Chapter C3

DEAD LOADS, SOIL LOADS, AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

C3.1.2 WEIGHTS OF MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTIONS To establish uniform practice among designers, it is desirable to present a list of materials generally used in building construction, together with their proper weights. Many building codes prescribe the minimum weights for only a few building materials, and in other instances no guide whatsoever is furnished on this subject. In some cases the codes are so drawn up as to leave the question of what weights to use to the discretion of the building ofcial, without providing any authoritative guide. This practice, as well as the use of incomplete lists, has been subjected to much criticism. The solution chosen has been to present, in this commentary, an extended list that will be useful to designer and ofcial alike. However, special cases will unavoidably arise, and authority is therefore granted in the standard for the building ofcial to deal with them. For ease of computation, most values are given in terms of pounds per square foot (lb/ft2 ) (kN/m2 ) of given thickness (see Table C3-1). Pounds-per-cubic-foot (lb/ft3 ) (kN/m3 ) values, consistent with the pounds-per-square foot (kilonewtons per square meter) values, are also presented in some cases (see Table C3-2). Some constructions for which a single gure is given actually have a considerable range in weight. The average gure given is suitable for general use, but when there is reason to suspect a considerable deviation from this, the actual weight should be determined. Engineers, architects, and building owners are advised to consider factors that result in differences between actual and calculated loads. Engineers and architects cannot be responsible for circumstances beyond their control. Experience has shown, however, that conditions are encountered which, if not considered in design, may reduce the future utility of a building or reduce its margin of safety. Among them are 1. Dead Loads. There have been numerous instances in which the actual weights of members and construction materials have exceeded the values used in design. Care is advised in the use of tabular values. Also, allowances should be made for such factors as the inuence of formwork and support deections on the actual thickness of a concrete slab of prescribed nominal thickness. 2. Future Installations. Allowance should be made for the weight of future wearing or protective surfaces where there is a good possibility that such may be applied. Special consideration should be given to the likely types and position of partitions, as insufcient provision for partitioning may reduce the future utility of the building. Attention is directed also to the possibility of temporary changes in the use of a building, as in the case of clearing a dormitory for a dance or other recreational purpose. C3.2 SOIL LOADS AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE C3.2.1 Lateral Pressures. Table 3-2 includes high earth pressures, 85 pcf (13.36 kN/m2 ) or more, to show that certain soils are poor backll material. In addition, when walls are unyielding the earth pressure is increased from active pressure toward earth pressure at rest, resulting in 60 pcf (9.43 kN/m2 ) for granular soils and 100 pcf (15.71 kN/m2 ) for silt and clay type soils [Ref. C3-1]. Examples of light oor systems supported on shallow basement walls mentioned in Table 3-2 are oor systems with wood joists and ooring, and cold-formed steel joists without a cast-in-place concrete oor attached. Expansive soils exist in many regions of the United States and may cause serious damage to basement walls unless special design considerations are provided. Expansive soils should not be used as backll because they can exert very high pressures against walls. Special soil testing is required to determine the magnitude of these pressures. It is preferable to excavate expansive soil and backll with non-expansive freely draining sands or gravels. The excavated back slope adjacent to the wall should be no steeper than 45 from the horizontal to minimize the transmission of swelling pressure from the expansive soil through the new backll. Other special details are recommended, such as a cap of non-pervious soil on top of the backll and provision of foundation drains. Refer to current reference books on geotechnical engineering for guidance. C3.2.2 Uplift on Floors and Foundations. If expansive soils are present under oors or footings, large pressures can be exerted and must be resisted by special design. Alternatively, the expansive soil can be removed and replaced with non-expansive material. A geotechnical engineer should make recommendations in these situations. REFERENCE
Ref. C3-1 Terzaghi, K., and Peck, R.B. (1967). Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice. 2nd ed. Wiley, New York.

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

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262 TABLE C3-1 MINIMUM DESIGN DEAD LOADS

Load (psf) Component Load (psf)

Component

1 0.55 4 5 8 2 15 10 2.5 4 2 16 12 20 10 12 19 1 5.5 6 1 4 2.5 3

5 8 0.75 2 0.7 1.1 1.5 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.75 8 7 10 5.5 1.5 1 0.7 3 3 9 8 8 12

CEILINGS Acoustical Fiber Board Gypsum board (per 1/8in. thickness) Mechanical duct allowance Plaster on tile or concrete Plaster on wood lath Suspended steel channel system Suspended metal lath and cement plaster Suspended metal lath and gypsum plaster Wood furring suspension system COVERINGS, ROOF, AND WALL Asbestos-cement shingles Asphalt shingles Cement tile Clay tile (for mortar add 10 psf) Book tile, 2-in. Book tile, 3-in. Ludowici Roman Spanish Composition: Three-ply ready roong Four-ply felt and gravel Five-ply felt and gravel Copper or tin Corrugated asbestos-cement roong Deck, metal, 20 gage Deck, metal, 18 gage

Decking, 2-in. wood (Douglas r) Decking, 3-in. wood (Douglas r) Fiberboard, 1/2-in. Gypsum sheathing, 1/2-in. Insulation, roof boards (per inch thickness) Cellular glass Fibrous glass Fiberboard Perlite Polystyrene foam Urethane foam with skin Plywood (per 1/8-in. thickness) Rigid insulation, 1/2-in. Skylight, metal frame, 3/8-in. wire glass Slate, 3/16-in. Slate, 1/4-in. Waterproong membranes: Bituminous, gravel-covered Bituminous, smooth surface Liquid applied Single-ply, sheet Wood sheathing (per inch thickness) Wood shingles FLOOR FILL Cinder concrete, per inch Lightweight concrete, per inch Sand, per inch Stone concrete, per inch

Weights

of masonry include mortar but not plaster. For plaster, add 5 lb/ft2 for each face plastered. Values given represent averages. In some cases there is a considerable range of weight for the same construction.

(continued )

ASCE 7-05

TABLE C3-1 continued MINIMUM DESIGN DEAD LOADS

Load (psf) Component Load (psf)

Component

8 39 79 115 155 8 31 38 40 42 46 53 75 36 44 45 47 51 59 81 10 37 47 49 52 57 66 95 44 54 56 58 63 73 102 12 43 55 57 61 67 79 115 50 62 65 68 75 87 123

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures 30 32 16 23 12 4 1 33 15 23 3 19 32 32 10 16 4 8 4 12 20 11 12 48 Windows, glass, frame, and sash Clay brick wythes: 4 in. 8 in. 12 in. 16 in. Hollow concrete masonry unit wythes: Wythe thickness (in inches) 4 6 Density of unit (105 pcf) No grout 22 24 48 in. o.c. 29 40 in. o.c. grout 30 32 in. o.c. spacing 32 24 in. o.c. 34 16 in. o.c. 40 Full grout 55 Density of unit (125 pcf) No grout 26 28 48 in. o.c. 33 40 in. o.c. grout 34 32 in. o.c. spacing 36 24 in. o.c. 39 16 in. o.c. 44 Full grout 59 Density of unit (135 pcf) No grout 29 30 48 in. o.c. 36 40 in. o.c. grout 37 32 in. o.c. spacing 38 24 in. o.c. 41 16 in. o.c. 46 Full grout 62 Solid concrete masonry unit wythes (incl. concrete brick): Wythe thickness (in mm) 4 6 Density of unit (105 pcf) 32 51 Density of unit (125 pcf) 38 60 Density of unit (135 pcf) 41 64 39 47 48 50 54 61 83 8 69 81 87 47 57 59 62 67 76 105 10 87 102 110 54 66 69 72 78 90 127 12 105 124 133

FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Asphalt block (2-in.), 1/2-in. mortar Cement nish (1-in.) on stone-concrete ll Ceramic or quarry tile (3/4-in.) on 1/2-in. mortar bed Ceramic or quarry tile (3/4-in.) on 1-in. mortar bed Concrete ll nish (per inch thickness) Hardwood ooring, 7/7-in. Linoleum or asphalt tile, 1/4-in. Marble and mortar on stone-concrete ll Slate (per mm thickness) Solid at tile on 1-in. mortar base Subooring, 3/4-in. Terrazzo (1-1/2-in.) directly on slab Terrazzo (1-in.) on stone-concrete ll Terrazzo (1-in.), 2-in. stone concrete Wood block (3-in.) on mastic, no ll Wood block (3-in.) on 1/2-in. mortar base FLOORS, WOOD-JOIST (NO PLASTER) DOUBLE WOOD FLOOR 12-in. 16-in. 24-in. Joint sizes spacing spacing spacing (in.) (1b/ft2 ) (1b/ft2 ) (1b/ft2 ) 26 6 5 5 28 6 6 5 2 10 7 6 6 2 12 8 7 6 FRAME PARTITIONS Movable steel partitions Wood or steel studs, 1/2-in. gypsum board each side Wood studs, 2 4, unplastered Wood studs, 2 4, plastered one side Wood studs, 2 4, plastered two sides FRAME WALLS Exterior stud walls: 2 4 @ 16-in., 5/8-in. gypsum, insulated, 3/8-in. siding 2 6 @ 16-in., 5/8-in. gypsum, insulated, 3/8-in. siding Exterior stud walls with brick veneer

Weights

of masonry include mortar but not plaster. For plaster, add 5 lb/ft2 for each face plastered. Values given represent averages. In some cases there is a considerable range of weight for the same construction.

(continued )

263

264 TABLE C3-1 continued MINIMUM DESIGN DEAD LOADS

Load (kN/m2 ) Component Load (kN/m2 )

Component

0.05 0.008 0.19 0.24 0.38 0.10 0.72 0.48 0.12 0.19 0.10 0.77 0.57 0.96 0.48 0.57 0.91 0.05 0.26 0.29 0.05 0.19 0.12 0.14

0.24 0.38 0.04 0.10 0.0013 0.0021 0.0028 0.0015 0.0004 0.0009 0.006 0.04 0.38 0.34 0.48 0.26 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.0057 0.14 0.017 0.015 0.015 0.023

CEILINGS Acoustical Fiber Board Gypsum board (per mm thickness) Mechanical duct allowance Plaster on tile or concrete Plaster on wood lath Suspended steel channel system Suspended metal lath and cement plaster Suspended metal lath and gypsum plaster Wood furring suspension system COVERINGS, ROOF, AND WALL Asbestos-cement shingles Asphalt shingles Cement tile Clay tile (for mortar add 0.48 kN/m2 ) Book tile, 51 mm Book tile, 76 mm Ludowici Roman Spanish Composition: Three-ply ready roong Four-ply felt and gravel Five-ply felt and gravel Copper or tin Corrugated asbestos-cement roong Deck, metal, 20 gage Deck, metal, 18 gage

Decking, 51 mm wood (Douglas r) Decking, 76 mm wood (Douglas r) Fiberboard, 13 mm Gypsum sheathing, 13 mm Insulation, roof boards (per mm thickness) Cellular glass Fibrous glass Fiberboard Perlite Polystyrene foam Urethane foam with skin Plywood (per mm thickness) Rigid insulation, 13 mm Skylight, metal frame, 10 mm wire glass Slate, 5 mm Slate, 6 mm Waterproong membranes: Bituminous, gravel-covered Bituminous, smooth surface Liquid applied Single-ply, sheet Wood sheathing (per mm thickness) Wood shingles FLOOR FILL Cinder concrete, per mm Lightweight concrete, per mm Sand, per mm Stone concrete, per mm

Weights

of masonry include mortar but not plaster. For plaster, add 5 lb/ft2 for each face plastered. Values given represent averages. In some cases there is a considerable range of weight for the same construction.

(continued )

ASCE 7-05

TABLE C3-1 continued MINIMUM DESIGN DEAD LOADS

Load (kN/m2 ) Component Load (kN/m2 )

Component

0.38 1.87 3.78 5.51 7.42 102 1.05 1.29 1.48 1.58 1.63 1.77 2.01 2.73 1.34 1.58 1.63 1.72 1.87 2.11 2.82 1.39 152 203 1.68 1.92 2.06 2.15 2.35 2.68 3.69 1.72 2.11 2.15 2.25 2.44 2.78 3.88 254 2.01 2.35 2.54 2.68 2.92 3.35 4.69 2.11 2.59 2.68 2.78 3.02 3.50 4.88 305 2.35 2.78 3.02 3.16 3.45 4.02 5.70 2.39 2.97 3.11 3.26 3.59 4.17 5.89

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures 1.44 1.53 0.77 1.10 0.023 0.19 0.05 1.58 0.028 1.10 0.14 0.91 1.53 1.53 0.48 0.77 1.25 0.19 0.38 0.19 0.57 0.96 0.53 0.57 2.30 1.68 1.58 1.72 1.82 1.96 2.25 3.06 102 1.53 1.82 1.96 152 2.35 2.82 3.02 2.15 2.39 2.54 2.63 2.82 3.16 4.17 203 3.21 3.78 4.12 2.59 2.92 3.11 3.26 3.50 3.93 5.27 254 4.02 4.79 5.17 3.02 3.45 3.69 3.83 4.12 4.69 6.37 305 4.88 5.79 6.27 Windows, glass, frame, and sash Clay brick wythes: 102 mm 203 mm 305 mm 406 mm Hollow concrete masonry unit wythes: Wythe thickness (in mm) Density of unit (16.49 kN/m3 ) No grout 1219 mm 1016 mm grout 813 mm spacing 610 mm 406 mm Full grout Density of unit (19.64 kN/m3 ) No grout 1219 mm 1016 mm grout 813 mm spacing 610 mm 406 mm Full grout Density of unit (21.21 kN/m3 ) No grout 1219 mm 1016 mm grout 813 mm spacing 610 mm 406 mm Full grout Solid concrete masonry unit Wythe thickness (in mm) Density of unit (16.49 kN/m3 ) Density of unit (19.64 kN/m3 ) Density of unit (21.21 kN/m3 )

FLOORS AND FLOOR FINISHES Asphalt block (51 mm), 13 mm mortar Cement nish (25 mm) on stone-concrete ll Ceramic or quarry tile (19 mm) on 13 mm mortar bed Ceramic or quarry tile (19 mm) on 25 mm mortar bed Concrete ll nish (per mm thickness) Hardwood ooring, 22 mm Linoleum or asphalt tile, 6 mm Marble and mortar on stone-concrete ll Slate (per mm thickness) Solid at tile on 25 mm mortar base Subooring, 19 mm Terrazzo (38 mm) directly on slab Terrazzo (25 mm) on stone-concrete ll Terrazzo (25 mm), 51 mm stone concrete Wood block (76 mm) on mastic, no ll Wood block (76 mm) on 13 mm mortar base FLOORS, WOOD-JOIST (NO PLASTER) DOUBLE WOOD FLOOR 305 mm 406 mm 610 mm Joist sizes spacing spacing spacing 2 2 (kN/m ) (kN/m2 ) (mm): (kN/m ) 51 152 0.29 0.24 0.24 51 203 0.29 0.29 0.24 51 254 0.34 0.29 0.29 51 305 0.38 0.34 0.29 FRAME PARTITIONS Movable steel partitions Wood or steel studs, 13 mm gypsum board each side Wood studs, 51 102, unplastered Wood studs, 51 102, plastered one side Wood studs, 51 102, plastered two sides FRAME WALLS Exterior stud walls: 51 mm 102 mm @ 406 mm, 16 mm gypsum, insulated, 10 mm siding 51 mm 152 mm @ 406 mm, 16 mm gypsum, insulated, 10 mm siding Exterior stud walls with brick veneer

Weights

of masonry include mortar but not plaster. For plaster, add 0.24 kN/m2 for each face plastered. Values given represent averages. In some cases there is a considerable range of weight for the same construction.

265

TABLE C3-2 Minimum Densities for Design Loads from Materials

Material Density (lb/ft3 ) Material Density (lb/ft3 )

Aluminum Bituminous products Asphaltum Graphite Parafn Petroleum, crude Petroleum, rened Petroleum, benzine Petroleum, gasoline Pitch Tar Brass Bronze Cast-stone masonry (cement, stone, sand) Cement, portland, loose Ceramic tile Charcoal Cinder ll Cinders, dry, in bulk Coal Anthracite, piled Bituminous, piled Lignite, piled Peat, dry, piled Concrete, plain Cinder Expanded-slag aggregate Haydite (burned-clay aggregate) Slag Stone (including gravel) Vermiculite and perlite aggregate, nonload-bearing Other light aggregate, load-bearing Concrete, reinforced Cinder Slag Stone (including gravel) Copper Cork, compressed Earth (not submerged) Clay, dry Clay, damp Clay and gravel, dry Silt, moist, loose Silt, moist, packed Silt, owing Sand and gravel, dry, loose Sand and gravel, dry, packed Sand and gravel, wet Earth (submerged) Clay Soil River mud Sand or gravel Sand or gravel and clay Glass Gravel, dry Gypsum, loose Gypsum, wallboard Ice Iron Cast Wrought Lead
Tabulated

170 81 135 56 55 50 46 42 69 75 526 552 144 90 150 12 57 45 52 47 47 23 108 100 90 132 144 2550 70105 111 138 150 556 14 63 110 100 78 96 108 100 110 120 80 70 90 60 65 160 104 70 50 57 450 480 710

Lime Hydrated, loose Hydrated, compacted Masonry, ashlar stone Granite Limestone, crystalline Limestone, oolitic Marble Sandstone Masonry, brick Hard (low absorbtion) Medium (medium absorbtion) Soft (high absorbtion) Masonry, concrete Lightweight units Medium weight units Normal weight units Masonry grout Masonry, rubble stone Granite Limestone, crystalline Limestone, oolitic Marble Sandstone Mortar, cement or lime Particleboard Plywood Riprap (not submerged) Limestone Sandstone Sand Clean and dry River, dry Slag Bank Bank screenings Machine Sand Slate Steel, cold-drawn Stone, quarried, piled Basalt, granite, gneiss Limestone, marble, quartz Sandstone Shale Greenstone, hornblende Terra Cotta, architectural Voids lled Voids unlled Tin Water Fresh Sea Wood, seasoned Ash, commercial white Cypress, southern Fir, Douglas, coast region Hem r Oak, commercial reds and whites Pine, southern yellow Redwood Spruce, red, white, and Stika Western hemlock Zinc, rolled sheet

32 45 165 165 135 173 144 130 115 100 105 125 135 140 153 147 138 156 137 130 45 36 83 90 90 106 70 108 96 52 172 492 96 95 82 92 107 120 72 459 62 64 41 34 34 28 47 37 28 29 32 449

values apply to solid masonry and to the solid portion of hollow masonry.

266

ASCE 7-05

TABLE C3-2 Minimum Densities for Design Loads from Materials

Material Density (kN/m3 ) Material Density (kN/m3 )

Aluminum Bituminous products Asphaltum Graphite Parafn Petroleum, crude Petroleum, rened Petroleum, benzine Petroleum, gasoline Pitch Tar Brass Bronze Cast-stone masonry (cement, stone, sand) Cement, portland, loose Ceramic tile Charcoal Cinder ll Cinders, dry, in bulk Coal Anthracite, piled Bituminous, piled Lignite, piled Peat, dry, piled Concrete, plain Cinder Expanded-slag aggregate Haydite (burned-clay aggregate) Slag Stone (including gravel) Vermiculite and perlite aggregate, nonload-bearing Other light aggregate, load-bearing Concrete, reinforced Cinder Slag Stone (including gravel) Copper Cork, compressed Earth (not submerged) Clay, dry Clay, damp Clay and gravel, dry Silt, moist, loose Silt, moist, packed Silt, owing Sand and gravel, dry, loose Sand and gravel, dry, packed Sand and gravel, wet Earth (submerged) Clay Soil River mud Sand or gravel Sand or gravel and clay Glass Gravel, dry Gypsum, loose Gypsum, wallboard Ice Iron Cast Wrought Lead
Tabulated

170 12.7 21.2 8.8 8.6 7.9 7.2 6.6 10.8 11.8 82.6 86.7 22.6 14.1 23.6 1.9 9.0 7.1 8.2 7.4 7.4 3.6 17.0 15.7 14.1 20.7 22.6 3.97.9 11.016.5 17.4 21.7 23.6 87.3 2.2 9.9 17.3 15.7 12.3 15.1 17.0 15.7 17.3 18.9 12.6 11.0 14.1 9.4 10.2 25.1 16.3 11.0 7.9 9.0 70.7 75.4 111.5

Lime Hydrated, loose Hydrated, compacted Masonry, ashlar stone Granite Limestone, crystalline Limestone, oolitic Marble Sandstone Masonry, brick Hard (low absorption) Medium (medium absorption) Soft (high absorption) Masonry, concrete Lightweight units Medium weight units Normal weight units Masonry grout Masonry, rubble stone Granite Limestone, crystalline Limestone, oolitic Marble Sandstone Mortar, cement or lime Particleboard Plywood Riprap (not submerged) Limestone Sandstone Sand Clean and dry River, dry Slag Bank Bank screenings Machine Sand Slate Steel, cold-drawn Stone, quarried, piled Basalt, granite, gneiss Limestone, marble, quartz Sandstone Shale Greenstone, hornblende Terra Cotta, architectural Voids lled Voids unlled Tin Water Fresh Sea Wood, Seasoned Ash, commercial white Cypress, southern Fir, Douglas, coast region Hem r Oak, commercial reds and whites Pine, southern yellow Redwood Spruce, red, white, and Stika Western hemlock Zinc, rolled sheet

5.0 7.1 25.9 25.9 21.2 27.2 22.6 20.4 18.1 15.7 16.5 19.6 21.2 22.0 24.0 23.1 21.7 24.5 21.5 20.4 7.1 5.7 13.0 14.1 14.1 16.7 11.0 17.0 15.1 8.2 27.0 77.3 15.1 14.9 12.9 14.5 16.8 18.9 11.3 72.1 9.7 10.1 6.4 5.3 5.3 4.4 7.4 5.8 4.4 4.5 5.0 70.5

values apply to solid masonry and to the solid portion of hollow masonry.

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

267