CHUYN I XNG

CHUYN I XNG
TM I XNG- TRC I XNG- TH I XNG V CNG THC
CHUYN TRC
A. KIN THC C BN :
Cho hm s y=f(x). c th (C)
1.Nu f(x) l hm s chn : th ca c i xng nhau qua trc Oy - C ngha l ,trc Oy
l trc i xng ca n .
2. Nu f(x) l hm s l : th ca n nhn gc ta O lm tm i xng
3. Cho hai im
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; ; ; A x y B x y
v ng thng d : mx+ny+p=0 . Nu A v B i xng
nhau qua ng thng d th phi tha mn h sau :
2 1
AB
2 1
. 1
; i:k
m I d
AB d
k k
y y
vo
Trungdi x x

'

4. Cho im I(
0 0
; ) x y
. Nu chuyn h ta Oxy dc theo phng ca vc t OI th cng
thc chuyn trc l :
0
0
x x X
y y y
+
'
+

Khi phng trnh ca th (C) trong h mi : Y=F(X;y

0
;x
0
)
B. GHI NH :
- i vi th hm phn thc , th giao hai tim cn l tm i xng
- i vi hm s bc ba th ta im un l ta tm i xng
- i vi hm s trng phng th trc Oy l trc i xng ca th hm s .
C. CC BI TON THNG GP
I.CHNG MINH TH Y=F(X) C TRC I XNG
CCH GII
C hai cch
* Cch 1.
- Gi s trc i xng c phng trnh :
0
x x
. Gi im
( )
0
; 0 I x
- Chuyn
( ) ( )
0
Oxy IXY
OI
x x X
y Y
+

'

uuur
- Vit phng trnh ng cong (C) trong ta mi : Y=F(X;x
0
;y
0
) (*)
- Buc cho (*) l mt hm s chn : ( Cho h s cc n bc l bng 0 )
- Gii h cc n s bc l bng 0 ta suy ra kt qu cn tm .
* Cch 2. Nu vi
0
x x
l trc i xng th : f(
( )
0 0
) x x f x x +
ng vi mi x , th ta
cng thu c kt qu .
V d 1. Cho hm s
( )
4 3 2
4 7 6 4 y x x x x C + +
. Chng minh rng ng thng x=1 l
trc i xng ca th (C)
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CHUYN I XNG
( Hoc : Chng minh rng th hm s c trc i xng ; tm phng trnh ca trc i
xng ? )
GII
- Gi s ng thng x=
0
x
l trc i xng ca th (C). Gi I(
0
; 0) x
- Chuyn :
( ) ( )
0
Oxy IXY
OI
x x X
y Y
+

'

uuur
- Phng trnh ca (C) trong h ta mi l :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 2
0 0 0 0
4 3 2 2 3 2 4 3 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 7 6 4
4 4 6 5 4 5 7 6 4 7 6 4
Y x x x x x x x x
Y X x X x x X x x x X x x x x
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
- hm s l chn th cc h s ca n bc l v s hng t do bng khng :
0
3 2
0 0 0 0
4 3 2
0 0 0 0
4 4 0
4 5 7 6 0 1
4 7 6 4 0
x
x x x x
x x x x

+
'

+ +

Chng t th hm s c trc i xng , v phng trnh ca trc i xng l : x=1.

V d 2. Tm tham s m th hm s :
( )
4 3 2
4
m
y x x mx C + +
c trc i xng song
song vi trc Oy.
GII
- Gi s ng thng x=
0
x
l trc i xng ca th (C). Gi I(
0
; 0) x
- Chuyn :
( ) ( )
0
Oxy IXY
OI
x x X
y Y
+

'

uuur
- Phng trnh ca (C) trong h ta mi l :
( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 2 2 3 2 4 3 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 4 6 3 4 12 2 4 Y X x X x x m X x x mx X x x mx + + + + + + + + + + +
- l hm s chn th :
( )
0 0
3 2
0 0 0
4 1 0 1
4
4 12 2 0
x x
m
x mx
+

' '

+ +

II. Chng minh th (C) c tm i xng .

CCH GII
Ta cng c hai cch gii
Cch 1.
- Gi s th (C) c tm i xng l
( )
0 0
; I x y
- Chuyn :
( ) ( )
0
0
Oxy IXY
OI
x x X
y y Y
+

'
+

uuur
- Vit phng trnh (C) trong h ta mi : Y=F(X;x0;y0) (*)
- Buc cho (*) l mt hm s l : ( Cho h s cc n bc chn )
- Gii h ( vi h s cc n bc chn bng 0 ) ta suy ra kt qu .
Cch 2.
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CHUYN I XNG
Nu th (C) nhn im I lm tm i xng th :

0 0 0
( ) ( ) 2 f x x f x x y + +
vi mi x
V D MINH HA
V d 1. ( H-QG-98). Cho (C) :
2
1
x
y
x

a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C)

b. Chng minh (C) c tm i xng , tm ta tm i xng .
GII
a. Hc sinh t v th (C)
b. Gi s (C) c tm i xng l I
( )
0 0
; I x y
- Phng trnh (C) vit li thnh dng :
1
1
1
y x
x
+ +

- Chuyn :
( ) ( )
0
0
Oxy IXY
OI
x x X
y y Y
+

'
+

uuur
- Phng trnh (C) trong h mi l :
( )
( )
( )
( )
0 0
0
0 0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
Y y x X
x X
Y X x y
X x
+ + + +
+
+ + +
+
- hm s l l :
( )
0 0 0
0 0
1 0 1
1; 2
1 0 2
x y x
I
x y
+

' '


Chng t th hm s c tm i xng I(1;2).
V d 2. (H-NNI-99). Cho hm s ( )
1
x
y C
x

+
a. Kho st v v th (C)
b. Chng minh giao hai tim cn l tm i xng ca th (C)
GII
a. Hc sinh t v th (C)
b. Hm s vit li :
1
1
1
y
x

+
- Gi s (C) c tm i xng l
( )
0 0
; I x y
Nguyn nh S- T: 02403833608 Trang 3
CHUYN I XNG
- Chuyn :
( ) ( )
0
0
Oxy IXY
OI
x x X
y y Y
+

'
+

uuur
- Phng trnh (C) trong h mi l :
( )
( )
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
Y y
x X
Y y
X x
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
- hm s l l :
( )
0 0
0 0
1 0 1
1;1
1 0 1
y x
I
x y


' '
+

Nhn xt : Giao hai tim cn l (-1;1) trng vi I . Chng t giao hai tim cn l tm i
xng ca (C).
III. Tm tham s m (
)
m
C
: y=f(x;m) nhn im I(
0 0
; ) x y
l tm i xng .
CCH GII
1. Nu f(x;m) l hm s phn thc hu t :
- Tm ta giao hai tim cn . Gi s giao hai tim cn l J(a;b)
- I l tm i xng th buc J trng vi I ta suy ra h :
0
0
a x
m
b y

'

2. Nu f(x;m) l hm s bc ba .
- Tm ta im un :
( )
''( ; ) 0
;
( ; )
y x m x a
J a b
y f x m y b


' '


- Tng t nh trn , I l tm i xng , ta cho J trng v I ta suy ra h :
0
0
a x
m
b y

'

Vd 3. Tm m th hm s ( )
3
2
3 2 ; 0
m
x
y mx C m
m
+ nhn im I(1;0) l tm i
xng .
GII
Ta c :
2
3 6
' 6 '' 6
x x
y mx y m
m m
+ + . Cho y''=0
2
6
6 0;
u
x
m x m x
m
+
- Tnh ( ) ( )
6
4 5 2 5
; 3 . 2 2 2 ; 2 2
u u
m
y y x m mm m U m m
m
+
- I l tm i xng th : cho U trng vi I :
2
5 5
1 1
1
1 2 2 0
m m
m
m m
t

t
' '


- Vy vi m=-1 v m=1 th I(1;0) l tm i xng ca th .
V d 4. (H-Lut -99) .
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CHUYN I XNG
Cho hm s
( )
( )
2
2 4 2 1
2
m
x m x m
y C
x
+ +

Tm m th hm s nhn im I(2;1) lm tm i xng .

GII
- Ta vit li hm s ;
1
2
2
y x m
x
+ +

. Chng t vi mi m th lun c tim cn xin

vi phng trnh l : y=2x+m v tim cn ng : x=2 .
- Gi J l giao hai tim cn , th J(2;m+4)
- I lm tm i xng th ta buc J trng vi I , ngha l ta c h :
2 2
3
4 1
m
m


'
+

- Vy vi m=-3 th I l tm i xng ca th .
V d 5.( H-C-2000).
Cho hm s
( )
3 2
3 3 3 4
m
y x x mx m C + + +
Tm m
( )
m
C
nhn im I(1;2) lm tm i xng .
GII
- Tm ta im un :
Ta c :
2
' 3 6 3 ; '' 6 6 '' 0 6 6 0 ; 1
u
y x x m y x y x x x +
Tnh
( ) ( ) 1 1 3 3 3 4 6 2; 1; 6 2
u
y y m m m U m + + + + +
- I l tm i xng th :
1 1
0
6 2 2
m
m


'
+

- Vy vi m=0 , th I l tm i xng ca th .
IV. TM CC IM I XNG NHAU TRN TH
Bi ton : Cho th (C) : y=f(x) , tm trn th nhng cp im M,N i xng nhau qua
im A hoc ng thng d: Ax+By+C=0 ( cho sn )
CCH GII
- Gi s
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
; ( ) 1 M x y C y f x
- Tm ta im N theo
0 0
, x y
sao cho N l im i xng ca M qua A ( hoc qua d )
Nn ta c :
( ) ( ) 2
N N
y f x
- T (1) v (2) ta tm c ta ca im M,N .
V d 6. ( H-GTVT-97)
Cho hm s
3 2
9 4 y x mx x + + + . Xc nh m trn th hm s c mt cp im i
xng nhau qua gc ta O.
GII
Gi s
( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
; N -x ; M x y v y
l cp im i xng nhau qua O, nn ta c :
Nguyn nh S- T: 02403833608 Trang 5
CHUYN I XNG
( )
( )
3 2
0 0 0 0
3 2
0 0 0 0
9 4 1
9 4 2
y x mx x
y x mx x
+ + +

'
+ +

Ly (1) cng vi (2)v vi v ,ta c :

( )
2
0
4 0 3 mx +
(3) c nghim khi v ch khi m<0 . Khi :
0
4
x
m

Thay vo (1) ta tm dc
0
y
. Vy p s : m< 0 .
V d 7. ( H GQTPHCM-97) . Cho hm s ( )
2
2
1
x x
y C
x
+ +

a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s (C)

b. Tm tt c cc cp im i xng nhau qua im I(0;5/2)
GII
a. Hc sinh t v th
b. Gi s
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; ; ; M x y N x y
thuc (C) v I l trung im ca M v N. Ta c :
( )
1 2 2 1
1 1
1 2 2 1
2 0
;5
2 5 5
I
I
x x x x x
N x y
y y y y y
+

' '
+

M v N u thuc (C) nn ta c h :
( )
( )
2
1 1
1
1
2
1 1
1
1
2
1
1
2
5 2
1
x x
y
x
x x
y
x
+ +

'
+

; Ly (1) cng vi (2) ta c :

2 2
1 1 1 1
1 1
2 2
5
1 1
x x x x
x x
+ + +

+
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
1
5 1 1 2 1 2
9 3
x x x x x x x
x x
+ + + +
t
- Vi
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1
2 2
3 2; 3; 2 , 3; 2
3 7; 3; 7 , 3; 2
x y M N
x y M N


V d 8. ( H-Hng Hi -99). Cho hm s ( )
2
1
x
y C
x

a. Kho st v v th hm s (C)
b. Tm hai im A,B nm trn (C) v i xng nhau qua ng thng d : y= x-1 .
GII
a. Hc sinh t v th (C)
b. Ta c hai cch gii .
* Cch 1.
- Vit li phng trnh (C)
1
1
1
y x
x
+ +

. Gi
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; , ; A x y B x y C
. Nn ta c
Nguyn nh S- T: 02403833608 Trang 6
CHUYN I XNG
-
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2
2 2
1 1
1 1 1 1
AB
x x y y
k
x x x x x x x x
_
+ +



,
;
1
d
k
- Nu A,B i xng nhau qua d th :
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
. 1 1
2
1 :1 1; 1 1 1; . 2 0 (*)
1 1 2
AB d
k k
x x x x x x
x x I d

+ + +
'

Nu I l trung im ca AB th :
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
2
; 2
2
I
I
x x x
I d y y x x
y y y
+
+ +
'
+

( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2
4 0 4 2 0
1 1
6 (**)
x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
+ + + + +

+
+ +

+
T (*) v (**) ta c h :
1 2 0 2
1 2
1 2
6
; 2 n : 6 4 0
. 4
x x
x x l pt X X
x x
+
+
'

Vy : 1 2 1
1
3 5, 3 5 4 5
2 5
X X Y + +

Ch : Ta cn c cch gii khc

- Gi d' l ng thng vung gc vi d suy ra d': y=-x+m ( m l tham s )
- Do A,B thuuc d' ng thi thuc (C) , cho nn ta A,B l nghim ca h :
2
1
x
x m
x
y x m

+
'

( c hai nghim khc 1)

( )
2
( ; ) 2 1 0 (1) g x m x m x m + +
( c 2 nghim khc 1)
iu kin :
( )
2
2
1 8 0
6 1 0 3 2 2 3 2 2(*)
(1; ) 2 1 1 0
m m
m m m m
g m m m

+ >
+ > < > +
'
+

Vi iu kin (*) th (1) c hai nghim khc 1 , cng chnh l honh ca A v B.

- Gi I l trung im ca AB ta I :
1 2
1 2
1 1
2 4 4
2 1 3 1
4 4 2
I I I
I I I
x x m m
x x x
x x m m m
y m y y
+ + +




' ' '
+ +

+


- A v B i xng nhau qua d th I thuc d :
3 1 1
1 1; 2 2; 1
4 4
I I
m m
y x m m
+

. Vi m=-1 , tha mn (*)
Nguyn nh S- T: 02403833608 Trang 7
CHUYN I XNG
- Khi m=-1 (1) tr thnh :
1
1
2
2 2
1 1 1
1
1 1
2 2 2
1
2 2
2 1 0
1 1 1 1
1
1
2 2 2 2
1
2
y
x
x
x y

+ +

+ +

V d 9.( H-ThyLi -99) . Cho hm s ( )

2
2 2
1
x x
y C
x
+

a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s (C)

b. Tm m ng thng d : y=-x+m ct (C) ti hai im A,B sao cho A,B i xng nhau
qua ng thng d': y= x+3 .
GII
A. Hc sinh t v th (C)
b. ng thng d ct (C) ti hai im A,B c honh l nghim ca phng trnh :
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
1 ( ; ) 2 3 2 0 2
1
x x
x m g x m x m x m
x
+
+ + + +

( c hai nghim khc 1)

( ) ( )
2
2
3 8 2 0
2 9 ; 1 10 1 10(*)
(1; ) 2 3 2 1 0
m m
m m o m m
g m m m

+ + >
> < > +
'
+ +

- Gi I l trung dim ca AB th :
1 2
3
2 4
3 3 3
4 4
I
I I
x x m
x
m m
y x m m
+ +

'
+

- A,B i xng nhau qua d th I phi thuc d :

3 3 3
3 3; 2 18; 9
4 4
I I
m m
y x m m
+
+ +
- Vi m=9 th (2) tr thnh :
1 1
2
2 2
6 14 6 14 12 14
9
2 2 2
2 12 11 0
6 14 6 14 12 14
9
2 2 2
x y
x x
x y

+ + +
+

V d 10. ( H-Hu -2001). Cho hm s ( )

3 2 3
3 1
2 2
m
y x mx m C +
a. Tm tham s m th
m
C
c C, CT ng thi cc im C,CT i xng nhau qua
ng thng d : y=x
b. Tm m
m
C
ct trc OX ti ba im A,B,C sao cho : AB=BC.
GII
a. Ta c :
( )
2
0
' 3 3 3 0
x
y x mx x x m
x m

- tn ti cc i , cc tiu :
0 m
(*)
Nguyn nh S- T: 02403833608 Trang 8
CHUYN I XNG
- Gi A(0;
3
1
2
m
) v B(m; 0) l hai im cc tr .
- Tnh :
3
2
1
0
1
2
; 1
0 2
A B
AB d
A B
m
y y
k m k
x x m

.
- Gi I l trung im ca AB :
3
3
0
2 2
2
1
0
1
2
2
2 4
A B I
I
A B
I
I
m m
x x x
x
y y m
y
y m
+
+

' '
+ +

- A,B i xng nhau qua d th :

2
2
3
1 2
. 1 .1 1
; 2 2
1
4 2
AB d
I I
m
k k m
m
m
I d m
y x



t
' ' '

Tha mn iu kin (*).
b. Nu
m
C
ct Ox ti ba im phn bit A,B,C th : ( )
3 2 3
3 1
0 1
2 2
x mx m +
, c ba nghim.
Khi A,B,C lp thnh cp s cng ( AB=BC) ,th gi honh ca A,B,C theo th t l :
1 2 3
, , x x x
. p dng vi t cho phng trnh (1).
( )
( )
( )
1 2 3
1 3 2
2 2
2 1 3 1 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 2 2
1 3 2
3
3
2 1 3
1 2 3 2 3
1 3 2
2 1 3 2
3
3
1 1
2
2
2 2
. 0 . . . 0 1
. 2 2
4 1
1
.
. .
1 1 1
2
2
2 2 2 2
b
x x x m
x x x m
x m x m a
c
x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x m x a
d
x x x m
x x x m
m m m a
x x x
x x x x

+ +

+ +

+ + + +


' ' '




_


+
,

2
1 3
1
.
2
0
x m
m

'

Nhng khi m=0 ,th th hm s ch ct trc honh ti duy nht mt im .Cho nn ,

khng tn ti gi tr m no hm s ct Ox ti ba im lp thnh cp s cng .
V d 11 .((HVKTQS-2001). Cho hm s
( )
( )
2
2 1
1
m
x m x m
y C
x
+ + +

+
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) khi m=2
b. Tm m trn
m
C
c hai im A,B sao cho :
5 3 0;5 3 0
A A B B
x y x y + +
. Tm m A,B
i xng nhau qua ng thng x+5y+9=0.
GII
a. Hc sinh t v th (C)
Nguyn nh S- T: 02403833608 Trang 9
CHUYN I XNG
b. T gi thit ta thy ta A,B tha mn phng trnh : 5x-y+9=0 . C ngha l A,B
nm trn ng thng d' : y=5x+9 .Nhng A,B li nm trn
m
C
, cho nn A,B l giao ca d'
vi
m
C
.
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 1
( ; ) 4 10 2 0 1
5 3
1
5 3
5 3
x m x m
g x m x m x m
x
x
y x
y x
+ + +
+
+

' ' +
+

+

2
4 68 0
( 1; ) 4 10 2 2 0
m m
m R
g m m m
+ >

'
+ +

.
- Gi I l trung im ca AB :
1 2
10
2 8
10 5 26
5 3 5 3
8 8
I
I I
x x m
x
m m
y x
+

'
_

+ +

,
- Nu A,B i xng nhau qua d : x+5y+9=0 , th I phi thuc d . ( Tha mn tnh cht d'
vung gc vi d ri ).
( ) 5 5 26 10 34
9 0;
8 8 13
m m
m

+ + .
V d 12.( CSPHN-2001) Cho hm s ( )
2
2 3
2
m
x mx m
y C
x
+ +

+
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s (C) khi m=3.
b. Chng minh rng vi mt im M ty thuc (C), tip tuyn ti M ct (C) ti hai im
A,B to vi I ( l giao hai tim cn ) mt tam gic c din tch khng i ,khng ph thuc
vo v tr ca M.
c. Chng minh rng hm s lun c cc i ,cc tiu vi mi m . Tm m hai im cc
i , cc tiu i xng nhau qua ng thng d : x+2y+8=0 .
GII
a. Khi m=3 . (C) :
2
3 3 1
1
2 2
x x
y x
x x
+ +
+ +
+ +
. ( Hc sinh t v th (C) )
b. Ta c :
( )
2
1
' 1
2
y
x

+
. Gi
( )
0 0 0 0
0
1
; ( ) 1 (*)
2
M x y C y x
x
+ +
+
Tip tuyn vi (C) ti M l
( )
( )
0 0 2
0
0
1 1
: 1 1
2
2
y x x x
x
x
1
+ + + 1
+
+
1
]
- Nu
2 x
ti im A , th
( )
( )
0
0 0 2
0 0
0
1 1
1 2 1
2 2
2
A
x
y x x
x x
x
1
+ + + 1
+ +
+
1
]
0
0
2;
2
x
A
x
_


+
,
- Tip tuyn ct tin cn xin y=x+1 ti im B.
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CHUYN I XNG
( )
( )
0 0 0 0 2
0
0
1 1
1 1 1; 2 2 1 2 3
2
2
B B B B B
x x x x x x y x x
x
x
1
+ + + + + + + 1
+
+
1
]
( )
0 0
2 2; 2 3 B x x + +
- Nu I l giao hai tim cn , th I c ta I(-2;-1).
- Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca B trn tim cn ng : x=-2 suy ra H(-2;
0
2 3 x +
)
- Din tch tam gic AIB
0
0
0
1 1 1
. . 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
A I B H
x
S AI BH y y x x x
x
+ + +
+
( )
0
0
1 2
.2 2 2 dvdt
2 2
S x
x
+
+
Chng t S l mt hng s , khng ph thuc vo v tr ca im M.
c.Ta c :
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
2 2 2 3
1
4 3
' 0
3
2 2
x m x x mx m
x
x x
y
x
x x
+ + + +
+ +



+ +
Chng t y' khng ph thuc vo m , hay vi mi m hm s lun c hai im cc tr .
- Gi hai im cc tr l :
( ) ( ) 1; 2 ; 3; 6 M m N m
- Tnh :
( ) ( ) 6 2 1
2;
3 1 2
MN d
m m
k k


+
.
Gi J l trung im ca MN ,
1 3
2
2
2 6
4
2
J
J
x
m m
y m

'
+

- M,N i xng nhau qua d th :

( )
1
2. 1
. 1
2 1
2 2 4 8 0
MN d
k k
m
J d
m
_



,
' '

+ +

Vy m=1 th hai im cc i , cc tiu i xng nhau qua d .

V. LP PHNG TRNH MT NG CONG I XNG VI MT NG
CONG QUA MT IM- HOC QUA MT NG THNG
A. BI TON :
Cho ng cong (C) c phng trnh y=f(x) v mt im
( )
0 0
; M x y
(cho sn)
1.Lp phng trnh ng cong (C') i xng vi ng cong (C) qua im M.
2. Lp phng trnh ng cong (C') i xng vi ng cong (C) qua ng thng d:
y=kx+m .
B.CCH GII
1. Gi N(x;y) thuc (C) : y=f(x) l mt im bt k .
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CHUYN I XNG
- Gi N' l im i xng vi N qua M th :
( ) ( )
( )
( )
0
0
' 2 1
' '; ' '
' 2 2
x x x
N x y C
y y y

'

- T (1) v (2) ta c :
0
0
2 '
2 '
x x x
y y y

'

, Thay x,y tm c vo : y=f(x) ,ta suy ra y'=g(x';x0;y0)

chnh l phng trnh ca ng cong (C').
2. Gi
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ; ( ); '; ' ' A x y C y f x B x y C
- Nu (C) v (C') i xng nhau qua d th A,B i xng nhau qua d :
( )
( )
'
1 1
. 1 '
' '
2
2 2
AB d
y y
k
k k x x
I d y y x x
k b
_



,

' '
+ + _

,
(1) v (2) th k,b l nhng s bit . Ta tm cch kh x v y trong (1) v (2) c
mt phng trnh c dng y'=g(x') . chnh l phng trnh ca (C') cn tm .
C. MT S V D MINH HA
V d 1. Cho hm s ( )
2
3 1
1
2 2
x x
y x C
x x
+

+ +
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C)
b. Lp phng trnh ng cong (C') i xng vi (C) qua im I(-1;1).
GII
a. Hc sinh t v th (C)
b. Gi mt im bt k
( ) ( ) ( )
1
; 1 ; '; ' '
2
A x x C B x y C
x
_


+
,
- Khi A chy trn (C) qua im I , th B chy trn (C'), cho nn nu (C') i xng vi (C)
qua I th A v B i xng nhau qua I
2 ' 2 '
1 1
2 ' 2 ' 1 ; ' ' 5
2 ' 2 ' 2 ' 2 '
I
I
x x x x x
y x y x
y y y y y x x

+
' '
+

Vy (C') c phng trnh : ( )
1
5 ' y x C
x
+
V d 2. Cho hm s ( )
4
2
5
3
2 2
x
y x C +
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C)
b. Lp phng trnh ng cong (C') i xng vi (C) qua im I(0;2)
GII
a. Hc sinh t v th (C)
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CHUYN I XNG
b. Gi ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4
2
5
; 3 ; '; ' '
2 2
x
A x y C y x B x y C +
- Nu (C') i xng vi (C) th tc l A v B i xng nhau qua I
- Do :
( )
( )
4
4
2
2
2.0 ' ' 5 ' 3
4 ' 3 ' ' 3 '
2.2 ' 2 2 2 2
x x x x
y x y x
y y

+ + +
'

-Kt lun : phng trnh ca (C') :

4
2
3
3
2 2
x
y x + + , i xng vi (C) qua I.
V d 3. Cho hm s ( )
2
3 3 1
1
2 2
x x
y x C
x x
+ +
+ +
+ +
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C)
b.Lp phng trnh ng cong (C') i xng vi (C) qua ng thng d: x-2y-1=0
GII
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C)
b. Gi A(x;y) thuc (C) v B(x';y') thuc (C')
- Nu (C') i xng vi (C) qua d , th A v B i xng nhau qua d
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
' 1
. 1
' 2 ' 1
' 2 '
. 1 ' 2
1
' 2 ' 2 0 ' ' ' ' 2 2
2 1 0
2
2 2
AB d
y y
y y x x
y y x x
k k x x
I d x x y y x x y y y y x x
_





,

' ' ' '
+ + + + + + + _

,
2 ' 2 ' 5 3 ' 4 ' 4
;
2 ' 2 ' 2 5 3 ' 4 ' 4
y x y x y y x
y x x y x x y
+ + + +

' '
+ +

T phng trnh hm s :
10 10
5 5 5 4 ' 3 ' 4 4 ' 3 ' 4 5
5 10 4 ' 3 ' 4 10
y x x y y x
x y x
+ + + + + +
+ + +

V d 4 . (HLm Ngip -2001 ). Cho hm s ( )

3 1
3
x
y C
x
+

a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C)

b. Lp phng trnh ng cong (C') i xng vi (C) qua ng thng d : x+y-3=0.
GII
a. Hc sinh t v th (C)
b. Gi ( ) ( ) ( )
10
; ( ); '; ' ' ; 3
3
A x y C B x y C y
x
+

- Gi I l trung im ca AB
'
2
'
2
I
I
x x
x
y y
y
+

'
+

; V
'
; 1
'
AB d
y y
k k
x x

- Nu (C') i xng vi (C) qua d , th A v B phi i xng nhau qua d :

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CHUYN I XNG
( )
'
. 1 1
. 1 ' ' ' '
'
;
' ' 6 ' ' 6 ' '
3 0
2 2
AB d
y y
k k y y x x y x y x
x x
x y x y y x y x x x y y I d

' ' ' '
+ + + + + + +


+

' 3
10 10
' 3 3 '
' 3 ' 3 3 '
y x
x y
x y y x
+
+ +
'
+ +

- Vy phng trnh ca (C') i xng vi (C) :

10
y
x

V d 5. (HVKTQS-99) . Cho hm s ( )
2
2 4
3
2 2
x x
y x C
x x
+
+ +

a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C)
b. Vit phng trnh ng cong (C') i xng vi (C) qua ng thng d : y=2
GII
a. Hc sinh t v th (C)
b. Gi : ( ) ( ) ( )
4
; ( ); ' ; ' ' ; 3
2
A x y C B x x y C y x
x
+ +

- Nu (C') i xng vi (C) qua d , th A v B phi i xng nhau qua d :

- Ta c : y'+y=2.2. Suy ra : y=4-y' .
- Do A thuc (C) , cho nn :
4 4
4 ' ' 3 ; ' 1 '
' 2 ' 2
y x y x
x x
+ +

- Vy phng trnh ca (C') i xng vi (C) qua d :
4
1
2
y x
x

V d 6. Cho hm s ( ) 2 (4 ) y x x C
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C)
b. Lp phng trnh ng cong (C') i xng vi (C) qua Ox. Chng minh rng (C) ct
(C') theo mt E-lp, vit phng trnh E-Lp ?
GII
a. Hc sinh t v th (C) .
b. Gi A(x;y) l mt im bt k thuc (C) . B(x';y') l im bt k thuc (C') ng thi
i xng vi A qua Ox. Khi : x=x' v y=-y'
- Do A thuc (C) : ( ) ( ) ' 2 ' 4 ' ' 2 ' 4 ' y x x y x x + +
(*)
- Phng trnh (*) chnh l phng trnh ca (C') : ( ) 2 4 y x x +
- Nu (C) ct (C') th phng trnh honh d im chung :
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
4
2 4
2
2 8 2 4 4 8 1(*)
4 8
2 4
2 8
x
y x x
x y
y x x y x x
y x x
y x x

+ + + +
' '
+

Nguyn nh S- T: 02403833608 Trang 14

CHUYN I XNG
- Vy (C) giao vi (C') bng E-Lp :
( )
2
2
2
1
4 8
x y
+
BI TP T LUYN
Bi 1.( 27). Cho hm s
( )
4 3 2
4 2 12
a
y x ax x ax C +
Tm a th hm s c trc i xng song song vi trc Oy.
Bi 2.( 66). Cho hm s ( )
2
3 4
2 2
x x
y C
x
+

a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C)

b. Tm trn (C) hai im A ,B i xng nhau qua ng thng d : y=x
Bi 3.( 89). Cho hm s ( )
2
2 2
1
x x
y H
x
+

v ng thng d' : y=-x+m ( m l tham s )

a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C)
b. Tm m d ct (H) ti hai im A,B sao cho A v B i xng nhau qua ng thng d :
y=x+3.
Bi 4. ( 142). Cho hm s
( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 2
3 2 1
m
y x m x m x C + + + +
Tm tham s m hm s c trc i xng song song vi trc Oy ?
Bi 5. ( H-Hng Hi -99). Cho hm s ( )
2
1
x
y C
x

a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C)

b. Tm trn (C) hai im A,B sao cho A v B i xng nhau qua ng thng d : y=x-1.
Bi 6. ( HVKTQS-99). Cho hm s ( )
2
1 y x x x C + + +
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C)
b. Vit phng trnh ng cong (C') i xng vi (C) :
2
2 2
2
x
y
x
+

qua ng thng y=2

Bi 7. ( H-Lut -99 ). Cho hm s
( )
( )
2
2 4 2 1
2
m
x m x m
y C
x
+ +

a. V th (C) vi m=-3. Hy vit phng trnh tip tuyn vi (C) bit tip tuyn song
song vi ng thng d : y=x+4
b. Tm tham s m th (Cm) nhn im I(2;1) lm tm i xng .
Bi 8. ( H-Thy Li-99). Cho hm s ( ) ( )
3 2 2 2
3 3 1 1
m
y x mx m x m C + +
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) vi m=2.
b. Tm m th (Cm) cha hai im phn bit i xng nhau qua gc ta O.
Bi 9. ( H-QGA-2001). Cho hm s
( )
3 2
3
m
y x m x m C +
a. Kha st s bin thin v v th (C) vi m=0
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CHUYN I XNG
b. Tm m th hm s c C,CT ng thi hai im C,CT i xng nhau qua ng
thng d : x-2y-5=0 .
Bi 10.( H-PCCC-2001). Cho hm s
( )
3 2
3 3 y x x C +
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C)
b. Vit phng trnh ng thng d m cc im cc i , cc tiu i xng qua n .
Bi 11. (H-Thy sn-2000). Cho hm s ( )
2
4 5
2
m
x mx m
y C
x
+

a. Kho st s bin thin v v d th (C) vi m=1

b. Tm m trn th
( )
m
C
c hai im i xng nhau qua O
Bi 12. ( CKS-2000). Cho hm s
( )
4 3 2
4 ax
a
y x x C + +
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) vi a=4
b. Tm a th
( )
a
C
c trc i xng song song vi Oy.Vit phng trnh trc i xng
Bi 13.(H-YHP-2000). Cho hm s ( )
2
1
x
y C
x

+
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C)
b. Tm trn (C) hai im i xng nhau qua ng thng d : y=x+1.
Bi 14.(H-YHP-2001). Cho hm s
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
3 1 3 2 1 4
m
y x m x m x C + + + +
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) vi m=1
b.Tm m hm s c cc i , cc tiu i xng nhau qua im I(0;4)
Bi 15. ( VDDH-M-2001). Cho hm s
( ) ( )
3 2
3 2 1 2
m
y mx mx m x C + +
a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) vi m=1
b. Tm nhng im c nh m vi mi m
( )
m
C
lun i qua . Chng t cc im c dnh
thng hng .
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CHUYN I XNG
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