Cac Yeu To Anh Huong Den He Thong Truyen Dan So

Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s.
Mc lc
Phn 1: tng quan v h thng thng tin s...3 1. Lch s pht trin v cc yu cu trong tng lai ...3 2. Cc c tnh ca truyn dn s....6 3. S khi ca mt h thng thng tin s...8 Phn 2: Cc yu t nh hng Ti h thng truyn dn s....11 1. Cc yu t nh hng ti qu trnh truyn dn s.11 1.1. Xuyn nhiu gia cc du (ISI: InterSymbol Interfrence)..12 1.2 Mo tn hiu.13 1.2.1 Mo tuyn tnh....13 1.2.2 Mo phi tuyn.17 1.3. Fading.23 1.4 nh hng ca sai lch pha sng mang v sai lch tn hiu ng h.29 1.4.1. nh hng ca sai lch pha sng mang29 1.4.2. nh hng ca sai lch tn hiu ng h..31 1.5. Can nhiu v cc tc ng khc ca ng truyn.....34 1.5.1. Can nhiu v cc ngun nhiu...34 1.5.2. Tc ng khc ca ng truyn...35 Phn 3: m phng bng phn mm ASTRAS.36
Sinh vin: Lng Xun Trng_Bi Xun Thng Lp : K40VT
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Cc h thng thng tin s hin nay ang pht trin rt mnh m trn ton th gii v thay th hu ht cc h thng thng tin analog. nc ta, c th ni rng hin nay gn nh tt c cc h thng chuyn mch v truyn dn ca ngnh bu in u c s ho. Mt h thng thng tin s c tt hay khng, phi da vo nhng c im v kh nng truyn dn ca n. Khi truyn dn m m bo c tnh an ton, tnh chnh xc ca thng tin v phi m bo tc truyn tin, th mi em li hiu qu v tinh kh dng cao. V vy mc ch ca ti l nghin cu cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn thng tin s. Kho st nhng yu t ny, m qua tm ra cch khc phc v m bo cho h thng thng tin s hot ng tt. c tnh thuyt phc cao, ti s dng gi chng trnh ASTRAS m phng cht lng ca h thng thng tin s. Sau mt thi gian c s hng dn tn tnh ca c: on Thanh Hi b mn in t Vin thng, ng thi vn dng nhng kin thc hc lp , thng qua bn b v ti liu tham kho n nay n ny hon thnh. Do vn nghin cu cn rng v bn thn cn nhiu hn ch nn trong ti khng trnh khi nhng thiu st hoc thiu chnh xc. Rt mong nhn c s ng gp ca cc thy gio, c gio v cc bn ti thc s c cht lng hn. Chng em rt cm n ti c: on Thanh Hi b mn in t vin thng, ging dy v hng dn chng em hon thnh ti ny.
Sinh vin: Lng Xun Trng_Bi Xun Thng
phn 1: Tng quan v h thng thng tin s

1. Lch s pht trin v cc yu cu trong tng lai . Tn hiu l dng hin th thng tin c dng chuyn thng tin t ni ny( ngi gi ) sang ni khc ( ngui nhn ). Bt c tn hiu no ngi gi mun g i th ngi nhn phi hiu c ni dung thng tin cha trong n. Truyn thng l s truyn t hoc trao di thng tin. Vin thng l truyn thng tin trn mt khong cch xa m khng cn c s tr gip ca con ngi . Trong sut lch s pht trin ca loi ngi vic pht minh ra ngn ng l cuc cch mng truyn thng ln nht. Sau t lu vic pht minh ra tn hiu bng la c kh nng truyn t thng tin c hiu qu v nhanh chng n vng xa. - Cuc pht minh ln na l con ngi bit c lm th no nghi li suy ngh v t tng ca mnh bng cch dng ch vit. Vi kh nng ny con ngi c th truyn thng tin m khng b gii hn bi khng gian v thi gian. ng thi vic pht minh ny a ra cc dch v a th v in bo. - Nm 1820, Georgo Ohm a ra cng thc phng trnh ton hc gii thch cc tn hiu in chy qua mt dy dn rt thnh cng. - Nm 1830, Michall Faraday tm ra nh lut dn in t trng. - Nm 1850, i s Boolean ca George Boolers to ra nn mng cho lgic hc v pht trin cc r-le in sau ny phc v trong cc chuyn mch s. - Nm 1870 James Clerk Maxwell a ra hc thuyt in t trng bng cc cng thc ton hc. Tng i in thoi u tin c thit lp u tin nm 1876 ngay sau khi Alexander Graham Bell pht minh ra in thoi 5 nm sau. Bell bt u dch vgi in thoi ng di gia New York v Chicago v Guglieno Mareconi ca Italia bt u t mt trm pht sng v tuyn pht cc tn hiu in tn.
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. -Nm 1900, Einstein mt nh vt l ni ting v hc thuyt tng i, vit rt nhiu ti liu quan trng v cht rn, thng k hc, in t trng, v c hc lng t. - Nm 1910, Erwin Schrodinger thit lp nn tng cho c hc lng t thng qua cng b ca ng ta v cn bng sng gii thch cu to nguyn t v cc c im ca nguyn t v R.H Goddard ch to thnh cng tn la bay bng phn lc cht lng, v my t-l-tip c pht minh. - Nm 1920, Ha rold S. Black ca phng th nghim nghin cu Bell pht minh ra mt my khuch i phn hi m tn m ngy nay vn cn dng trong mi lnh vc vin thng v cng ngh in ton. V.K. Zworykin ca RCA, M pht minh ra n hnh bng in cho v tuyn truyn hnh, v cc cp ng trc, phng tin truyn dn c hiu qu hn cc loi dy ng trc bnh thng c sn xut. - Nm 1930, Claude Schannon ca phng th nghim Bell, bng cch s dng cc cng thc ton hc tin tin thnh cng trong vic t ra hc thuyt thng tin dng xc nh lng thng tin ti a m mt h thng vin thng c th x l vo mt thi im nh. Hc thuyt ny c pht trin thnh hc thuyt truyn thng s. - Nm 1939, dch v pht sng truyn hnh thng xuyn c bt u ln u tin trong lch s. - Nm 1940, phng th nghim Bell t nn mng cho cc cht bn dn c tch hp ngy cng cao qua vic pht minh ra n ba cc v Howard Aiken ca i hc Harvrd, cng cng tc vi IBM, thnh cng trong vic lp t mt my in u tin c kch thc l 50 feet v 8 feet . - Vo nhng nm 60, cc loi LSIs, cc my in ton mini c b nh kiu bong bng, cp quang, v my phn chia thi gian c pht trin v thng mi ho mt cch thnh cng vo cc nm 70, cc loi CATs hai hng, a Video, my in ton ho, truyn nh qua v tinh, v cc h thng tng i in t ho c a ra. Cng trong nhng nm 70 ny, cc mng truyn liu ln, dng chung u tin (ARPNET v TYMNET) c pht trin , to ra mi quan tm c bit ca chuyn mch gi.
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. Bng 1.1 Cc s kin quan trng trong lch s thng tin in t Nm S kin Xut x Morse Bell Strongger Marconi Fessenden USA Amstrong Detroit police Farnsworth Nyquist Hartley S Tng t Tng t Tng t Tng t Tng t S S S Amstrong Kuhnol Reeves BBC North Clarke Duuren Shannon RCA Maiman
1837 Hon thin bng ng dy 1875 Pht minh in thoi 1897 Chuyn mch t ng trao i theo tng nc 1901 in bo khng dy 1905 Gii thii v in thoi khng dy 1907 Truyn thanh v tuyn dng chun u tin 1918 Pht minh ra my thu v tuyn i tn 1921 Xut hin di ng c nhn 1928 Gii thiu dng truyn hnh in t 1928 L thuyt truyn tn hiu in bo 1928 Truyn dn thng tin 1931 in bo 1933 Gii thiu iu ch tn s 1934 Gii thiu Ra a (V tuyn nh v) 1937 a ra PCM 1939 Thng mi ho dch v truyn hnhqung b 1943 Pht minh ra b lc thch ng 1945 Pht minh ra v tinh a tnh 1946 Pht trin h thng ARQ 1948 L thuyt ton hc cho thng tin 1955 Chuyn tip vi ba mt t 1960 Gii thiu u tin v laze
Kiu thng tin S Tng t
Tng t
S Tng t S
Tng t
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. 1962 Trin khai thng tin v tinh 1963 Truyn thng v tinh a tnh 1966 Pht minh cp quang 1966 Chuyn mch gi 1970 Mng truyn d liu c trung bnh 1970 LAN,MAN v WAN 1971 ISDN 1974 Internet 1978 V tuyn t bo 1978 Bt u nghin cu v GPS Navstar 1980 M hnh tham chiu 7 lp OSI 1981 Gii thiu truyn hnh phn gii cao 1985 Truy nhp tc c s UK 1986 Gii thiu SONET/SDH 1991 H thng t bo GSM 1993 a ra khi nim PCM 1994 Pht minh ra DMA-IS 95 Global ISO NHK, Nht Bn BT USA Chu u Ton cu CCITT Cerf & Kahn ARPA/TYMNET Telstar1 Syncom II Kao&Hockman S S S S S Tng t S S S S S S S Tng t Tng t
Ngy nay vi vic pht trin nh v bo ca in t v vin thng s to tin cho bc pht trin mi trong k thut vin thng p ng nhng dch v v yu cu ngy cng cao ca con ngi 2. Cc c tnh ca truyn dn s . H thng truyn dn s c nhng u im sau khi so snh cng vi h thng tng t tng ng. A. V kinh t Cc thnh phn trong h thng truyn dn c chia lm 2 phn: Phn x l trong nh v phn lp.
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. -Phn x l trong nh : + Sau khi pht minh ra cc vi mch th vic ng dng mch logic cho phn x l cng nh h thng my tnh v thit lp trn h LSI (Large scale intergration) ca h thng truyn dn s tr nn kinh t v nht l tin cy hn so vi h thng tng t. Vic truyn t c d dng v gim nh c kch thc thit b . + Do s dng tn hiu s tng thch vi cc h thng iu khin v s l hin i, nn c kh nng khai thc qun tr v bo tr h thng mt cch t ng cao. -i vi phn lp: Trong khi b lp tng t rt n gin ch gm mt vi transistor th b lp s c ch to phc tp hn gm nhiu phn t hn v mc ch ti to xung. V vy, gi thnh ca b lp s cao hn rt nhiu so vi b lp tng t. Tuy nhin , sau khi pht minh v a vo ng dng cp si quang th khong cch lp trong h thng s tng ln khong 10 ln dn n s lng b lp gim i ng k v lc ny tng chi ph cho ton h thng thp hn rt nhiu so vi h thng tng t. B. Cht lng truyn dn. Cht lng truyn dn l thc o nh gi chnh xc ca mt lng thng tin no c truyn i trong qu trnh truyn dn. V d: lng tp m trong tn hiu thoi , t l li trong truyn s liu . - Cc h thng truyn dn s thng s dng cc tuyn truyn dn s c thit k chun, do trng hp xy ra li bt l khng ng k trong qu trnh ti to v lp cc xung truyn. Khi cht lng truyn dn ch ph thuc vo nhiu lng t m khng ph thuc vo khong cch. - Trong h thng tng t, nhit bin i trc tip gy ra s bin i mc tn hiu trong khi cc h thng s rt kh lm thay i mc tn hiu v cc xung l cc mc ri rc v ch c ti to ti cc b lp. - Trong h thng truyn dn s ta khng cn quan tm n c tnh ca tn hiu nguyn thu v n c th thch hp cho mi ng truyn trong mng thng tin lin kt. Khc hn vi vic truyn dn tng t, vic la chn mt phng php ph hp vi c tnh tn hiu nguyn thu m bo c tnh tn hiu trong qu trnh truyn dn l mt vn cn thit.
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. C. Tnh mm do cho nhiu dch v H thng truyn dn s biu din tt c cc loi thng tin bng s c mt hoc khng c mt xung v truyn n i. Trong h thng ny ch c phn m ho l ring bit vi tng loi tn hiu, cc phn cn li ( phn x l trong nh v phn lp ) u c th dng chung v truyn mi loi tn hiu. Nh vy cc thnh phn trong h thng s tr phn m ho u khng ph thuc vo phn thng tin truyn i . Ngha l, c th truyn nhiu loi thng tin trn cng mt ng truyn m dung lng truyn ch ph thuc vo kh nng ca b m ho. tng trn c a ra v pht trin thnh mt mng mi gi l mng s a dch v ISDN. ISDN kt hp h thng truyn dn s v thit b chuyn mch to ra cc mch s gia thu bao v thu bao, c gng cung cp a dng tt c cc dch v cho thu bao . Nhc im ca h thng thng tin s: Nhc im cn bn ca mt h thng thng tin s so vi cc h thng thng tin tng t l ph chim ca tn hiu s khi truyn cc bn tin lin tc tng i ln hn so vi ph ca tn hiu tng t. Tuy nhin trong tng lai khi cc k thut s ho tn hiu lin tc tin tin hn c p dng th ph ca tn hiu s c th so snh vi ph ca tn hiu lin tc. 3. S khi ca mt h thng thng tin s . A. S khi .
Ngun tin To dng Mho ngun Mho mt Mho knh Ghp knh iu ch Tri ph atruy nhp My pht
ng b
Knh truyn
B nhn tin
To khun
Giim ngun
Giim mt
Giim knh
Phn knh
Gii iuch
Gii triph
atruy nhp
My thu
H1.S khi h thng thng tin s

Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. B. Chc nng c bn ca tng khi: Ngun tin: thoi, audio, video, d liu v loi d liu theo dch v. To dng s: thc hin bin i tin tc cn truyn th hin dng tn
hiu lin tc hay s thnh chui cc bt nh phn M ho ngun v gii m ngun : thc hin nn v gii nn tin nhm
gim tc bt gim ph ca tn hiu s . M ho mt v gii m mt: thc hin m v gii m chui bt theo mt
kho nht nh nhm bo mt tin tc. M ho knh v gii m knh: nhm chng nhiu v cc tc ng xu
khc ca ng truyn dn. Ghp_phn knh: Tp hp cc tn hiu t bng gc s v phn chia tn
hiu s t tn hiu bng gc s. Thc hin vic truyn tin t nhiu ngun tin khc nhau ti cc ch nhn tin khc nhau trn cng mt ng truyn dn. iu ch v gii iu ch s ( thng gi l MODEM): Chuyn tn hiu
s sang tn hiu tng t vi tn s cao truyn i xa. C cc phng php iu ch s sau: iu bin: -iu bin xung (PAM); iu bin xung M mc (PAM M mc); Kho-ng m (ODD) tch-kt hp; Kho ng m tch ng bao; iu bin cu phng M trng thi (QAM M trng thi). iu tn: - Kho dch pha tn s-tch khng kt hp (FSK tch kt hp); Pha lin tc_kho dch tn s-tch kt hp(CP-FSK-CD); Pha lin tc_kho dch tn s-tch khng kt hp(CP-FSK-NCD); Kho dch cc tiu (MSK). iu pha:
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. - Kho dch pha nh phn (BPSK)-tch kt hp; Kho dch pha nh phn-M ho vi sai(DE_BPSK); Kho dch pha vi sai (DPSK); Kho dch pha cu phng (BPSK); Kho dch pha M trang thi (M-PSK); Tri v gii tri ph: nhm chng nhiu v bo mt tin tc. a truy nhp: cho php nhiu i tng c th truy nhp mng thng tin s dng h thng truyn dn theo nhu cu. u cui pht: gm c 4 chc nng chnh: - Lc hn ph: Lc b nng lng thp chng nhiu cho h thng bn cnh v lc thch nghi nhm sa mo tn hiu gy bi ng truyn. - Trn a tin hiu nn tn s cng tc. - Khuch i cng sut b p tn hao ca mi trng. - Bc x ra mi trng. ng b: Bao gm dng b nhp v ng b pha sng mang i vi cc
h thng thng tin lin kt ( coherent). i vi mt h thng tin s th MODEM ng vai tr nh mt b no ca con ngi. Cc khi chc nng cn li khng phi l bt buc i vi tt c mi h thng thng tin s ( Chng c biu din bng nt t trn hnh 1).
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Phn 2: Cc yu t nh hng Ti h thng truyn dn s.

I. CC YU T NH HNG TI QU TRNH TRUYN DN S. i vi h thng truyn dn s, cho ti ngy nay ngi ta cha tm ra c mt phng thc hu hiu no truyn trc tip cc tn hiu bng gc trn mt c ly ln v do cc h thng tn hiu trc dy vn l h thng analog nn vic s dng cc ng truyn analog truyn cc tn hiu s l mt vn c tnh nguyn tc v s k tha c tnh hp l. Do vy, knh s s bao hm trong n mt knh c c tnh lin tc vi tn hiu ni vo l mt knh c dng sng lin tc ch khng phi l tn hiu l cc con s thun tu, mc du cc tn hiu nh vy vn l cc tn hiu s do di thi gian ca tng tn hiu l ha hn v s cc dng sng c th c pht i cng l ha hn. Knh truyn cc tn hiu lin tc nh vy gi l knh lin tc. Tuy nhin c hai hn ch trong vin thng khi truyn thng tin theo phng php in : l hn ch v mt di thng v hn ch v tp m. Phi c mt di thng rng truyn c thng tin trong thi gian ngn, c bit l cc h thng thng tin trong thi gian thc. Tuy nhin, nu di thng qu ln s gy lng ph bng tn m bng tn l mt ngun ti nguyn qu v c hn. Mt khc cc yu t c bn tc ng ti qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu s trn cc loi knh truyn dn ( bao gm c my thu pht u cui v mi trng truyn ) l lun xy ra nh: xuyn nhiu gia cc du (ISI), mo tn hiu, sai pha ng h, sai pha sng mang, can nhiu, hiu ng doppler do cc my u cui thu, pht di ng so vi nhau v s bin i theo thi gian ca knh truyn, nhiu knh ln cn i vi h thng thng tin s, ch tiu cht lng c bn ca h thng l xc sut bt li (BER) v jitter (rung pha hay tri pha). Tu thuc vo tng loi hnh dch v m cc h thng vi ba c nhng i hi khc nhau v BER v jitter. i vi cc h thng truyn tn hiu thoi, yu cu BER<10-6 v do thoi t nhy vi jitter nn c th cho php jitter kh cao. i vi tn hiu truyn hnh, nu s
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Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. dng iu xung m thng PCM th BER i hi cng nh i vi tn hiu thoi song cn lu l tc ca truyn hnh l kh cao. Khi s dng ADPCM (Adaptive Differential Pulse Coded dulation: iu ch xung m vi sai t thch nghi) truyn tn hiu truyn hnh th yu cu BER<10-9, thm ch cn yu cu ti BER <10-12. Ni chung cc tn hiu truyn hnh rt nhy cm vi jitter. Khi BER>10-3 th h thng c xem nh l gin on lin lc v khi ngay c dch v telex l loi dch v cho php cht lng truyn dn ti nht cng khng th truyn c. Jitter c xem l ln nu ln hn 0.05T (gi tr nh nh - peak to peak). Trn thc t ngi ta cn s dng mt s thng s nh l cc ch tiu v xc sut gin on thng tin, cc ch tiu t s li thp, ch s li cao, cc ch tiu cc giy khng li trong mt thi gian di, cc ch tiu t bin, tnh kh dng ca h thng... nh cht lng ca h thng. 1.1.Xuyn nhiu gia cc du (ISI: InterSymbol Interfrence). Nh ta bit, mi mt symbol c hnh thnh t K bt v c thi gian tn ti bng K ln thi gian tn ti ca mt bt. Do vy cc dng sng iu ch dng truyn chng cng c di hu hn bng di ca K bt : Ts =k.Tb. Vi Ts v Tb ln lt l di ca mt symbol v di ca mt bit. Do cc dng sng c di l hu hn nn ph ca chng (nhn c thng qua php bin i Fourrier) s tri ra v hn trn min tn s. Do bng tn truyn dn l hu hn, hn ch ph tn v lm tng s h thng c th cng cng tc trn mt bng sng cho trc ngi ta s dng mch lc. Do vy hm truyn tng cng ca mt h thng truyn dn s s c c tnh nh ca mt mch lc. u ra, ph tn hiu thu c b hn ch bi c tnh lc ca h thng nn tn hiu thu c ca mt symbol (cha k n tp m) s tri ra v hn v thi gian. iu dn n ti u thu cc symbol c truyn k tip nhau s chng ln nn nhau v thi gian v gy nhiu ln nhau. Hin tng ny c gi l : xuyn nhiu gia cc du (ISI) . S tn ti ca ISI dn n tn hiu thu b mo rt ln v tin tc s b nhn sai: ti thi im t=kTs gi tr ca tn hiu thu c li ra mch ly mu ca my thu c th vt ngng quyt nh v tn hiu s b quyt nh nhm.
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Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. 1.2 Mo tn hiu. Mo tn hiu pht sinh do sai lch gia c tnh bin -tn s v/ hoc c tnh pha-tn (hay c tnh gi chm) ca hm truyn tng cng ca h thng so vi c tnh c thit k nhm trit tiu ISI trong qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu s. 1.2.1 Mo tuyn tnh. a. Cc ngun gy mo tuyn tnh. Mo tuyn tnh c c tnh khng ph thuc bin tn hiu c truyn v c nh gi thng qua sai lch gia c tnh bin -tn s v/hoc c tnh pha tn ca hm truyn tng cng ca h thng so vi c tnh c thit k nhm trit tiu ISI trong qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu s. Mo tuyn tnh c cc nguyn nhn chnh sau: Ch to khng hon ho cc mch lc. c tnh tn s (bao gm c tnh bin v c tnh gi chm) ca
mi trng truyn khng bng phng trn sut rng bng tn hiu do cc hin tng nh: + Pha inh a ng chn lc theo tn s trong h thng v tuyn bng rng. + Tiu hao ph thuc tn s kh quyn do s hp th ca khng kh v hi nc i vi cc h thng v tuyn. + Tiu hao ph thuc tn s ca ng dy. Ta c c tnh lc tng cng ca h thng c thit k nhm tho mn tiu chun Nyquist th nht trit tiu ISI. Trong tnh ton thit k, c tnh lc ny c thit k theo c tnh lc cn bc hai cosine nng v c phn chia cho cc mch lc pht v mch thu vi hm truyn ca hai mch lc ny c dng cn bc hai cosine nng (square root cosine filter). Nhng trong qu trnh ch to, ta khng th to c mt cch l tng cho nn c sai lch v c tnh bin v c tnh tr nhm gia c tnh thc t ca cc b lc v c tnh thit k. Mt khc, s truyn dn nhiu tia trong h thng thng tin s dung lng cao cng gy nn hin tng pha inh chn lc a ng theo tn s. Do hm truyn tng cng ca h thng di tc ng ca pha-inh la chn theo tn s cng b sai lch so vi hm truyn l tng, tc l b mo tuyn tnh. Mo tuyn tnh gy bi pha inh a ng chn lc theo tn s l rt trm trng, thm ch n c th gy gin on lin lc.
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Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. b. c im nhn dng mo tuyn tnh. nhn dng ISI gy ra do mo tuyn tnh hay khng ngi ta da vo biu chm sao tn hiu thu. Ta ly v d i vi h thng 64QAM truyn tai 140Mb/s.
H2. Constellation ca mt h thng 64QAM truyn ti 140Mb/s khi c mo tuyn tnh. Do nh hng ca mo tuyn tnh, constellation ca cc tn hiu thu khng cn l M im na l mt tp hp cc cm im nm tng i i xng xung quanh im l tng. Vi vic tn ti cc cm im tn hiu trn constellation ca cc tn hiu thu l mt du hiu nhn bit l c mo tuyn tnh tc ng. Din tch cc cm im cng ln nu mo cng ln, nhng din tch cc cm im ny khng ph thuc vo bin ca tn hiu. c. nh hng ca mo tuyn tnh. Ta c hm truyn tng cng ca h thng khi c mo tuyn tnh s c dng: H(f)=C(f).M(f). (2.1) Trong C(f) l tch ca cc hm truyn ca b lc pht v b lc thu v M(f) l hm truyn ca mi trng.
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Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. Nh ta bit,do thit k b lc khng hon ho nn C(f) khng cn tho mn tiu chun Nyquist th nht na, na Ta ly v d mo tuyn tnh i vi h thng M-QAM : Nu khng xt n tp m, th tn hiu thu c ti u vo mch quyt nh c th biu din nh sau:
(t ) =
k = +
(a
+ jbk ) ( t kT ) h ( t )
= ( a0 + jb0 ) h ( t ) +
k = ( k 0 )
(a
+ jbk ) h ( t kT )
(2.2)
Ta c th biu din h(t) di dng: h(t)=hc(t)+jhs(t) Ti thi im ly mu vi symbol th 0 (t=0), ta c:

( t ) = ( a0 + jb0 ) hc ( 0 ) + jhs ( 0 ) +
k = ( k 0 ) +
(2.3)
(a
+ jbk ) hc ( kT ) + jhs ( kT )
(2.4)
Nh vy, ngoi thnh phn tn hiu hu ch l a0 hc ( 0 ) + jb0 hc (0 ) , th tn hiu sau ly mu cn c cc thnh phn nhiu khc t cc symbol (ak, bk) trong chui. Cc thnh phn tc ng ny chnh l ISI v iu ny lm cho vic quyt nh nhm tn hiu ngay c khi khng c tp m. V do vy, lm tng xc sut li thu cc symbol, lm tng t l BER (H3). Ch ring tc ng ca pha inh a ng chn lc theo tn s cng c th lm cho h thng b gin on lin lc ngay c khi khng tnh n tp m nhit.
H3. BER ca h thng 64-QAM khi c mo tuyn tnh

15
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. Hnh 3 l ng cong BER theo Eb/No ca mt s h thng 64-QAM di tc ng ca pha inh a ng chn lc theo tn s c su khe pha inh B khc nhau, tn s khe pha inh trng vi tn s khe sng mang. Eb l nng lng ca mt bit, No l mt ph mt pha ca tp m Gao-x trng chun. Xc sut li ca h thng.
Lng mo tuyn tnh c xc nh qua s sai lch gia c tnh thc t ca h thng so vi c tnh c thit k. Sai lch ny gm c sai lch v c tnh bin -tn s v c tnh tr nhm, thng c m t thng qua cc h s mo bc mt, bc hai v cc tham s m t sai s gn sng trong bng tn Nyquist. Vic nh gi xc sut thu li ca h thng di tc ng ng thi ca mo tuyn tnh v tp m l ht sc phc tp. N thng c nh gi qua s ph thuc gia lng thit hi t s tn trn tp m (SNRDSignal to Noise Ratio Degradation) gy bi mo tuyn tnh ti mt gi tr xc nh ca BER (thng l 10-6) v cc tham s ca mo. Trong trng hp h thng c phn thu gm ton cc khi hon ton tuyn tnh, xc sut li thu PE ca h thng tnh trung bnh trn ton b tp tn hiu c th c tnh theo:
PE = 1 PC = 1 p ( si ) p ( r si + g ). p ( g ) dv
i =1 Vi M
(2.5)
Trong p(si) l xc sut tin nghim ca tn hiu si, Vi l min quyt nh ca tn hiu si cn p ( r si + g ) l hm mt xc sut iu kin ca tn hiu thu c, Pc l xc sut thu ng trung bnh ca h thng. Trong trng hp tp m trng chun cng tnh th p ( r si + g ) l hm mt xc sut Gao-x, k vng l si+g v phng sai No. Mt trong nhng tc ng ca mo tuyn tnh tng cng l gy gin on lin lc, nguyn nhn ch yu l do pha inh nhiu tia chn lc theo tn s. ISI gy bi n thun mo tuyn tnh c th gn ng rt tt c bng mt bin ngu nhin Gauss hoc u, tu theo gi tr ca M. Nu M cng ln th phn b
16
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. ca ISI cng c xu hng tin n gn phn b chun hn. C th d dng thy c rng k vng ca cc bin ISI ng vi tng gi tr ca symbol u bng khng (gi thit l chui cc symbol c truyn i l chui cc bin ngu nhin c lp, cng phn b). Do tnh cht k vng bng khng nn trn khng gian tn hiu thu, cc cm im c c tnh l tng i i xng xung quanh gi tr l tng ca tn hiu trn constellation. Vic tn ti cc cm im trn constellation ca tn hiu thu l du hiu chc chn cho thy c ISI gy bi mo tn hiu. Cm im cng rng mo tuyn tnh cng ln, tc l phng sai ISI cng ln. V vy, ta c mt mi lin h gia lng mo tuyn tnh tng cng vi phng sai ISI. Do mo tuyn tnh kh phc tp, nn vic xc nh cc tham s lin quan ti mo tuyn tnh tng cng ca h thng l kh. c bit, l mo tuyn tnh c biu th qua nhiu tham s cng c nh hng v khng th b qua i vi phng sai ca ISI gy bi mo tuyn tnh. Do , vic biu din tc ng ca mo tuyn tnh, chng hn nh SNRD theo mt tp nhiu tham s l rt kh khn v t c ngha ng dng. Trn thc t, ta ch c th xc nh mi quan h ny thng qua phng php m phng my tnh. 1.2.2 Mo phi tuyn. a. Cc ngun gy mo phi tuyn. Tnh phi tuyn ca knh truyn c th gy bi cc nguyn nhn sau: - Cc b khuch i cng sut nh v cc mch trn tn - Cc mch in trong h thng truyn dn - Cc b khuch i cng sut my pht (KCS) c cng xut ln. Cc mch khuch i cng sut nh v cc mch trn tn: nhn chung
l c phi tuyn khng ng k v c th b qua. c bn: + Lm thay i (m rng) ph ca tn hiu: dn n thay i can nhiu gia cc knh v tuyn ln cn trong mt tuyn truyn dn tn hiu s
Cc mch in trong h thng truyn dn: thng gy ra hai tc ng
17
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. + Lm thay i t l li ca h thng: s thay i ny l khng ging nhau i vi cc h thng. i vi cc h thng c ng bao khng i (nh iu ch PSK) tc ng ca tnh phi tuyn thc t l khng qu ln. i vi h thng c ng bao thay i( nh iu ch QAM) th t l ca li bit BER tng ng k di tc ng ca mo phi tuyn trn knh. Do vy vic m bo tuyn tnh cao i vi h thng iu ch M-QAM l ht sc quan trng. Mo phi tuyn gy bi cc b (KCS: khuch i cng sut):
c th hin qua. + Cng sut tn hiu li ra th hin khng tuyn tnh vi cng sut tn hiu li vo v c gi l: bin iu bin -bin (AM/AM conversion), gi tt l mo bin . + Lng dch pha ca tn hiu li ra ph thuc bin tn hiu li vo c gi l bin iu bin -pha (AM/PM conversion), gi tt l mo pha. b. c im nhn dng mo phi tuyn. i vi h thng thng tin s, cc b KCS l mt ngun gy mo phi tuyn c bn nn ta s tm hiu nh hng ca mo phi tuyn gy bi b KCS. Ta c th nhn thy mo phi tuyn mt cch r rt trn biu chm sao ca tn hiu thu (hnh v 4). Khi c mo phi tuyn, ISI xut hin trn chm sao tn hiu thu nh M cm im hnh sao chi vi im trung bnh dch khi v tr l tng. Bin tn hiu cng ln th din tch cm im cng tng v dch chuyn khi v tr l tng cng xa.
18
H4. Chm sao tn hiu thu ca h thng 64-QAM truyn ti 140Mb/s khi c mo phi tuyn. c. nh hng ca mo phi tuyn. Trc khi tn hiu c pht i qua h thng ng-ten th tn hiu phi c khuch i ti mt lng cng sut nht nh nh cc b khuch i cng sut. B khuch i cng sut phi c th khuch i tuyn tnh cng sut tn hiu nh, n c th l 6 ti 7dB trn cng sut trung bnh vi h thng 16QAM v 7 ti 8dB cho h thng 64QAM v 8 ti 9dB cho h thng 256QAM. KCS iu ch n(t) Gii iu Lc gii Ch
19
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. c tnh vo-ra ca b KCS: Pout, x(t) y(t)

G
Pout
a,
b,
P in
H5. K hiu b KCS v cc c tnh bin , pha Vic nh gi xc sut li ca h thng di tc ng ca mo phi tuyn gy bi b KCS l ht sc phc tp. c bit trong khi phi xt ti c tnh c nh ca mch khuch i. B KCS c tnh c nh ca mch khuch i. L b khuch i m rng bng ca b lc i (zone-filter) trn b pht p l >1/Ts , vi Ts l thi gian ca mt symbol. Tnh c nh ca b khuch i c pht sinh do cc mch lc t trc hoc t sau b khuch i. Tnh c nh ny thc s ng k i vi b khuch i ca b pht p trn v tinh thng tin cn trong cc h thng v tuyn chuyn tip mt t cc b KCS c th xem l khng c nh. Vic tnh ton n tc ng ca c tp m ng ln n tp m ng xung ca mt tuyn v tinh l ht sc phc tp. c bit l tnh n tc ng ng thi ca mo ln tp m cho d cc tp m ng ln v ng xung c th lm gn ng bng cc tp m cng trng chun (AWGN), song sau khuch i phi tuyn ca b pht p th phn b ca tp m ca ng ln, tnh ti u ra ca b khuch i khng cn l phn b chun na. Vic tnh ton c th b qua tc ng ca tp m ng ln, do cng sut ca trm mt t thng ln hn cng sut ca b khuch i TWT ( Traveling wave tube: B KCS dng n sng chy) trn b pht p ti 30-35 dB. B khuch i cng xut khng c tnh nh ca mch khuch i.
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Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. L b khuch i m rng bng ca chng < 1/ Ts , v d i vi cc h thng v tuyn mt t dung lng ln s dng iu ch M-QAM hon ton c th xem c l phn t phi tuyn khng nh, tc l tn hiu li ra ti thi im no ch ph thuc vo tn hiu li vo ti chnh thi im . Cng c ngha l cc c tnh bin v c tnh pha ca b KCS v c th xem nh khng thay i theo tn s trong sut c bng tn ca tn hiu. c tnh bin vo ra thng m t quan h gia cng sut tn hiu li ra Pout v cng sut li vo Pin, cn c tnh pha m t quan h gia lng quay pha ca tn hiu li ra theo cng sut tn hiu li vo. Nh vy, mo phi tuyn trong cc h thng v tuyn chuyn tip mt t s dng iu ch M-QAM s gm c hai yu t: yu t bin v yu t pha. Tn hiu c cng sut ln hn c khuch i vi h s khuch i nh hn v b quay pha nhiu hn. Tc ng c bn m mo phi tuyn gy ra do b KCS ti h thng v tuyn s dng iu ch M-QAM c th tng kt nh sau: Tc ng tri rng ph v tp m phi tuyn Ta gi s tn hiu u vo ca b KCS l x th tn hiu ra sau b KCS s l y. Do c tuyn bin c dng nh hnh v (2.5b) cho nn ta c th phn tch tn hiu ra theo tn hiu vo theo cng thc nh sau:
y = a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x3 + ...
(2.6)
Ta c th nhn xt nh sau: cc thnh phn bc chn trong tn hiu ra s sinh ra cc thnh phn sn phm xuyn iu ch ri ra xa ngoi bng tn tn hiu. Do vy cc thnh phn bc chn ny khng gy hi n tn hiu. Nh vy trong thnh phn ca tn hiu ra ch cn c cc thnh phn bc l. Chnh cc thnh phn bc l ny lm cho ph tn hiu b m rng, v iu ny s lm tng nhiu knh ln cnh ng thi lm gim t s tn hiu trn nhiu S/N v lm tng t s li bt. Trong nh gi tc ng ca mo phi tuyn gy bi b KCS, ngi ta a ra mt thng s l t s lin iu ch bc ba IMR3 (third order Inter Modulation Ratio), vi IMR3 =10lg
P1 , trong P1, P3 tng ng l cng sut P3
21
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. ca cc thnh phn sn phm bc 1 v bc 3. Khi gi tr IMR3 = 40dB th ta c th b qua mo phi tuyn gy bi b KCS. .
H6. S m rng ph tn hiu do mo phi tuyn. Ph iu ch ln nhau gia cc thnh phn tn s ca tn hiu khi i qua mt b khuch i vi mo phi tuyn ti bc ba nh th th c th m rng ph tn hiu vo qung ba ln ph ca tn hiu ban u (hnh v 6). S m rng ph nh th c th gy nhiu i vi cc knh ln cn. loi b can nhiu ny i vi cc knh ln cn, u ra ca b KCS thng c mt mch lc ph c nhim v gi cho ph tn hiu li ra my pht nm di mt mt n xc nh. Lm dch chuyn v tr cc im tn hiu trn mt phng pha
B KCS thng c c trng bi cc bin iu AM/AM v AM/PM. Cc bin iu AM/AM v AM/PM dn n cc tn hiu QAM vi bin khc nhau c khuch i vi cc h s khuch i khc nhau v b quay pha vi cc gc quay pha khc nhau, bin tn hiu cng ln th h s khuch i cng nh v quay pha cng ln. Do vy v tr trung bnh ca cc im tn hiu trn constellation ca tn hiu thu s b dch chuyn, khng cn phn b trn li vung gc na. Tn hiu c cng sut cng ln th cng b dch chuyn khi v tr l tng nhiu hn. Cc im tn hiu b dch chuyn gn li bin quyt nh hn v do xc sut li ca h thng c th tng mt cch nghim trng.
22
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. Tc ng gy ISI phi tuyn Do hm truyn tng cng ca h thng c thit k khng c ISI. Nhng khi b KCS, bn cht l phn t phi tuyn, c t gia cc b lc pht v lc thu nh trn hnh v (2.6) th hm truyn tng cng ca h thng s khng c dng cosine nng na. Nh vy s xut hin ISI, v ISI gy ra do b KCS ny s c gi l ISI phi tuyn (to ra do mo phi tuyn) phn bit vi ISI gy bi cc mo tuyn tnh gy bi cc phn t tuyn tnh trong h thng nh cc mch lc hay pha-inh nhiu tia chn lc theo tn s. Di tc ng ca b KCS, thay v M im tn hiu phn b trn li vung gc, cc tn hiu thu xut hin di dng M cm im trn mt phng pha. Tn hiu QAM c cng sut cng ln th cm im tng ng cng rng (ISI i vi n cng ln). V tr trung bnh ca tng cm im b dch chuyn khi v tr nguyn gc di tc ng ca cc mo AM/AM v AM/PM. 1.3. Fading Fading l hin tng sai lc tn hiu thu mt cch bt thng xy ra i vi cc h thng v tuyn do tc ng ca mi trng truyn dn. Cc yu t gy ra Fading i vi cc h thng v tuyn mt t nh: - S thng ging ca tng in ly i vi h thng sng ngn - S hp th gy bi cc phn t kh, hi nc, ma, tuyt, sng ms hp th ny ph thuc vo di tn s cng tc c bit l di tn cao (>10Ghz). - S khc x gy bi s khng ng u ca mt khng kh. - S phn x sng t b mt tri t, c bit trong trng hp c b mt nc v s phn x sng t cc bt ng nht trong kh quyn. y cng l mt yu t dn n s truyn lan a ng. - S phn x, tn x v nhiu x t cc chng ngi trn ng truyn lan sng in t, gy nn hin tng tri tr v giao thoa sng ti im thu do tn hiu nhn c l tng ca rt nhiu tn hiu truyn theo nhiu ng. Hin tng ny c bit quan trng trong thng tin di ng. H s suy hao c trng cho qu trnh truyn sng c th biu din di dng:
23
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. a(t,f) = fs.A(t,f). (2.7) Vi a(t,f) l h s suy hao sng v tuyn trong kh quyn, A(t,f) c trng cho s ph thuc ca suy hao nng lng sng in t vo cc hin tng kh quyn v c gi l h s suy hao do pha inh, fs l h s suy hao trong khng gian t do. Phn loi Fading: C 2 loi : - Fading phng ( flat fade ). - Fading la chn tn s ( Selective fade ) . a. Fading phng. L Fading m suy hao ph thuc vo tn s l khng ng k v hu nh l hng s vi ton b bng tn hiu dng ca tn hiu. Fading phng thng xy ra i vi cc h thng v tuyn c dung lng nh v va, do rng bng tn hiu kh nh nn fading do truyn dn a ng v do ma gn nh l xem khng c chn lc theo tn s. Fading phng do truyn dn a ng: hnh thnh do phn x ti cc
chng ngi cng nh s thay i ca khc x ca kh quyn cng trng thu c u thu b suy gim v di chuyn trong qu trnh truyn dn. Trong cc h thng chuyn tip s LOS (Line-Of-Sight), s bin thin ca khc x l nguyn nhn ch yu dn n hin tng truyn dn a ng m kt qu ca n l tn hao Fading thay i theo tn s. Tuy nhin, h thng c bng tn hiu nh nn tn hiu suy hao fading a ng l nh nn c th b qua v fading a ng c xem l fading phng. i vi fading a ng, vic thc hin c nh gi bng o cng sut tn hiu thu c ti mt tn s trong bng tn hiu. c trng thng k ca fading phng a ng l phn b thi gian fading vt qu mt mc no . Fading phng do hp th: L hin tng sng in t b hp th v b tn x do ma, tuyt, song mhay cc phn t khc tn ti trong mi trng truyn dn nn cc tn hiu vo u thu b suy gim. Ni chung hin tng fading ny thay i ph thuc vo thi gian.
24

Suy hao(dB/km) 100 Suy hao do ma a:100mm/Hr b:50mm/Hr c:10mm/Hr Suy hao do hp th khng kh. d:Phn t kh quyn Oxygen e:Hi nc Suy hao do sng m f:2,3g/m g:0,32g/m.
10 b 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 3 c f g c
12 18 24 30 60 Tn s(GHz)
120180300
H7. Suy hao sng in t trong kh quyn
b. Fading a ng la chn theo tn s. L hin tng khi m sng v tuyn thu c hn 2 tia khc nhau trn cng mt ng truyn dn, s truyn dn theo nhiu tia (ng) nh th s gy nn mt lng tn hao tn hiu ph thuc vo tn s trong sut rng bng tn hiu.
Tng khc x My pht Tng tn x Tia trc tip Tia khc x My thu
Tia phn x
H8. Fadinh kt hp c tnh bin v pha ca sng thu c l tng hp ca cc sng ti u thu.
25

Tia trc tip. Tia can nhiu(Phn x hoc khc x) Tia thu c(Tng hp ca sng trc tip v sng phn x)
Cng sut(dB)
Tia thu
1
Knh v tuyn
10
11
12
Bng tn truyn dn
Tn s
: Thi gian tr ca sng trc

tip can nhiu.
H9a. c tnh bin - Tn s fading
Ta c: hm truyn ca mi trng khi truyn dn nhiu tia: h(t) =
i =1
. ( t i )
(2.8)
Vi i th hin tn hao , i th hin gi chm truyn sng theo tia th i. Vy ta c hm truyn ca knh truyn trn knh fading nhiu tia l : H(f) = i . e
i=1 N j
ii
(2.9)
Do s ph thuc vo tn s ca suy hao trong sut rng bng tn tn hiu nn mo tuyn tnh do fading chn lc theo tn s s gy ra ISI v do s lm gim cht lng ca h thng. Ch ring mo do fading a ng mnh c th to ra ISI rt ln v gy gin on lin lc (BER>10-3), thm ch trong trng hp khng tnh n tp nhiu.
26
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. M hnh Rummler: Khi knh c xc nh l truyn dn nhiu tia th vic m t cc m hnh hm truyn dn pha-inh ca knh l mt vic rt quan trng, t ta mi c th a ra cc bin php khc phc. Theo Rummler, p ng tn s hay hm truyn ca knh c biu din di dng sau:
H ( f ) = 1 + .e j 2 f 1 + .e j 2 f 2
Trong biu thc trn, s hng th nht m t mt tia sng, thng c hiu l tia truyn trc tip v l tia tham chiu; s hng th hai v th ba m t hai tia bi bin bng v ln bin tia tham chiu vi cc gi chm l
1 v 2 . Thc t, chng ta ch quan tm ti hm truyn H(f) ti cc gi tr tn s
xung quanh tn s sng mang fc. Do vy, trong biu thc tn th tn s f c th c xem nh l (f-fc). Theo Rummler th mt trong hai tia m t bng cc s hng th hai v th ba trong biu thc trn c gi thit l rt gn vi tia trc tip. Tc l B. 1 <<1, vi B l rng bng tn tn hiu. Khi cng thc c th c vit di dng:
H ( f ) = 1 + + .e j 2 f
Gi f0 l tn s m ti m-un hm truyn t cc tiu l tn s khe pha-inh (notch frequency) v ly lm im tham chiu, khi hm truyn c th c vit l:
H ( f ) = a 1 b.e
j 2 ( f f 0 )
= H ( f ) e j ( t )
Trong : a = 1 + v b =
. 1+
Theo m hnh Rummler th a l mt lng tn hao phng ca knh v biu thc trong mc vung biu th s giao thoa gia hai tia c thi gian gi chm tng i gy nn ti mt cc tiu ca m-un hm truyn ti tn s f0. Theo ta c hm suy hao A(f) (tnh theo dB) v hm tr nhm D(f) l o hm ca c tnh pha c dng:
A ( f ) = 20 log H ( f )
D( f ) =
1 d ( f ) 2 df
27
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. Trong gi tr bnh phng bin v hm tr nhm cho bi:
2 H ( f ) = a2 1 + b 2b cos 2 ( f f 0 ) 2
D( f ) =
1 d ( f ) .b cos 2 ( f f 0 ) b = 2 df 1 + b 2 2b cos 2 ( f f 0 )
T hm truyn ca m hnh knh pha inh ca Rummler ta thy rng cc cc tiu chn lc theo tn s ca cng sut thu xy ra cng vi cc cc tiu hoc cc i ca mo tr nhm.
H.9b. Hm truyn ca knh theo m hnh Rummler. C th nhn thy rng khi em so snh m hnh hm truyn ca knh pha-inh chn lc tn s do Rummler (hnh v) vi hm truyn kho st trn thc t, ta thy rng chng rt khp nhau. Tuy nhin, m hnh hm truyn ca knh theo Rummler cn c qu nhiu tham s v trnh kh khn ny v cng v l mt m hnh nn tham s gi chm c th la chn l mt s c nh mt cch tng i tu vi iu kin chu k ca H(f) theo tn s l tng i ln. Rummler xut chn =0.63ns, bng nghch o ca su ln rng bng tn tn hiu ca h thng c quan trc. Trn thc t gi tr =0.63ns ny c s dng rt nhiu. Bn cnh gi tr , ta cn c th chn bng nghch o ca su ln rng bng tn ca tn hiu ( =
1 ) do thc t o 6B
lng cho thy rng vi gi tr ny th ba tham s cn li l a, b v f0 c th

28
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. lm khp rt tt vi phn ng ca knh. Tn s khe pha-inh f0 c phn b u nhy bc vi hm mt xc sut ph thuc vo lng gi chm 0 . Khi b < 1 th pha-inh c gi l pha-inh pha cc tiu v khi b 1 th pha-inh l phainh pha khng cc tiu. Cc tham s ca m hnh Rummler, ngoi tr c chn c nh, cc tham s cn li u l cc bin ngu nhin v phn b xc sut ca chng c xc nh gn ng theo kinh nghim. Vi pha-inh pha cc tiu, cc tham s A1=-20loga (dB) biu th mt lng tn hao phng trn ton b bng tn ca tn hiu, cn tham s B1=-20log(1-b) (dB) biu th su khe pha-inh ti tn s khe pha-inh f0. Vi trng hp pha-inh pha khng cc tiu th hm truyn ca knh c vit li di dng:
j 2 f f 1 H ( f ) = ab e ( 0 ) b
1 Cc tham s tng ng l A2=-20logab (dB), B2= 20 log 1 . Trong

b
B1 v B2 u c phn b m vi k vng MB=3.8dB; A1 v A2 c phn b chun vi lch qun phng = 5 dB v c k vng c xc nh theo cng thc thc nghim sau:
A = 24, 6.
B4 + 500 B4 + 800
1.4 nh hng ca sai lch pha sng mang v sai lch tn hiu ng h 1.4.1. nh hng ca sai lch pha sng mang. xt nh hng ca sai lch pha sng mang, ta gi thuyt rng mi khi khc trong h thng u l tng. Tc l trong trng hp gi thuyt ny sai lch ng h D = 0 v c tnh ca c h thng th hon ton l tng. Thit b khi phc song mang thu to ra sng mang c(t ) sai lch v pha i vi sng mang ti mt gc .
c (t ) = 2 cos( 2 f c t + )
ca b gii iu ch M-QAM c dng:
(2.10)
Trong trng hp , tn hiu ra trn cc nhnh ng pha v vung pha

29
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. S1(t) =

k =
A K . cos . p ( t k .T s ) * h c ( t ) +
k =
. sin . p ( t kT s ) * h c ( t ) + n 1 ( t )
(2.11)

S2(t) =
k =
B . cos . p(t kT ) * h (t ) A . sin . p(t kT ) * h (t ) + n

k s c k = k s c
(t )
(2.12) Trong hc(t) l phn ng xung tng ng thng thp ca c h thng tnh t u ra mch iu ch ti u vo mch ly mu v quyt nh. {Ak} v {Bk} ln lt l dy cc gi tr ca tn hiu iu ch lung ng pha v vung pha, p(.) l hm to xung vi h thng M-QAM th p(.) l hm ng pha v xung khng-v-khng NRZ (Non-Return to Zero), n1(t) v n2(t) ln lt l cc thnh phn tp m tng hp vi cc thnh phn ng pha v vung pha ca tn hiu M-QAM thu c. Ti thi im ly mu symbol th 0 (k=0) l t=0, cc biu thc trn c th vit li thnh:
S1 (t ) = A0 . cos .s (0) +
k =
' A . cos .s(kT ) + B . sin .s(0) + ' B . sin .s(kT ) + n

k s
0
k =
(2.13)
S 2 (t ) = B0 . cos .s (0) +
k =
' Bk . cos .s(kTs ) A0 . sin .s(0)
k =
' Ak . sin .s(kTs ) + n2

(2.14)
Trong s(t)=p(t-kTs)*hc(t) v du phy sau k hiu c ngha l tng b qua s hng k=0, n1, n2 l cc gi tr ca cc thnh phn tp m tng hp ng pha v vung pha ti thi im ly mu symbol th 0. Theo biu thc(2.13) v (2.14), v c tnh ca h thng c gi thuyt l l tng (tho mn tiu chun Nyquist th nht) nn s(0)=1 v s(-kTs)=0 ( k 0 ), do tn hiu ly mu symbol th 0 cn li: S1(0)= A0 . cos + B0 . sin + n1 S2(0)= B0 . cos A0 . sin + n2

(2.15) (2.16)
30
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. Nh vy, do sai pha sng mang, thnh hu ch sau ly mu so vi trng hp hon ton l tng b gim ln vi h s cos v c xuyn nhiu (crosstalk) gia cc lung ng pha v vung pha (thnh phn B0 . sin ) trong biu thc (2.15) v thnh phn A0 sin trong biu thc (2.16)). Cc sai lch ny lm tng xc sut thu li ca h thng. Do tc ng ca tp nhiu, sai lch pha l mt qu trnh ngu nhin (t ) . V vy, ni cch chnh xc th khi nghin cu cn phi th hin sai lch sng mang nh mt qu trnh ngu nhin v tc ng n vic quyt nh tn hiu trong gii iu ch di dng mt bin ngu nhin vi mt hm mt xc sut no .[5,27,].
9.0 7.0 5.0 3.0 1.0 -1.0 -3.0 -5.0 -7.0 -9.0 -7.0 -5.0 -3.0 -1.0 1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0
H10. Chm sao tn hiu thu di tc ng ca sai lch pha sng mang 50 1.4.2. nh hng ca sai lch tn hiu ng h. xt nh hng ring ca tn hiu ng h, ta gi thit mi khi khc trong h thng l l tng. Tc l trong trong trng hp ny sai lch pha sng mang = 0 v c tnh ca c h thng th hon ton l tng. Tn hiu sau b lc phi hp gii iu ch i vi h thng M-QAM khi s c dng:
31
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. S1(t)= Ak .s (t kTs ) + n1 (t )

k =

(2.17) (2.18)
S2(t)=
k =
B .s(t kT ) + n
k s
(t )
Thit b khi phc tn hiu ng h to ra tn hiu ng h c th sai lch i vi thi im ly mu l tng mt lng D ( D < Ts). Thi im ly mu i vi symbol th k khi c xc nh bi tk = kTs + D . Xt cc gi tr (mu) ca tn hiu th S1 v S2 ti thi im ly mu symbol th 0 (t=t0=0.Ts+ D = D ) S1(t0)= A0 .s( D) + ' Ak .s ( D kTs ) + n1
k =

(2.19) (2.20)
S2(t0)= B0 .s ( D) + ' Bk .s( D kTs ) + n2

k =
S hng u tin bn v phi ca cc biu thc (2.19) v (2.20) chnh l tn hiu hu ch, s hng th hai th hin ISI cn s hng th ba n1 v n2 l cc gi rr ca cc thnh phn tp m tng hp ng pha v vung pha ti thi im ly mu symbol th 0. Nu mch khi phc tn hiu ng h hot ng hon ton l tng (sai lch tn hiu ng h D = 0 ), th s ( D) = s(0) = 1, s( D klTs ) = s (kTs ) = 0 vi mi
k 0 do c tnh h thng c gi thuyt l l tng. Cc s hng th hai bn

v phi cc biu thc (2.19) v (2.20) u bng 0, tc l khng tn ti ISI. Nu sai lch tn hiu ng h khc khng ( D 0) th s ( D ) 1, s( D kTs ) 0 vi k 0 . Do cc s hng hin th ISI trong (2.19)v (2.20) u khc 0. Tc l, ngay c khi ng truyn hon ton l tng th ISI vn tn ti v c th c gi tr rt ln nu c sai lch tn hiu ng h, dn n xc sut thu li ca h thng tng. S to thnh ISI trong trng hp nh th, thu c qua m phng bng chng trnh ASTRAS

32
H11a. S to thnh ISI do sai lch tn hiu ng h

9.0 7.0 5.0 3.0 1.0 -1.0 -3.0 -5.0 -7.0 -9.0 -7.0 -5.0 -3.0 -1.0 1.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0
H11b. Constenllation khi 0 =3,3%Ts S to thnh ISI do sai lch tn hiu ng h trong h thng 64-QAM.
33
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. 1.5. Can nhiu v cc tc ng khc ca ng truyn. 1.5.1. Can nhiu v cc ngun nhiu. Trn mt knh truyn lin tc, cc tn hiu si(t) c pht i t phn pht(tng ng vi cc tin mi sn ra t ngun tin s) chi tc ng ca c mo ln tp m v can nhiu, do cy tn hiu nhn c R(t) c th khc rt nhiu so vi tn hiu c pht i, dn n vic nh gi ca my thu v tn hiu c th b sai.
fc s(t) T(f) n(t) (tp m)
F(f)
R(f)
f c f0 z0(t) T (f) 0 f1 z1(t) T1(f) fN zn(t) T (f) N
A0
Cc tn hiu nhiu
A1
An
H12. M hnh knh lin tc vi nh hng ca cc tn hiu nhiu Cc ngun nhiu c tn s trng hoc khc vi tn s tn hiu hu ch c m t bng cc tn hiu zi(t) vi ph c xc nh nh cc c tnh lc ca chnh h thng gy nhiu Ti(f). Cc ngun nhiu ny c th pht sinh t nhiu ngun khc nhau nh: nhiu v tr, nhiu cng nghip, nhiu t cc h thng truyn dn khc, nhiu t cc knh ln cn trn cng mt tuyn, nhiu t knh s dng cng tn s. Do cc tc ng lc nhiu v trit xuyn phn cc cho, cc ngun nhiu ny c xem nh tc ng ti knh truyn chnh thng qua cc khi tn hao Ai. Knh truyn chnh hnh thnh t cc khi th hin cc c tnh tn s pht T(f), phn thu R(f) v mi trng F(f). Trong c tnh ng
34
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. truyn dn F(f) c th c nhng nh hng c bit i vi cht lng truyn dn. Ngoi ra, do cc thit b c c tnh khng hon ho mt s cc nhiu khc nh cc hi ca ngun nui, cc sn phm xuyn iu ch(intermodulation) do mo phi tuyn.., cng c tc ng lm gim cht lng truyn dn. Trong s cc loi nhiu k trn, cc loi can nhiu quan trng nht c th k ra l: can nhiu t cc knh ln cn, t cc knh cng tn s v cc sn phm xuyn iu ch. i vi cc h thng khng tri ph, cc tn s sng mang ging nhau c s dng ti cc t bo cch xa nhau. Vi h thng c p dng k thut tri ph (th d nh h thng a truy nhp theo m CDMA- code division multiple access), cc t bo cnh nhau c th s dng cng mt tn s sng mang. H qu l cc knh cng tc trn cng mt tn s nh th c th gy nhiu ln nhau. 1.5.2. Tc ng khc ca ng truyn Knh truyn c c tnh phc tp gp phi i vi cc h thng truyn dn s l knh truyn trong h thng thng tin di ng. Nguyn nhn l do s thay i rt ngu nhin ca knh theo thi gian l s di ng ca cc my cm tay hay cn gi l cc trm di ng(MS: Mobile Station). Hiu ng Doppler: l s thay i tn s ca tn hiu thu c so vi tn hiu pht i, gy bi chuyn ng tng gia my pht v my thu trong qu trnh truyn sng. Gi s mt sng mang khng b iu ch c tn s fc c pht ti mt my thu ang di ng vi vn tc v. Ti my thu, tn s ca tn hiu nhn c theo tia sng th i s l f=fc+fm.cos i , trong i l gc ti ca tia sng th i so vi hng chuyn ng ca my thu, fm l lng dch tn Doppler, fm+v.fc/c, vi c l vn tc ca nh sng. Nh vy, ch trong trng hp my thu ng yn so vi my pht (v=0), hoc my thu ang chuyn ng vung gc vi gc ti ca tn hiu (cos i =0) th tn s tn hiu thu mi khng b thay i so vi tn s tn hiu pht. Hiu ng Doppler xy ra mnh nht khi my thu di ng theo phng ca tia sng ti (cos i = 1 ). iu ny thng xy ra trong thng tin di ng khi my thu t trn xe di chuyn trn cc xa l, cn cc ng-ten trm pht th c b tr dc theo xa l.
35
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. Phn 3: m phng bng phn mm ASTRAS V d 1: Mt h thng vi ba s 64 QAM, Tc 140Mb/s c h s un lc ca cc b lc cn bc hai cosine nng pht v thu l 0.35, khng c san bng thch nghi ATDE, vi su khe phe pha - inh l 3.8 dB, tn s khe pha - inh trng vi tn s sng mang Nhp thng s cho cc khi trong gi phn mm ASTRAS: Khi ngun Symbol: + Symbol source - Tc s liu (bit rate): 140.e6_ ( 140Mb/s) - S mc (number of level): 64_ Khi iu ch: + Modulators/QAM - S mc (number of level): 64_ Khi lc pht: + Mch sa x/sinx: - Linear block/Predefined Miscellaneous/(x/sinx) corrector - lc iu hng (mistuning): 0_ + Mch Cosine tng: - Linear block/Predefined Miscellaneous/Rqst(raised cosine) - H s un lc (Roll of Factor): 0.35_ - lch iu hng (mistuning): 0_ Khi pha inh: + Linear block/Predefined Miscellaneous/ Rummler model - Tn s khe pha inh (notch frequency):0_ - su khe (notch depth [dB]): 3.8_ Khi Tp m: + Sources of disturbances/noise Regenerator/featured by power - Cng xut (power): 1_
36
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. Khi lc thu: + Linear block/Predefined Miscellaneous/Rqst(raised cosine) - H s un lc (Roll of Factor): 0.35_ - lch iu hng (mistuning): 0_ Khi gii iu ch: + Modulators/QAM - S mc (number of level): 64_ Khi AGC: + Regenerators/ AGC - Tng ch ph (additional gain [dB]: 0_ - Loi AGC (type): 1_ Khi khi phc sng mang + Regenerators/ Carrier Regenerator - Quay pha ph (additional phase shifft [deg]: 0_ - Loi khi phc sng mang (type): 1_ Khi khi phc ng h: + Regenerators/ Clock Regenerator -Loi khi phc tn hiu ng h (type): 1_ Kt qu m phng:
H.13. Mch sa x/sinx

37
H.14. B lc xp x lc cn hai cosine nng
H.15. c tnh pha - inh nhiu tia

38
H.16. Phn ng xung ca ton h thng khi khng c ATDE
H.17. Mu mt ca h thng khi khng c ATDE

39
H.18. Constellation ca tn hiu, tn s khe pha inh trng tn s sng mang, khng c ATDE
H.19. ng cong BER
40
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. V d2: Mt h thng vi ba s 64 QAM, Tc 140Mb/s c h s un lc ca cc b lc cn bc hai cosine nng pht v thu l 0.35, khng c san bng thch nghi ATDE. Hy xc nh SNRD tnh ti BER = 10-6 gy bi trng hp sau: a. C sai lch pha sng mang 30 Kt qu m phng:
H.20. Mch sa x/sinx

41
H.22. M hnh Rummler-modell
H.23. Phn ng xung ca ton h thng khi c sai pha sng mang 30, khng c ATDE
42
H.24. Mu mt ca h thng khi c sai pha sng mang 30, khng c ATDE
H.25. Constellation ca tn hiu khi c sai pha sng mang 30, khng c ATDE
43
H.26. ng cong BER vi nh hng ca sai pha sng mang 30, khng c ATDE V d3: nh gi nh hng ca CCI(nhiu ng knh) trong h thng ViBa s truyn hai lung E4 trn phn cc V v H cng s dng iu ch 64QAM. H s un lc l 0,35 cho c hai lung. XPIC c XPD l 20 dB. C pha inh vi su khe pha-dinh l 3,8 dB, tn s khe pha dinh trng vi tn s sng mang. Kt qu m phng:
H.27. Mch sa x/sinx khi lc pht

44
H.29. M hnh Rummler
45
H.30. c tnh ca ATDE
H.31. Ph ca nhiu ng knh

46
H.32. Phn ng xung ca ton h thng
H.33. Mu mt ca ton h thng

47
H.34. Constellation ca tn hiu
H.35. ng cong BER
48
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. V d 4: Trong mt h thng 64QAM truyn ti lung E4. H s un lc 0,35 c pha dinh a ng vi su khe pha dinh l 3,8 dB, tn s khe pha dih trng vi tn s sng mang c tnh n tc ng sau: C can nhiu t knh ln cn cng mt phn cc sng, khong cch gia cc sng mang l 29,65 MHz, h s un lc l 0,35. Cc thng s ca h thng: Khi ngun Symbol: + Symbol source - Tc s liu (bit rate): 140e6_ ( 140Mb/s) - S mc (number of level): 64_ Khi iu ch: + Modulators/QAM - S mc (number of level): 64_ Khi lc pht: + Mch sa x/sinx: - Linear block/Predefined Miscellaneous/(x/sinx) corrector - lc iu hng (mistuning): 0_ + Mch Cosine tng: - Linear block/Predefined Miscellaneous/Rqst(raised cosine) - H s un lc (Roll of Factor): 0.35_ - lch iu hng (mistuning): 0_ Khi pha inh: + Linear block/Predefined Miscellaneous/ Rummler model - Tn s khe pha inh (notch frequency):0_ - su khe (notch depth [dB]): 3.8_ Khi lc thu: + Linear block/Predefined Miscellaneous/Rqst(raised cosine) - H s un lc (Roll of Factor): 0.35_ - lch iu hng (mistuning): 0_
49
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. Khi gii iu ch: + Modulators/QAM - S mc (number of level): 64_ Khi AGC: + Regenerators/ AGC - Tng ch ph (additional gain [dB]: 0_ - Loi AGC (type): 1_ Khi khi phc sng mang + Regenerators/ Carrier Regenerator - Quay pha ph (additional phase shifft [deg]: 0_ - Loi khi phc sng mang (type): 1_ Khi khi phc ng h: + Regenerators/ Clock Regenerator -Loi khi phc tn hiu ng h (type): 1_ Khi ATDE: + Regenerators/ Equalizer/Time domain -S mt (nember of taps): 7 Knh ln cn gy nhiu: Khi ngun symbol gy nhiu: + Symbol Source - Tc s liu(bitrate): 140e6_ (140e6Mb/s) - S mc(number of level): 64_ Khi iu ch nhiu: + Source of dsturbances/disturbance modulator/QAM - S mcca knh b gy nhiu (number of levels): 64_ - Bin nhiu (amplitude): 0.1_(tiu hao 20 dB) - Lch v tn s (frequency dev. [Hz]):29.65e6_ Khi lc pht knh gy nhiu: (xp x lc cn bc hai cosine nng) + Linear block/Predefined Miscellaneous/Rqst(raised cosine)
50
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. - H s un lc (Roll of Factor): 0.35_ - lch iu hng (mistuning): 0_ Khi tp m: + Soureces of disturbances/noise generator/featured by power Cng sut (power): 1_ (chun ho) Kt qu m phng:
H.36. Mch sa x /sinx

51
H.38. Sai lch c tnh bin
H.39. Sai lch c tnh gi chm nhm

52
H.41. c tnh pha inh nhiu tia(m hnh Rummler)
53
H.42. c tnh ca ATDE
H.43. Ph nhiu knh ln cn
54
H.44. p ng xung ca h thng
H.45. Mu mt ca h thng
55
H.46. Constellation ca tn hiu thu
H.47. ng cong t l li bit BER V d 5: Mt h thng vi ba s 64 QAM, Tc 140Mb/s c h s un lc ca cc b lc cn bc hai cosine nng pht v thu l 0.35, khng c san bng thch nghi ATDE. Hy xc nh SNRD tnh ti BER = 10-6 gy bi trng hp sau: a. C sai lch ng h
56
Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. Kt qu m phng:
H.48. Mch sa x/sinx
57
H.50. M hnh Rummler-modell
H.51. Phn ng xung ca ton h thng
58

59
H.54. ng cong BER V d 6: Mt h thng Viba s 64QAM/140 Mb/s c h s un lc ca cc b lc cn bc hai cosine nng pht v thu l 0,35. Hy xc nh SNRD tnh ti BER=10-6 gy bi mo phi tuyn ca HPA cho trong file 267 vi BO=5dB. Peakfactor=1.23. S symbol dng cho m phng l 20000. Kt qu m phng:
60
H.56. ng cong BER
61

Cac Yeu To Anh Huong Den He Thong Truyen Dan So

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Cac Yeu To Anh Huong Den He Thong Truyen Dan So

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Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s.

Sinh vin: Lng Xun Trng_Bi Xun Thng Lp : K40VT

Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s.

Sinh vin: Lng Xun Trng_Bi Xun Thng

Sinh vin: Lng Xun Trng_Bi Xun Thng Lp : K40VT

Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s.

phn 1: Tng quan v h thng thng tin s

Kiu thng tin S Tng t

H1.S khi h thng thng tin s

khc ca ng truyn dn. Ghp_phn knh: Tp hp cc tn hiu t bng gc s v phn chia tn

Sinh vin: Lng Xun Trng_Bi Xun Thng Lp : K40VT

Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s.

Phn 2: Cc yu t nh hng Ti h thng truyn dn s.

Ta c th biu din h(t) di dng: h(t)=hc(t)+jhs(t) Ti thi im ly mu vi symbol th 0 (t=0), ta c:

H3. BER ca h thng 64-QAM khi c mo tuyn tnh

Cc mch in trong h thng truyn dn: thng gy ra hai tc ng

Sinh vin: Lng Xun Trng_Bi Xun Thng Lp : K40VT

Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s.

Sinh vin: Lng Xun Trng_Bi Xun Thng Lp : K40VT

Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. c tnh vo-ra ca b KCS: Pout, x(t) y(t)

Sinh vin: Lng Xun Trng_Bi Xun Thng Lp : K40VT

Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s.

10 b 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 3 c f g c

H7. Suy hao sng in t trong kh quyn

Sinh vin: Lng Xun Trng_Bi Xun Thng Lp : K40VT

Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s.

: Thi gian tr ca sng trc

H9a. c tnh bin - Tn s fading

Ta c: hm truyn ca mi trng khi truyn dn nhiu tia: h(t) =

Sinh vin: Lng Xun Trng_Bi Xun Thng Lp : K40VT

Sinh vin: Lng Xun Trng_Bi Xun Thng Lp : K40VT

lng cho thy rng vi gi tr ny th ba tham s cn li l a, b v f0 c th

1 Cc tham s tng ng l A2=-20logab (dB), B2= 20 log 1 . Trong

Trong trng hp , tn hiu ra trn cc nhnh ng pha v vung pha

Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. S1(t) =

B . cos . p(t kT ) * h (t ) A . sin . p(t kT ) * h (t ) + n

' A . cos .s(kT ) + B . sin .s(0) + ' B . sin .s(kT ) + n

' Bk . cos .s(kTs ) A0 . sin .s(0)

' Ak . sin .s(kTs ) + n2

Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s. S1(t)= Ak .s (t kTs ) + n1 (t )

S2(t0)= B0 .s ( D) + ' Bk .s( D kTs ) + n2

Sinh vin: Lng Xun Trng_Bi Xun Thng Lp : K40VT

Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s.

H11a. S to thnh ISI do sai lch tn hiu ng h

Sinh vin: Lng Xun Trng_Bi Xun Thng Lp : K40VT

f c f0 z0(t) T (f) 0 f1 z1(t) T1(f) fN zn(t) T (f) N

H.13. Mch sa x/sinx

Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s.

H.14. B lc xp x lc cn hai cosine nng

H.15. c tnh pha - inh nhiu tia

Sinh vin: Lng Xun Trng_Bi Xun Thng Lp : K40VT

Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s.

H.16. Phn ng xung ca ton h thng khi khng c ATDE

H.17. Mu mt ca h thng khi khng c ATDE

Sinh vin: Lng Xun Trng_Bi Xun Thng Lp : K40VT

Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s.

H.19. ng cong BER

Sinh vin: Lng Xun Trng_Bi Xun Thng Lp : K40VT

H.20. Mch sa x/sinx

H.21. B lc xp x lc cn hai cosine nng

Cc yu t nh hng ti h thng truyn dn s.

H.22. M hnh Rummler-modell

Sinh vin: Lng Xun Trng_Bi Xun Thng Lp : K40VT