GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 3: MU V CHUN

CHNG 3. MU V CHUN

(2 LT)

3.1. n v o. - nh ngha: n v o l gi tr n v tiu chun ca mt i lng o no c quc t qui nh m mi quc gia u phi tun th. V d: n v o chiu di l mt(m), n v o dng in l ampe(A) - Cc h thng n v o: h thng n v o bao gm nhiu n v o khc nhau ca nhiu i lng o khc nhau c th tin hnh o cc i lng trong thc t. H thng n v o bao gm hai nhm dn v: n v c bn: c th hin bng cc n v chun vi chnh xc cao nht m khoa hc v k thut hin i c th thc hin c. n v dn xut: l n v c lin quan n cc n v c bn bi nhng qui lut th hin bng cc biu thc. Cc n v c bn c chn sao cho vi s lng t nht c th suy ra cc n v dn xut cho tt c cc i lng vt l. Hin nay c nhiu h thng n v o khc nhau c s dng ty mi quc gia, mi lnh vc p dng: H SI (System International). H CGS (Centimeter Gramme Second). H Anh (English). H MKS (Meter Kilogram Second). H MKSA (Meter Kilogram Second Ampere). H ng (thc, tc, yn, t, so, mu). H phi t chc (gang tay, so ng, bc chn). Ni chung trong k thut ta dng h SI thng nht cc qui nh v n v o khi nh gi kt qu cng nh chnh nh cc thng s trong dng c o.

V d: Cc n v c bn ca h thng n v o SI:
Cc i lng di Khi lng Thi gian Dng in Nhit S lng vt cht Cng nh sng Tn n v mt kilgam giy ampe Kelvin mn Canla K hiu m kg s A K Mol Cd

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GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 3: MU V CHUN

3.2. Thit b chun. - Chun: Chun l cc n v o tiu chun: chun di, chun thi gian, khi lng, dng in, nhit , in p, in tr, cng nh sng, s lng vt cht (ho hc). Ty phm vi p dng, ni to ra chun, chnh xc c th c chun quc t, chun quc gia V d: - n v di theo h n v SI l mt (m), chun quc t ca n l di bng 1650763,73 di sng pht ra trong chn khng ca nguyn t Kripton 86, tng ng vi vic chuyn gia cc mc 2p10 v 5d5. n v thi gian theo h n v SI l giy(s), chun ca n l khong thi gian ca 9192631770 chu l pht x, tng ng vi thi gian chuyn gia hai mc gn nht trng thi c bn ca nguyn t Xsi (Cs) 133. - Thit b chun: l cc thit b o to ra chun. 3.3. Thit b mu. - nh ngha: thit b mu l thit b o khi phc mt i lng vt l nht nh. - c im: Thit b mu phi c chnh xc rt cao t 0,001% n 0,1% ty theo tng cp, tng loi. Mu chnh l dng c o dng kim tra v chun ho cc dng c o khc. Dng c mu ni chung t tin v yu cu bo qun, vn hnh rt nghim ngt nn ch s dng khi cn thit. Cc dng c mu c cp chnh xc thp hn dng c chun v thng dng kim nh cc dng c o sn xut. 3.4. Cch truyn chun. Cc thit b chun c chnh xc cao s khng c ngha nu khng truyn c cho cc dng c mu v dng c lm vic. V vy c quan o lng ca mi quc gia u phi quan tm n vic truyn chun mt i lng cho cc dng c mu hay dng c o lm vic. - nh ngha: mt h thng truyn chun thng c thit k di dng mt h thng kim tra thit b o. N bao gm thit b, phng php v chnh xc ca vic truyn t thit b chun cho n cc thit b mu hay thit b lm vic. - Qu trnh truyn chun: T chun cp 1 quc gia truyn n mu cp 1 ri n mu cp 2: s dng phng php o chnh xc l phng php so snh cn bng, kt qu c mu c chnh xc theo yu cu. T chun cp 1 quc gia n cc dng c o: s dng phng php o bin i thng t chun quc gia hoc t thit b mu cp 1 hoc cp 2, do yu cu v chnh xc khng cao. Qu trnh truyn chun thc hin nh lu hnh 3.1. - Kim tra thit b o: l qu trnh xc nh sai s ca thit b o v hiu chnh chng m bo chnh xc khi a vo s dng.

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GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 3: MU V CHUN

kim tra thit b o c th p dng cc phng php: So snh vi gi tr ca chun hay mu: o chun hay mu bng thit b o c kim tra, tnh cp chnh xc ca dng c o n v so snh vi cp chnh xc ghi trn dng c o TB t suy ra thit b o cn s dng c hay phi hiu chnh. Qu trnh kim tra nh lu hnh 3.2. S dng dng c o vi chnh xc cao (thit b mu), so snh ch s ca dng c c kim tra vi thit b mu: s dng thit b o cn kim tra v thit b mu (phi chnh xc hn thit b o cn kim tra t nht 2 cp) o cng mt i lng, tnh cp chnh xc ca dng c o n v so snh vi cp chnh xc ghi trn dng c o TB t suy ra thit b o cn s dng c hay phi hiu chnh. Qu trnh kim tra nh lu hnh 3.3. S dng phng thc o gin tip hay hp b to ra cc s liu hiu chnh dng c o c kim tra. S dng cc h thng kim tra t ng.

Hnh 3.1. H thng truyn chun.

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GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 3: MU V CHUN

Hnh 3.2. Kim tra thit b o s dng phng php so snh vi gi tr ca chun hay mu.

Hnh 3.3. Kim tra thit b o s dng phng php s dng dng c o vi chnh xc cao.

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