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CHNG 2: SAI S CA PHP O V X L KT QU O

CHNG 2. SAI S CA PHP O V X L KT QU O

(2 LT)

Ngoi sai s ca dng c o, vic thc hin qu trnh o cng gy ra nhiu sai s. Nguyn nhn ca nhng sai s ny gm: - Phng php o c chn. - Mc cn thn khi o. Do vy kt qu o lng khng ng vi gi tr chnh xc ca i lng o m c sai s, gi l sai s ca php o. Nh vy mun c kt qu chnh xc ca php o th trc khi o phi xem xt cc iu kin o chn phng php o ph hp, sau khi o cn phi gia cng cc kt qu thu c nhm tm c kt qu chnh xc. 2.1. Sai s tuyt i, sai s tng i, sai s h thng. - Sai s ca php o: l sai s gia kt qu o lng so vi gi tr chnh xc ca i lng o. - Gi tr thc Xth ca i lng o: l gi tr ca i lng o xc nh c vi mt chnh xc no (thng nh cc dng c mu c cp chnh xc cao hn dng c o c s dng trong php o ang xt). Gi tr chnh xc (gi tr ng) ca i lng o thng khng bit trc, v vy khi nh gi sai s ca php o thng s dng gi tr thc Xth ca i lng o. Nh vy ta ch c s nh gi gn ng v kt qu ca php o. Vic xc nh sai s ca php o - tc l xc nh tin tng ca kt qu o l mt trong nhng nhim v c bn ca o lng hc. Sai s ca php o c th phn loi theo cch th hin bng s, theo ngun gy ra sai s hoc theo qui lut xut hin ca sai s.
Tiu ch phn loi Theo cch th hin bng s - Sai s tuyt i. - Sai s tng i. Loi sai s Theo ngun gy ra sai s Theo qui lut xut hin ca sai s

- Sai s phng - Sai s h thng. php. - Sai s ngu nhin. - Sai s thit b. - Sai s ch quan. - Sai s bn ngoi.

Bng 2.1. Phn loi sai s ca php o.

- Sai s tuyt i X: l hiu gia i lng o X v gi tr thc Xth : X = X - Xth - Sai s tng i X : l t s gia sai s tuyt i v gi tr thc tnh bng phn trm: X = X .100 (%);
X th

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CHNG 2: SAI S CA PHP O V X L KT QU O

v X Xth nn c th c: X
X .100 (%) X

Sai s tng i c trng cho cht lng ca php o. chnh xc ca php o : i lng nghch o ca sai s tng i: =
X th 1 = X X

- Sai s h thng (systematic error): thnh phn sai s ca php o lun khng i hoc thay i c qui lut khi o nhiu ln mt i lng o. Qui lut thay i c th l mt pha (dng hay m), c chu k hoc theo mt qui lut phc tp no . V d: sai s h thng khng i c th l: sai s do khc thang o (vch khc b lch), sai s do hiu chnh dng c o khng chnh xc (chnh ng tm ngang sai trong dao ng k) Sai s h thng thay i c th l sai s do s dao ng ca ngun cung cp (pin yu, n p khng tt), do nh hng ca trng in t

Hnh 2.1. Sai s h thng do khc vch l 1 - khi c cn hiu chnh thm 1 .

2.2. Cp chnh xc. - nh ngha: cp chnh xc ca dng c o l gi tr sai s cc i m dng c o mc phi. Cp chnh xc ca dng c o c qui nh ng bng sai s tng i qui i ca dng c v c Nh nc qui nh c th: qX = X m .100 (%)
Xm

vi Xm- sai s tuyt i cc i, Xm- gi tr ln nht ca thang o. Sau khi xut xng ch to thit b o lng s c kim nghim cht lng, chun ha v xc nh cp chnh xc. T cp chnh xc ca thit b o lng s nh gi c sai s ca kt qu o. Thng cp chnh xc ca dng c o c ghi ngay trn dng c hoc ghi trong s tay k thut ca dng c o. 2.3. Phng php loi tr sai s h thng. Mt trong nhng nhim v c bn ca mi php o chnh xc l phi phn tch cc nguyn nhn c th xut hin v loi tr sai s h thng. Mc d vic pht hin sai s h thng l phc tp, nhng nu pht hin th vic loi tr sai s h thng s khng kh khn. Vic loi tr sai s h thng c th tin hnh bng cch:

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CHNG 2: SAI S CA PHP O V X L KT QU O

Chun b tt trc khi o: phn tch l thuyt; kim tra dng c o trc

khi s dng; chun b trc khi o; chnh "0" trc khi o Qu trnh o c phng php ph hp: tin hnh nhiu php o bng cc phng php khc nhau; s dng phng php th X l kt qu o sau khi o: s dng cch b sai s ngc du (cho mt lng hiu chnh vi du ngc li); trong trng hp sai s h thng khng i th c th loi c bng cch a vo mt lng hiu chnh hay mt h s hiu chnh: o Lng hiu chnh: l gi tr cng loi vi i lng o c a thm vo kt qu o nhm loi sai s h thng. o H s hiu chnh: l s c nhn vi kt qu o nhm loi tr sai s h thng. Trong thc t khng th loi tr hon ton sai s h thng. Vic gim nh hng sai s h thng c th thc hin bng cch chuyn thnh sai s ngu nhin. 2.4. X l kt qu o. Nh vy sai s ca php o gm 2 thnh phn: sai s h thng -khng i hoc thay i c qui lut v sai s ngu nhin -thay i mt cch ngu nhin khng c qui lut. Trong qu trnh o hai loi sai s ny xut hin ng thi v sai s php o X c biu din di dng tng ca hai thnh phn sai s : X = + . nhn c cc kt qu sai lch t nht so vi gi tr thc ca i lng o cn phi tin hnh o nhiu ln v thc hin gia cng (x l) kt qu o (cc s liu nhn c sau khi o). Sau n ln o s c n kt qu o x1, x2, .., xn l s liu ch yu tin hnh gia cng kt qu o. 2.4.1. Loi tr sai s h thng. Vic loi tr sai s h thng sau khi o c tin hnh bng cc phng php nh mc 2.3: - S dng cch b sai s ngc du, - a vo mt lng hiu chnh hay mt h s hiu chnh, 2.4.2. Tnh ton sai s ngu nhin. Da vo s ln cc gi tr o c c th xc nh qui lut thay i ca sai s ngu nhin nh s dng cc phng php ton hc thng k v l thuyt xc sut. Nhim v ca vic tnh ton sai s ngu nhin l ch r gii hn thay i ca sai s ca kt qu o khi thc hin php o nhiu ln, nh vy php o no c kt qu vi sai s ngu nhin vt qu gii hn s b loi b. - C s ton hc: vic tnh ton sai s ngu nhin da trn gi thit l sai s ngu nhin ca cc php o cc i lng vt l thng tun theo lut phn b chun (lut phn b Gaux-Gauss). Nu sai s ngu nhin vt qu mt gi tr no th xc sut xut hin s hu nh bng khng v v th kt qu o no c sai s ngu nhin nh vy s b loi b. - Cc bc tnh sai s ngu nhin: Xt n php o vi cc kt qu o thu c l x1, x2, ..., xn.

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1. Tnh c lng k vng ton hc mX ca i lng o:

mX = X =
n x1 + x 2 + .. + x n x = i , n i =1 n

chnh l gi tr trung bnh i s ca n kt qu o. 2. Tnh lch ca kt qu mi ln o so vi gi tr trung bnh vi :

vi = xi X

vi (cn gi l sai s d). 3. Tnh khong gii hn ca sai s ngu nhin: c tnh trn c s ng phn b chun: = [ 1 , 2 ] ; thng chn: = [ 1 , 2 ] vi :
1 = 2 =

v
i =1

2 i

n.(n 1)

vi xc sut xut hin sai s ngu nhin ngoi khong ny l 34%. 4. X l kt qu o: nhng kt qu o no c sai s d vi nm ngoi khong

[ 1 , 2 ] s b loi.

2.4.1. Tm khong gi tr ca kt qu o vi xc sut tin cy P%. - C s ton hc: gia cng kt qu o ta s dng cng c ton hc xc sut thng k tm c kt qu o trong khong AX '1, 2 vi xc sut tin cy l P, vi gi thit nu s php o n20 th kt qu o tun theo lut phn b xc sut chun, cn nu 2< n <20 th kt qu o tun theo lut phn b xc sut Student. - Cc bc gia cng kt qu o: 1. Loi b cc kt qu o c sai s qu ln. 2. Loi tr sai s h thng. 3. Loi tr sai s ngu nhin. 4. Thc hin theo lu thut ton nh hnh 2.2. Kt qu s nhn c kt qu o AX nm trong khong [ X '1, 2 ; X + '1, 2 ] , vi xc sut tin cy P% (tc l chc chn P% rng kt qu o AX nm trong khong [ X '1, 2 ; X + '1, 2 ] ).

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Hnh 2.2. Lu thut ton qu trnh gia cng kt qu o.

2.4.2. Xy dng biu thc gii tch ca ng cong thc nghim. Trong k thut o lng thng phi thc hin nhng thc nghim xc nh ng cong qua h gia hai i lng X v Y, hay ni cch khc l phi tm biu thc gii tch v mi quan h gia chng. Qu trnh ny cn gi l qu trnh hi qui. - Tng quan v phng php: sau khi thc hin n php o hai i lng X v Y s c cc kt qu o c l xi v yi c xp thnh cc cp tng ng (xi, yi) di dng dy s, bng s hoc th. T cc gi tr ny c bit l khi biu din dng th, bc u c th a ra d on v mi quan h gia X v Y. r hn c th tnh h s tng quan gia
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X v Y. T h s tng quan gia X v Y c th nhn xt quan h gia X v Y l tuyn tnh hay phi tuyn; nu l tuyn tnh th tuyn tnh mnh hay yu, tng quan dng hay m; nu l phi tuyn th phi tuyn mnh hay yu, biu thc ng cong quan h l bc 2, bc 3, bc cao hoc l hm m, hm lgaritt chn biu thc thc nghim cho mi quan h gia X v Y. Da trn biu thc thc nghim c chn tm biu thc c th c th s dng cc phng php ph hp: phng php bnh phng cc tiu, phng php ko ch, phng php trung bnh, phng php tuyn tnh haty yu cu v chnh xc, kh nng tnh ton y = f(x) ?

Hnh 2.3. Xy dng biu thc gii tch ca ng cong thc nghim.

- Xc nh h s tng quan gia hai i lng: Vn t ra: xt hai i lng X v Y vi cc gi tr tng ng bit trc l xi v yi c xp thnh cc cp tng ng (xi, yi). Cn xc nh xem gia i lng X v Y c mi tng quan no khng? Phng php: xc nh xem gia i lng X v Y c mi tng quan no khng ta phi tm h s tng quan gia X v Y. T gi tr tnh c ca h s tng quan s rt ra cc kt lun v mi tng quan gia X v Y: c mi tng quan nh gi thit hay khng, tng quan tuyn tnh hay phi tuyn, tng quan tuyn tnh mnh hay yu, tng quan dng hay m (hng dn sinh vin c thm ti liu [1], mc 3-7-1, trang 62). - Xy dng phng trnh v biu thc thc nghim t kt qu o: c cc phng php thng dng gm: Phng php bnh phng cc tiu. Phng php ko ch. Phng php trung bnh. Phng php tuyn tnh ha. - Phng php bnh phng cc tiu: Vn t ra: xt hai i lng X v Y vi cc gi tr tng ng bit trc l xi v yi c xp thnh cc cp tng ng (xi, yi). Cn xc nh hm y = f(x) biu din mi quan h gia i lng X v Y. Phng php: xc nh hm y = f(x) biu din mi quan h gia i lng X v Y ta s dng phng php bnh phng cc tiu tm a thc P(x) tha mn l ng cong gn ng ca f(x) v phn nh c qu trnh vt

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l c nghin cu.

f(x)

P(x)

Cc bc thc hin: 1. Chn a thc gn ng P(x) ca f(x) (da trn dng ng cong thc nghim quan h X v Y, da trn h s tng quan gia X v Y): P(x)= a0 + a1x + a2x2 + + amxm. 2. Xc nh cc h s a0, a1, a2, , am ca P(x) t iu kin tha mn P(x) gn ng vi f(x):
S = [ f ( x k ) P( x k )] 2 = [ f ( x k ) (a 0 + a1 x k + a 2 x k + ... + a m x k )] 2 = min
2 m k =1 k =1 n n

S a = 0 0 S = 0 a1 S a = 0 2 ... S = 0 a m

: l h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh vi (m+1) n (a0 n am) v (m+1) phng trnh, gii ra ta c gi tr ca a0, a1, am t suy ra P(x).

- Phng php ko ch; Phng php trung bnh: p dng bng cch d on trc dng ng cong quan h mt cch tng i chnh xc sau tnh cc h s ca ng cong. Cc phng php ny n gin, thun tin nhng chnh xc khng cao bng phng php bnh phng cc tiu. - Phng php tuyn tnh ha: p dng khi ng cong thc nghim c dng khc vi cc a thc, v d: dng hm m, dng hm lgarit, phng php ny a chng v dng tuyn tnh (ng thng) bng cch i bin, thay cc i s mi l mt hm ca i s c, t ng dng cc phng php bnh phng cc tiu, ko ch, trung bnh gii. Qu trnh tnh ton c th tin hnh bng tay hoc ng dng my tnh (PC) gii bng cc chng trnh t vit hoc bng cc phn mm chuyn dng: Matlab, Mathematica, Maple, Exel (Hng dn sinh vin c thm ti liu [1], mc 3-7-2, trang 67). Bi tp: 1. Tnh ton sai s tuyt i, sai s tng i, cp chnh xc. 2. Gia cng kt qu o (ch cng c Exel, Matlab).

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