ABSTRACT

Transparent electronics is an emerging science and technology field focused on producing invisible electronic circuitry and opto-electronic devices. Applications include consumer electronics, new energy sources, and transportation; for example, automobile windshields could transmit visual information to the driver. Glass in almost any setting could also double as an electronic device, possibly improving security systems or offering transparent displays. In a similar vein, windows could be used to produce electrical power. Other civilian and military applications in this research field include real time wearable displays. As for conventional Si/IIIV-based electronics, the basic device structure is based on semiconductor junctions and transistors. However, the device building block materials, the semiconductor, the electric contacts, and the dielectric/passivation layers, must now be transparent in the visible a true challenge! Therefore, the first scientific goal of this technology must be to discover, understand, and implement transparent high-performance electronic materials. The second goal is their implementation and evaluation in transistor and circuit structures. The third goal relates to achieving application-specific properties since transistor performance and materials property requirements vary, depending on the final product device specifications. Consequently, to enable this revolutionary technology requires bringing together expertise from various pure and applied sciences, including materials science, chemistry, physics,

electrical/electronic/circuit engineering, and display science.

INDEX

Certificates Acknowledgement Abstract

i iv v vi ix x 1-3 1 1 2 3 4-5 4 4 5 7-10 7 7 10

Index
List of figures List of tables

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction 1.2 Motivation 1.3 Objective of Project 1.4 Conclusion

Chapter 2: Optical Transparency and Electrical Conductivity

2.1 Introduction 2.2 Optical Transparency ,Electrical Conductivity 2.3 Conclusion

Chapter 3: Electronic Property of Conventional TCOs Host

3.1 Introduction 3.2 Conventional TCO Hosts 3.3 Conclusion

vi

Chapter 4: Carrier Generation in Conventional TCO Hosts

4.1 Introduction 4.2 Substituting Doping 4.3 Oxygen Reduction 4.4 Conclusion

11-17 11 11 14 17 18-19 18 18 19 20 20-27 20 20 23 25 27 28-32

Chapter 5: Transparent Electronic Devices

5.1 Introduction 5.2 Types of Transparent Electronics 5.3 Schottky Barriers 5.4 Conclusion

Chapter 6: Passive and Linear Devices

6.1 Introduction 6.2 Resistors 6.3 Capacitors 6.4 Inductors 6.5 Conclusion

Chapter 7: Transparent Thin-Film Transistor

7.1 Introduction 7.2 TTFTs Methods 7.3 Conclusion

28 28 32 33-34

Chapter 8: Applications

8.1 Introduction 8.2 Advantages 8.3 Applications

vii

33 33 33

8.4 Conclusion Chapter 9: Future Scope Chapter 10: Conclusion and Remarks

34 35 36 37

Bibliography

viii

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No _____________________ Name of the Figure___________________________ Page No. 2.1(a) 3.1(a) 3.1(b) 4.2(a) 5.3(a) 6.2(a) 6.3(b) 7.1(a) 7.1(b) Electronic band structure Band structure of TCO Octahedral coordinating of oxygen Contour plots of the charge density distribution Schottky barriers Cross section of TTFT (a)plan-view &(b)cross sectional view of TTFT Two possible transistor banding in TTFT Ideal n-channel transparent TTFT 6 7 9 12 19 12 24 28 31

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Fig. No _____________________ Name of the Tables___________________________ Page No. 3.1(b) 4.3(a) 6.2(a) 6.3(a) 6.4(b) 7.1(a) TCO host characters Properties of oxygen deficient 8 4 21 23 26 31

A summary of resistor device equation

Capacitor device equation A summary of inductor device equation A summary of ideal, square law-theory of TTFT