Getting your point across; lead slingshots from Crete
Lead slingshots discovered on Cretan sites carry considerable weight regarding the nature of warfare
on the island in the Late Classical, Hellenistic and, even, Roman periods.
On Crete, inscribed lead sling bullets have been reported from Knossos, Gortyna, Prinias Patela
(ancient Rhizenia), Rethymnon (ancient Rhithymna), Khania (ancient Kydonia), Xerokambos (ancient
Ambelos) and Trypetos, while an inscribed slingshot from the Cretan city of Phalasarna has also been
discovered on the neighbouring island of Antikythera.
Text on slingshots was conceived of, and cast as, an integral component of the weapon, thereby
representing a fundamental aspect of the weapons design. Such messages, albeit brief by nature, have
interesting implications for general levels of literacy within the troops as the personal names, insulting
imperatives and irony all demand a degree of scriptive comprehension in order to achieve an effective
delivery.
In the broader field, slingshot inscriptions frequently denote a personal name, usually that of the
squadron general; however, the presence of city names on slingshots, while relatively rare, have been
ascribed to civic armies of Knossos, Gortyna and Phalasarna.
Slingshots bearing text are illuminating artefacts as, not only can they reflect military action,
leadership and civic affiliations, but they also offer an insight into the psyche of their associated
military personnel through their inscribed content. Some examples of text on slingshots discovered on
Crete seem to convey a psychologically-damaging intent, also attested on examples within the broader
corpus.
Perhaps the most valuable, if not the most surprising, attribute of the slingshot is their element of
humour. Sling bullets are an unexpected source of military humour, albeit black, whereby their text
occasionally addresses the target of the projectile. A scriptive dimension to provocation is a
surprisingly potent addition to such a repertoire and, as such, the effective delivery of textual taunts is
facilitated by the slingshot.
79
In order for any associated psychological warfare to be effective, the projectiles of the light infantry
(made up of slingers, archers and javilineers) had to pack a physical punch. Consequently, this paper
attempts to assess the effectiveness of the weapon in Cretan warfare in terms of physical impact,
psychological intent and strategic versatility. The Cretan evidence will be appraised against a backdrop
of the wider corpus with a view to establishing the degree of conformity to, or deviation from, general
trends of light-infantry engagement.
Lamaze Jrmy
Study on 'central-hearth' buildings in the Aegean, in Cyprus, and in the Levant - From the end of
the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age - Origins, architectural patterns, and developments
Several Aegean sites, like those of Prinias and Dreros in Crete and Emporio and Zagora in the
Cyclades, reveal architectural evidences for the presence of an lite through the Greek Dark Ages (ca.
1150 - 800 BC). Additionally, among these examples, a specific type of building called "hearth
temples" is particularly well represented. The presence of the hearth temple suggests that, long ago, the
place of the altar was not in front of the temple as in the well-known practice of the thysia, but rather
within it. Indeed, these fireplaces, which are always discovered in a central position within these
buildings, are far from being limited to domestic use, such as cooking. Instead, these structures,
associated with other elements, such as particular ceramic forms, votives, or tools, offer us the
possibility to understand a really ancient ritual use of the kitchen of sacrifice most probably practiced
by the ruler himself. Thus, commensal dining is also attested in these buildings that share some
characteristics with later prytaneion containing the holy fire of Hestia, goddess of the hearth. In this
respect, this study would put in light an origin of the Greek sacrifice of sacerdotal nature, but one
nevertheless restricted to specific demographics, such as those who participated in heroic feats, war, or
cynegetic activities and horsemen.
Purpose:
- The origins of Greek Temple, in terms of architectural evolutions. On one hand, it is important to
consider the possible levantine inspirations through commercial exchanges (iconography, material
culture, architecture, cult), as in the site of Kommos, South Messara. On the other hand, we need to
take into account that a great part of this evolution comes from Crete itself, an island which is a melting
pot for innovations of all kinds since the origins.
- Architecture and Power, i.e. lite representation way through architectural forms, in order to
understand in which respect the so called "rulers' dwellings" - a notion well put in light by A.
Mazarakis Ainian -, take part in the formation of a communal cult inside of the Greek poleis. It is really
important to analyze the link between specific architectural forms and the housing of rulers, meaning
those who are in charge of both political matters and cultic activities.
- The Evolution of Greek Cults and Sanctuaries for the key period of transition between the end of
the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. Interestingly enough, the central hearth buildings are closely
linked with the origins of the Greek temple through changing times, not only in terms of architecture,
but also in terms of cultural evolutions, most notably in sacrificial practices. The aim of this paper will
be to analyze in which ways the religious aspects show both continuity and changes during this period,
and also to understand the key moment when these phenomena occurred and where they started.
Lefvre-Novaro Daniela
Les pierres cupules attestes dans la Crte de l'ge du Fer: chronologies, contextes, fonctions
Les pierres cupules minoennes sont des tables en pierre de dimensions variables, caractrises par des
cupules creuses sur la surface suprieure, gnralement le long du rebord et au centre. En raison de
leur aspect particulier et de leur dcouverte dans de nombreux sites crtois de l'ge du Bronze (palais,
ncropoles), les spcialistes se sont souvent penchs sur ce type de mobilier (entre autres, H. Van
Effenterre, P. Demargne, N. Cucuzza). Les interprtations qui ont t gnralement proposes sont les
suivantes : 1) il s'agirait d'autels pour des offrandes en petites quantits, comme par exemple des
prmices agricoles (de l le nom de kernoi, de tradition classique, qui leur a t parfois attribu). 2) On
les a considres comme des tables de jeu pour lesquelles les points de comparaison les plus proches
viennent de l'Egypte (cf. rcemment N. Hillbom). Cette communication vise tudier les pierres
cupules dcouvertes dans des contextes de l'ge du Fer (Azoria, Phaistos, Drros etc.), soit qu'il
s'agisse d'objets minoens rutiliss, soit d'imitations des tables minoennes. L'analyse concernera, outre
les aspects formels, surtout les contextes de dcouverte, afin d'avancer des hypothses sur la fonction
de ces objets l'ge du Fer : vritables rminiscences du pass glorieux de l'le, ces pierres cupules
80
reprsentent un autre cas de continuit de mmoire entre l'ge du Bronze et l'ge du Fer dont il est
opportun d'analyser les ventuels changements de fonction et de signification symbolique.
Longo Fausto
Phaistos Surveys Project: from the Minoan Palace to the Classical and Hellenistic Town
In order to extend a scientific knowledge of the settlement area of Phaistos, the Italian Archaeological
School in Athens started a collaboration with the Greek authorities in the summer of 2007. In fact, a
systematic study of the ancient city and the surrounding area could only have been achieved through an
exchange of information, and a close and effective scientific collaboration with the local eforia. Thus,
to reach a positive target, the Italian and Greek archaeologists investigated the settlement patterns and
urban development of the investigated area using a diachronic scientific approach that involved a land
exploration plan based on reconnaissance surveys, archive research, and analyses of material culture
carried out by a team directed by the universities of Salerno (Prof. F. Longo) and Pisa (Prof. M. Benzi),
and the Eforia of Hiraklion (M. Bredaki).
Moreover, the reconnaissance survey program embraces an overall area of ca. 60 hectares
surrounding the hills of Kastr, of the Median Acropolis, and of Christos Effendi. Along with the
surface investigations, the scientific research includes measured surveys and the georeferencing of
structures, an investigation of satellite and aerial photographs, and geophysical investigations.
After a complete bibliographical study and a first systematic survey of a more extensive area than
that of the city proper (2007), in the 2008 campaign a topographic reference grid was created; then in
the 2008-2010 campaigns, a systematic intensive survey and a geophysical survey was conducted of an
area extending northwest and south of the village of Haghios Ioannis.
The paper to be presented at this venue aims at illustrating the results achieved during the first four
years of work (2007-2010) and to incorporate the research activities for the future years
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Mlinar Elisabeth
Forts and Watchtowers on Crete in Classical and Hellenistic Times
Besides fortified towns, walled acropoleis and fortresses, numerous minor strongholds as forts or
watchtowers are scattered over the Greek mainland, the islands of the Aegean and Asia Minor.
Forts, small permanent strongholds in a locality of actual or potential danger are often built of
masonry appropriate to a city-wall. Watchtowers are located in strategic positions, commanding longrange views within sight of major fortresses or cities, or linked to them by other towers.
In the Cretan countryside, from Classical times onwards, a large number of forts and watchtowers
were constructed. They were located near roads, borders or coasts as guard-posts. From the Hellenistic
period, forts or towers are sometimes mentioned in treaties between Cretan poleis.
Unfortunately most of these structures are badly preserved, usually only up to a few courses high,
thus a tower can only be detected by the width of a particular wall. Not one of these monuments have
been excavated to date and most are only briefly mentioned in reports, making the search for published
information extremely difficult.
About thirty have been discovered in the western and eastern part of the island, whereas not even a
handful are known from the islands centre to date. The distribution may be due to the existence of a
larger number of smaller poleis with smaller territories in the West and East while nearly the whole
area of Central Crete was occupied by the largest poleis of Knossos and Gortyn.
Nikita Kalliopi
Luxury vessel glass of Early and Middle Imperial Roman Crete: the evidence from EleuthernaSector I
The current work deals with the luxury vessel glass the Early and Middle Imperial Roman Crete (early
1st century AD late 3rd century AD) on the basis of the results from primary research in the vessel
glass from the excavations of Eleutherna-Sector I. The combined scientific and archaeological study of
the Eleutherna-Sector I material come to fill a major gap in our knowledge on the technology and
archaeology of luxury vessel glass in Roman Crete. The paper principally aims to define the
technology of luxury glass vessels of Eleutherna-Sector I as this is set within the broader
archaeological context of Early and Middle Imperial Roman Crete. In the first place, the paper will
provide a brief overview of the technological features of vessel glass production in Early and Middle
Imperial Roman times. Following a presentation of the types of luxury glass vessels from EleuthernaSector I the discussion will concentrate the technological distinction between the luxury glass wares
and the massively produced vessel glass of the site. The results from the scientific analysis of selected
samples of strongly coloured and decolourised luxury vessel glass will shed light on the raw materials
involved in their production. This will facilitate a more comprehensive discussion about the possible
links of Roman Crete and of Eleutherna-Sector I in particular with glass producing centres in the
eastern or the western Mediterranean given the absence of securely defined glass workshops on Crete
and the broader area of the Aegean during the periods considered.
82
Palermo Dario
Lattivit della Missione Archeologica dellUniversit di Catania a Prinis (Creta) dal 2006 al
2011
A report about the excavations and other works carried out by the Archaeological Expedition of the
University of Catania in the archaic site of Prinias during the years 2006-2011.
Pappalardo Eleonora
Pillars in Crete. Tradition and Innovation of an Un-iconic Cult.
Gli scavi condotti a partire dal 2000 sulla Patela di Prinis nellarea a sud dei templi A e B, diretti dal
prof. Dario Palermo, hanno portato alla luce un edificio monumentale tripartito. Le dimensioni del
complesso, unite alla posizione ed alla articolazione planimetrica, sono sintomatiche dellimportante
ruolo che la struttura rivest nel generale contesto insediativo della Patela in et arcaica. Nel corso di
almeno tre successive fasi di frequentazione, ledificio monumentale vide un alternarsi di funzioni che
ne modific parzialmente larticolazione interna. In questo contesto assume una particolare rilevanza
la presenza, e il mantenimento, dal periodo di fondazione a quello di abbandono, di un apprestamento
trilitico allinterno di uno dei vani. Tale evidenza offre lo spunto per indagare il significato dei pilastri e
delle stele in relazione ai contesti cultuali, nel generale panorama cretese dellet del Ferro, a partire
dallesempio ormai noto di Kommos, attraverso quelli sparsi nel territorio isolano.
Pautasso Antonella, Rizza Salvatore
Per una nuova ipotesi ricostruttiva del tempio a sulla Patela di Prinias. Nuovi dati da scavi e
ricerche.
L' edificio pi conosciuto dell'abitato arcaico sulla Patela di Prinis senza dubbio il Tempio A. La
sua costruzione nella seconda met del VII secolo a.C. in un'area centrale dell' abitato arcaico segna un
momento di profondo mutamento dal punto di vista urbanistico e politico, ma corrisponde anche
all'ultimo periodo costruttivo prima dell'abbandono della Patela nel corso del secolo successivo. L'
interesse rivestito da quest' area gi dalle prime fasi di stanziamento nel sito, testimoniato dai risultati
stratigrafici dei pi recenti scavi (2002-2009) che, seppure nella difficile situazione lasciata dagli
interventi condotti da Luigi Pernier (1906-1908), hanno tuttavia messo in luce ampie tracce
dell'occupazione risalente al TM IIIC e di pratiche cerimoniali relative alla consumazione di cibi e
bevande in un'area, in origine ipetrale, in parte sottostante all'eschara arcaica. La rioccupazione di
quest'area dopo un probabile periodo di disuso, segnata dalla presenza di alcune deposizioni rituali,
ed verosimilmente da mettere in relazione con un'opera di risistemazione che interess tutta l'area
centrale della Patela e che dovette avere luogo nella fase finale del PG.
L'edificio templare, eretto nel VII secolo, si affacciava su una strada che da Nord si immetteva nel
grande piazzale, strada che probabilmente venne ampliata in un piccolo slargo al momento della
costruzione del tempio, per consentire la visione dell' edificio e della sua decorazione scultorea, in gran
parte messa in luce da Pernier e conservata presso il Museo Archeologico di Iraklion. Di essa rimagono
alcune lastre con figure di cavalieri, generalmente interpretate come fregio, e un'architrave con figure
animali e femminili a rilievo, sormontato, nella ricostruzione presentata al Museo, da due figure
femminili sedute con alto polos e veste decorata. Nel corso del tempo, dopo quella di Pernier,
ricostruzioni assai diverse tra loro dell'edificio e della sua decorazione scultorea sono state proposte da
altri studiosi (Stucchi, Beyer, D'Acunto, Watrous). Negli ultimi anni, contestualmente alla ripresa
degli scavi nell'area del tempio, stato intrapreso - da chi scrive - lo studio architettonico dell'edificio
e l'analisi dell'apparato scultoreo generalmente attribuito in blocco all' alzato. I dati ottenuti nel corso
della ricerca, incrociati e confrontati con le precedenti ipotesi ricostruttive, ne hanno messo in evidenza
alcune anomalie dimensionali e alcuni aspetti interpretativi discutibili. Da qui l' esigenza di elaborare
una nuova ipotesi ricostruttiva dell' edificio ottenuta anche con l'utilizzo della modellazione 3D. I
risultati della ricerca costituiranno l' oggetto di questo contributo.
Rackham Oliver, DAgata Anna Lucia, Moody Jennifer , Duplouy Alain
The Itanos Archaeological Survey
The city of Itanos is among the few Greek cities whose borders are known, as described on a
Hellenistic inscription now at the Monastery of Toplou. The territory of this Eastern Cretan city spread
from Cape Samonium to the highlands which link the gulf of Karoumes to the gulf of Sitia, covering
about 130 sq. km. Between 1999 and 2004, an international team under the aegis of the French School
83
at Athens conducted a survey in this area in collaboration with the XXIVth Ephoria of Prehistorical and
Classical Antiquities. The surveyed area covers 20 sq. km, which corresponds to about 15% of what is
presumed to be the territory of the Hellenistic city.
The Itanos peninsula is unique in Crete, indeed in the Mediterranean, in that it has been virtually
deserted since Byzantine times, and is thus a fossil landscape uncomplicated by later activities. More
than a hundred sites have been recorded in the area, ranging from Final Neolithic to the Medieval
period. Between the sites are square kilometers of ancient terraces. This is also unique ecologically
and is a scheduled NATURA 2000 area. It is a semi-desert, one of the driest parts of Europe, and is the
home of special drought- and salt-adapted vegetation; it includes some of the worlds rarest plants, the
most famous being the biggest stand of the Cretan palm, Phnix theophrasti. Our survey investigates
present and past vegetation.
Since 2006 a searchable database for the site catalogue of the survey has been made available online
on the website of the French School at Athens. Associated with a GIS platform, unifying all kind of
topographical data available for the peninsula of Itanos, it offers to the archaeologists a powerful
interpretative tool, with the scope of integrating the reconstruction of the ancient landscape at the core
of the historical explanations.
One of the major question addressed by the project concerns the diachronic investigation of the
settlement patterns at a regional scale. While post-Minoan sites in the countryside were rural hamlets
probably dependant on the urban center of Itanos, no Minoan structure has yet been discovered within
the city itself. The Minoan farms identified so far by the Itanos archaeological survey show the
existence of an earlier administrative and political network which at least from MM III appears to be
linked with the neighborhood center of Palaikastro.
Rossi Amedeo
For a geophysical and paleo-enviromnemtal reconstruction of Phaistos
Archaeological research conducted as part of the Phaistos Project directed by the Universities of Salerno
(Prof. F. Longo) and Pisa (Prof. M. Benzi) in collaboration with the Eforia of Hiraklion (M. Bredaki) included a
series of multidisciplinary investigations and permit to recover new data that have helped the
archaeologists in reconstructing the environmental and geomorphologic context in which ancient
Phaistos was developed. !n particular, this paper will focus its attention particularly on the
reconstruction of paleotopographical areas of the ancient settlement. This type of investigation allowed
researchers to trace the physical and environmental limits in which the ancient city was developed,
especially as regards to the archaic and classical period. Part of this work has been devoted to
thoroughly reconstruct the connections between modern and ancient landscape features not only
through reading and interpreting 1:5,000 scale maps and aerial photographs from 1945, but also
through the documentation available from the excavations. This approach allowed us to draw up a
detailed geomorphologic map of the ancient settlement on a scale of 1:5,000 - part of the GIS - and to
the develop a three-dimensional model of the soil (DEM).
In conclusion, the paper will demonstrated how the relationship between the geo-environmental and
archaeological records offers new prospects of knowledge for the history and topography of the
Phaistos area.
Sinha Bijon
The Paradigm of Crete in the Classical Age: Reality or Imagination?
The Homeric epithet Crete of the hundred cities, although an exaggeration in attributing the number
of poleis to Crete at any one time, is nevertheless illustrative of the islands importance, as well as its
divisive and restless political landscape: a conglomerate of often-warring city states, battling over the
islands political and economic hegemony. Cretes geographical location, perceived as insular (in all
senses), impassable, mysterious, with a somewhat fragmented landscape, placed it nearly on the very
fringes of Europe. And yet, the Crete featured and framed within the literature, history and philosophy
of the Classical Age appears largely as a unified entity, presented as a conceptual whole, a product of
the Classical mind, a construct symbolising different ideas to different writers, a topos. Herodotus,
Thucydides, Plato and Aristotle amongst others, provide evidence that Crete was very much central to
Hellenic history and Athenian philosophy. Crete is also represented in the plays of Aeschylus,
Sophocles and Euripides, as well as other playwrights of the Classical Age (although such works are
mostly lost or survive only as fragments). Was such representation no more than an inherited Homeric
tradition, where Crete and Cretans feature noticeably in both epics? In any case, some significance of
84
the importance of Crete to fifth-century thought and rhetoric must be gleaned from the prominence that
tragedy awards it.
This paper considers one such feature from tragedy: the Crete of Euripides, drawing mainly
on his fragmentary plays on the theme. By reflecting on the poets particular construct alongside the
ideas of his contemporaries on the subject, this paper will be shown how and why such topoi were
important to Athenians in creating a distinct Cretan identity, and will suggest the manifold ways in
which this theme came to be represented and employed. Such representations contain within them
somewhat contrary notions: Cretes apparent isolation from Athens, both geographically and
politically, is well-documented (illustrated, famously, by its non-participation in the Peloponnesian and
Persian Wars, the Panhellenic theoria etc.). Also depicted in fifth-century Athenian literature are
sharply contrasting views of Cretans, portrayed variously, as a morally corrupt people who are
characterised stereotypically as liars, pirates and sexual deviants, but also as role-models as brave
archers and seasoned sailors, and inheritors of the first civilisation. Euripides and other Athenian
tragedians often subverted these negative stereotypes and used them as ironic metaphors which appear
at odds (at least, superficially) with extant views of Athenian morality. These metaphors become
especially significant in considering the possibility that the island could have acted as a foil to Athens;
equally, by using them, the tragedians deployed myths involving Crete, which are themselves
embodiments of paradoxes and contradictions seen to be contained within Athenian society itself.
These myths in turn evolved to become historical narratives, combining collective and cultural
memory. By considering these historical narratives (which are, in part, narratives concerning myths
from a remote past, and in part, poetic invention) embedded in the plays, the manifold ways of the
process of creating myth-fiction, can be explored.
Sporn Katja
Figrliche Terrakotten hellenistisch-rmischer Zeit von Kato Symi Viannou
Zu den wenigen Funden aus der Phase nach der Neugestaltung des Heiligtums der Aphrodite und des
Hermes von Kato Symi Viannou in hellenistischer Zeit zhlt eine Gruppe von knapp 200 figrlichen
Tonstatuetten. Sie werden von der Referentin zur Publikation im Rahmen der Gesamtpublikation des
Heiligtums vorbereitet. Eine Analyse der Figuren soll in erster Linie Aufschluss ber die verwendeten
Bildtypen und ber die chronologische Verteilung der Terrakotten bieten. Die niedrigere Zahl von
Terrakotten aus der Zeit der rmischen Herrschaft mu dabei nicht zwingend eine geringere Nachfrage
am Kult bedeuten, sondern steht im Einklang mit dem allgemein geringeren Interesse an dieser
Motivgruppe in der Kaiserzeit. Unter den Bildtypen fallen besonders mnnliche Figuren auf, die
Elemente von Hermesfiguren aufgreifen. Es wird zu klren sein, inwieweit die verehrte Gottheit selbst
bzw. Adoranten dargestellt sind. Auf jeden Fall spricht die geringe Verbreitung eines bestimmten
Bildtyps im brigen Kreta bzw. Griechenland fr dessen besondere Bedeutung fr den Kult in diesem
speziellen Heiligtum. Auch Aphrodite-Figuren sind vertreten, ebenso wie Frauenbilder nach in
hellenistischer Zeit gngigen Bildtypen, den sogenannten Tanagrerinnen. Das Verhltnis weiblicher
zu mnnlichen Figuren kann auch Hinweise darber bieten, welche der beiden Gottheiten in
hellenistisch/rmischer Zeit eine wichtigere Funktion innehatte. Desweiteren stehen die Provenienzen
der Terrakotten zur Debatte. Auer einer Reihe wohl lokal gefertiger Figurinen stammen manche aus
anderen Gebieten Kretas oder sogar Kleinasiens. Es wird dabei zu diskutiere sein, welchen Aufschlu
die Provenienz der Terrakotten Verbreitung hellenistischer Terrakotten verschiedener Werksttten
jener Zeit auf Kreta bzw. auf die Herkunft der Pilger erlauben. Schlielich wird auch nach
Mglichkeiten zur Erschlieung der Kultinhalte und des Kultgeschehens auf der Grundlage der
Terrakotten zu fragen sein.
Strataridaki Anna
The custom of among Phaestian boys
In a preserved fragment of his Cretan History the Hellenistic historian Sosicrates records a peculiar
custom among the Phaistians: they used to train young children to tell jokes. In this paper an
interpretation is attempted regarding the reasons for this practice.
85
Trainor Conor Patric

Beyond the Minotaur: Context, Symbolism and Possible Function of Fantastic Iconography from
Knossos in the Postpalatial to Late Orientalizing Periods
The site of Knossos has come to be associated with one of the most well-known fantastic creatures
from Greek myth, the Minotaur. Like most other fantastic creatures from prehistoric and early Greece,
the Minotaur is a hybrid creature, it is an imaginary combination of two real animals, which combine to
form not only a mythical creature, but a complex expression of social and cosmological concepts. In
this case, relating to strength, wildness, civility, divine order, acceptable social order, border-crossing
and human perversion.
At Knossos, from the Postpalatial to Late Orientalizing periods, we have a range of, mostly hybrid,
fantastic creatures. While the Minotaur is perhaps a notable absence form the archaeological record
during this period, we do have depictions of; griffins, sphinxes, lions, the co-called Protohippalektryon,
several supernatural human characters, and the Hybrid creatures represented as askoi. The majority of
these are most commonly viewed as imports to Knossos from Near Eastern, Cypriot or Egyptian
sources. They may even represent possible elements of iconographic continuity from prehistoric times.
We should not, however, assume that the symbolic value of these creatures was necessarily retained
with the import of their imagery. Indeed the Knossians appear to have been quite selective with the
imagery they imported, and with the media upon which, and contexts within which, it was displayed.
This paper integrates anthropological theories with archaeological evidence to create a contextual
exploration of the symbolism, functions and meanings of fantastic iconography from Protopalatial to
Late Orientalizing Knossos. Thus, it steps away from the more common art historical, typology-based
method of viewing fantastic creatures in favour of a more nuanced interpretation of this material. For
instance, why were certain monsters depicted and others not? What role can the archaeological context
and material medium upon which such creatures appear, play in the interpretation of the symbolism
they may have expressed, and about did this change over time at Knossos?
Whitelaw Todd, Kotsonas Antonios, Bredaki Maria, Vasilakis Andonis
Early Iron Age Knossos: an overview based on the surface investigations of the Knossos Urban
Landscape Project.
The systematic surface survey of the Knossos valley, undertaken in 2005, 2007 and 2008 by the
Knossos Urban Landscape Project, a synergasia between the British School at Athens and the 23rd
Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, provides substantial new information on the Early
Iron Age community. Previous studies have focused on material recovered from the major excavations
near the core of the Prehistoric site. The surface exploration in areas not previously intensively
investigated, now documents a community extending over more than half a square kilometre, making it
one of the largest Early Iron Age urban centres in the Aegean, commensurate with the international
significance documented in detail through the extensive excavations in its cemeteries. The pattern of
growth of the community through time will become clearer as detailed study of the material
progresses.
The intensive survey of the entire valley also demonstrates that the previously excavated dispersed
cemeteries were associated with the large nucleated community, rather than representing individual
dispersed villages which coalesced to form the urban centre.
Whitelaw Todd, Vasilakis Andonis, Bredaki Maria
Roman Knossos: new evidence for urban organisation from the Knossos Urban Landscape
Project.
(Poster)
The systematic surface survey of the Knossos valley, undertaken in 2005, 2007 and 2008 by the
Knossos Urban Landscape Project, a synergasia between the British School at Athens and the 23rd
Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, provides a comprehensive overview of one of the
major cities of Roman Crete. While the site has been intensively investigated for over a century,
attention has focused on the Prehistoric phases and major excavations have generally concentrated in
the area of the Minoan palace. Numerous rescue excavations have encountered Roman remains,
though these investigations have been limited to the areas under threat from recent development. As a
result, very considerable areas of the Roman city have never been investigated.
86
The surface survey of all accessible fields in the valley has provided systematic and comprehensive
documentation across the city, with substantial collections provenanced on a 20m grid, giving an
extremely rich database for investigating internal differentiation within the city. In addition to over
70,000 Roman sherds and ca. 40,000 tile fragments, a wide range of other material culture has been
recovered, including several hundred examples each of vessel and window glass, mosaic tesserae,
marble wall veneers and imported millstone fragments. Together, these data serve to contextualise the
existing evidence from research and rescue excavations, and provide a wealth of new information on
the internal organisation of one of the most important Roman cities on Crete.
87
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Cristoforo Buondelmonti (1385-1430). Buondelmonti

Descriptio Insulae Cretae ( 1417).
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Agelarakis Pan. Anagnostis

On the Significance of Crete in Emperors John III Vatatzis and Michael VIII Palaiologos
Political Foreign Affairs and Military Strategies, and the Contributions and Fate of the
Cretan Military Contingent in the Byzantine Army of Emperor Andronikos II Komnenos
This paper addresses aspects of the significant geopolitical function and involvement of Crete in
the implementation of Nicaean Empire foreign policies toward the Latins and the rival Romanian
rulers, initially during the reign of Emperor John III Vatatzis in the context of the all but veiled
pursuit to reclaim the Byzantine capital, and subsequently in the multifarious strategies of
Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos against the enemies of Byzantium following the epanorthosis of
Constantinople.
Particular attention is paid to the human condition and circumstances in Crete that
prevailed between the temporal juncture of the third revolt of the Two Syvritoi (during 12301236) against the grip of Venetian occupation on the island, to the 1261/2 rebellion instigated by
the New Constantine through to the culmination of the Hortatzai brothers revolt and the
relative treaties issued, starting in 1265 to final ratification in 1277, between Emperor Michael
VIII and the Venetians. Commentaries are offered on both the strategy dynamics, military and
naval tactics, and underlying causative agents that resulted to such state of affairs with
consequent political ramifications on the sovereignty of, and corollary trajectory of influence in
Crete, as well as of Michaels VIII leverage approaches on the life prospects of a substantial
component of the Cretan population which having been actively involved in the resistance wars,
assisted by imperial forces, to free Crete from colonialist malfeasance in hopes of a reunification
126
with Byzantium had found themselves overpowered and in a predicament of entrapment and
harmful persecution by the foreign rulers on Crete; owed partially to lack of imperial
reinforcements due to Michael VIII Palaiologoss diplomacy with the Papacy to avert ominous
military crusade initiatives by the Latins against Roman Constantinople.
Consequently, an essential domain of this study converges on the legacy of the
noteworthy Cretan population cluster which expatriated from Crete, in exchange of Venetian
captives, was honourably received and fittingly incorporated into Byzantine territories under the
aegis of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. While the Byzantine policies against the increasingly
marauding advancement of the Turks during Andronikos II Komnenos reign involved, around
1293, as part of a defensive strategy relocations of Cretans as akritai in Asia Minor, a
considerable Cretan military contingent thereof in the Byzantine army under the leadership of
Alexios Philanthropinos contributed to momentous accomplishments against the Turks beyond
the Meander river overturning previous setbacks by enemy actions. Such victorious
achievements nonetheless could not counterbalance deeply rooted provincial interests and
divergent spheres of influence exerted by Byzantine magnates in Asia Minor, causing a void of
resolute front which couldnt buffer for long the consequent opportunistic empowerment and
progressive advancement of the Osmanlis into most north-western areas of Asia Minor.
Reflections on the fate of the Cretan population and warriors offer a prelude of
ethnohistoric inquiry regarding their migration by 1302-7 from Asia Minor defence lines to their
settlement and heritage in Byzantine Eastern Thrace until the 1922 exodus to Greece.
Arbel Benjamin

Being a Jewish Woman in Candia's Zudecca during the Sixteenth Century
The aim of this short paper is to examine the possibilities open before Jewish women living in the
Jewish quarter of Candia during the sixteenth century. The main issues to be handled are the
involvement of women as autonomous persons in the judicial sphere, their ability to operate
independently in the economic sphere, the support that they could hope to receive from the
Venetian authorities in their conflicts with other persons, either male or female.The source
material at the basis of this research is mainly gleaned from the Commemoriali series of the Duca
di Candia archive in Venice, with some additional notarial documents, published and unpublished.
These will be confronted with Jewish sources, particularly the statutes of the Jewish community
of Candia and several rabbinical response
Bakker, W. F., Philippides Dia

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Baldini Isabella

Ebrei, Pagani e Cristiani a Gortina nel V secolo
Il contributo analizza le testimonianze letterarie, epigrafiche, ed archeologiche della presenza
delle comunit cristiana ed ebraica a Gortina nel V secolo. In particolare si fa riferimento
allepisodio cruento narrato da Sokrates (Historia Ecclesiastica VII, 38) e riferibile agli anni 43132 o 440-470: questo avrebbe segnato la conversione al cristianesimo degli Ebrei di Creta e la
definitiva scomparsa della stessa comunit religiosa. Si evidenzia infine limportanza del V secolo
come momento di reale cesura nello sviluppo religioso della citt, con un incremento delle
manifestazioni pubbliche del Cristianesimo a discapito degli altri culti cittadini. La
documentazione archeologica, in particolare, evidenzia una precisa volont di
127
defunzionalizzazione dei santuari pagani, abbandonati e privati degli arredi, fatti oggetto di
effrazioni e saccheggi.
Dopo il cambiamento di fronte dellautorit politica determinatosi in et costantiniana, la
progressione del ruolo sociale del Cristianesimo e della sua affermazione rapida e decisiva. Alla
tolleranza e al conflitto segue una fase ulteriore, che nellarco di un secolo porta cos alla
cancellazione definitiva della presenza pagana ed ebraica, come dimostrano le fonti archeologiche
e letterarie, con la costituzione di un modello di societ urbana completamente rinnovato.
BancroftMarcus Rosemary

Georgios Chortatsis: A New Bilingual Edition of his Plays and Associated Interludes
I hope shortly to be bringing out my long-awaited edition of the plays and interludes of Georgios
Chortatsis, supreme dramatist of the Cretan Theatre in the last quarter of the 16th century, and
(according to Bounialis) one of Rethymno's most distinguished sons. The edition, entitled
"Georgios Chortatsis: Plays and Interludes of the Veneto-Cretan Renaissance", is to be published
by Oxford University Press, in two volumes. The first volume will contain the texts and
translations of his pastoral "eclogue" Panoria, his tragedy Erophile, his comedy Katzarapos (the
title Katzourbos is incorrect), and the vestiges of the comedy Stathis which I believe to have been
his work in its full-length form. Also included are the fourteen interludes associated with those
four plays, two sets of which (those based on T. Tasso and G. A. Dell'Anguillara) are certainly his
work.
The Greek texts have been thoroughly revised with reference to the available textual
witnesses, with a view to improving sense, linguistic authenticity, and metrical euphony. A Loebstyle parallel English metrical translation is provided as an aid not only to foreign students, but to
modern Greeks unfamiliar with the Cretan dialect of that era. In the second volume, there will be
an extensive Introduction (on cultural life in Venetian Crete, especially the role of the Neoplatonic
Academies; givens and notions on the playwright's biography; a new biographical suggestion
linking Chortatsis with the Academies; Italian sources; stagecraft; literary style; metre; editorial
principles); an interpretative Commentary; a detailed Apparatus Criticus and Glossary; and a
selective Bibliography.
My hope is that this two-volume edition will draw the attention of the wider reading
public to the existence and excellence of the Greek literary works in Crete produced towards the
end of the Venetian era -- and that Greeks themselves will cease to perpetrate the myth that
Greece had no Renaissance. On the contrary, the same currents that were inspiring vernacular
literary and theatrical compositions all over Europe were stimulating Greeks in Crete and
elsewhere to create writings which were in no way inferior or less interesting for being less well
known today. The playwrights and poets of Venetian Crete were fully part of the European
Renaissance, and their works deserve to be recognised as important contributions to world
literature.

BendaWeber Isabella

The development of postbyzantine female costume in Crete and in the Aegean.
From the early 13th century on the strong influence of the fashion of the Venetian conquerors
began. It was adopted first by the upper class but soon it was adopted by the Cretan population.
Some paintings in Cretan churches survived and give us an impression how Venetian fashion in
Crete looked like.
The combination of the older Byzantine dress with elements of the renaissance changed
fashion. But there was a third element, which was not forgotten during Roman and Byzantine
time: the Hellenistic peronatris. This type of garment with many pleats and a decorated border
sewn on the upper edge thus building the shoulder-straps strikingly resembles the fustani, the
basic element of female traditional costume on the islands. Some very rare examples of this
oldest type of Cretan gown survived in museums and show how the drawing of a Cretan lady by
Pitton de Tournefort in 1770 must be understood. Of course the Cretan costume cannot be
examined isolated for there were contacts with other Aegean islands like the Cyclades and the
Dodecanese which have a very rich tradition of costume until today. The different variations of
costumes all being influenced by Venetian fashion must be compared. A database gathering all
the illustrations, descriptions and some rare real examples of costumes that survived allow
128
detailed analyzes. Reconstructions with methods of the experimental archeology show how the
costumes looked like and how they did "work" in reality.
During the centuries and under the influence of further fashion-developments in Europe
the traditional costume of the Cretan women changed in a very individual way with local
variations. The elements were adopted selectively and therefore there exist different types of
female costume in the different areas of Crete until our days.
Canavas Constantin
Revisiting Arabic sources on mining and metallurgy in medieval Crete
Modern scholarship on the history of Byzantine mining (e.g. the pioneer study of Sp. Vryonis Jr. in
1962) has underlined the paucity or even absence of Byzantine historical evidence and has stressed the
importance of Arabic sources on this subject. However, the reliability and the interpretation of Arabic
sources concerning natural resources in the medieval Mediterranean are subjected to a number of
factors related to the Arab history in the Mediterranean, as well as to the type, subjects and context of
the textual sources themselves. Recent considerations or criticism on studies concerning Byzantine
mining try to check the provided prospective (i.e. early Byzantine) and retrospective (late Arabic or
Ottoman) historical evidence in the particular and best documented case of Anatolia (including Pontos)
by tracing continuities in mining practice through the Seljuk and Ottoman periods and introducing
comparisons with European history of mining. The Arabic sources still remain beyond criticism.
The present study focuses on information provided from Arabic sources (mainly of the 12th14th centuries CE) concerning mining activities, metallurgy and metal trade in medieval Crete. Of
particular interest are the references to gold-mines and antimony extraction. In the case of gold, and
because of lacking Byzantine references to this particular provenance, scholars have suggested that
gold mining should be due to Muslim initiative during the Arab occupation of the island (827-961 CE).
One of the goals of the present study is to trace back Arabic (or other) sources (e.g. Arabic texts of the
10th-11th centuries CE) in respect with the above references in order to assess their reliability. Further
pillars of the analysis are the philological type of the Arabic source texts, as well as their historical,
regional (i.e. Mediterranean) and narrative context. Of particular importance is the relationship between
changes of the political frame (e.g. diversification of the influence spheres in the medieval Muslim
world in the Mediterranean: Umayyads in al-Andalus, Fatimids in North Africa, Abbasids in Middle
East) and continuity or discontinuity of the exploitation of minerals. Approaches of reconstructing this
relationship in other Mediterranean regions (e.g. al-Andalus) can be used as a comparison for testing
models of metal production and exploitation in the case of early medieval Crete in the background of
scarce archaeological evidence and data interpreted through recent methods of environmental history
based on sedimentation analysis for tracing air-pollution generated by metal production. A further
checking should include the compliance with the numismatic finds from the Arab period of Crete.
129
Henrich Gnther Steffen

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Ricciardi Maria

Gortyna bizantina: nuovi dati sullo sviluppo topografico
Gli scavi archeologici e le ricerche topografiche degli ultimi anni hanno permesso di individuare
nuovi importanti complessi architettonici che integrano ed ampliano la maglia dei ruderi della
citt di Gortyna, definendone meglio le linee di sviluppo dellespansione urbana.
Risultano evidenti per la maggiore estensione spaziale due principali orientamenti che
corrispondono a due importanti fasi di urbanizzazione. La prima la fase relative
allespansione di et romana che dalle strade a Nord del Pretorio si estende verso Sud, fino quasi
alle rovine del Circo e verso Est, fino a comprendere il teatro romano. La seconda riguarda
linsediamento di epoca protobizantina sulla sponda sinistra del Mitropolians che si sviluppa
con una maglia urbana ad Ovest del Pretorio.
Linsediamento mostra chiaramente di essersi strutturato su una orientazione di riferimento
precedente, che data almeno ad et ellenistica e che persiste fino a tutta let bizantina. Le
costruzioni anche quelle del cosiddetto monumentale quartiere episcopale che comprende la
basilica a cinque navate, la Rotonda e il triconco -le case e le strade rinvenute negli scavi dei
candaches 1978-79, acquedotti e mausolei hanno la medesima orientazione. Da notare larea
dellAgor greca dove edifici di fasi diverse si susseguono e sovrappongono, conservando le
stesse orientazioni, dal pi antico edificio quadrato (IV-III secolo a.C.), attraverso le aggiunte
romane, fino allinserimento in et protobizantina della chiesa di S. Tito. Per lo stesso fenomeno,
viene rispettata lorientazione delle costruzioni secondo lesistente maglia romana dove, in uno
spazio pubblico a Sud, si inserisce una basilica bizantina a tre navate.
Lassetto della citt evidenzia un modello di sviluppo dellabitato nel suo complesso. Gli
orientamenti principali delle costruzioni, lindividuazione delle strade, il mantenimento di alcune
direzioni o, al contrario, il totale o parziale cambiamento, indicano precisi indirizzi urbanistici
che fanno riferimento a proposte e piani di sviluppo condotti da un sistema regolatore dello
spazio urbano di tipo centralizzato.
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This anthropological folkloric search took place in the mountainous village Rodovani of Selino
province in Chania- Crete prefecture. The search took place on the day of the Blessed Virgin Mary,
which is a big celebration for the Orthodox people. We collected the elements we needed during the
holly Communion on August 15th and the celebration that always follows the next day in the centre of
the village (August 16th ). The method that was used is local search with participative observation. The
subject of this search was how the religious custom and religion function as memory and identity for the
inhabitants of this community, as well as for those who declare to be members of the village but live
abroad, or in other Greek cities. This search is also focused on how a custom can be transformated
during the passage from tradition to modernism, managing to keep its structural elements and functions,
but changing its meaning.

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Papadopoulos Gerassimos A.
The Unpublished Seismological Archive of P. Vlastos (1836-1926) for the area of Crete from the
Ancient times up to 1913
The COLLECTION OF EARTHQUAKES OF CRETE BY PAVLOS G. VLASTOS, RETHYMNON 1850
ONWARDS) is a manuscript archived in the Historical Archive of Crete, Chania, as an independent
hardbound volume. It consists of 587 pages where several earthquake events are described one by one
on a strict chronological order. The earthquakes described occurred in Greece, including Crete, as well
181
as around the globe and are already known from other sources. Others, however, are unknown events.
The manuscript contains also special chapters devoted to the earthquake science in general,
information about comets and other natural phenomena, such as volcanic eruptions, floods etc. The
manuscript was based on extensive bibliographic references but also on local memories, short
chronicles, press reports as well as on personal experience of P. Vlastos. He started to organize his
Collection of Earthquakes after 1850. According to a short biography published by Spyridakis (1965),
P. Vlastos was born on 1836 in the village Vyzari of Amarion province, Rethymnon area. From 1860
onwards he was teacher of Byzantine music and school teacher in Heraklion. In page 326 of his
manuscript, P. Vlastos noted that from 15 July 1887 until 1899 he remained along with his family in
Athens and that because of this he took notice only of those earthquakes for which he was informed by
postal correspondences and by press reports. From the manuscript it comes out that after his return to
Crete P. Vlastos remained in Rethymnon where he died on 1926. The manuscript of P. Vlastos was
studied thanks to the permission of the Director of the Historical Archive of Crete. In this paper I
review all the notes of P. Vlastos regarding earthquakes that occurred in the area of Crete or had
significant impact on the island. These notes cover the time period from the 2nd century BC up to AD
1913. Some earthquake events occurring in the time interval from 1913 to 1916 were also inserted in
Vlastos manuscript but I decided not to include them in this study since they are minor ones and, on
the other hand, several of them were recorded instrumentally by the seismograph of the National
Observatory of Athens. Information about earthquakes occurring in other places of Greece will be
presented elsewhere. Several strong, moderate and small earthquake events occurring in Crete from
1347 AD onwards are unknown and, therefore, the manuscript of P. Vlastos is the only source of
information for those earthquakes. Although the material presented by P. Vlastos in some instances
suffers by inconsistencies and erroneous pieces of information, it is still of value since it helps to crosscheck, validate or reject information coming from other, independent sources.
Papadopoulos Gerassimos A.
The Earthquake and Tsunami History of Crete
from the 2nd Millenium BC up to 2010
( Poster )
The island of Crete occupies the central segment of the Hellenic Arc and Trench just to the north of the
front where the lithospheric plates of Africa and Eurasia converge and the former bends and subducts
beneath the later. Therefore, the shallow and intermediate-depth seismicity in the area of Crete is very
high. These processes produce other important geodynamic phenomena, such as volcanic eruptions and
tsunamis. The civilization in Crete was developed long ago, and because of this the earthquake record
is also very long. The rich seismic history of Crete has been documented so far in historical sources
and instrumental records. However, the historical documentation is not complete and several
earthquake events escaped the historical record and remained unknown so far. In addition, some strong
events of the instrumental era of seismicity are not well-studied. Therefore, there is need to review and
complete further the historical seismicity of Crete. This is the first reason for undertaking this study. It
is worth noting that new knowledge about historical earthquakes and tsunamis in the area of Crete has
been accumulated from geological and archaeological observations as well as from analytical
laboratory results, e.g. for dating purposes, which were not integrated so far into a unified
methodological approach as a supplement to historical and instrumental documentation. This is exactly
the second reason for undertaking this study. The third reason is that three very important, destructive
key-events have taken place exactly in the area of Crete: the LBA or Minoan giant eruption of Thera
volcano and its associated large tsunami, and the big tsunamigenic earthquakes of AD 365 and 1303.
Another key-event was the very large, intermediate-depth earthquake of 1856. The repeat of such
extreme events in the future would have dramatic consequences for the communities in a large part of
the Mediterranean basin. Therefore, their study by all available means is a scientific challenge of highpriority. The earthquake and tsunami history of Crete has been organized in a book which describes
more than 200 earthquake events in the period from the 2nd millennium BC up to the present. The study
of each one of the earthquake events inserted in the book is organized in four main sections: (i)
description of the event along with documentation, (ii) associated phenomena (e.g. tsunamis,
landslides, precursory phenomena etc.), (iii) determination of the earthquake parameters (time,
location, magnitude, intensity) and (iv) further reading. Archaeological and geological evidence are
used to document the events of the pre-historical era. For the historical period documentary sources
are used and, in addition, archaeological and geological evidence, when available. The original
historical descriptions are inserted along with an English translation. The events of the instrumental
period of seismicity (1911-2010) are evaluated on the basis of not only the seismograph records but
182
also on descriptions, post-event field-surveys, scientific studies etc. It is believed that the book makes
the most detailed, complete and reliable compilation about the earthquakes and tsunamis in the area of
Crete.
Mufide Pekin
The Greek speaking muslim cretan communty of Turkey :
Results of a Fieldwork
The VI. Convention of the Lausanne Peace Treaty Concerning the the Exchange of Greek and
Turkish Populations signed on 30 January 1923, was a turning point in the lives of nearly 2 million
people living on the two sides of the Aegean Sea. According to the forced Population Exchange which
was foreseen as a solution to the devastating problems brought about with the War in Asia Minor
between the Turkish and Greek armies ( 1921-1922), approximately 1,2 million Orthodox Christians
had to leave their homeland in Asia Minor ( including the Pontus and the Capadocian region) and start
a new life in Greece. Likewise, nearly 400,000 Muslims were forced to leave their homelands in
mainland Greece and the Islands and find settlement within the borders of Modern Turkey.
Of these 400,000 Muslims who were expatriated against their will by the Forced Population
Exchange of 1923, approximately 40,000 were from the Island of Crete. The deportation of the Muslim
Greeks from the Island started in 1924 and was completed in a year. The Muslims of Crete were
mostly of urban origin ( mainly from the three main cities- Iraklion ( Kandiye), Rethimnon and Hania.
These people who were transported by many ships to the shores of Turkey were settled mainly in the
cities and towns located on the Turkish Aegean and Mediterrenean coasts.
The Foundation of Lausanne Treaty Emigrants-LMV was founded in 2001 by the
decendents of the Population Exchange families of which quite a large number belong to Cretan
families. Among the interest areas of the Foundation is conducting research on the Population
Exchange by carrying out oral history interwiews with the emigrants and their families. The
Foundation records and archives all oral interviews as well as recording the non-tangible cultural
heritage of the emigrants in the form of songs, fables, riddles, anything that memory offers in short. To
this end, the Foundation has done at least 40 interviews with Creten Muslims who live in different
regions of Turkey ( the Marmara Region, zmir and its environs, the Cukurova Region Mersin,
Adana and Tarsus) . It has collected many songs and epigrams ( mandinades) and has published books
containing this oral heritage. Moreover, the Foundation has made or helped in making many
documentaries on the lives and culture of this Greek-speaking Community which is rather closed and
very unique in the patterns of their everyday life.
The paper I am intending to present at the 2011 Crete Symposium will focus on the Cretan Identity
as reflected in the outcomes archives, books, CDs, documentary films of the field work done with
the Cretan Muslims in the last ten years. I will talk about the customs and traditions that are special to
the Cretan Muslim family as opposed to the native Turkish and even the other emigrant families
who have come from other parts of Greece with the Population Exchange. I will concentrate on how
they define their Muslim identity in relation to having a foreign language Greek as their mother
tongue. I will try to add examples of their oral tradition by the use of the epigrams mandinadeswhich happen to be their basic expression of their identity. In short, I will try to draw some
conclusions on the lives of the Muslim Cretan Turks based on the field research carried by myself and
other Foundation members of the Foundation of Lausanne Treaty Emigrants-LMV:
M. Hakan Uzbek
Change of the conditions of socio-spatial segregation between Christian and Muslim communities
on Ottoman Crete
It is a general phenomenon that cities do not constitute homogenous entities but are structured into
socio-spatially differentiated areas. Concerning the physical space such areas may indicate distinctive
characteristics in building types, lots, street layouts and environmental quality. Socially, the inhabitants
and users of them may differ according to several attributes. Referring to Davies, Knox and Pinch note
that historically four major dimensions of social differentiation have dominated cities everywhere
social rank, family status, ethnicity and migration status and that these are combined in different
ways in different types of society to produce varying urban structures. Thus, it can be concluded that
apart from the fact that cities are areas of congregations and coexistence, they can also be considered as
places of polarizations, separations and divisions.
183
Urban segregation is a concept used to indicate such separations between different social (also
religious, ethnic or racial) groups in an urban environment, which can base on both external
(discrimination and structural effects) and internal (group cohesiveness for defense, mutual support,
cultural preservation and developing political resistance) dynamics. Because fragmentation in cities are
considered to be the cause and the consequence of severe social problems during the period of
globalization, the issue of urban segregation constitutes one of the most actual subjects of concern and
research in the field of urban studies in recent decades.
Because cities have always shown functional, cultural and status divisions, not only contemporary
urban areas provide the researchers with abundant case studies for investigating socio-spatial
segregations but also the history of cities represent a rich source for that purpose as well. Indeed, it can
be very informative to look back to the past and study the relationship between social groups or
cultural communities within a historical context. This paper will make such an attempt.
In this paper an investigation will be made to find out whether there took place any change in the
conditions for socio-spatial segregation between the Christian and Muslim communities on Crete
during the Ottoman period. For this aim, publications of A.N.Adyeke and N.Adyeke about the
Ottoman kad-court records of the island will be used, which constitute a very important source of
information about the inter-communal relations on the island during the Ottoman period.
For this investigation, first a brief account about the segregation pattern of the ethno-religious
communities in the cities within the Ottoman Empire in general will be provided. Then a short report
about the Muslim population on Crete, from its emergence until its disappearance, will follow. After
the presentation of the findings from the above mentioned court records, these findings will then be
interpreted according to the aim of the paper in the conclusion.
Uzbek M. Hakan,
Some perspectives about the Cretan War in Turkish Literature and the interplay of rational and
irrational views in an unknown book of the early 30`es
Because of its long duration of about 25 years and the heavy losses it demanded, it is known that the
Cretan War had a big influence on the collective memory and literature of the Ottoman Society. With
the subject of several dimensions of the War, many historical reports, poems and epic texts are noted to
be existent from the period dating during and after the expedition. The Cretan War became again very
popular within the ottoman public and politics in the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century,
in the period when the Ottomans were loosing the island and the prices having been paid for its
conquest were remembered with deep sadness.
The paper aims to introduce a rather unknown book written in the early 1930`ies, ten years after
the proclamation of the Turkish Republic and which takes a special position among the Turkish
literature about the Cretan War. The two writers who are officers analyze the war between the
Ottomans and the Venetians from a tactical and strategical point of view and try to find out the reasons
why the war lasted so long and why it ended with the Ottoman victory. Beside this rational and
analytical approach to the war, some rather nationalistic and irrational explanations and comments are
also existent in the book which can be understood as the outcome of the general ideological climate of
the period. It is also this interplay between the rational and irrational views which give the book its
quite interesting character.
Weber Bernhard
About the discrepancy of Cretan Folk Costumes between dance presentation and authenticity
The single costumes of Cretan Dance groups are mostly very authentic; but the summary of this
authentic costumes brings very often an un-authentic general view. The single pieces are so similar like
uniform parts and the selection of the costumes is very one-sided. E.g.: approximately 80% of the
dancing groups use the female costume of Anogia. It is a very nice and lovely costume, but it is only
ONE from many other female costumes of Crete. After years of watching performances the common
audience got now the impression of the Anogia costume as representative for the whole island. A
similar mistake happens with the white boots of the Cretans, the hevy silver chains, and the dagger
with expensive silver plated knife sheath. They are authentic, but not representative. It is evident that
dancing groups try to give a grand impression of their costumes. But the white boots belongs
maybe to the major of Iraklion or the sons of a very reach merchant, but not to the common
inhabitants of a town or to peasants. Kazantzakis mentioned in his Kapetan Michalis a Cretan man
from a small village, who is walking to Megalo kastro - with his (black) boots hanging over his
184
shoulder; walking barfooted ! He puts his boots on when he arrives at the gate of the town, not
earlier. That gives a proper picture of the use of boots by normal Cretans.
There are much more examples for the fact that less diversity brings less authenticity in the
general impression of Cretan folk costumes. Based on a compendium of old photographs from the
late 19th century on - a statistic will show the true authentic importance of the mentioned details.
Complementary examples of Cretan folk costumes female and male will be shown,
whichlook very divergent from the common impression of Cretan folk costumes. It is very
improbable that an island with the big dimension of Crete should not have a rich diversity of folk
costumes.
185

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