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Bui 10:
S CHNH PHNG
A. Mc tiu:
- Kin thc: Hc sinh nm c nh ngha s chnh phng, v cc tnh cht ca s
chnh phng.
- K nng: vn dng thnh tho khi nim v tnh cht vo gii bi tp c th.
- Thi : Rn luyn cho hc sinh thi quen c sch, t duy logic, c sng to
B, Chun b:
GV; Ni dung bi dy, kin thc c bn, v bi tp p dng.
HS: Kin thc c bn,
C; Tin trnh dy hc.
I. NH NGHA: S chnh phng l s bng bnh phng ng ca mt s
nguyn.
II. TNH CHT:
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
k(k+1)(k+2).4 =
1
4
k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) -
.1.2.3.4 - 4 .0.1.2.3 +
k(k+1)(k+2)(k-1) =
k(k+1)(k+2).[(k+3) (k-1)]
1
4
k(k+1)(k+2)(k-1)
1
1
.2.3.4.5
.1.2.3.4
4
4
1
k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)
4
++ 4 k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) -
4S + 1 = k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) + 1
Theo kt qu bi 2 k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3) + 1 l s chnh ph ng.
Bi 4: Cho dy s 49; 4489; 444889; 44448889;
Dy s trn c xy dng bng cch thm s 48 vo gia s ng trc
n. Chng minh rng tt c cc s ca dy trn u l s chnh phng.
Ta c 4448889 = 44488..8 + 1 = 444 . 10n + 8 . 111 + 1
n ch s 4 n-1 ch s 8 n ch s 4 n ch s 8
n ch s 4
n ch s 1
10 n 1
10 n 1
. 10n + 8.
+1
9
9
4.10 2 n 4.10 n + 8.10 n 8 + 9
4.10 2 n + 4.10 n + 1
=
9
9
2.10 n +1 2
= 4.
=
=
n-1 ch s 0
2
2.10 +1
n ch s 4
Kt qu: A =
2
10 n + 2
B=
10 n + 8
C=
2.10 n + 7
b. B = 1115556
n ch s 1 n-1 ch s 5
10 n 1
.
9
10n + 5.
10 2 n + 4.10 n + 4
=
9
n ch s 1
10 n 1
9
+1=
2
10 n + 2
n ch s 1
10 2 n 10 n + 5.10 n 5 + 9
9
Bi 7: Chng minh rng tng cc bnh phng ca 5 s t nhin lin tip khng
th l mt s chnh phng
Gi 5 s t nhin lin tip l n-2, n-1, n , n+1 , n+2 (n N , n 2 ).
Ta c ( n-2)2 + (n-1)2 + n2 + ( n+1)2 + ( n+2)2 = 5.( n2+2)
V n2 khng th tn cng bi 3 hoc 8 do n2+2 khng th chia ht cho 5
5.( n2+2) khng l s chnh phng hay A khng l s chnh phng
Bi 8: Chng minh rng s c dng n6 n4 + 2n3 + 2n2 trong n N v n>1
khng phi l s chnh phng
n6 n4 + 2n3 +2n2 = n2.( n4 n2 + 2n +2 ) = n2.[ n2(n-1)(n+1) + 2(n+1) ]
= n2[ (n+1)(n3 n2 + 2) ] = n2(n+1).[ (n3+1) (n2-1) ]
= n2( n+1 )2.( n22n+2)
Vi n N, n >1 th n2-2n+2 = (n - 1)2 + 1 > ( n 1 )2
v n2 2n + 2 = n2 2(n - 1) < n2
Vy ( n 1)2 < n2 2n + 2 < n2 n2 2n + 2 khng phi l mt s chnh phng.
Bi 9: Cho 5 s chnh phng bt k c ch s hng chc khc nhau cn ch s
hng n v u l 6. Chng minh rng tng cc ch s hng chc ca 5 s chnh
phng l mt s chnh phng
Cch 1: Ta bit mt s chnh phng c ch s hng n v l 6 th ch s hng
chc ca n l s l. V vy ch s hng chc ca 5 s chnh phng cho l
1,3,5,7,9 khi tng ca chng bng 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25 = 52 l s chnh phng
Cch 2: Nu mt s chnh phng M = a2 c ch s hng n v l 6 th ch s
tn cng ca a l 4 hoc 6 a 2 a2 4
Theo du hiu chia ht cho 4 th hai ch s tn cng ca M ch c th l 16, 36,
56, 76, 96 Ta c: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25 = 52 l s chnh phng.
Bi 10: Chng minh rng tng bnh phng ca hai s l bt k khng phi l
mt s chnh phng.
a v b l nn a = 2k+1, b = 2m+1 (Vi k, m N)
a2 + b2 = (2k+1)2 + (2m+1)2 = 4k2 + 4k + 1 + 4m2 + 4m + 1
= 4(k2 + k + m2 + m) + 2 = 4t + 2 (Vi t N)
Khng c s chnh phng no c dng 4t + 2 (t N) do a2 + b2 khng th l
s chnh phng.
Bi 11: Chng minh rng nu p l tch ca n s nguyn t u tin th p-1 v p+1
khng th l cc s chnh phng.
V p l tch ca n s nguyn t u tin nn p 2 v p khng chia ht cho 4 (1)
a. Gi s p+1 l s chnh phng . t p+1 = m2 (m N)
V p chn nn p+1 l m2 l m l.
t m = 2k+1 (k N). Ta c m2 = 4k2 + 4k + 1 p+1 = 4k2 + 4k + 1
p = 4k2 + 4k = 4k(k+1) 4 mu thun vi (1)
p+1 l s chnh phng
b. p = 2.3.5 l s chia ht cho 3 p-1 c dng 3k+2.
Khng c s chnh phng no c dng 3k+2 p-1 khng l s chnh phng .
Vy nu p l tch n s nguyn t u tin th p-1 v p+1 khng l s chnh phng
Bi 12: Gi s N = 1.3.5.72007.
Chng minh rng trong 3 s nguyn lin tip 2N-1, 2N v 2N+1 khng c s no
l s chnh phng.
a. 2N-1 = 2.1.3.5.72007 1
C 2N 3 2N-1 khng chia ht cho 3 v 2N-1 = 3k+2 (k N)
2N-1 khng l s chnh phng.
b. 2N = 2.1.3.5.72007
V N l N khng chia ht cho 2 v 2N 2 nhng 2N khng chia ht cho 4.
2N chn nn 2N khng chia cho 4 d 1 2N khng l s chnh phng.
c. 2N+1 = 2.1.3.5.72007 + 1
2N+1 l nn 2N+1 khng chia ht cho 4
2N khng chia ht cho 4 nn 2N+1 khng chia cho 4 d 1
2N+1 khng l s chnh phng.
Bi 13: Cho a = 111 ; b = 10005
2008 ch s 1
Chng minh
2007 ch s 0
l s t nhin.
ab +1
Cch 1: Ta c a = 111 =
10
2008
2008 ch s 1
ab+1 =
ab +1
1)(10
9
10 2008 + 2 2
(10
2008
2007 ch s 0
2008
+ 5)
+1=
(10
2008 ch s 0
) + 4.10 2008 5 + 9
9
2008 2
2
10 2008 + 2
10 2008 + 2
3
3
nn
10 2008 + 2
3
N hay
ab +1
l s t nhin.
2007 ch s 0
2008 ch s 0
2008 ch s 9
Ta c k2 + m2 = 3n + 2 2 (mod3)
Mt khc k2 chia cho 3 d 0 hoc 1, m2 chia cho 3 d 0 hoc 1.
Nn k2 + m2 2 (mod3) th k2 1 (mod3)
m2 1 (mod3)
m2 k2 3 hay (2n+1) (n+1) 3 n 3 (2)
M (8; 3) = 1 (3)
T (1), (2), (3) n 24.
Ta c
A = abcd = k2
B = abcd + 1111 = m2
m2 k2 = 1111 (m-k)(m+k) = 1111 (*)
Nhn xt thy tch (m-k)(m+k) > 0 nn m-k v m+k l 2 s nguyn dng.
V m-k < m+k < 200 nn (*) c th vit (m-k)(m+k) = 11.101
Do
m k == 11 m = 56
A = 2025
m + k = 101
n = 45
B = 3136
Bi 2: Tm 1 s chnh phng gm 4 ch s bit rng s gm 2 ch s u ln
hn s gm 2 ch s sau 1 n v.
t abcd = k2 ta c ab cd = 1 v k N, 32 k < 100
Suy ra 101cd = k2 100 = (k-10)(k+10) k +10 101 hoc k-10 101
M (k-10; 101) = 1 k +10 101
V 32 k < 100 nn 42 k+10 < 110 k+10 = 101 k = 91
abcd = 912 = 8281
Bi 3: Tm s chnh phng c 4 ch s bit rng 2 ch s u ging nhau, 2 ch
s cui ging nhau.
Gi s chnh phng phi tm l aabb = n2 vi a, b N, 1 a 9; 0 b 9
Ta c n2 = aabb = 11.a0b = 11.(100a+b) = 11.(99a+a+b) (1)
Nhn xt thy aabb 11 a + b 11
M 1 a 9 ; 0 b 9 nn 1 a+b 18 a+b = 11
Thay a+b = 11 vo (1) c n2 = 112(9a+1) do 9a+1 l s chnh phng .
Bng php th vi a = 1; 2; ; 9 ta thy ch c a = 7 tha mn b = 4
S cn tm l 7744
Bi 4: Tm mt s c 4 ch s va l s chnh phng va l mt lp phng.
Gi s chnh phng l abcd . V abcd va l s chnh phng va l mt lp
phng nn t abcd = x2 = y3 Vi x, y N
V y3 = x2 nn y cng l mt s chnh phng .
Ta c 1000 abcd 9999 10 y 21 v y chnh phng y = 16
abcd = 4096
Bi 5: Tm mt s chnh phng gm 4 ch s sao cho ch s cui l s nguyn
t, cn bc hai ca s c tng cc ch s l mt s chnh phng.
Gi s phi tm l abcd vi a, b, c, d nguyn v 1 a 9 ; 0 b,c,d 9
abcd chnh phng d { 0,1,4,5,6,9}
d nguyn t d = 5