luận án IPTV

Lun vn tt nghip Cao hc XLTT&TT 2005 2007
Nghin cu v cng ngh truyn hnh qua mng IP

2
H Ni 2007

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
----------o0o----------

LUN VN
THC S KHOA HC

Nghin cu v cng ngh
truyn hnh qua mng IP (IPTV)

Ngnh: Cao hc X l Thng tin v Truyn thng
M s:

Bi Vn Duy

Ngi hng dn khoa hc : GS.TS Nguyn Thc Hi

H Ni 2007

3
Mc lc
Danh mc Cc hnh v, bng biu trong lun vn.......... 5
Thut ng ting Anh........................................................................ 7
Li gii thiu........................................................................................ 8
Chng 1. M u ................................................................................ 9
1.1 C s nghin cu v mc ch ca lun vn.......................................... 9
1.2 T chc lun vn................................................................................... 9
Chng 2. cc cng ngh truyn hnh................................ 10
2.1 Truyn hnh tng t ........................................................................... 10
2.2 Truyn hnh s .................................................................................... 10
2.3 Truyn hnh cp .................................................................................. 22
2.4 Truyn hnh phn gii cao (HDTV) ................................................ 23
2.5 IPTV.................................................................................................... 24
Chng 3. cng ngh IPTV............................................................ 27
3.1 C s h tng truyn thng cho IPTV.................................................. 27
3.1.1 Internet ......................................................................................... 27
3.1.2 Cng ngh xDSL ........................................................................... 40
3.1.3 S pht trin ca cng ngh nn phim........................................... 60
3.2 Cc thit b phn cng ........................................................................ 75
3.3 Cc gii php phn mm..................................................................... 81
3.3.1 Microsofts Windows Media Player ............................................... 81
3.3.2 Mt s Media Player khc ............................................................ 88
3.4 Cc dch v gi tr gia tng ................................................................. 90
3.5 IPTV trn nn NGN............................................................................ 94
3.5.1 Tng quan v NGN....................................................................... 94
3.5.2 Thun li v kh khn khi trin khai IPTV trn nn NGN............ 96
4
3.5.3. Tnh hnh trin khai NGN Vit nam.......................................... 99
Chng 4 IPTV vit nam........................................................... 100
4.1 Tnh hnh pht trin dch v IPTV..................................................... 100
4.1.1 Tnh hnh pht trin dch v IPTV trong khu vc......................... 100
4.1.2 Tnh hnh pht trin dch v IPTV ti Vit Nam.......................... 102
4.2 Kh nng trin khai cng ngh IPTV ti Vit Nam............................ 102
4.2.1 Nhu cu th trng...................................................................... 102
4.2.2 Kh nng p ng nhu cu dch v IPTV ca mng vin thng Vit
Nam..................................................................................................... 105
4.3 Cc kin v xut khi trin khai cng ngh IPTV ti Vit Nam.... 106
Kt lun............................................................................................... 107
Kt qu t c ca lun vn................................................................ 107
Hng pht trin ca ti..................................................................... 108
Ti liu tham kho........................................................................ 108
Tm tt lun vn........................................................................... 109

5
Danh mc Cc hnh v, bng biu trong lun vn
Hnh 2.1. Cu trc khung h thng................................................................. 12
Hnh 2.2 S b Trn/Gii trn ................................................................... 14
Hnh 2.3 S b trn v gii trn xon........................................................ 16
Hnh 2.4. Chuyn i byte sang m-tuple cho 64-QAM................................... 17
Hnh 2.5. V d thc hin chuyn i byte sang m-tuple v m ho vi sai ca 2
MSB ................................................................................................................. 18
Bng 2.1. Chuyn i cc im chm sao thuc gc phn t th 1................ 18
sang cc gc phn t khc trong biu chm sao hnh 2.7 ...................... 18
Hnh 2.6. Biu hnh sao cho 16-QAM, 32-QAM v 64-QAM.................... 20
Hnh 2.7. Biu hnh sao cho 128-QAM v 256-QAM................................ 21
Hnh 2.8 Truyn hnh tng tc cho php ngi xem tc ng,...................... 25
la chn ni dung. ........................................................................................... 25
Hnh 3.1 H thng tn v a ch ca mng Internet ...................................... 31
trong mi lin h vi cc tng......................................................................... 31
Hnh 3.2 S DNS ........................................................................................ 32
Hnh 3.3 C ch truyn d liu ca TCP........................................................ 37
Hnh 3.4 C ch truyn d liu ca TCP........................................................ 37
Hnh 3.5 Phng thc kt ni gia 2 chng trnh......................................... 39
Bng 3.1 So snh cng ngh ADSL, G.SHDSL v VDSL................................. 42
Hnh 3.6 s pht trin cc nhu cu dch v vin thng................................... 43
Hnh 3.7. Cu hnh tng th ca mng quang kt hp vi xDSL.................... 49
Hnh 3.8 Kch bn trin khai FTTx................................................................. 50
Hnh 3.9 Trin khai FTTEx kt hp DSL ....................................................... 51
Hnh 3.10 Lch trnh tham kho trin khai mng truy nhp quang kt hp vi
cng ngh xDSL............................................................................................... 52
Hnh 3.11. Chi ph lp t v bo dng cho cc phng n ........................ 52
6
Hnh 3.12. Cung cp dch v thoi c lp vi dch v bng rng ................ 55
Hnh 3.13. Cung cp dch v thoi tch hp vi dch v bng rng ............... 56
Hnh3.14. Cung cp dch v thoi trn ng truyn quang.......................... 56
kt hp xDSL ................................................................................................... 56
Bng 3.2. S knh tng ng c th cung cp............................................. 56
trn mt ng truyn xDSL ........................................................................... 56
Hnh 3.15. Dch v Internet trong mi trng mng ATM............................. 58
Hnh 3.16. Dch v Internet trong mi trng mng truy nhp ATM, ............ 59
mng li IP...................................................................................................... 59
Hnh 3.17 Thit b v kt ni dch v truyn hnh s..................................... 59
Hnh 3.18 Thit b v kt ni dch v Video theo yu cu .............................. 60
Hnh 3.19 Qu trnh pht trin ca cc tiu chun m ha........................... 61
Hnh 3.20 M hnh trin khai tham chiu khng y ................................ 69
Bng 3.3 Kh nng nn Video ca Mpeg-2..................................................... 70
Hnh 3.21 H thng IPTV in hnh................................................................ 75
Hnh 3.22 Dng tng tc gia cc b phn khi pht chng trnh............... 80
video theo yu cu........................................................................................... 80
Hnh 3.23 Windows Media Player 9, vi nt chn Media Guide , hin th b
su tp v cc loi phim v cc tu chn nghe radio. .................................... 83
Hnh 3.24 Nt chn Radio tuner cho php ngi s dng nghe v ghi m cc
Audio ............................................................................................................... 84
Bng 3.4 Windows media player 10 mc nh vi cc kiu file..................... 85
Hnh 3.25 Cc tu chn trong qu trnh ci t ............................................ 86
Windows media player 10............................................................................... 86
Hnh 3.26 Windows media player 10 t li cc nt ca Windows media
player 9 vi cc tab pha trn mn hnh ...................................................... 87
Hnh3.27 Tab Library cung cp kh nng chn music.................................. 84
7
v video t cy th mc (tree-type menu) ....................................................... 84

Thut ng ting Anh

ADSL ng thu bao s bt i xng (Asymmetrical Digital
Subscriber Line)
BTV Truyn hnh qung b (Broadcast television)
CDN Mng phn pht ni dung (Content Distribution Network)
DSN H thng tn min (Domain Name System)
DTV Truyn hnh s (Digital television)
DVB Chun truyn hnh k thut s (Digital Video Broadcasting)
FTP Giao thc truyn file (File Transport Protocol)
HDTV Truyn hnh phn gii cao (High Definition Television)
IAD Qung co tng tc (Interactive Advertise)
IP Giao thc Internet (Internet Protocol)
IPTV Truyn hnh qua giao thc Internet (Internet Protocol
Television)
ISP Nh cung cp dch v Internet (Internet Service Provider)
ITV Truyn hnh Internet (Internet Television)
LAN Mng cc b (Local Area Network)
NGN Mng th h tip theo (Next Generation Networking)
PC My tnh c nhn (Personal Computer)
PVR My quay phim c nhn (Personal Video Recorder)
QoS Cht lng dch v (Quality of Service )
RTP Giao thc vn chuyn thi gian thc (Real Time Transport
Protocol)
SDTV Truyn hnh phn gii tiu chun (Standard Definition
Television)
STB B gii m (Set-top Box)
TCP
Giao thc iu khin truyn vn (Transmission Control
Protocol)
TV Ti vi, truyn hnh (Television)
8
VoD Xem phim theo yu cu (Video on demand)
VoIP m thoi qua mng Internet (Voice over IP )
Li gii thiu
Cc cng ngh vin thng, cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng i chng
hi t vi s xut hin ca cc cng ngh cung cp kt ni bng thng
rng, truyn ti vin thng, d liu, hnh nh video. Truyn hnh tng tc,
mt trong nhng kt qu ca s hi t ny s thay i cch xem truyn hnh
ca con ngi, cch mng ho lnh vc gii tr gia nh bng cch cho php
ngi s dng v truyn hnh c th "trao i" vi nhau.
Truyn hnh tng tc ang cch mng ho cng ngh truyn hnh bng
cch xy dng mt khi nim v s hi t ca d liu video v qu trnh cung
cp dch v theo yu cu. Truyn hnh tng tc c th cung cp cht lng
video s xp x DVD, cc kh nng tng tc nh Video-on-Demand (VoD),
thng mi qua truyn hnh v truy cp Internet. Ngoi ra, ngi s dng
cng c th tc ng n qu trnh cung cp cc dch v truyn hnh cho
mnh, chng hn nh thi gian pht, ni dung chng trnh hay ngn ng
c s dng...
Vi kh nng thay i cch xem truyn hnh ca con ngi, truyn hnh
tng tc ang tr thnh xu hng chung ca Th gii. Bt chp mt s khc
bit v cht lng, cc dch v truyn hnh tng tc c th trin khai bt k
trn c s h tng mng no, vi mi nn tng a dng nh cc mng cp
quang, DSL, v tinh v truyn hnh s mt t.
Mc ch chnh ca lun vn l trnh by cc dch v c cung cp bi
cng ngh truyn hnh tng tc (m y l truyn hnh s dng giao thc
IP - IPTV) cng nh cc cng ngh v phn cng, phn mm v cc gii php
trin khai cng ngh ny.
9

Chng 1. M u

1.1 C s nghin cu v mc ch ca lun vn
Xu hng cng ngh hin nay l s hi t ca nhiu cng ngh a ra
nhng loi hnh dch v tng hp (nh kt hp cc dch v thoi, s liu v
bng rng) cho ngi s dng, ng thi tn dng c nhng c s h tng
sn c gim thiu chi ph u t nng cp. Cng ngh IPTV chnh l mt
sn phm ca s hi t khi m ch vi mt thit b u cui khch hng c
th s dng khong 6-7 loi hnh dch v con (truyn hnh qung b, truyn
hnh theo yu cu, in thoi thng thng, in thoi IP, in thoi truyn
hnh, truy cp Internet, v.v...). Hn na vic p dng cng ngh trin khai
nhng dch v vi cc chi ph nh, ti u ho h tng vin thng sn c. Bi
IPTV trnh by mt chui cc cng ngh, tm im chnh ca lun vn s
nghin cu v cc show truyn hnh, phim v cc ni dung tng t qua giao
thc IP, hiu r gi tr khi ni dung truyn hnh c th c truyn n
ngi s dng qua giao thc IP.
1.2 T chc lun vn
Lun vn c trnh by thnh 4 chng. Chng 1 trnh by tm tt c c
nghin cu v mc ch cng nh t chc ca lun vn
Chng 2 trnh by kin thc c bn v cc cng ngh truyn hnh v
truyn hnh qua giao thc IP
10
Chng 3 trnh by cng ngh IPTV bao gm cc cng ngh v gii php
nh: c s h tng truyn thng cho IPTV, cc thit b phn cng, cc gii
php phn mm, cc dch v gi tr gia tng v m hnh IPTV trn nn NGN.
Chng 4 tm hiu tnh hnh pht trin dch v IPTV, kh nng trin khai
v mt s kin xut khi trin khai cng ngh IPTV Vit Nam.
Chng 2. cc cng ngh truyn hnh

hiu cng ngh IPTV s ph thuc vo kin thc c bn v cc
cng ngh truyn hnh. Sau y l mt ci nhn tng quan v cc cng ngh
truyn hnh.
2.1 Truyn hnh tng t
Truyn hnh tng t l dng truyn hnh truyn thng m chng ta ang
xem hng ngy. Dng truyn hnh ny n vi ngi xem ti vi qua anten hoc
qua ng cp, l cng ngh truyn hnh ph bin nht v ang c s dng
rng ri nht hin nay. Tng t l v cc trm thu pht u l cc thit b
tng t, tn hiu thu/pht cng l tn hiu tng t. Tn hiu c truyn
trong khng gian, c th s dng cc trm pht cc b, cc v tinh mt t, v
tinh a tnh pht. Thit b u cui c th s dng cc loi anten thu.
c im: Cht lng m thanh v hnh nh khng cao, ph thuc vo cht
lng ca thit b u cui, ph thuc vo cc yu t a hnh v thi tit.
hiu r hn v truyn hnh tng t, chng ta s so snh gia truyn hnh
tng t v truyn hnh s
2.2 Truyn hnh s
Cc tn hiu m thanh v hnh nh sau khi c bin tp, c chuyn i
A-D, sau pht i. Vic truyn dn ny c th thc hin qua khng trung,
tng t nh truyn hnh tng t, cng c th qua cp (truyn hnh cp). Khi
11
n thu bao, phi c mt thit b gii m v chuyn i ngc li D-A.
c im: do s dng k thut s nn cht lng m thanh v hnh nh tng
i cao, tuy nhin chi ph cng v vy m cao hn
Truyn hnh s ra i vi nhng c tnh vt tri ang dn thay th
truyn hnh tng t. N cho php nn thng tin thnh nhng gi nh hn v
thng tin cn thit c th c tch t nhiu nn v nhiu giao thoa mt cch
d dng. Truyn hnh s cho php thc hin cc chng trnh phim mn nh
rng cht lng cao vi m thanh ni v cc dch v truyn hnh tch hp vi
Internet. Ngoi ra, truyn hnh s cho php thu truyn hnh khi ang di ng,
iu m hin nay truyn hnh tng t cha lm c. Xt trn kha cnh k
thut, truyn hnh s cho hnh nh r rng v sc nt, loi b hon ton nhiu
giao thoa v hiu ng nh ma m vi truyn hnh tng t hin ti ang gy
nh hng n rt nhiu ngi xem nhng khu vc c nhiu nh cao tng v
cc vng i ni [5].
Hin nay cng ngh truyn hnh s qua mng cp ang ngy cng pht
trin i hi phi a ra cc tiu chun cho truyn dn, m ho v ghp knh.
Cc t chc quc t nh ETSI ca chu u, ATSC ca M lin tc a ra
cc tiu chun cho truyn hnh cp k thut s trong chun DVB-C ca
ETSI ang c chp nhn rng ri trn th gii cng nh Vit Nam.
Cu trc khung
T chc cu trc khung da trn cu trc gi truyn ti MPEG-2. Cu
trc khung H thng c ch r trong hnh 2.1.

Sync
1 byte
187 Bytes

12
a. Gi MUX truyn ti MPEG-2

b. Gi truyn ti ngu nhin ho: Cc byte ng b (Sync)
v Dy ngu nhin ho R

c. Gi chng li Reed-Solomon RS (204,188, T=8)

d. Khung chn; su chn I=12 byte
Sync1 = byte ng b b xung khng ngu nhin ho
Sync n = byte ng b khng ngu nhin ho, n=2, 3, , 8
Hnh 2.1. Cu trc khung h thng [6]
M ho knh
t c mc bo v li theo yu cu ca truyn dn d liu s qua
mng cp, ngi ta s dng k thut FEC da trn m ho Reed-Solomon.
Truyn dn cp s khng s dng m ho xon nh h thng v tinh m s
dng chn byte bo v chng li burst.
Ngu nhin ho nh dng ph
Sync1
Or
Syncn
Sync1
Or
Syncn
Sync1
Or
Syncn
203 Bytes
203 Bytes
R
187 Bytes
RS(204,188,8)
204 Bytes
Sync1
Or
Syncn
Sync1
Sync1
Sync2 Sync8 R
187 Bytes
Chu k PRBS = 1503 btyes
R
187 Bytes
R
187 Bytes
R
187 Bytes
13
Dng u vo ca h thng c t chc thnh cc gi c kch thc c
nh (xem hnh 2.2), ngay sau b ghp knh truyn ti MPEG-2. di tng
cng ca gi MUX truyn ti MPEG-2 l 188 byte, bao gm c 1 byte ng
b-t (v d, 47
HEX
). Trt t x l pha pht bt u t MSB (v d, 0) ca
byte-t ng b (v d, 01000111).
ph hp vi h thng dnh cho v tinh v m bo chuyn tip nh
phn phc hi xung ng h y , d liu u ra ca ghp knh truyn ti
MPEG-2 s c ngu nhin ho theo cu hnh (xem hnh 2.2).
a thc dng trong b pht th t nh phn ngu nhin gi (PRBS) l:
1+ x
14
+ x
15

Qu trnh ti dy 100101010000000 vo thanh ghi PRBS ( c nu
trong hnh 2.3), s bt u ti mi im u ca 8 gi truyn ti. cung cp
tn hiu khi u cho b gii trn, byte ng b MPEG-2 ca gi truyn ti
u tin trong nhm 8 gi s c o bt t 47
HEX
sang B8
HEX
.
Dy ban u

D liu u vo (MSB u tin) : 1 0 1| 1 1 0 0 0 x x x|x x x x x ...|
Dy PRBS : 0 0 0|0 0 0 1 1 ...|
D liu u vo
xo/ngu nhin ho
D liu u ra
xo/ngu nhin ho Enable
14

Hnh 2.2 S b Trn/Gii trn [6]
Bt u tin ti u ra ca b pht PRBS s c dng lm bt u tin
ca byte u tin ngay sau byte ng b MPEG-2 o (v d, B8
HEX
). h
tr cc chc nng ng b khc, trong khi byte ng b MPEG-2 ca 7 byte
tip theo truyn ti gi, b pht PRBS vn tip tc, nhng u ra ca n s b
hu b, lm cho cc byte ny khng b ngu nhin ho. Do , chu k ca dy
PRBS s l 1.503 byte.
Qu trnh ngu nhin ho ch c kch hot khi khng c dy bt u vo
b iu ch hoc n khng tng thch vi nh dng dy truyn ti MPEG-2
(v d: 1 byte ng b + 187 byte ca gi) [7]. iu ny gip loi b pht x
ca sng mang khng iu ch t b iu ch.
M ho Reed-Solomon
Tip theo qu trnh ngu nhin ho phn tn nng lng, m ho Reed-
Solomon thu ngn h thng s c thc hin trn mi gi truyn ti MPEG-
2 ngu nhin ho, vi T=8. iu ny c ngha l c th sa c 8 byte li
trn mi gi truyn ti. Qu trnh ny cung cp t m bng cch thm vo 16
byte tng ng vo gi truyn ti MPEG-2.
Ch : M ho RS s c thc hin trn cc byte ng b gi k c o
(v d, 47
HEX
) hay khng o (v d, B8
HEX
)
a thc b pht m :
g(x) = (x+
0
)(x+
1
)(x+
2
)..(x+
15
) trong =02
HEX

a thc b pht trng :
15
p(x) = x
8
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ 1
Thc hin m Reed-Solomon rt ngn bng cch thm 51 byte t bng 0
trc cc byte thng tin ti u vo ca b m ho (255.239), cc byte ny s
b hu b sau th tc m ho.
Chn xon
Theo s trong hnh v 2.4, chn xon vi su I=12 c dng cho
cc gi bo v li (xem hnh v 2.1c) vi kt qu l cc khung chn (xem hnh
v 2.1d).
Qu trnh chn xon da trn tip cn Forney tng thch vi tip cn
Ramsey kiu III, vi I=12. Khung c chn s bao gm cc gi bo v li
chng ln v phn nh bi cc byte ng b MPEG-2 (dnh ring cho chu
k 204 byte).
B chn c th bao gm I=12 nhnh, kt ni tun hon vi dng byte u
vo qua chuyn mch u vo. Mi nhnh s l mt thanh ghi dch chuyn
vo trc ra trc (FIFO), vi cc c su (Mj) (trong M=17 = N/I, N
= 204 = di khung chng li, I = 12 = su chn, j = ch s nhnh). Cc
ca FIFO s bao gm 1 byte, cc chuyn mch u vo vo u ra s c
ng b ho.
Vi mc ch ng b ho, cc byte ng b v byte ng b o s lun
nh tuyn n nhnh 0 ca b chn (tng ng vi khng c tr).
Ch : B gii chn ging vi b chn v nguyn tc, nhng cc ch s
nhnh b o li (v d, j = 0 tng ng vi tr ln nht). ng b ho b
gii chn c thc hin bng cch nh tuyn byte ng b nhn dng u
tin trong nhnh 0 (xem hnh 2.3).
16
Ghp byte vo symbol
Sau khi chn xon, h thng thc hin ghp chnh xc byte v cc symbol.
Qu trnh ghp da vo vic s dng cc ng bin ca byte trong h thng
iu ch.
Trong mi trng hp, MSB ca symbol Z s ly t MSB ca byte V.
Tng ng nh vy, bt quan trng tip theo ca symbol s ly t bt quan
trng tip theo ca byte.

Hnh 2.3 S b trn v gii trn xon [6]

Trong trng hp iu ch 2
m
-QAM, qu trnh ny s ghp k byte vo n
symbol, nh sau:
8 k = n x m
B trn I=12
B gii trn I=12
11=I-1
11=I-1
17
Qu trnh c m t (xem hnh 2.4) cho trng hp 64-QAM (trong m
= 6, k = 3v n = 4)

Ch 1: b0 c hiu l bt t quan trng nht (LSB) ca mi byte hay m-tuple.
Ch 2: trong chuyn i ny, mi byte to ra nhiu m-tuple, gn nhn Z,
Z+1,vi Z c truyn trc Z+1.
Hnh 2.4. Chuyn i byte sang m-tuple cho 64-QAM

Hai bt quan trng nht ca mi symbol s c m ho vi sai thu c
chm sao QAM bt bin quay /2. M ho vi sai ca hai MSB c cho
trong biu thc Boolean sau:
I
k=
(A
k
B
k
).(A
k
I
k-1
) + (A
k
B
k
). (A
k
Q
k-1
)
I
k=
(A
k
B
k
).(B
k
Q
k-1
) + (A
k
B
k
). (B
k
I
k-1
)
Ch : Trong biu thc Boolean trn "" biu th hm EXOR, + biu
th hm logic OR, . biu th hm logic AND v gch trn biu th php
o.
V d thc hin chuyn i byte sang symbol (xem hnh 2.5)
T u ra b chn
(byte)
T b m ho vi sai
(symbol 6 bt)
18

Hnh 2.5. V d thc hin chuyn i byte sang m-tuple
v m ho vi sai ca 2 MSB
iu ch
H thng s dng iu bin cu phng (QAM) vi 16, 32, 64, 128 hay
256 im trong biu chm sao. Hnh 2.6 m t biu chm sao ca H
thng cho 16-QAM, 32-QAM v 64-QAM. Biu chm sao ca H thng
cho 128-QAM v 256-QAM c cho hnh 2.7. Cc biu chm sao ny
m t tn hiu truyn dn trong h thng cp.
Nh ch ra hnh 2.6, cc im chm sao thuc gc phn t th 1 s c
chuyn i sang gc phn t th 2, 3 v 4 bng cch thay i hai MSB (v d,
I
k
v Q
k
) v xoay q LSB theo nh quy tc cho trong bng 2.1[6].
Bng 2.1. Chuyn i cc im chm sao thuc gc phn t th 1
sang cc gc phn t khc trong biu chm sao hnh 2.7

Gc phn t MBS Quay LSB
1 00
2 10 . /2
3 11 .
19
4 01 .

Thit b thu t nht phi h tr iu ch 64-QAM.
20

I
k
v Q
k
l hai MSB trong mi gc phn t
Hnh 2.6. Biu hnh sao cho 16-QAM, 32-QAM v 64-QAM

I
k
Q
k
=10
I
k
Q
k
=00
I
k
Q
k
=01
I
k
Q
k
=10
I
k
Q
k
=01 I
k
Q
k
=11
I
k
Q
k
=11
I
k
Q
k
=10
I
k
Q
k
=00
I
k
Q
k
=01
I
k
Q
k
=11
I
k
Q
k
=00
21

Hnh 2.7. Biu hnh sao cho 128-QAM v 256-QAM
I
k
Q
k
=00
I
k
Q
k
=10
/2 rotation
I
k
Q
k
=11
rotation
I
k
Q
k
=01
3/2 rotation
I
k
Q
k
=00
I
k
Q
k
=10
/2 rotation
I
k
Q
k
=11
rotation
I
k
Q
k
=01
3/2 rotation
22
Trc khi iu ch, cc tn hiu I v Q s c lc csin nng cn-bnh
phng. H s ln l 0,15.
B lc csin nng cn-bnh phng s c hm ton hc theo l thuyt c
nh ngha bi biu thc sau:
H(f) = 1 for |f| < f
N
(1-)
H(f) =
)
`
| |
2
sin
2
1
2
1 f f
f
N
N

H(f) = 0 for |f| > f
N
(1+)
Trong :
f
N
=
S
T 2
1
=
2
S
R
l tn s Nyquist v h s ln = 0,15
Kt lun
S dng cng ngh truyn hnh s em li nhiu li ch cho ngi s dng
dch v v hiu qu cao cho nh cung cp dch v. Hn th na, s dng cng
ngh truyn hnh s khng ch tng s knh truyn m cn cho php nh cung
cp dch v m rng kinh doanh ra cc dch v mi m vi cng ngh tng
t khng th thc hin c nh: truyn hnh cp, truyn hnh phn gii
cao, truyn hnh cho cc phng tin di ng, cc dch v truyn hnh qua
Internet ... Tuy vy, vic chuyn i t truyn hnh tng t sang truyn hnh
s i hi mt khong thi gian qu tu thuc vo iu kin c th ca mi
quc gia. Trong tng lai, chng ta s tip tc pht trin truyn hnh s qua
v tinh v mng cp. [7]
2.3 Truyn hnh cp
ng nh tn gi ca h thng truyn hnh cp, yu cu u tin v bt
buc, l thay v truyn dn v tuyn, truyn hnh cp phi l hu tuyn.
Cp c s dng y c th l cp quang hoc cp ng trc. ng thi,
for f
N
(1-) |f| f
N
(1+)
23
tn hiu c truyn dn l tn hiu k thut s, cn phi c thit b thu/gii
m ti thu bao.
C th ni, truyn hnh cp = truyn hnh k thut s + ng truyn hu
tuyn.
c im: cht lng tn hiu rt tt. C th tn dng ng truyn cho cc
mc ch truyn d liu, Internet... gi cao.
2.4 Truyn hnh phn gii cao (HDTV)
Cng vi s pht trin ngy cng mnh m ca cng ngh in t, nhiu h
truyn hnh ra i, trong c HDTV.
Trn l thuyt, HDTV truyn ti hnh nh chi tit gp 5 ln so vi truyn
hnh chun
HDTV ra i c nhiu u im hn hn so vi truyn hnh thng thng.
- Hnh nh v m thanh vi cht lng tuyt vi.
- Tt c cc chng trnh truyn hnh v phim u c hin th ch
mn hnh 16:9.
- Mu sc thc hn nh ng truyn bng thng rng.
- Thng tin hin th c chi tit cao hn t 2 n 5 ln.
- C th s dng hai nh dng a ghi sn c h tr HDTV l HD - DVD
v Blu-ray (tuy nhin hai nh dng ny khng tng thch vi nhau).
- S r nt v chi tit ca hnh nh c nng cao gip cho cc mn hnh
c ln d nhn v sc nt hn.
- H thng m thanh Dolby Digital 5.1 c pht sng ng thi vi
HDTV h tr chc nng m thanh vng.
24
Tuy nhin hn ch ln nht ca HDTV chnh l s gii hn bng thng.
Khi pht sng truyn hnh HDTV cn pht sng trn bng tn K
u
v trong
qu trnh truyn th chu nh hng ca nhiu ngun nhiu l khng th trnh
khi. Chnh v th trong qu trnh i n HDTV, nhiu nc ci tin nng
cao cht lng cc h truyn hnh. Mt trong nhng gii php a ra l s
dng b khuch i tp m thp LNA, nhm hn ch tp m mc thp.
C rt nhiu b khuch i tp m thp nh
- B khuch i tham s
- B khuch i GaAs-FET
- B khuch HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor)
2.5 IPTV
Truyn hnh Internet (vit tt l IPTV Internet Protocol Television) l
cng ngh truyn hnh th h mi, l mt h thng dch v truyn hnh k
thut s c truyn n khch hng thu bao bng giao thc Internet bng
thng rng qua ADSL. Dch v ny thng c cung cp km theo vi Video
on demand (xem phim theo yu cu) v c th bao gm lun cc dch v
Internet nh truy cp web v VoIP (in thoi Internet). IPTV cn c th gi
l Tripe Play (ba trong mt) v ch yu do mt nh cung cp Internet bng
thng rng iu hnh, da trn c s h tng sn c. Theo , cc chng
trnh truyn hnh s lu gi di dng cc file chng trnh (m thanh v hnh
nh) ti my ch (server), ngi xem ch cn mt ng tc click chut vo file
trn website ca nh cung cp dch v xem chng trnh m mnh yu
thch vo bt c thi gian no thch hp. Ngi s dng c th tip cn dch
v ny bt c ni no kt ni Internet. C nhiu phng thc thanh ton:
25
Thu bao, tr theo s lng chng trnh xem (pay-per-view) hoc tr theo
tng thi gian thc s dng dch v (pay-per-minute)[11].
Vi IPTV s tng tc gia ngi xem vi nh cung cp dch v, gia
ngi xem vi nhau s d dng c thc hin, trong khi nhng h thng
truyn hnh khc khng c c. Ngi xem c th la chn chng trnh yu
thch, v c bit, c th d dng ha mnh vi khng kh ca cc chng
trnh truyn hnh khi tham gia bnh chn chng trnh, tham gia d on,
tham gia cc gameshow trn truyn hnh ch bng ci click chut. Trong lc
xem, ngi ta c th nhn tin cho nhau thng qua chnh ti vi, hoc chat, hi
hp qua mng, hn gi bo thc, ci t chng trnh truyn hnh t ng
(xem hnh 2.8).

Hnh 2.8 Truyn hnh tng tc cho php ngi xem tc ng,
la chn ni dung.
Trn nn tng ca IPTV, cc nh cung cp dch v s ngh ngay n vic
xy dng thm cc dch v gi tr gia tng khc phc v cho nhiu yu cu
26
ca khch hng cng mt lc nh Video on Demand (VoD), TV on Demand,
e-educatiol, e-love.
Phng thc kt ni Internet truyn thng qua line in thoi ang c
nhanh chng thay th bng ADSL. Do , khng c l do g nhng dch v
ca IPTV khng tr nn thn quen vi thu bao ADSL, nht l khi ADSL s
c cung cp bi cng ngh khng dy (Wimax), khi khong cch a l
s dn tr nn khng cn ngha [11].
IPTV s tn ti song song vi dch v truyn hnh truyn thng, vi nhiu
ng dng hn phc v cho vic tng tc gia ngi xem vi nhau, ngi xem
vi nh cung cp dch v
IPTV l mt gii php cho php cc nh cung cp dch v cung cp cc
chng trnh truyn hnh v video cht lng cao qua mng IP bng rng n
tivi ti cc h gia nh hoc my tnh, thay th cc chng trnh c pht
qua khng gian hoc qua ng cp.
Qua cc dch v IPTV, nh cung cp dch v c th cung cp cc ng dng
gi tr gia tng ti cc khch hng nh video theo yu cu, ni dung truyn
hnh c c nhn ha, truyn hnh tng tc, cc ng dng s liu khng gii
hn v ngoi truyn hnh cn c gim st qua video, tr chi video qua mng,
gio dc t xa v.v
Kt lun
Xt trn kha cnh cng ngh, xu hng cng ngh hin nay l s hi t ca
nhiu cng ngh a ra nhng loi hnh dch v tng hp (nh kt hp cc
dch v thoi, s liu v Video) cho khch hng, ng thi tn dng c
nhng c s h tng sn c gim thiu chi ph u t nng cp. Dch v
IPTV chnh l mt sn phm ca s hi t khi m ch vi mt thit b u
cui khch hng c th s dng nhiu loi hnh dch v con (truyn hnh
27
qung b, truyn hnh theo yu cu, in thoi thng thng, in thoi IP,
in thoi truyn hnh, truy cp Internet, v.v...).

Chng 3. cng ngh IPTV
3.1 C s h tng truyn thng cho IPTV
3.1.1 Internet
Theo l thuyt, hnh nh video v m thanh s c truyn t my ch qua
mng Internet n vi khch hng theo ng yu cu ca h khi truy cp vo
trang web c tch hp chc nng video. Ngi s dng s xem ni dung gi ti
cng lc d liu chuyn n theo kiu "nhn ti u, xem ti ". TCP/IP l
mt h thng giao thc - mt tp hp cc giao thc h tr vic lu truyn
trn mng. Phn ny s tm hiu v mt h thng mng v l do ti sao mng
li cn cc giao thc.
Nguyn l hot ng ca b giao thc TCP/IP
My tnh ngy nay tr thnh mt thnh phn quan trng trong ngnh
truyn thng. Trn Th gii, ban u ch c vi mng my tnh c a vo
s dng cc vin nghin cu v phc v cho quc phng. Cng vi thi
gian, khoa hc pht trin, gi my gim, mng my tnh c mt khp ni,
t trng hc, nh my n cc hc vin. c bit s bng n ca mng thng
tin ton cu Internet a kh nng s dng mng n tng ngi dn.
Phn ny khng i vo chi tit m ch xin c cung cp mt s kin thc
c bn nht v Internet v nguyn l hot ng ca n.
M hnh tng qut ca mng Internet
28
Kt cu vt l ca mng Internet gm c mng chnh cha cc server cung
cp dch v cho mng, mng nhnh bao gm cc trm lm vic s dng dch
v do Internet cung cp. "m my Internet" hm cha v vn mng chnh,
mng nhnh v bao ph ton Th gii. mt h thng phc tp nh vy
hot ng trn tru v hiu qu th iu kin tin quyt l mi my tnh trong
mng, d khc nhau v kin trc, u phi giao tip vi mng theo cng mt
quy lut. l giao thc TCP/IP.
Nu tng lp trnh, bn hn bit rng mt chng trnh hon chnh c
to nn t nhiu module vi cc chc nng v nhim v khc nhau nhng li
lin kt cht ch vi nhau. Qu trnh truyn d liu cng nh vy. c th
truyn qua mng Internet, d liu phi c x l qua nhiu tng. Mt mng
intranet theo chun OSI thng c by tng nhng Internet ch c bn tng x
l d liu l:
Tng application
Tng transport cn gi l tng TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
Tng network cn gi l tng IP (Internet Protocol)
Tng Datalink/Physical
Gi s ta ang my A v mun gi mt thng ip ti my B, ta dng mt
trnh son tho vn bn son th, sau nhn nt Send.
u tin, d liu c x l bi tng application. Tng ny c nhim v t
chc d liu theo khun dng v trt t nht nh tng application my B
c th hiu c. iu ny ging nh khi bn vit mt chng trnh th cc
cu lnh phi tun theo th t v c php nht nh th chng trnh mi chy
c. Tng application gi d liu xung tng di theo dng byte ni byte.
29
Cng vi d liu, tng application cng gi xung cc thng tin iu khin
khc gip xc nh a ch n, i ca d liu [4].
Khi xung ti tng TCP, dng d liu s c ng thnh cc gi c kch
thc khng nht thit bng nhau nhng phi nh hn 64 KB. Cu trc ca
gi d liu TCP gm mt phn header cha thng tin iu khin v sau l
d liu. Sau khi ng gi xong tng TCP, d liu c chuyn xung cho
tng IP.
Gi d liu xung ti tng IP s tip tc b ng gi li thnh cc gi d
liu IP nh hn sao cho c kch thc ph hp vi mng chuyn mch gi m
n dng truyn d liu. Trong khi ng gi, IP cng chn thm phn
header ca n vo gi d liu ri chuyn xung cho tng Datalink/Physical.
Khi cc gi d liu IP ti tng Datalink s c gn thm mt header khc
v chuyn ti tng physical i vo mng. Gi d liu lc ny gi l frame.
Kch thc ca mt frame hon ton ph thuc vo mng m my A kt ni.
Trong khi chu du trn mng Internet, frame c cc router ch dn c
th ti ng ch cn ti. Router thc ra l mt module ch c hai tng l
Network v Datalink/Physical. Cc frame ti router s c tng
Datalink/Physical lc b header m tng ny thm vo v chuyn ln tng
Network (IP). Tng IP da vo cc thng tin iu khin trong header m n
thm vo quyt nh ng i tip theo cho gi IP. Sau gi IP ny li
c chuyn xung tng Datalink/Physical i vo mng. Qu trnh c th
tip tc cho n khi d liu ti ch l my B.
Khi ti my B cc gi d liu c x l theo quy trnh ngc li vi my A.
Theo chiu mi tn, u tin d liu qua tng datalink/physical. Ti y
frame b b i phn header v chuyn ln tng IP. Ti tng IP, d liu c
30
bung gi IP, sau ln tng TCP v cui cng ln tng application hin
th ra mn hnh.
H thng a ch v c ch truyn d liu trong mng Internet
mt gi d liu c th i t ngun ti ch, mng Internet dng mt
h thng nh a ch tt c cc my tnh ni vo mng (xem hnh 3.1).
Nhng tn v a ch ny c gi cho my tnh nhn d liu.
phn tch h thng tn/a ch, hy bt u t thp ln cao:
a. a ch vt l, cn gi l a ch MAC
S d c tn gi nh vy l v a ch ny gn lin vi phn cng v i din
cho mt thit b. Thng thng a ch vt l c t ngay trn bng mch
my tnh hay trn thit b kt ni trc tip vi my (modem, card mng...)
a ch vt l c s dng nh sau:
Thit b nhn d liu kim tra a ch vt l ch ca gi d liu tng vt
l. Nu a ch ch ny ph hp a ch vt l ca thit b th gi d liu s
c chuyn ln tng trn, nu khng n s b b qua.
b. SAP: Dng i din cho giao thc bn trn tng MAC, y l IP.
31

Hnh 3.1 H thng tn v a ch ca mng Internet
trong mi lin h vi cc tng [4]
c. a ch mng (network address)
Mt thc th trong mng c xc nh ch qua a ch mng m khng cn
a ch vt l. D liu c truyn qua mng ch da vo a ch mng. Khi
no d liu ti mng LAN th a ch vt l mi cn thit a d liu ti
ch.
V d:
My gi c a ch 128.1.6.7 ->a ch mng l 128.1
My nhn c a ch 132.5.8.12 ->a ch mng l 132.5
32
Mng Internet c trch nhim da vo 2 a ch mng trn a d liu
ti mng 132.5. Khi ti mng 132.5 th da vo a ch 8.12 s tm ra a ch
vt l thc truyn d liu ti ch. Nh vy c mt thc mc l: c a
ch vt l ri, ti sao li cn thm a ch mng?
Vic tn ti 2 loi a ch l do cc nguyn nhn:
2 h thng a ch c pht trin mt cch c lp bi cc t chc
khc nhau.
a ch mng ch c 32 bit s tit kim ng truyn hn so vi a ch
vt l 48 bit.
Khi mch my hng th a ch vt l cng mt.
Trn quan im ngi thit k mng s rt hiu qu khi tng IP khng
lin quan g vi cc tng di.
Nh trn ni, t a ch mng c th tm c a ch vt l. Cng vic
tm kim ny c thc hin bi giao thc ARP (Address Resolution
Protocol). Nguyn tc lm vic ca ARP l duy tr mt bng ghi tng ng
a ch IP - a ch vt l. Khi nhn c a ch IP, ARP s dng bng ny
tm ra a ch vt l. Nu khng thy, n s gi mt gi d liu, gi l ARP
request, cha a ch IP vo mng LAN. Nu my no nhn ARP request v
nhn ra a ch IP ca mnh th s gi li mt gi d liu cha a ch vt l
ca n.
Vy t a ch vt l, mt my tnh trong mng c th bit a ch IP ca
mnh hay khng? Cu tr li l c. Giao thc gi l RARP (Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol) thc hin cng vic ny. Gi s trong mng c mt my
cn bit a ch IP ca mnh, n gi mt gi d liu cho tt c cc my trong
33
mng LAN. Mi my trong mng u c th nhn gi d liu ny, nhng ch
c RARP server mi tr li thng bo cha a ch mng ca my .
Trn thc t, khi mun nhp vo mt a ch Internet no , bn hay nh
vo dng ch nh "WWW.hotmail.com" m t thy nhng dng a ch s kh
khc. Vy c iu g mu thun? Chng sao c, Internet dng mt h
thng gi l DNS (Domain Name System) t tn cho mt host v cung cp
mt s giao thc chuyn i t a ch ch ra a ch s v ngc li. Cch
t chc tn ca DNS tun theo dng hnh cy nh hnh 3.2.

Hnh 3.2 S DNS

Mt my tnh trong mng s ng vi mt nt ca cy. Nh cy trn, my
l FPT s c a ch hon chnh l fpt.com.vn. Mi nt trn cy biu din
mt min (domain) trong h thng DNS, mi min li c mt hay nhiu min
con. Ti mi min ny u phi c my ch DNS tng ng qun l h thng
tn trong min . hiu r hn hot ng ca DNS, ly mt v d sau:
Mt my trm c tn l test.fpt.com.vn mun bit a ch IP ca my
www.microsoft. com, qu trnh hi ca n nh sau:
34
Khi my test.fpt.com.vn gi yu cu hi v my www. microsoft.com ti
DNS ca min fpt.com.vn, DNS xc nh l tn khng nm trong min m
n qun l v gi ngc ln cho min mc cao hn l com.vn. Ti y, DNS
cng khng tm c thng tin tho mn nn phi hi ngc ln DNS ca
min vn.
Qu trnh c th tip din n khi cu hi c gi ti DNS ca min
microsoft.com v ti y cu hi c gii p.
hot ng hiu qu nh trn, mi my ch DNS lu tr mt c s d
liu gm cc bn ghi cha thng tin:
Tn ca DNS cp cao hn
a ch IP
a ch dng ch tng ng
Ch s ca bn ghi c ly t a ch IP tng ng, nh t a ch IP c
th d dng tm ra a ch ch.
d. Protocol ID ch ra giao thc ca tng giao vn. Trn Internet tng ny l
TCP hoc UDP.
e. Port l mt s c trng cho mt chng trnh chy trn Internet. V d,
chng trnh ly th in t qua giao thc IMAP c port=143, truyn file c
port =21, v.v...
f. Username l tn ngi ng k s dng chng trnh.
IP s dng cc thng tin iu khin trong header ca gi d liu IP
quyt nh ng i tip theo ca gi ny. C rt nhiu thng tin iu khin
nhng y ch xin phn tch cc thng tin quan trng.
- u tin l a ch ch. Nu a ch ch trng vi a ch ca router th
gi d liu c truyn trc tip cho host B. Nu khng trng th d liu s
35
c truyn n router tip theo trn ng i. Vn l router no c
chn. C 2 kh nng la chn router, tc l 2 kh nng dn ng:
+ Th nht l tun theo mt cch nghim ngt source routing. D liu s
c truyn cho router tip theo trong source routing. Nhng d liu ch c
truyn i khi router c chn c trong bng cc router c th n c ca
router hin ti, bng khng s sinh ra li.
+ Th hai l "qun i" source routing v tm ng mi ti ch. Router tip
theo c chn da trn s tm ng ny. Thng thng s tm ng da
trn thut ton Dijstra tm kim theo chiu rng. Trn thc t, cch ny ang
c s dng rng ri v c th tr thnh chun trong tng lai.
- Cc gi d liu IP thng c kch thc ph thuc vo mng con. Cc mng
con khc nhau th kch thc gi IP ca chng cng khc nhau. Vy gi s
mng A truyn c gi d liu c kch thc ln nht l 1024 byte, mng B
truyn c gi d liu c kch thc ln nht l 256 byte th gi d liu t
mng A c kch thc 1024 byte qua mng B nh th no?
gii quyt vn ny, IP cung cp kh nng phn v gom mnh gi d
liu. y chnh l lc IP s dng trng flags v offset trong gi d liu IP.
Trng flags thc cht l cc c thng bo gi d liu ny c b phn mnh
hay khng, trng offset cha gi tr tng i ca gi con trong gi to ban
u. Khi phn mnh cc c c bt ln ng thi trng offset c thit lp
gi tr. Da vo cc d liu trn, IP c th d dng gom mnh gi d liu, hi
phc khi d liu to ban u.
Kim sot li
Qua cc phn trn ta thy qu trnh d liu i trn mng kh r rng
nhng trn mt mng rng ln nh Internet th c g m bo d liu s ti
ch mt cch an ton? iu g xy ra nu trn ng i cc gi d liu b
36
mt, tc nghn, lc ng...? y ch n thun l cc s c nhng tht ng
tic l n li rt hay xy ra trn thc t, do mt yu cu t ra l phi c
c ch thng bo v sa li trn mng. Khi c li, tng IP n thun hu b
d liu v thng bo li. Thng bo li c thc hin qua mt giao thc gi
l ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol). ICMP c th coi l bn ng
hnh vi IP v c mt s c im sau:
- Dng IP truyn thng bo qua mng
- Khng c chc nng sa li m ch n thun l my thng bo li. Chc
nng sa li l ca tng trn (tng TCP)
- Thng bo li v gi d liu IP nhng li khng th thng bo li v gi d
liu ca chnh mnh
- Nu gi d liu IP b phn mnh th khi xy ra li, ICMP ch thng bo li
ca mnh u tin
Ni rng vic sa li l ca TCP nhng tht ra TCP chng sa li g c,
khi c li xy ra n ch lm mi mt vic l truyn li. Hy xem n lm vic
nh th no. TCP truyn d liu theo c ch "flow window". Tt c cc
byte truyn u c nh s th t v TCP qun l vic truyn d liu da
vo s th t .
Gi s c 13 byte d liu gi cho my B (xem hnh 3.3).
Byte 0 gi i v c xc nhn l ti ni. S xc nhn ny c thc hin
bng cch khi nhn c d liu gi n, my B s gi mt thng bo v cho
my gi. Thng bo c cha s th t ca byte c chp nhn cha trong
trng ACK.

37

Hnh 3.3 C ch truyn d liu ca TCP

Byte 1, 2 c gi nhng cha c xc nhn, cc byte 3, 4, 5 trong
khung s c truyn i, cc byte t 6 tr i khng th c truyn. Gi tr
window limit c tnh bng cng thc sau:
Window limit=SND UNA + SND WND
SND UNA = s byte gi i nhng cha c xc nhn
SND WND= s byte trong , gi tr ny c ly t trng window trong gi
d liu TCP dng xc nhn cc byte ti ni. Gi tr ny chnh l s d
liu m my B c th chp nhn.
My B by gi li gi mt thng bo tha nhn c ACK = 3, Window = 6.
Lc ny d liu c dng nh hnh 3.4.

Hnh 3.4 C ch truyn d liu ca TCP
Cc byte 0, 1, 2 c xc nhn, ca s m rng ra, window limit
nhn gi tr 3+6 = 9. Nh vy s byte c th truyn i c iu khin bi
38
my B, iu ny gip gim i s tc nghn giao thng trn mng v lm cho
my B c th ch ng x l d liu n mt cch tri chy.
Khi c li xy ra trn ng truyn v phi truyn li d liu th TCP
khng ch i thng bo xc nhn t pha my B m n lm theo cch sau:
khi truyn mt gi d liu, TCP bm gi v nu thi gian ht m khng thy
thng bo xc nhn th n tin hnh truyn li.
Nh vy thi gian bm gi ht sc quan trng, ban u thi gian ny
c thit lp xung quanh khong thi gian k t khi TCP A gi d liu i n
khi nhn c thng bo xc nhn. Nhng v sau do cch tnh ny khng hp
l nn ngi ta a ra nhiu cch thit lp khc nhau. Mt trong cc cch
tnh c dng ph bin hin nay l thut ton ca Phil Karn. Ni dung cn
bn ca thut ton l mi khi ht thi gian th khong thi gian bm ng h
tng ln gp mt s ln cho trc.
NVT=A x VT
Trong NVT : gi tr thi gian mi bm ng h
A : hng s, thng ly bng 2
VT : gi tr thi gian c
C ch kt ni gia hai my trong mng Internet
Chng cui cng trong hot ng ca mng Internet l c ch kt ni gia
hai my. ton b cc hot ng truyn tin gia hai my trong mng c th
din ra th phi hnh thnh knh lin lc hay mt kt ni gia chng. Qu
trnh din ra nh sau (xem hnh 3.5):
39

Hnh 3.5 Phng thc kt ni gia 2 chng trnh[4]

1: ULP B gi s l mt chng trnh mail server M. Do l server nn lc
no n cng ch i s kt ni.
2: ULP A l chng trnh nhn th in t ca bn. kt ni, bn gi yu
cu kt ni xung cho tng TCP.
3: TCP chun b mt gi d liu TCP vi c SYN = 1 yu cu c s ng b
ho, SEQ c th ly bt k gi tr no, y l =100 v gi cho TCP B.
4: Sau khi nhn gi d liu c SYN = 1, TCP B gi tr li mt thng bo c
SYN = 1, ACK = 101, SEQ c th ly bt k gi tr no, y l =177.
5: TCP A nhn c gi d liu t TCP B s gi tip mt gi d liu c
ACK=178.
6: TCP A chuyn chp nhn kt ni ln chng trnh A.
7: Sau khi nhn nt gi d liu c ACK = 178, TCP B chuyn chp nhn kt
ni ln chng trnh B.
S kt ni gia 2 module TCP cc bc 3, 4, 5 gi l c ch bt tay 3
bc (three way handshake).
Qu trnh ng mt kt ni cng thc hin tng t. [18]
40
3.1.2 Cng ngh xDSL
Vi mng bng hp truyn thng, ch mt s dch v n gin ca IPTV l
c th thc hin c. Cn c th trin khai thnh cng cng ngh IPTV
th mng bng rng ng vai tr tin quyt, bi v ch vi mng bng rng mi
c th bo m cung cp y bng thng theo yu cu cho cc dch v
IPTV (nh truyn hnh, Video, Games, v.v...). Phn ny s tm hiu v cng
ngh xDSL.
Khi nim cng ngh xDSL
Cng ngh xDSL (Digital Subcriber Line-ng thu bao s ho) s dng
phn bng thng cao tn cn d trn h thng cp in thoi truyn cc d
liu c s ho vi tc cao. Hin ti tt c cc cng ty vin thng ln
u ang y mnh pht trin th trng kt ni bng rng qua ng cp
in thoi do im ni bt ca cng ngh xDSL l tn dng c h tng ca
h thng cp in thoi sn c.
Do chi ph lp t v thu bao dch v Internet tc cao xDSL ngy
cng gim. Ngy nay, hu nh cc h gia nh u c kh nng kt ni
Internet tc cao. i vi cc t chc v doanh nghip ln vic ng dng
Internet l khng th thiu cng vi s xut hin hng lot cc ng dng v
dch v mi nh: mng ring o, gim st video qua Internet, hi m
audio/video trc tuyn v c bit l IPTV.
Cc tc DSL lin quan ti khong cch gia cc khch hng v tng i
vin thng trung tm. Mt ng dy DSL c th truyn ti c tn hiu thoi
v d liu v phn d liu ca ng dy lin tc c kt ni. DSL c
nhm vo hai mc ch s dng, l:
41
DSL khng i xng (ADSL) c dnh cho truy nhp Internet i hi tc
ti xung nhanh v c th chp nhn c tc lung ln chm.
DSL i xng (SDSL, HDSL) c thit k cho cc kt ni c khong
cch n ISP ngn c th hoc mng d liu.
Mc d DSL mi ch xut hin vo cui nhng nm 1990, nhng c
nhiu phin bn alphabet hn bt c mt cng ngh mi no. xDSL l mt
bin th ca DSL cng nh ADSL, HDSL v RADSL.
Cc gii php ca PLANET ng dng cng ngh xDSL ht sc a dng
p ng c mi nhu cu v tc kt ni, kiu kt ni (c dy v khng
dy) cng nh m rng khong cch kt ni n mc ti a. im ni bt
ca sn phm v gii php PLANET l tun th cht ch cc chun cng
nghip ng thi lun p dng cc cng ngh mi nht.
Ci t v qun l ht sc d dng
H tr ADSL2+ tc download/upload l 24Mbps/3,5Mbps
G.SHDSL c tc download/upload l 4,6Mbps, khong cch ti a
6,7km
VDSL tc download/upload l 15Mbps, khong cch ti a 1,5km
Hot ng trn h tng mng in thoi sn c
Cc tnh nng bo mt Mng ring o/Tng la c tch hp sn trong
thit b
ADSL
ng Thu bao S bi i xng (Asymmetric DSL) l cng ngh mi nht
cung cp ti cc thu bao qua ng cp in thoi vi tc cao.
Khi s dng dch v ADSL, ngoi vic kt ni lnternet 24/24 ngi s dng
cng khng cn phi chn gia ni chuyn in thoi hay vo lntemet m c
th s dng hai loi dch v trn cng mt lc.
42
ADSL c tc truy cp cao vi tc ng xung l 1,5-8 Mbps tc
ng ln l 64Kbps-1024Kbps. iu c bit l ADSL lun ti u ho truy
cp lnternet, tc ng xung ln hn tc ng ln nhiu ln.
ADSL2+
ADSL2+ l s m rng ca cng ngh ADSL c tc truy cp cao vi tc
ng xung l 24Mbps tc ng ln l 315Mbps v c truyn trn
di 2,2Mhz.
VDSL
VDSL Cng ngh Cao tc Bt i xng v i xng/Very High Bit Rate
DSL n cho php cc dch v truyn d liu v thoi truyn thng cng hot
ng ch trn mt i dy vi tc t 15/17Mbps.
VDSL2
VDSL2 l s m rng ca cng ngh VDSL, n cho php cc dch v
truyn d liu v thoi truyn thng cng hot ng trn hai i dy vi tc
t 100Mbps.
Cc thit b G.SHDSL
G.SHDSL l phin bn mi nht ca chun cng ngh xDSL i xng.
G.SHDSL ng Thu bao S, mi dy i i xng tc cao/Formal
Single-pair, High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line.
G.SHDSL c thit k dn thay th cho cng ngh Leaseline do gi
thnh r vi cng tc l 4,6Mbps.

Bng 3.1 So snh cng ngh ADSL, G.SHDSL v VDSL [7]

ADSL VDSL
Cng ngh
ADSL ADSL 2+
G.SHDSL
VDSL VDSL 2
43
Kiu truyn
thng
Bt i
xng
Bt i
xng
i xng
Bt i xng
v i xng
Bt i xng
v i xng
Tc truyn 8M / 1M 24 / 3.5M 4.6 / 4.6 15M / 17M
100M /
100M
Khong cch
truyn ti a
5,4km 5,6km 6,7km 1,5km 3km
Kiu ng
dng
Truy cp
Interner
tc
cao
Mng
ring o
Truy cp
Interner
tc
cao
Mng
ring o
Thay th
ng thu
bao ring
(Leaseline)
Kiu kt ni
nhiu dim
Thay th
ng thu
bao ring
(Leaseline)
Kiu kt ni
nhiu dim
Thay th
ng thu
bao ring
(Leaseline)

Cc gii php trin khai cng ngh xDSL
Trong nhng nm gn y, nhu cu v thng tin pht trin rt mnh trn
ton cu cng nh phm vi cc quc gia. Trong khi vic cp quang ha
hon ton cha thc hin c v gi thnh cc thit b quang vn cn cao th
vic tn ti song song c mng cp quang ln mng cp ng l tt yu.
Trong phn ny s trnh by mt trong cc gii php gii quyt vn
trn c s mng truy nhp quang kt hp cng ngh ng dy thu bao s
DSL. y l mt gii php hin nay c nghin cu v a vo ng dng
rt nhiu nc trn th gii v c ph hp vi iu kin Vit nam.
Xu hng pht trin dch v vin thng trong nhng nm ti
Th gii ang bc vo k nguyn thng tin mi bt ngun t cng ngh a
phng tin, nhng bin ng x hi, ton cu ho trong kinh doanh v gii
tr, ngy cng nhiu khch hng s dng phng tin in t. Biu hin u
44
tin ca xa l thng tin l Internet, s pht trin ca n l minh ho sinh ng
cho nhng ng thi hng ti x hi thng tin.

Hnh 3.6 s pht trin cc nhu cu dch v vin thng [7]

Hnh 3.6 cho thy d bo s pht trin thu bao ca cc loi hnh dch v.
C th thy r nht l s pht trin ca cc dch v truy nhp Internet v
mng thoi v tuyn, trong khi cc dch v khc nh CATV, thoi hu
tuyn tr nn bo ho. Truy nhp Internet bng rng cng bt u i vo qu
o tng trng.
tho mn nhu cu ngy cng tng, mng vin thng i hi c cu trc
hin i, linh hot v nht l tho mn nhu cu v truyn ti dch v, ng
vai tr quan trng trong vic a cc dch v bng tn rng n khch hng,
mng truy nhp vn c cc nh khai thc quan tm hng u. Nhiu cng
ngh truy nhp ra i nhm ci thin tc truyn dn hn ch ca mng
truy nhp c. Mt trong nhng cng ngh cho php truyn dn tc s cao
trn ng dy in thoi thng thng to nn mt c s thng tin bng rng
rt linh hot v ng tin cy chnh l cng ngh ng dy thu bao s
45
(DSL). y l mt k thut hin nay c nghin cu v a vo ng dng
rt nhiu nc trn th gii trong c Vit nam.
S pht trin ca cng ngh DSL
Tng ng truyn DSL trn ton th gii (tnh n 30/6/2004) l 77725
nghn thu bao tng gn 27% ch trong 6 thng u nm 2004 chim 60,7 %
th trng truy nhp bng rng. Chnh xc hn, l s tng nh so vi qu
cui ca nm 2003 khi c 5,3 triu ng truyn c lp t [7]. Nh c
thay i dn n y mnh mua bn cc sn phm v dch v cng ngh
trong na cui nm v l nhng im tng trng duy tr lin tc v nhanh
chng ca th trng DSL.
r hn, s pht trin tch lu v s ng DSL trong 12 nm trc y
c duy tr lin tc khong 90%. Trong 6 thng u nm 2004, Nht Bn
vt ln trc M nh l mt th trng DSL ln nht th gii vi trn 12
triu thu bao. Ni mt cch chnh xc hn, Nht Bn l th trng DSL
nng ng nht trn th gii hin nay, lp t mi khong 1 triu ng dy
thu bao trong 3 thng tnh n 30 thng 6 nm 2003 (pht trin trn 1000
thu bao trong mi ngy) [7].
Nhn chung s pht trin mnh m din ra mi khu vc, nhng quc gia
hng u vn c mt kh nng ln cho pht trin trong tng lai vi bng
rng.
T l tng trng ca dch v ny c vi chc phn trm/nm do p ng
c nhu cu hin ti ca nh khai thc cng nh khch hng. Trong nhng
nm ti, s c nhng bin ng ln nhu cu truy nhp tc cao. Hin nay
cc ng truyn ADSL tc di 1Mbit/s c trin khai kh rng ri
p ng nhu cu, tuy nhin trong nhng nm ti dch v ny s gim xung
46
nhng ch cho cc dch v khc tc cao hn m tiu biu l VDSL tc
cao 13-26Mbit/s. Cc dch v khc nh SHDSL v ADSL 2-6Mbit/s s vn
gi c v tr ca mnh.
H thng quang kt hp vi xDSL
Cng ngh truy nhp quang a ra mt gii php y ha hn gii
quyt vn tc nghn bng thng trong mng, cho php trin khai cc dch
v bng rng v c tnh tng tc. Hin nay kin trc truy nhp quang th
ng vi nhiu u im ang thu ht c s ch (v d: ATM-PON,
EPON, GPON, WDM-PON). Trong thi gian ngn trc mt, ng dng ca
cng ngh truy nhp quang c th ng dng cho cc cng ty in thoi, mng
cp TV v cho cc nh cung cp dch v mng v tuyn. Vi vic a ra mt
gii php vi gi thnh h, bng tn cao, c kh nng chng li, cng ngh
truy nhp quang, c bit l PON c th l gii php tt nht cho mng th
h sau cng nh cho mch vng thu bao bng rng.
Tuy nhin, mt iu d nhn thy l mc d c nhng u im rt mnh v
mt k thut nhng vic thay th mng hin ti bng mt mng quang bng
rng s rt kh c th thc hin ngay do phi c mt khong vn u t rt
ln. Hn na do tui th ca mng cp v mng cng b rt di khong t 15
n 20 nm, nh vy nu thay th cp ng bng cp quang th s to mt
gnh nng cho vic thu hi vn ca mng. Ngha l khi khu hao cp ng
cha ht chng ta thay th hon ton bng cp quang, do cp ng khng
cn c khai thc nn khng sinh ra li nhun, doanh thu dn vo mng
cp quang v hnh lm vic khu hao cho ton mng tng ln.
Nh vy vic tn dng cp ng vn l gii php kinh t cho mng li
hin nay. xDSL c th l gii php truy nhp tc cao, s dng trn mng
47
cp ng hin c m khng phi thay i c s h tng. Tuy nhin xu hng
cp quang ho l tt yu. c th cp quang ho hon ton, t hiu qu
kinh t chng ta cp quang ho tng bc c phn loi theo mng truy
nhp FTTx. Vic kt hp truy nhp quang v cng ngh xDSL l gii php
cp quang ho tng bc rt hiu qu.
Cu hnh h thng quang kt hp vi xDSL
Cu hnh tng th ca mng quang kt hp vi xDSL c dng nh hnh
3.7.
Trong hnh 3.7 cc thnh phn CPE c nh r khi nim VTP/D (VDSL
Termination, Processing and Decoder) trnh nhng cch hiu khc nhau
ca thut ng gateway v set-top box. Cc thit b cc thu bao s c kt
ni trn c s mng Ethernet MAC vo VTP/D. VTP/D hot ng nh l lp
vt l trung gian gia mng trn c s Ethernet MAC v mng truy nhp
xDSL. Thm vo VTP/D cung cp cc dch v IP cho cc thit b thu bao
nh l cc chc nng my ch DHCP v IGMP. VTP kt ni vi ONU thng
qua ng truyn i cp ng im ni im. ONU hot ng nh l mt
im kt cui xDSL vi VTP. ONU thc hin cc dch v lp 2 v 3. ONU
kt ni vi OLT thng qua ng truyn quang, sau OLT lin kt vi
mng truy nhp trn mng li [7].
Tt c cc dch v quang VDSL u c th truy nhp thng qua mng li
ATM hoc IP, chng hn nh mng li kt ni vi cc trung tm dch v
video, video theo yu cu, mng d liu v mng thoi.
Trin khai h thng quang kt hp vi xDSL
48
Mc ch cui cng ca cc nh khai thc mng truy nhp l phn phi
cc dch v bng tn cao ti khch hng thng qua si quang. Ngy nay,
mng FTTH khng kinh t do gi thnh ca s h tng cao khi trin khai si
quang ti tn thu bao. Vic kt hp cp quang v cp ng ti thu bao cho
php s dng bng tn hiu qu v kinh t hn mng ton si quang, nh l
gii php FTTC/FTTCab c quan tm nh mt bc chuyn tip ti mc
ch cui cng.
Vic trin khai h thng quang kt hp vi xDSL tng ng vi vic trin
khai mng truy nhp FTTx vi cc thit b pha sau ONU l cc k thut
xDSL. Ph thuc vo iu kin trin khai ca tng trng hp. Chnh nhng
v tr ca cc ONU s quyt nh s dng cng ngh DSL no cho ph hp do
cc c tnh ring bit ca tng loi DSL v suy hao, xuyn nhiu, phm vi
phc v v.v... Do tn dng mng cp ng sn c nn s dn n vic iu
chuyn cc thit b trong mng ng thi thay i cc cng ngh xDSL ph
hp hn.
49

Hnh 3.7. Cu hnh tng th ca mng quang kt hp vi xDSL [7]

Hnh 3.8 Kch bn trin khai FTTx [7]

Trin khai FTTEx kt hp vi xDSL
FTTEx c trin khai vi cc modem lp t ti cc tng i. Nh hin
nay y l cu hnh ph bin s dng ADSL l k thut truyn dn chnh do
c u im v khong cch truyn dn v tc c th chp nhn c mt
s cc dch v ch yu l truy nhp Internet tc cao. Nu c yu cu cao
hn na, VDSL cng c th trin khai kh thun tin khi thit b nm trong
tng i. M hnh ny rt linh hot cho php trin khai kt hp nhiu phng
thc.

PON
Nt dch v Nt u cui tng i ni
b cp
Thu bao
ATM
ATM
ATM
ATM
OLT
OLT
OLT
OLT
ONU
ONU
ONU ONU NTE
NTE
NTE
VDSL OR ADSL
ONU/
NTE
VDSL
51
Hnh 3.9 Trin khai FTTEx kt hp DSL [7]
Trin khai FTTCab kt hp vi xDSL
Trong cc bc chuyn i dn sang mng truy nhp quang, cu trc
FTTB, FTTC, FTTCab s phi s dng mt phn l cp ng chuyn ti
thng tin n tn thu bao v gim chi ph cho mng. xDSL hon ton c th
cung cp gii php truy nhp cho cc dch v tc cao t khi ONU ca
cu trc truy nhp quang ni trn. Cc k thut xDSL va c th cung cp
dch v tc cao c lp, va c th ghp vi mng cp quang truyn
thng tin ti khch hng.
S pht trin cc bc tip theo ca mng truy nhp cp ng c minh
ho trong hnh 3.10. y chnh l nhng bc pht trin tt yu thng qua
vic lp t mi hoc nng cp mng cp sn c theo nhng yu cu cho cc
dch v bng rng tin tin. S c hng lot cc hng i khc nhau nhm ti
cc ch ph hp vi thc t. Cc hng u xut pht t cp ng dnh cho
dch v thoi ang c pht trin rt ph bin hin nay nhm tn dng
cung cp dch v bng rng.

52
Hnh 3.10 Lch trnh tham kho trin khai mng truy nhp quang kt
hp vi cng ngh xDSL
EP#1: Cp ng dch v thoi - Cp ng ADSL - Cp ng ADSL:
phng n 1-2-2. y l xu hng cho cc nh khai thc mng thn trng
khi hoi nghi vo nhu cu cc dch v bng rng v cho rng kh nng cung
cp dch v bng ADSL v VDSL vn thon mn ton b nhu cu ca khch
hng.
EP#2: Cp ng dch v thoi - FTTN512 VDSL - FTTN512 VDSL:
phng n 1-3-3. y l hng i mo him vi s bng n nhu cu dch v
bng rng. Vi hng ny s khng c bc trung gian thng qua cng ngh
ADSL m h tr trc tip cng ngh VDSL v hon thin khi trin khai cng
vi si quang.
EP#3: Cp ng dch v thoi - Cp ng ADSL - FTTN512 VDSL:
phng n 1-2-3. y l nhng bc i thng qua cng ngh trung gian
ADSL/SDSL. Cc nh khai thc mng c kh nng cung cp dch v khng
i xng 8Mbit/s bc u tin, bc tip theo khi nhu cu ln cao hn th
cn thit phi chuyn sang cng ngh VDSL xy dng trn kin trc
FTTN512. Vo thi im , cc nh khai thc c th la chn chuyn i
ton b cc modem ADSL/SDSL ti ONU bng cch thay th bng modem
VDSL hoc gia chng nguyn v tr v t cc modem DSL mi cho cc
nhu cu dch v mi. Phng n 3b chnh l phng n chuyn i khng
hon ton.
EP#4: Cp ng dch v thoi - FTTN128 VDSL - FTTN128 VDSL:
phng n 1-4-4. Hng pht trin ny tng t nh EP#2 nhng vi s
53
lng thp hn. Xu hng ny c u im l cc khi ONU s gn thu bao
hn tuy nhin s gp kh khn khi thc t vt qu d bo dch v.
EP#5: Cp ng dch v thoi - Cp ng ADSL - FTTN128 VDSL:
phng n 1-2-4. Hng ny tng t EP#3 nhng vi ONU t gn thu
bao hn.
Vi cc hng c kt thc l kin trc FTTN128 v FTTN512 th cn
quan tm n cc bc trung gian do ph tuc vo d bo ca cc nh khai
thc s quyt nh i theo hng no v c nn lp t ONU khng. Vic xc
nh bc trung gian ph thuc nhiu vo thm nhp cc dch v m nh
khai thc cung cp.
Vi phng n th nht, s khng s dng n si quang, modem ADSL
cung cp cc dch v khng i xng khng khi HDSL v SDSL s c dng
cho cc dch v i xng. Trong trng hp ny s h tr cc tc 2-
8Mbit/s v bn knh phc v l 2-4,5 km.
Vi cc phng n khc, si quang s c lp t c c bng tn
rng hn (ln ti 26 Mbit/s) v s dng cng ngh VDSL. Phm vi phc v t
ONU ch trong khong 300-1000m.
Hnh 3.11 s cho thy so snh v mt gi c ca cc phng n pht trin
theo thi gian.
Gi s nm 2003 l nm tin hnh nng cp, gi thnh chi ph ban u v
bo dng EP#1, EP#3 v EP#5 tng ng nhau. Ngc li, s phi u t
ln khi chn phng n EP#2 hoc EP#4, chi ph ban u v bo dng cao
hn nhiu nhng nm tip theo do chng c kh nng cung cp dch v bt
k vi tc bt k. Vo nm 2003, u t ban u mnh cc phng n
54
EPs #3, 3b v #5 do chuyn i t ADSL sang kin trc FTTN512 hoc
FTTN128. Khi chuyn i hon ton th chi ph s kh nng i vi nh khai
thc. l l do ti sao li c phng n 3b. Trong giai on sau s xy ra
cc trng hp khc nhau: phng n EP#1 chi ph u t ban u v bo
dng rt nh thc cht l ch bo dng. Cc phng n khc chi ph u t
v bo dng ht nh nm chuyn i.
Phng n EP#3 v EP#5 c v thc t hn. Chng kt hp trin khai
bc u ADSL v H/SDSL vi mng cp ng sn c v khi nhu cu tng
ln, kin trc si quang s c lp t bc 2. V nh vy vic trin khai
mng truy nhp quang kt hp vi cng ngh xDSL theo tng bc s c
ngha rt quan trng trong qu trnh quy hoch pht trin mng li.
Trin khai cung cp dch v thng qua h thng quang kt hp xDSL
Cung cp dch v thoi
Dch v thoi l mt trong nhng dch v thit yu i vi khch hng, nh
vy khi cung cp cc dch v vin thng, dch v thoi gn nh l yu cu bt
buc. Khi s dng h thng quang kt hp vi cng ngh xDSL, c 3 xu hng
h tr dch v thoi (xem hnh 3.12).
55

Hnh 3.11. Chi ph lp t v bo dng cho cc phng n [7]

Hnh 3.12. Cung cp dch v thoi c lp vi dch v bng rng [7]

Phn phi dch v thoi c lp vi cc dch v bng rng, b chia c
t pha thu bao v OUN cho php cung cp dch v POTS hoc ISDN v
tn hiu VDSL trn cng mt i dy dn. Mng truy nhp bng rng v
chuyn mch PSTN khng nht thit phi t cng mt ch. Hnh 3.12 m t
gii php ny.
Tch hp knh thoi v h thng bng rng ti mt v tr trong mt thit b
mng p ng vic cung cp dch v kt hp thoi v bng rng. Ging nh
56
trng hp trn, cc b chia c t pha thu bao. Cc tn hiu thoi
POTS c cung cp ti ONU. Hnh 3.13 minh ha trng hp ny.

Hnh 3.13. Cung cp dch v thoi tch hp vi dch v bng rng
Cung cp dch v thoi c ti trn ng truyn quang kt hp xDSL.
Nh vy ONU s c kch c nh hn do khng phi cha cc thit b POTS
hoc cc b chia thoi. Dung lng ca ng truyn VDSL s tng ln khi
cc bng tn thp thng c s dng cho POTS v ISDN nh hai trng
hp trc c tn dng. Vi cu trc ny cng c th cung cp nhiu knh
thoi trn mt i dy dn ng.

Hnh3.14. Cung cp dch v thoi trn ng truyn quang
kt hp xDSL

Bng 3.2. S knh tng ng c th cung cp
trn mt ng truyn xDSL

57
Tc
ng
DSL
S knh tng ng khi
khng dng k thut nn
S knh tng ng
khi dng k thut nn
384 kbit/s 6 ti 40
768 kbit/s 12 ti 80
1.1 Mbit/s 18 ti 110
1.5 Mbit/s

25

ti 150

Internet tc cao.
Cc dch v bng rng c trin khai trn mng xDSL hin nay thng l
Internet tc cao. Dch v c th c trin khai theo nhiu cu hnh khc
nhau ph thuc vo mng hin ti. Phn ny trnh by 2 kch bn ph thuc
vo trin khai mng ton ATM, mng truy nhp ATM v mng li IP. C hai
trng hp ny u c 3 s la chn cho cc giao thc s dng phn phi
dch v.
a.Mi trng mng ATM
Hnh 3.15 ch ra kch bn vi server truy nhp bng rng t xa cung cp
truy nhp Internet, lin kt nhiu DSLAM trc tip hoc thng qua mng li
ATM. Khi cc DSLAM kt ni trc tip vo vo mt BRAS, cc BRAS
thng thng ch cc nh cung cp mng v h tr cho mt nh cung cp
dch v Internet tc cao. Khi BRAS kt ni thng qua mt mng li, chng
thng phn bin ca mt nh cung cp mng. Trong trng hp ny, nh
cung cp mng ch vic u cho cc PVC ca khch hng cho dch v
Internet tc cao ti BRAS. M hnh ny h tr nhiu nh cung cp dch v
58
kt ni thng qua mt nh cung cp mng tuy nhin c cha mt s cc mo
u d phng do mi khi c mt khch hng mi ng k vo mt BRAS ca
cc nh cung cp dch v, cc nh cung cp mng phi cung cp mt PVC i
qua mng ca h gia khch hng v BRAS.

Hnh 3.15. Dch v Internet trong mi trng mng ATM
b.Mi trng mng li IP v mng truy nhp ATM
y l m hnh rt ph hp vi thc t mng Vit Nam khi mng NGN ca
VNPT c xu hng s dng cng ngh IP cho mng li. Hnh 3.16 m t
trng hp chc nng ca BRAS c chia thnh 2 thit b, B tp trung truy
nhp L2TP (L2TP Access Concentrator LAC) v my ch mng L2TP
(L2TP Network Server LNS) cho php kt cui lp ATM vo mng truy
nhp.

59
Hnh 3.16. Dch v Internet trong mi trng mng truy nhp ATM,
mng li IP

Truyn hnh s (DTV)
Truyn hnh s cung cp kh nng thu nhn cc dch v qung b pht t
v tinh v mt t thng qua cc ng truyn DSL. Hnh 3.17 m t cc
thnh phn phn phi dch v ny.

Hnh 3.17 Thit b v kt ni dch v truyn hnh s

Video theo yu cu
Hnh 3.18 th hin nhng thnh phn khc nhau ca dch v video theo
yu cu. Dch v ny c th cung cp truyn hnh s c lp hoc mt nhm
chng trnh. Nu phn phi theo nhm, mt s cc thnh phn v kt ni s
phi phn chia thnh 2 dch v.
60

Hnh 3.18 Thit b v kt ni dch v Video theo yu cu

Kt lun
K thut DSL c th cung cp cc dch v a dng v chng loi, linh hot
v tc truy nhp, khong cch v ph hp vi tng tnh cht ca dch v do
phn thnh truyn i xng v khng i xng. ng thi k thut DSL l
gii php trung gian va nng cao li ch kinh t, va m bo v mt k
thut trong qu trnh quang ho mng truy nhp. DSL c th dng kt hp vi
mng quang to nn kh nng phn phi dch v rng hn v hiu qu hn.
3.1.3 S pht trin ca cng ngh nn phim
Trong qu trnh truyn ti Video t ngun n ch c rt nhiu yu t nh
hng lm suy gim cht lng Video: m ha/gii m v cc tham s mng
nh: t l mt gi, tr, jitter, bng thng, Cc nghin cu gn y tp trung
xy dng m hnh cho php nh gi cht lng hnh nh t cc tham s lin
quan n mng truyn dn v cc h thng m ha v gii m. C ba m hnh
61
c bn: Tham chiu ton phn (Full reference), Khng tham chiu (Zero
reference) v Tham chiu rut gn (Reduced reference).
Tm lc v tiu chun MPEG
M ha v gii m Video l mt trong nhng khu quan trng trong cc
ng dng a phng tin. Hin ti c hai h thng tiu chun chnh trong vic
thit lp cc tiu chun nn Video. chnh l ITU (International
Telecommunications Union) v MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group) [12].
Trong nhng nm qua c hai h thng tiu chun ny u a ra cc tiu
chun cho vic m ha v gii m Video.
c thit lp t nm 1998, MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group) l mt
nhm nghin cu thuc ISO/IEC, c nhim v pht trin cc tiu chun m
ha cho hnh nh v m thanh k thut s. Cho n nay, nhm nghin cu ny
pht trin c mt s cc tiu chun cho vic nn m thanh v hnh nh.
Mi tiu chun c p dng cho nhng ng dng c th v tng ng c tc
bit khc nhau (xem hnh 3.19).

Hnh 3.19 Qu trnh pht trin ca cc tiu chun m ha [12]

H.261

H.263

H.263+

H.263++

MPEG-1

MPEG-4
V1

MPEG-4
V2

MPEG-4
V3
H.264
MPEG-4
Part
10
ITU
MPEG
1990
1994/95
1995/96 1997/98 2000
2002
1993
1998/99 1999/00 2001

MPEG-2
H.262
62
MPEG-1: c thit k tc ti a n 1.5Mbps. Tiu chun nn cho m
thanh v hnh nh ng. c dng ph bin cho cc ng dng Video CD-
ROM v cc ng dng Video trn Internet (cc file c phn m rng
*.mpg). Mt phn m rng ca tiu chun (level 3) p dng cho m ha v
nn m thanh, c bit n vi tn MP3.
MPEG-2: c thit k cho cc ng dng c tc bit t 1.5Mbps n
15Mbps. Tiu chun MPEG-2 p dng cho Truyn hnh K thut s
(SDTV), HDTV, phim theo yu cu (VoD) v cc ng dng DVD. MPEG-2
c thit k da trn MPEG-1, nhng c nhng yu cu c bit cho vic
nn v truyn ti Truyn hnh K thut s. Mt trong nhng khc bit so
vi MPEG-1 l vic nn hiu qu cho Video tch hp.
MPEG-4: c thit k cho cc ng dng c tc bit rt thp cho n
cc ng dng c tc bit rt cao. ng dng ca MPEG-4 l cc ng
dng a phng tin trn Internet hay trn mng khng dy. K thut nn
trong MPEG-4 da trn vic nn theo i tng, cc i tng trong cc
cnh Video c theo di ring r v c nn li cng nhau. MPEG-4
thc s l mt tp cc tiu chun cng ngh nhm m bo cht lng
dch v t nh cung cp dch v ni dung n ngi dng cui. MPEG-4
bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
o MPEG-4 Systems
o MPEG-4 Visual
o MPEG-4 Audio
o Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework (DMIF)
o Trong MPEG-4, m thanh v hnh nh c th c lu tr v truyn
ring bit, thit b u cui cn phi c kh nng kt hp cc thnh
phn ring bit ny d liu a phng tin thc s trnh din. Thnh
63
phn MPEG-4 Systems m t mi lin h gia hai thnh phn m thanh
v hnh nh, cho php tng hp li ni dung a phng tin ti u
cui [12].
MPEG-7 (Multimedia Content Description Interface): tiu chun ny hin
ang c pht trin. Tiu chun ny cung cp qui nh khung cho cc ni
dung a phng tin bao gm c ni dung video v thng tin iu khin
(cc thao tc, lc hay c nhn ha,)
MPEG-21 (Multimedia Framework): hin ti tiu chun ny ang c
pht trin. MPEG-21 m t cc thnh phn cn thit v mi quan h gia
chng, to nn c s h tng cho vic chuyn ti v s dng ni dung
a phng tin.
Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng phim
nh hng bi h thng m ha/gii m
D liu Video trong cc ng dng a phng tin hin nay thng c m
ha v nn bng MPEG2, MPEG4 Part 10/H.264, Microsoft WMV9/VC1 v
mt s chun nn khc [12]. Cc b m ha Video thng h tr mt khong
kh rng tc nn, iu ny cho php nhng la chn khc nhau gia cht
lng v bng thng. Phn ln cc phng php nn video u da vo vic
m ho khc nhau gia cc frame (inter-frame). iu ny c ngha, thay v
phi gi i tt c cc frame, th ch gi i s sai khc ca mt frame vi frame
trc . Phng php m ha ny lm vic tt vi nhng video c nhng
thay i hnh nh t, tuy nhin s l nh hng ng k n cht lng hnh
nh v bng thng nu c s thay i ln gia cc frame hnh nh. a s cc
chun m ha va cho php m ha vi tc bt c nh (cht lng hnh
nh thay i) hay tc bt thay i (cht lng hnh nh t thay i).
64
Cc phng php m ha Video ni chung thng kt hp c kiu m ha
intra-frame v inter-frame. Trong kiu m ha intra-frame, mt frame nh
c chia thnh cc khi, mi khi ny c bin i thnh tp cc h s
thng qua bin i Cosin ri rc. Mt nhm cc khi c kt hp li thnh
mt thc th duy nht (slice) v i khi c ng gi vo mt gi. Nu c li
trn ng truyn xy ra th c th c mt nhm cc khi s b mt, to nn
sc trong cc nh di m. iu ny xy ra bi v cc h s ca bin i Cosin
ri rc trong mi khi c tnh ton da trn khi u tin trong slice, nu
li lm mt thng tin ca khi u tin th tt c cc khi cn li trong slice
l khng xc nh. Mt vi li c th lm hng cu trc ca frame, do
khng c kh nng ti to li frame. Vi kiu m ha inter-frame (motion
based coding), cc vector chuyn ng c xc nh v m ha cho mi
khi. Trong cc h thng m ha kiu inter-frame, vic mt mt frame c th
lm cho cc frame theo sau n tr nn khng s dng c cho n khi I-
frame tip theo c nhn, kt qu l c th thu c hnh nh Video trng
hay hnh nh b ng cng, cht lng Video b suy gim ng k. Trong hu
ht cc trng hp cc tiu chun m ha Video u cung cp kh nng linh
ng c b m ha v gii m cho vic cn bng gia cht lng v tc .
Vic hiu bit r rng v nh hng ca cc b m ha v gii m Video l
yu t quan trng gp phn vo vic nh gi chnh xc cc nh hng ca
mng n cht lng truyn video trn mng.
Gii hn v bng thng
S gii hn v bng thng thng xy ra ti lp truy nhp (thng l cc
kt ni DSL hay Cable). Nu bng thng dnh sn khng truyn mt
Stream Video th s xy ra mt gi ti cc b m ca b nh tuyn, dn n
vic suy gim cht lng Video. Mt vn kh tinh t cng xy ra khi m
ha Video vi tc bt thay i. Trong trng hp ny, s thay i hnh nh
65
hay s thay i cc frame l ng k s lm tng yu cu v bng thng trong
mt khong thi gian ngn, iu ny c th gy ln hin tng mt gi v do
lm suy gim cht lng hnh nh.
Mt gi tin
S mt gi tin trn mng c th gy ra bi nhiu nguyn nhn: s nghn
mng, mt lin kt, khng bng thng hay li trn ng truyn, v.v S
mt gi thng xy ra bng pht, mc tc nghn mng cao gy nn mt
gi cao. S suy gim cht lng Video gy ra bi hin tng mt gi ty thuc
vo giao thc c s dng truyn ti Video.
Th nht: khi giao thc UDP c dng truyn ti d liu video, khi xy
ra hin tng mt gi th mt vi phn ca Video Stream c th b mt.
Th hai: khi giao thc TCP c dng truyn ti d liu video, khi mt
gi b mt th s c yu cu truyn li gi b mt, iu ny lm s thiu ht
b m ti set-top-box, gy ln hin tng dng hnh.
Khi truyn Video bng giao thc UDP, hin tng mt gi c th lm hng
mt phn hay thm ch hon ton cc frame.
Nghn ti my ch
Khng hn mi yu t nh hng n cht lng Video u gy ra bi
mng, nu my ch cung cp dch v VoD phi phc v ti a s ngi dng
theo kh nng ca n, iu ny s gy ra s tc nghn ti my ch cung cp
dch v. S tc nghn ny gy ra hin tng dng hnh qu lu ti pha u
cui. gim ti cho my ch dch v c th dng cc giao thc ph hp nh
UDP Multicast. Nhng giao thc ny ch ph hp khi c mt s lng ln
ngi dng xem cng mt ni dung ti cng mt thi im.
Jitter v Timing drift
66
Jitter l khi nim dng m t s khc nhau ca khong thi gian i t
ngun n ch ca cc gi tin. Jitter cng ln khi xy ra nghn mng hay tc
nghn ti my ch dch v. Jitter c th gy ra trn b m ti set-top-box,
gy ln hin tng dng hnh ti u cui.
Hin tng Timing drift xy ra khi ng h ti u gi v u nhn c s
sai khc nhau v tc , gy ra s trn vng m ti u nhn. hn ch s
nh hng ca hin tng ny, yu cu pha u nhn phi hiu chnh li tc
ca ng h cho ph hp trnh hin tng trn b m.
Cc m hnh v ch tiu nh gi
Nh nhng phn tch phn trn, c nhiu yu t lm suy gim cht lng
hnh nh khi truyn ti qua mng IP, bao gm cc nh hng ca vic m
ha/gii m v cc tc ng ca mng truyn ti. Vic m hnh ha cc tc
ng ny l mt vn kh phc tp v nhng nh hng ny ph thuc nhiu
vo kiu m ha, cc thuc tnh v cu hnh ca h thng c th. Hin ti c
kh nhiu thut ton nh gi cht lng video, nhng u cha thng nht.
Mt cch tng qut c th phn loi thnh ba m hnh gii thut nh gi
cht lng Video chnh:
M hnh tham chiu y (Full-reference - FF): M hnh FF cung cp
gii thut cho php so snh trc tip Video ngun v Video thu c ti
ch.
M hnh khng tham chiu (Non-reference/Zero-reference - ZF): Gii
thut m hnh ny ch phn tch cht lng Video thu c ti ch.
M hnh tham chiu rt gn (Reduced-Reference/Partial-reference - RR):
Gii thut m hnh ny cho php trch mt vi tham s t u vo em so
snh vi cc tham s tng ng ti u ra.
67
M hnh tham chiu y
Nhng gii thut trong m hnh tham chiu y thc hin so snh chi
tit gia hnh nh u vo v u ra ca h thng. Vic so snh ny l mt
qu trnh tnh ton phc tp khng ch bao gm qu trnh x l theo im nh
m cn theo thi gian v khng gian gia dng d liu Video u vo v u
ra. Kt qu ca cc gii thut tham chiu y kh ph hp vi cc kt qu
nh gi ch quan (MOS), tuy nhin cc gii thut ny ch c s dng trong
mt s ng dng nht nh, v d nh: cc ng dng trong phng th nghim
hay cc th nghim trc khi trin khai.
Mt trong nhng gii thut ra i sm nht ca m hnh tham chiu y
l PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio). Theo ng ngha ca thut ng s
dng, gii thut ny nh gi t s gia gi tr ln nht ca tn hiu trn tp
m, gi tr ny tnh theo dB. Thng thng gi tr PSNR c coi l tt vo
khong 35dB v nh hn 20dB l khng chp nhn c. Hin nay PSNR
c dng rng ri trong k thut nh gi cht lng hnh nh v Video.
Bn cnh gii thut PSNR hin ti c kh nhiu cc gii thut cho m hnh
tham chiu y c pht trin v d nh: MPQM (Moving Pictures
Quality Metric -1996) ca EPFL Thy S, VQM (Video Quality Metric -1999)
ca Vin nghin cu Vin thng M (NTIA ITS) v CVQE (Continuous Video
Quality Evaluation -2004). Cc gii thut ny ph hp cho cc ng dng
Video c tc bit thp. Trong ba gii thut trn ch c gii thut VQM c
tiu chun v c tch hp trong tiu chun ITU-T J.144 [12].
Cng vi ITU t chc VQEG (Video quality Experts Group -1997) cng
tham gia nghin cu, nh gi cht lng Video. VQEG thit lp hai giai
on th nghim, giai on I kim tra mi gii thut tham chiu y (bao
gm c PSNR), kt qu cho thy cc gii thut l tng ng. Giai on II
68
ca th nghim s tin hnh th nghim vi s lng gii thut t hn, nhm
nh gi v a ra khuyn ngh s dng gii thut no s cho kt qu tt hn
[12].
M hnh khng tham chiu
Cc gii thut cho m hnh khng tham chiu ni chung ph hp cho vic
gim st, phn tch trc tuyn cht lng Video ti u cui (in-service). Kiu
thut ton ny c th xem xt cc yu t nh hng t hn thut ton trong m
hnh tham chiu ton phn, chnh v th m m hnh ny c th trin khai
trong nhiu ng cnh hn. Thit k cc gii thut cho m hnh khng tham
chiu l mt cng vic kh khn, chnh v th m hin ti ch c mt vi
phng php c xut, mt vi cng ty a vo trong sn phm thng
mi ca h v c coi l b mt cng ngh.
Hin nay gii thut v cc tham s nh gi trong m hnh khng tham
chiu vn ang c tiu chun ha. Mt s tham s nh gi trong m hnh
khng tham chiu c nh ngha nh sau:
VSTQ - Video Service Transmission Quality Tham s khng ph
thuc vo h thng m ha/gii m, ch ph thuc vo mng truyn ti
Video.
VSPQ - Video Service Picture Quality Tham s ph thuc h
thng m ha/gii m.
VSAQ - Video Service Audio Quality Tham s nh gi cht
lng m thanh.
VSMQ - Video Service Multimedia Quality Tham s tng hp
nh gi cht lng m thanh v hnh nh kt hp.
VSCQ - Video Service Control Quality Tham s nh gi cht
lng iu khin Video (v d nh: thi gian p ng).
69
M hnh tham chiu rt gn
Gii thut trong hnh tham chiu rt gn khng s dng ton b tn hiu
Video tham chiu, ch mt phn thng tin tham chiu c truyn n b so
snh thng qua mt knh d liu ring. Bng thng dnh cho knh d liu ny
ty thuc vo iu kin rng buc ca tng ng dng. Hin ti c nhng gii
thut cho php bng thng dng cho thng tin tham chiu ch yu cu nh hn
10Kbps.

Hnh 3.20 M hnh trin khai tham chiu khng y [12]

Thnh phn tham chiu c trch t ngun Video gi n ch v c s
dng nh gi cht lng. Mi trng truyn Video c th xy ra mt gi,
nhng knh gi thnh phn tham chiu c gi s l khng b mt gi.
Mpeg-2 c m rng da trn chun Mpeg h tr vic nn d liu
truyn Video s cht lng cao. hiu c ti sao nn Video l rt quan
trng, ta cn tm hiu bng thng (Bandwidth) cn thit truyn cc khung
hnh Video s khng nn.
Ngun
Video
B m ho
Video
B gii m
Video
tn hiu
Video
Mng truyn ti
Video
Thnh phn
tham chiu
B trch
thnh phn
tham chiu
Knh tham chiu
ch s
cht lng

B trch thnh
phn tham chiu

B nh gi cht
lng Video
Thnh phn
gii m
70
PAL (Phase Alternate Line) l chun truyn tn hiu truyn hnh tng
t (Analog) c s dng kh nhiu nc trn th gii. Khung hnh TV dng
PAL khng nn i hi bng thng rt ln ti 216 Mbps, ln hn rt nhiu
kh nng ca truyn sng radio. Mt s nc dng h thng Analog TV l
NTSC. H thng ny cung cp cc thng tin v mu sc km trung thc hn
vi t l truyn cc khung khc nhau.
Tn hiu NTSC khng nn i hi dung lng ng truyn thp hn khng
ng k mc 168 Mbps. HDTV yu cu bng thng ti thiu l 1 Gbps.
Mpeg-2 cung cp cch nn cc tn hiu Video s thnh cc mc c th qun l
c. Kh nng nn Video ca Mpeg-2 lit k theo bng 3.3 [12]:
Bng 3.3 Kh nng nn Video ca Mpeg-2

<0.384 Mbps Video conference (MPEG-4)
<1.5 Mbps Video in a window (MPEG-1)
1-2 Mbps VHS quality ful screen (MPEG-2)

2-3 Mbps Broadcast NTSC (MPEG-2)
4-6 Mbps Broadcast PAL (MPEG-2)
8-10 Mbps Professional PAL (MPEG-2)
12-20 Mbps Broadcast HDTV (MPEG-2)
27.5-40 Mbps DVB satellite multiplex (MPEG-2 Transport)
32-40 Mbps Professional HDTV (MPEG-2)
34-50 Mbps Contribution TV (MPEG-2-1)

140 Mbps Contribution HDTV (MPEG-2)
168 Mbps Raw NTSC (uncompressed)
216 Mbps Raw PAL (uncompressed)
270 Mbps Raw contribution PAL (uncompressed)
1-1.5 Gbps Raw HDTV (uncompressed)

Do chun Mpeg-2 cung cp kh nng nn rt cao bng cch dng cc
thut ton tiu chun, n tr thnh chun cho TV s vi cc c tnh:
Nn Video tng thch vi Mpeg-1.
Ch Full-screen kt hp vi ci tin cht lng Video (cho TV v mn
71
hnh PC).
Ci tin m ho Audio (cht lng cao, mono, stereo...).
Truyn phi hp nhiu thnh phn.
Cc dch v khc.
Cc h thng s dng Mpeg-2 ang rt pht trin nh: TV s, VoD, Digital
Versatile Disc (DVD)...
Thut ton nn Video Mpeg-2 t c kh nng nn cao nh li dng s
d tha thng tin Video. Mpeg-2 loi b c d tha v khng gian v d tha
v thi gian trong cc cnh Video.
D tha thi gian xut hin khi cc khung Video lin tip hin th hnh nh
ca nhng hnh nh ging nhau. N cha cc hnh nh gn nh khng i
hoc thay i rt nh gia cc khung hnh lin tip. D tha khng gian xy
ra khi mt phn ca nh c ti to li (vi thay i khng ng k) trong
mt khung Video.
D liu t cc Macroblock cn c m ho s c a n c b tr
(Subtractor) v b on chuyn ng (Motion Estimator). B on chuyn
ng s so snh cc Macroblock mi c a vo ny vi cc Macroblock
c a vo trc v c lu li dng tham kho. Kt qu l b
on chuyn ng s tm ra cc Macroblock trong khung hnh tham kho gn
ging nht vi Macroblock mi ny. B on chuyn ng sau s tnh ton
Vector chuyn ng (Motion Vector). Vector ny s c trng cho s dch
chuyn theo c hai chiu dc v ngang ca Macroblcok mi cn m ho so
vi khung hnh tham kho. Lu rng Vector chuyn ng c phn gii
bng mt na do thc hin qut xen k.
B on chuyn ng cng ng thi gi cc Macroblock tham kho c
gi l cc Macroblock tin on (Predicted Macroblock) ti b tr tr vi
72
Macroblock mi cn m ho. T ta s c cc sai s tin on (Error
Prediction) hoc tn hiu d, chng s c trng cho s sai khc gia
Macroblock cn tin on v Macroblock thc t cn m ho.
Tn hiu d hay sai s tin on ny s c bin i DCT, cc h s nhn
c sau bin i DCT s c lng t ho lm gim s lng cc bit cn
truyn. Cc h s ny s c a ti b m ho Huffman, ti y s bit c
trng cho cc h s tip tc c lm gim i mt cch ng k. D liu t
u ra ca m ho Huffman s c kt hp vi Vector chuyn ng v cc
thng tin khc (thng tin v I, P, B-picture) gi ti b gii m.
i vi trng hp P-picture, cc h s DCT cng c a n b gii m
ni b (nm ngay trong b m ho). Tn hiu d hay sai s tin on c
bin i ngc li dng php bin i IDCT v c cng thm vo khung
hnh ng trc to nn khung hnh tham kho (tin on). V d liu
khung hnh trong b m ho c gii m lun nh vo b gii m ni b
ngay chnh bn trong b m ho, do c th thc hin thay i th t cc
khung hnh v dng cc phng php tin on trn.
Qu trnh khi phc li khung hnh ti b gii m l hon ton ngc li.
T lung d liu nhn c u vo, Vector chuyn ng c tch ra v
a vo b b chuyn ng (Motion Compensator), cc h s DCT c a
vo b bin i ngc IDCT bin tn hiu t min tn s thnh tn hiu
min khng gian. i vi P-picture v B-picture, Vector chuyn ng s c
kt hp vi cc Macroblock tin on to thnh cc khung hnh tham kho.
Khng cn thit phi lun nn mi khung hnh Video cng mt mc , mt
phn ca Clip c th c d tha khng gian thp ( l cc hnh nh phc
tp) trong khi cc phn khc ca Clip li c d tha thi gian thp (cc
cnh chuyn ng nhanh). V th d liu Video ng nhin s cc t l nn
(Bit rate) thay i trong khi vic truyn d liu thng yu cu tc c nh.
73
Cha kho iu khin tc truyn l trt t d liu nn trong b m
(Buffer). Vic nn c th c tin hnh vi vic loi b mt vi thng tin
c la chn. nh hng nh nht i vi cht lng ton b khung hnh c
th t c bng cch b bt cc thng tin chi tit. iu ny m bo gii
hn t l nn d liu trong khi cht lng ca khung hnh suy gim ti thiu.
Mpeg-2 bao gm c ch nn trong mt phm vi rng. Mt b m ho vi
c ch nn phi ph hp vi mt hoc on cnh ring bit. Ni chung b m
ho rt phc tp, n phi la chn c c ch nn thch hp nht bi vy
tng cht lng khung hnh i vi t l nn d liu truyn. B gii m Mpeg-2
cng c nhiu kiu, kh nng a dng v cc la chn khi kt ni.
S lng cc Level v Profile c nh ngha cho vic nn Video Mpeg-2. H
thng Mpeg-2 c pht trin trn mt tp no cc Level v Profile:
Profile: cht lng ca Video.
Level: phn gii ca Video.
H thng c bn vi tn MP@ML (Man Profile Man Level) nn d liu
Video t 1-15 Mbps. Cc Level khc nhau nh: High Level, High Level 1440,
Low Level v cc Profile nh: Simple, SNR, Spatial, 4:2:2 & High.
Cc b gii m in hnh:
720 x 576 x 25 fps (PAL CCIR 601).
352 x 576 x 25 fps (PAL Half-D1).
720 x 480 x 30 fps (NTSC CCIR 601).
352 x 480 x 30 fps (NTSC Half-D1).
Hu ht cc b gii m u h tr Mpeg-1:
352 x 288 x 25 fps (PAL SIF).
352 x 240 x 30 fps (NTSC SIF).
74
Chun Mpeg-2 nh ngha mt s phi hp m ho Audio. Audio s c th
c m ho trong cc dng m ho khc nhau cc t l nn khc nhau.
Mpeg-2 cng cung cp cc h tr cho vic truyn d liu, Mpeg-2 phn bit
hai kiu d liu:
Service Information: thng tin v Video, Audio v Data truyn bi Mpeg-2.
Private Data: thng tin ngi s dng hoc thit b thu.
Cng ngh nn v gii nn mi s cung cp ni dung phim cht lng gn nh
DVD trn nhng kt ni Internet bng thng rng.
N c kh nng nn cc ni dung gii tr nh i, cho php ngi dng ti
phim (nhng file ln) ngay c khi h s dng nhng kt ni tc chm.
iu ny rt quan trng i vi cc nh cung cp ni dung v ngi dng,
bi v n lm gim thi gian download v cung cp cht lng Audio v
Video tt hn.
S dng cng ngh nn mi s thc y vic "hi t" th trng tiu dng,
mt tng c mong i t lu trong vic cung cp ni dung gii tr truyn
thng cho cc my tnh c nhn kt ni Internet.
Cng ngh mi s bo v ni dung ca ngi s hu bn quyn d thng
tin c ti v a cng ca ngi s dng theo kiu va ti va nghe trc tip
t Internet. Khi ni dung c cung cp, ngi dng s phi c ng k v
ngi s hu ni dung c th ch nh nhng iu kin s dng. H c th yu
cu ngi dng tr tin, cung cp a ch E-mail v a ra mt thi gian gii
hn m ngi dng c php s dng.
75
3.2 Cc thit b phn cng
Mt gii php IPTV hon chnh bao gm t nht 6 yu t: Content Creator,
Server streaming, Chuyn mch Media, mng IP bng rng, Set-Top Box v
Middleware (xem hnh 3.21).

Hnh 3.21 H thng IPTV in hnh [11]

- Content Creator l mt thit b u cui v hot ng nh mt Gateway
truyn thng. u tin, ni dung Video chuyn ti Content Creator trc khi
c phn phi qua mng. Nu tn hiu n dng Analog n s m ho
thnh tn hiu s (MPEG). Nu tn hiu n l dng s nh DVB-S, n s gii
iu bin, tch knh v chuyn m cc lung tn hiu. Lung d liu (chng
trnh) t Content Creator c gi n cc Streaming Server.
- Streaming Server: thc hin nhiu chc nng trong h thng. Chng nhn
cc ni dung s mi c m ha t Content Creator, truyn tip hoc lu
li, cc Server ny lu gi ni dung c m ha theo k thut s v chuyn
n qua mng IP bng rng. Streaming Server cng c chc nng p ng s
tng tc vi cc thu bao v cc yu cu. Ni chung, Streaming Server phi
c kh nng trin khai cao, d dng x l cc li, dung lng h thng ln v
mc thng lng cao.
76
- B chuyn mch (media switch): l thit b iu khin ca c h thng.
N gim st v iu khin s hot ng ca Content Creator v Streaming
Server theo thi gian thc. Media Switch cng theo di s lu gi cc phn
Video c phn phi gia cc Streaming Server v nhn cc yu cu ca
thu bao, hng cc mng (segment) n Streaming Server v phi hp hot
ng ca Streaming Server. Media Switch cung cp giao din cho h thng
qun l cho php cc nh vn hnh lp cu hnh, gim st v iu khin cc
Streaming Server v Content Creator trong h thng.
- Mng IP bng rng: l mng truyn ti cc lung d liu. Khng nh cc
mng tiu chun IP cung cp dch v khc, phin bn mng IP bng rng c
di tn rng hn nhiu v nng cao cht lng dch v QoS. truyn pht
truyn thng hiu qu hn, n h tr IP n hng v a hng ng thi h
tr streaming IP v iu khin cc giao thc. ng trc ca mt h thng
nh vy l mng cp vi chuyn mch lp 3. Mng phn phi (last mile) c
th l bt c phng thc bng rng no, bao gm c DSL hoc FTT[x] [11].
- Set-Top Box (STB): nhn cc lung tn hiu v gii m n hin th trn
mn hnh tivi. STB nhn cc lung tn hiu qua thit b CPE (Customer
premise equipment) nh mt modem ADSL. Ngoi ra, n cung cp mt giao
din ngi s dng khch hng c th tng tc vi cc Server Video. Cui
cng, STB cung cp mt giao din Analog cho cc TV Analog - ang ph bin
hin nay- v vy n mang li s chuyn i d dng t TV Analog ln TV K
thut s.
- Middleware l phn mm kt hp cc phn khc nhau ca IPTV thnh
mt h thng hon chnh. Middleware qun l ti sn, knh, lch pht sng
truyn thng, tnh gi, an ninh v truy nhp c iu kin. N ph trch qun
l h thng v cn c cc chc nng qun l khc.
77
Kh nng nng quy m
iu quan trng l gii php IPTV phi c th nng cp bt kp nhng
yu cu trong tng lai. Kh nng nng cp c th c xc nh theo s thu
bao (mt chc nng ca Streaming Server v Content Creator), s lung v c
th c nhiu lung/1 thu bao (cng l mt chc nng ca Streaming Server
v Content Creator) v dung lng h thng hoc s gi cung cp ni dung
p ng cc yu cu.
Cc phng php p ng yu cu v nng cp ph hp vi IPTV l mng
tp trung, phn phi hoc kt hp c hai loi. Trong cu trc tp trung, tt c
ni dung c cha trong Streaming Server ti mt a im trung tm, cc
lung s liu theo yu cu c truyn t a im trung tm ny n khch
hng qua mng cp ng trc v mng truy nhp.
Trong cu trc phn tn, ni dung c lu trong Streaming Server ti cc
a im khc nhau, mi a im c chuyn mch ring, tt c cc a im
c ni kt qua mng cp bng rng. Trong cu trc ny, cc lung tn hiu
video t Content Creator c phn phi ti Streaming Server qua ton b
mng IPTV. Media Switch trong mng c vai tr tm ra topo ca mng v
kim sot v tr tng phn ca ni dung trong ton b h thng. Ni dung
c sao chp li n mt a im khc theo yu cu da trn thut ton d
tm [11].
h thng hn hp, ni dung c lu li trong cc Streaming Server t
ti cc v tr khc nhau. Cng nh trong cu trc phn tn, tt c cc a
im c kt ni qua mt mng cp bng rng - tr cc Video Server trong
mng IPTV ch cha nhng ni dung chnh, trong khi cc Video Server ti a
im trung tm c vai tr nh mt my ch lu tr cha tt c cc ni dung.
Cc lung Video t Content Creator c gi n my ch lu tr trung tm
78
ny, sau ni dung c phn phi n tt c cc a im da trn thut
ton d tm. Trong cu hnh hn hp ny, khch hng c phc v bi nhng
my Server gn h nht. Nu ni dung yu cu khng trong Server trong
khu vc, n s c chuyn n t Server lu tr.
Mt trong nhng thch thc ca IPTV l cc khch hng khng chp nhn
vic xem tivi qua mng IP nu cht lng ca n thp hn tivi truyn qua
mng cp v v tinh. V nhng l do ny, mng IPTV phi c kh dng
hon ho, tuyt i khng c tr ngi no trong hot ng ca cc dng s
liu. Thm vo , mng IPTV cn phi bao gm vic m bo QoS nh mt
phn trong ton b dch v. Cui cng, cc thit b truy nhp IP bng rng
phi h tr QoS, a hng v nng cp ln VDSL v cc cng ngh c tc
bit cao khc.
Cc chun ngnh
H thng IPTV da trn cc chun cng nghip c th lp t vo cc
mng hin c mt cch d dng v nhanh chng hn cng nh qun l hiu
qu hn trong thi gian di. Ngoi ra, bi v cc chun c xu hng thay i
theo thi gian, l tng l mt gii php IPTV c thit k theo m trung gian
(codec-neutral) hot ng vi bt k chun no l chun chnh ca ngnh
vo mt thi im bt k.
Chi ph trin khai lp t thp
u t ln vo c s h tng h thng c th l mt ro cn cho vic a
dch v vo khai thc v ph thuc vo cng ngh mi. cnh tranh vi cc
dch v truyn hnh cp hin c, iu bt buc l cc dch v IPTV phi c
chi ph trin khai lp t v qun l thp cc dch v IPTV c th n vi
hng nghn, hng triu thu bao m vn mang li mc thu nhp tha ng cho
cc nh cung cp. S la chn cc cng ngh bng rng cng nh hng n
79
chi ph lp t trin khai. V d nh gii php IP DSLAM mi c gi thp
loi b lp gia ATM c chi ph cao, t gim chi ph cung cp dch v n
tng thu bao v gim thi gian hon vn ni chung.
Trin khai qua mng IP
Su b phn ca mt h thng IPTV tng tc vi nhau truyn pht cc
chng trnh trc tip hoc thu trc, cc chng trnh theo yu cu hoc kt
hp c hai loi.
- Tn hiu truyn hnh trc tip c a vo Content Creator ni chng
c m ho/chuyn m thnh dng MPEG v gi n Streaming Server.
- Streaming Server chuyn tip cc dng tn hiu n mng IP bng rng
v lu li trong cng.
- Mng IP bng rng pht cc lung tn hiu ny n thit b c s ca
khch hng, cc thit b ny nhn cc tn hiu v gi chng n STB.
- STB gii m cc tn hiu v pht li trn tivi
Nu bt c khi no khch hng p ng li cc iu khin nh PVR ca
IPTV, v d nh PAUSE, dng tng tc nh sau:
- Khch hng gi mt yu cu qua iu khin t xa n STB
- Set-top box nhn yu cu trc v chuyn li n n Media Switch
- Media Switch xc nh Streaming Server vi Media c yu cu, hng
yu cu n cc Streaming Server v iu khin hot ng ca cc thit b
ny.
Streaming Server p ng li yu cu bng cch ngng cung cp dng
Stream.
- Cc yu cu tip theo ca khch hng c gi trc tip n Streaming
Server v c x l ti cho n khi mt thao tc chuyn tip n mt im
truyn hnh trc tip c thc hin hoc khch hng chuyn sang knh khc.
80
Mt dng tng tc in hnh ca Streaming - video theo yu cu (Xem
hnh 3.22).
- Khch hng la chn xem mt ni dung c lu.
- Set-top box nhn yu cu trc v gi n tr li Media Switch.
- Media Switch xc nh Streaming Server vi ni dung c yu cu v
gi yu cu n cc Streaming server ng thi phi hp cc thao tc.
- Streaming Server p ng li yu cu, gi ra ni dung c lu v gi
n mng bng rng ni ni dung c truyn n khch hng.
- Cc yu cu tip theo ca khch hng c gi trc tip n Streaming
Server v c p ng ti cho n khi khch hng chuyn sang chng
trnh khc [11]

Hnh 3.22 Dng tng tc gia cc b phn khi pht chng trnh
video theo yu cu [11]
81

3.3 Cc gii php phn mm
Trong phn ny chng ta nu cc gii php phn mm m ch yu l cc
phn mm ng dng phc v cho vic xem cc chng trnh nh: phim, ca
nhc v cc loi a phng tin. chnh l vic tm hiu cc Media Players.
Ta minh ho vic s dng IPTV nh Media players c th cho php ngi
s dng xem hoc nghe cc chng trnh bao gm phim v cc kiu khc ca
Video media trc tip t Internet hoc lu li nh mt file trn my tnh.
C bn loi Media players thng c s dng: Microsofts Windows
Media Player, Apple Computers QuickTime, Real Networks RealPlayer v
Macromedias Flash Player.
Ni chung bn loi c nhiu im tng ng, tuy vy vn c nhng
im khc.
Chng ta s nghin cu ch yu v Windows Media Player vi cc phin
bn mi hin nay. l Windows Media Player 9 v Windows Media Player
10.
3.3.1 Microsofts Windows Media Player
Microsofts Windows Media Player c cp nht lin tc t khi pht hnh
cch y hn mi nm, by gi c phin bn th 10, phn mm ny cho
php ngi s dng thit lp v chy cc Multimedia. Ngi s dng c th
nghe cc loi m thanh: Internet radio, sao chp nhc n cc thit b cm
tay v xem nhng kiu khc ca Media, ngoi ra cn c th copy v xem qua
DVD, CD, v cui cng l HD-DVD [1]. Windows Media Player c th c
xem nh miu t mt t hp ca radio, truyn hnh v hnh nh c kt hp
vo mt ng dng n.
82
Trong phn ny, trc tin chng ta s quan tm v Windows Media
Player 9. u tin s tm hiu mi quan h gia cc chc nng ca chng v
sau s n phin bn cui cng- Windows Media Player 10. C hai phin
bn u c nng cp trc tip t phin bn u tin ca Windows Media
Player v cung cp c phng thc truyn phim n cc thit b cm tay v
c xem nh Video Streaming.
Windows Media Player 9
Hnh 3.23 minh ho Windows Media Player 9 vi nt chn Media Guide.
Nhp trn nt s hin th danh sch phim v Music Videos.
Xem trong hnh 3.23, nt Media Guide cho php ngi s dng chn bi
ht, phim, cc chng trnh gii tr, Radio, Site Index v Windowsmedia.com.
Chn Site Index s hin th website Windowsmedia.com
Cc nt chn (Buttons)
Bn tri ca s l mt lot cc nt chn c a ra trong hnh 3.23, vi
nt chn Media Guide. Nt trn cng vi tiu l Now Playing, cho php
ngi s dng c th s dng phm nng Tab + Enter hoc c th chn nt
Radio Tuner nghe nhc.
83

Hnh 3.23 Windows Media Player 9, vi nt chn Media Guide , hin th
b su tp v cc loi phim v cc tu chn nghe radio.

Ba nt trong khung bn tri ca Windows Media Player 9, nt vi tiu
Copy from CD, cung cp cho ngi s dng vi kh nng nghe nhc CD.
Ngi s dng cng c th copy bi ht v ca s cng nh thng tin v album.
Playlists
Nt chn th t vi tiu l Media Library, cho php ngi s dng to
v thm cc mc Playlists, gm cc file Audio v Video. Ngi s dng c th
thm hoc xo cc mc t Playlists hoc cn c th xo Playlists t th vin
c sn. Ngoi ra ngi dng cn c th to a CD t mt vi Playlists. Tuy
nhin, Playlist khng c di qu 74 pht v ch vi nhng nh dng file
.mp3, .wav, .asf, .wma, and .wmv c s dng.
Radio Tuner
Hnh 3.24 Minh ho mn hnh chnh khi ta chn Radio Tuner
84

Hnh 3.24 Nt chn Radio tuner cho php ngi s dng nghe v ghi m
cc Audio
Copy to CD or Device
Nt th su, vi tn nhn l Copy to CD or Device, cung cp cho ngi s
dng kh nng copy cc file Audio v Video n cc thit b khc nh th nh,
CD hoc DVD
Windows Media Player 10
Cc tu chn ci t
Hnh 3.25 minh ho cc tu chn trong qu trnh ci t Windows Media
Player 10. Ch rng, ngi s dng c th xem thm thng tin chi tit bng
cch nhp vo ng link More Information. Mc nh, thng tin v n lun
c xem t Internet, cc file nhc c cp nht, file v URL history lun
c lu li. Windows Media Player 10 mc nh chy c 13 kiu file
Audio v Video, cc file c lit k trong bng 3.4.
85
Bng 3.4 Windows Media Player 10 mc nh vi cc kiu file [1]

Windows Media Audio file (wma)
Windows Media Video file (wmv)
Windows Media file (asf)
Microsoft Recorded TV Show (dvr-ms)
DVD video
Music CD Playback
MP3 audio file (mp3)
Windows Video file (avi)
Windows Audio file (wav)
Movie file (mpeg)
MIDI file (midi)
AIFF file (aiff)
AU audio file (au)
86

Hnh 3.25 Cc tu chn trong qu trnh ci t
Windows media player 10

Screen Display
Nh cp trn, Windows Media Player 10 vi giao din p mt. Hnh
3.26 minh ho mn hnh khi m Windows Media Player 10, tuy nhin cc nt
trong khung bn tri Windows Media Player 9 c thay bi cc Tab trn
cng.
87

Hnh 3.26 Windows Media Player 10 t li cc nt ca Windows Media
Player 9 vi cc tab pha trn mn hnh

Now Playing Tab
Ngay tn ca Tab ny ni ln ngha ca n, click ln Tab s hin
th mn hnh ca video c chn.
Library Tab
Tab ny c th c s dng d dng truy cp music, show truyn hnh,
Video v Playlist. V d v n c minh ho trong hnh 3.27.
88

Hnh3.27 Tab Library cung cp kh nng chn music
v video t cy th mc (tree-type menu)

3.3.2 Mt s Media Player khc
Realplayer
Trnh duyt tp tin a phng tin ca RealNetwork cho thy mc tc
thi ca cng ty. Trnh nghe nhc mnh m hn rt nhiu trong khi cc
thuc tnh iu khin ngy cng gn nh v d hiu. RealNetwork h tr hu
ht cc nh dng tp tin m nhc v Media, bao gm c nhng tp tin c
ti xung thng qua phn mm ca cc i th cnh tranh nh Microsoft v
Apple.
89
RealPlayer ph hp vi c dn nghip d (newbie). Hu ht cc nt iu
khin v menu dnh cho chy nhc, sao chp v truyn ti u nm nhng
v tr d tm ngay sau khi phn mm c khi ng. B cc tp trung, khng
phn tn v to iu kin ti a cho ngi s dng.
Thm mt li th khc, RealPlayer h tr vic kt ni v truyn ti cc bi
ht sang cc thit b cm tay. Phn mm tng thch vi hn 100 trnh nghe
nhc MP3 thng dng- bao gm c iPod.
Khng ch dng li tnh n gin trong s dng, RealPlayer cn tch hp
kh nhiu tnh nng hu dng. Mc hng dn m nhc (music guide) cung
cp thng tin bn l v hng nghn ban nhc v ngh s. Bn thc mc v bi
ht Can Your Bird Can Sing thuc album Revolver ca Beatles hay album
Rubber Soul? Music Guide s cung cp cho bn danh sch ton b cc bi
ht ca CD m bn ang ngh n (chnh xc bi ht thuc album Revolver).
RealPlayer cng gn kt cht ch vi th vin m nhc trc tuyn Rhapsody.
Trn thc t, Real khng kt ni vi nhiu i tc nh Windows Media ca
Microsoft. Tuy nhin, ch tnh ring Rhapsody lu tr hn 1 triu bi ht
v cc tp tin m nhc c th c lp tc chin. c bit, RealPlayer cng
c mi quan h kh mt thit vi tp ch m nhc ni ting Rolling Stone,
trm Radio Trc tuyn ca Real [11].
Xt v tnh nng ghi m, cc tp tin ghi bi RealPlayer thng cho cht
lng cao. Ngi s dng cng c th m ho m nhc nh dng mp3,
Windows Media hoc nh dng AAC ca Apple. Ngoi ra, ngi s dng
cng c th t iu chnh cht lng thu m t 32 Kb/s ti 320 Kb/s. ng
nhin, phn ghi m cht lng cng cao th cng tn dung lng cng lu
tr, ch ngi s dng mi quyt nh c cht lng nh th no th ph hp
nht vi mnh. Thng thng, cht lng c nhiu ngi chn l 192 Kbps-
90
y cng l chun cc tp tin nhc ca Real c Stream qua mng m nhc
trc tuyn ca Real.
RealPlayer chc chn s c ng o ngi dng n nhn bi chng
trnh p ng c s mong i t pha ngi dng v mt trnh nghe nhc
thng minh v n nh.
Flash Player
Kh nng h tr Video phn gii cao cng s c tch hp vo trong
phin bn Flash Player 9.
Flash l mt chun nh Video lung (streaming video) c s dng rt
rng ri trn web. Hng lot cc website nh YouTube, Google Video u s
dng chun nh dng ny a Video ln Internet.
Tng kt
Trong phn ny chng ta tm hiu kh chi tit hai phin bn mi nht
ca Windows Media Player v tho lun tm tt thm hai Media Player khc
( l Realplayer v Flashplayer). Trong mi trng IPTV, thng cc
Media Player c yu cu khi xem phim trn my tnh. Khi IPTV c thu
bao n cc h gia nh qua kt ni cp quang hoc DSL th n li chnh l
lung d liu c truyn n set-top box v sau s pht cc knh la chn
qua thu bao ni m c kt ni n thu bao hoc kt ni trc tip n TV.
3.4 Cc dch v gi tr gia tng
Mt trong nhng mt hp dn nht ca IPTV xem xt t kha cnh cng ty
vin thng l n cho php cung cp cc dch v gi tr gia tng ti khch hng
nh VoD, ni dung truyn hnh c c nhn ha, truyn hnh tng tc, cc
91
ng dng s liu khng gii hn v ngoi truyn hnh cn c gim st qua
Video, tr chi Video qua mng, gio dc t xa v.v
Video theo yu cu
Vi truyn hnh truyn thng, ngi xem khng c cc phng tin c
th la chn xem nhng chng trnh yu thch ca h. Tr khi h thu li
chng trnh s dng bng video VCR (Video Cassette Recorder) hoc PVR
(Personal Video Recorder), ngi xem phi gn cht vi lch pht sng ca
i truyn hnh v khng th ng thi xem cc chng trnh trn cc i
khc. Vi IPTV, mt lng ln ni dung chng trnh c th c lu li trong
cc Video Server, bao gm phim, th thao, ca nhc, gio dc v cc ni dung
khc. Ngi xem c th tm kim v xem chng trnh yu thch ca h bt c
lc no. Thm vo , chng trnh pht sng trn tt c cc knh c th c
lu li trn Video Server trong mt thi gian (v d nh mt tun). Ngi xem
c cung cp mt giao din xem nhng chng trnh ny khi thun tin
vi s kim sot nh vi PVR [11].
Chng trnh truyn hnh c c nhn ha
Da trn cc mc, cc chng trnh khch hng xem hoc chng trnh
yu thch ca khch hng, h thng IPTV c th to ra mt danh sch cc
chng trnh c c nhn ha cho tng thu bao. Thu bao c th d dng
xem v chn trong cc ni dung ph hp vi s thch v phong cch ca mnh.
V vy, IPTV c th gip thi gian ngi trc tivi ca khch hng tr thnh
khong thi gian c gi tr [11].
Truyn hnh tng tc
Truyn hnh tng tc l ng dng trc tip nht ca IPTV. Khch hng c
th xem cc chng trnh truyn hnh nh vi truyn hnh cp truyn thng
nhng vi mt s chc nng thm nh tng tc v phn hi kin trc tuyn.
92
Vi truyn hnh truyn thng, khch hng l nhng ngi xem b ng v
khng c s la chn v ni dung chng trnh pht sng, v d nh h ang
xem trn u bng r v mun xem li mt cnh hp dn c pht trc
vi giy, nhng ngi xem truyn hnh truyn thng khng th lm c
iu ny. Vi IPTV, thu bao c th c s kim sot y nh vi PVR i
vi chng trnh. Ngi xem c th kim sot ni dung pht sng s dng
nhng phm iu khin t xa n gin nh Play, Stop, Tua, tm dng v tua
nhanh. Tr li v d trn, vi IPTV nhng fan bng r c th xem li nhng
cnh hp dn bao nhiu ln tu thch v sau tua nhanh bt kp mt trn
u trc tip.
Qung co tng tc
Kh nng tng tc ca h thng IPTV cho php qung co tng tc (IAD
Interactive Advertise). IAD cho php ngi xem truyn hnh mua mt sn
phm khi ang xem qung co, yu cu mt catalog hoc yu cu t vn v c
th by t kin ca h v sn phm hoc dch v ang c qung co.
Ngi qung co c th thu ht khch hng s dng cc hnh thc khuyn
mi, tng phm v cc hnh thc qung co khc. H cng c th thu thp cc
phn hi t ngi xem hon thin chng trnh qung co.
Theo di qua video
Mt s khch hng cn gim st mt s site c th, thu li Video s
dng sau. V d, s cnh st lp t mt s Camera gim st giao thng v
cc xe vi phm lut. Trong trng hp ny, n gin h c th kt ni cc
Camera vo mng IPTV v gim st hng trm a im trong phng iu
khin. Nu cn thit, ngi s dng c th s dng v iu khin Camera
theo di nhng i tng tu theo yu cu. ng dng ny da trn Video
93
Server lu hnh nh Video. N tit kim cho ngi s dng tin mua cc
thit b thu hnh t tin.

Tin tc thi s v thi tit theo yu cu
H thng IPTV cng cho php cung cp cc chng trnh c bit nh tin
tc v thi tit theo yu cu. Vi dch v ny, thu bao c th xem cc tin tc
pht trc tu theo yu cu v theo thch ca h. V d nh, tin tc thi
tit theo yu cu, mt thu bao c th tm tin tc thi tit v nhn cc chng
trnh gn nht hoc va c update ch bng cch nhn phm trn iu khin
t xa.
Thng mi in t v cc ng dng Internet
Nhng ng dng ny ph bin dng khng phi l hnh nh Video nhng
chng c th c nng cao s dng cc cng ngh truyn dn tng t nh
IPTV. Khi c nhng ng dng v d nh Internet trn tivi, s kh d dng s
dng nhng ng dng nh HTML hoc XML.
Kh nng ny dn n nhng c hi mang li ngun doanh thu mi cho
cc cng ty in thoi. V d, mt ngi ang xem tivi c th bm iu khin
t xa tivi yu cu mt mt hng t cu lc b shopping gia nh v nh
cung cp dch v c th nhn hoa hng t cu lc b shopping gia nh
cung cp dch v ny.
Bng vic s dng my quay MPEG, ngi s dng cn c th xem cc
chng trnh truyn hnh truyn thng trn my tnh. Kh nng ny c th c
li cho cc doanh nghip trong vic cung cp sn phm hoc o to nhn
lc hoc cho cc trng hc thc hin vic gio dc t xa, c hai chc nng
ny c xy dng trn cc module Video v my tnh tch hp. Thm vo ,
94
cc dch v IPTV cho php cc khch hng cung cp cc ng dng ny trn
my tnh p ng li vi mt chng trnh qung co trn tivi. Thm na, qu
trnh ny c th mang li cc ngun thu nhp mi cho cc nh cung cp dch
v in thoi.
Truyn hnh phn gii cao ( HDTV - High Definition Television )
IPTV hon ton l mt gii php k thut s Truyn hnh Video. N s
dng mt lot cc cng ngh m ha, gii m v Streaming Video pht cc
chng trnh truyn hnh qua mng IP. Vi c cu qun l li v QoS, IPTV
cung cp hnh nh sc nt hn truyn hnh truyn thng ti cc khch hng.
Thm vo , cc cng ngh m ha Video c s dng trong IPTV c th
nn cc tn hiu Video mc bit thp mt cch hiu qu cho php ngi xem
xem cc hnh nh Video v Audio cht lng cao qua cc mng hin c.
3.5 IPTV trn nn NGN
3.5.1 Tng quan v NGN
Mng th h tip theo (vit tt l NGN - Next Generation Networking) l
bc tip theo trong lnh vc truyn thng th gii, truyn thng c h tr
bi 3 mng li: mng thoi PSTN, mng khng dy v mng s liu
(Internet). NGN hi t c 3 mng trn vo mt kt cu thng nht hnh
thnh mt mng chung, thng minh, hiu qu cho php truy xut ton cu,
tch hp nhiu cng ngh mi, ng dng mi v m ng cho cc c hi kinh
doanh pht trin.
C th cp ti ba loi hnh dch v thc y s ra i ca NGN: Dch
v truyn thng thi gian thc (real-time services) v phi thi gian thc (non
real-time services), dch v ni dung (content services) v cc hot ng giao
dch (transaction services) [11]. NGN to iu kin cc nh cung cp dch
95
v tng cng kh nng kim sot, tnh bo mt v tin cy trong khi gim
thiu c chi ph vn hnh.
c xy dng trn tiu ch m, cc giao thc chun v giao din thn
thin, NGN p ng c hu ht cc nhu cu ca nhiu i tng s dng:
doanh nghip, vn phng, lin lc gia cc mng my tnh v.v... NGN thng
nht mng hu tuyn truyn thng v chun truyn ti m thanh, hnh nh, d
liu khng dy.
Cng ngh mng NGN chnh l cha kho gii m cho cng ngh tng lai
(c bit trong vic trin khai cng ngh IPTV), p ng c y cc yu
cu kinh doanh trn vi c im quan trng l cu trc phn lp theo chc
nng v phn tn cc tim nng trn mng, lm cho mng mm ho v s
dng rng ri cc giao din m a truy nhp, a giao thc kin to cc
dch v m khng ph thuc qu nhiu vo cc nh cung cp thit b v khai
thc mng.
NGN c nhiu thay i trong nhng nm qua xt t 3 gc chnh: cu
trc ngnh cng nghip, cng ngh v mong i t pha ngi dng.
Th nht, s bng n ca ngnh cng ngh thng tin v vin thng, mt lp
cc nh cung cp dch v mi dn xut hin: cc nh cung cp dch v mang
tnh cnh tranh mun khng nh v tr ca mnh trn th trng.
Th hai, cng ngh ang pht trin vi tc chng mt. n c, cng
ngh nhn dng ging ni, cng ngh chuyn i t ch sang m (TTS) v.v..
cng khin mng truyn thng buc phi nhng ng cho NGN trong vic
tch hp cc ng dng cao cp hn, v mc tiu phc v tt nht ngi s
dng [11].
Th ba, xut pht t chnh nhu cu ny ny sinh xu th "hi t" ca cc
thit b u cui cho h tr c y cc tnh nng nh lin lc, truy xut
96
thng tin, gii tr v.v... trong khi vn m bo c tnh di ng. Mng
Internet chc chn s vn ng vai tr l ngun cung cp thng tin chnh. Tuy
nhin, mng truyn ti ng vai tr trung gian chc chn s phi l NGN.
3.5.2 Thun li v kh khn khi trin khai IPTV trn nn NGN
Thun li
Mng NGN c 4 c im chnh ( cng chnh l nhng u im ca mng
ny):
1. Nn tng l h thng mng m.
2. Mng NGN l do mng dch v thc y, nhng dch v phi thc
hin c lp vi mng li.
3. Mng NGN l mng chuyn mch gi, da trn mt giao thc thng
nht.
4. L mng c dung lng ngy cng tng v tnh thch ng cng ngy
cng tng, c dung lng p ng nhu cu.
Do p dng c cu m m:
- Cc khi chc nng ca tng i truyn thng chia thnh cc phn t
mng c lp, cc phn t c phn theo chc nng tng ng v pht trin
mt cch c lp.
- Giao din v giao thc gia cc b phn phi da trn cc tiu chun
tng ng.
Vic phn tch lm cho mng vin thng vn c dn dn i theo hng
mi, nh kinh doanh c th cn c vo nhu cu dch v t t hp cc phn
t khi t chc mng li. Vic tiu chun ha giao thc gia cc phn t c
th thc hin ni thng gia cc mng c cu hnh khc nhau.
Tip n, mng NGN l mng dch v thc y, vi c im ca:
97
Chia tch dch v vi iu khin cuc gi.
Chia tch cuc gi vi truyn ti.
Mc tiu chnh ca chia tch l lm cho dch v thc s c lp vi
mng, thc hin mt cch linh hot v c hiu qu vic cung cp dch v.
Thu bao c th t b tr v xc nh c trng dch v ca mnh, khng
quan tm n mng truyn ti dch v v loi hnh u cui. iu lm cho
vic cung cp dch v v ng dng c tnh linh hot cao.
Th ba, NGN l mng chuyn mch gi, giao thc thng nht. Mng thng tin
hin nay, d l mng vin thng, mng my tnh hay mng truyn hnh cp,
u khng th ly mt trong cc mng lm nn tng xy dng c s h
tng thng tin. Nhng my nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh
IP, ngi ta mi nhn thy r rng l mng vin thng, mng my tnh v
mng truyn hnh cp cui cng ri cng tch hp trong mt mng IP thng
nht, l xu th ln m ngi ta thng gi l dung hp ba mng. Giao
thc IP lm cho cc dch v ly IP lm c s u c th thc hin ni thng
cc mng khc nhau
Kh khn
Khi trin khai cng ngh IPTV trn nn NGN s gp phi mt s nhng
kh khn, thch thc (m cng chnh l nhng kh khn ln nht vi mng
NGN):
V cht lng dch v
Tch hp m thanh, d liu trong mt mng li yu cu m bo cht
lng m thanh c truyn ti cng nh yu cu t ra i vi vic truyn
ti d liu. y thc s l mt thch thc kh khn v mt cng ngh v n
c, mng d liu khng c thit k dnh ring phc v truyn ti m thanh.
98
B nh tuyn Internet khng c n lc c bit no m bo rng cc
cuc gi s m bo tnh ng u v mt cht lng truyn ti. B nh
tuyn ch gip phn lung cc gi tin cng nhanh cng tt. Chnh v vy, tng
gi tin phi chu tr khc nhau, i khi tht lc - nh hng trc tip ti
cht lng m thanh.
V qun l
Hin ti x hi con ngi ph thuc rt nhiu vo mng in thoi. Chng
ta lun c cm gic yn tm rng bt c lc no chng ta cng c th nhc
my v gi nhng s khn cp nh cha chy hoc cnh st. Tuy nhin, rt t
ngi c gan giao ph tnh mng mnh cho mng Internet. Nhng trc
trc s khng l g khi xy ra trong mt phm vi hp nhng s tr thnh vn
khi c trin khai p dng quy m ln.
Trong qu trnh chuyn tip
Thch thc thc s nm nhu cu m bo s chuyn tip t mng truyn
thng sang NGN. Mt trong nhng tr ngi in hnh l tnh tng thch gia
mng mi ra i v mng trin khai.
V bo mt
Thch thc v bo mt xut pht mt phn ngay c ch phn tng ng
dng (layering of applications): bao gm thoi v d liu. Trong mng PSTN,
cc cu lnh c truyn ti trong cc mng tn hiu ring bit nn d kim
sot. Trong khi i vi NGN v hu ht cc cng (gateway) u c kh
nng truyn ti m thanh v d liu. Bn cnh , v nguyn tc ni dung
c truyn ti trong mng cn c chia s trn ton cu. Chnh s ho trn
ny khin cng tc bo mt kh khn hn nhiu.
V kinh t
99
Trin khai mng NGN pht sinh thch thc v mt kinh t i vi cc nh
cung cp dch v m gc r ca vn l s tt gi lin tc ca bng thng.
Hin ti, hu ht cc nh cung cp dch v u khai thc trn mng tn ti
sn, mt thi gian sau khi mng mi trin khai, vic giao tip tc cao - thi
gian thc tr nn ph bin th ngi dng s t ra yu cu c s dng
min ph.
a phn cc nh cung cp dch v nhn thy xu th v trin vng ca
NGN. c u t, h phi m bo 2 yu t l vn u t v s kin tr
(ch c hi). Nh cung cp cng cn e ngi v "chn" ca cng ngh s tr
gip h trong qu trnh chuyn sang NGN. Trong qu trnh ch i, nh cung
cp buc phi lin tc nng cp cng ngh, thit b m bo tnh cnh
tranh. Chnh v vy, kh m "dc ton lc" chuyn sang NGN [11].
3.5.3. Tnh hnh trin khai NGN Vit nam
Thng 12/2003, Tng Cng ty Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam (VNPT)
lp t xong giai on 1 mng vin thng th h mi - New Generation
Network (NGN) v i vo vn hnh thnh cng. y l mng c h tng
thng tin duy nht da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi (packet- switch), c
VNPT chn la thay th cng ngh chuyn mch knh (circuit -switch).
y l mng s dng cng ngh chuyn mch gi vi c tnh linh hot, ng
dng nhng tin b ca cng ngh thng tin v cng ngh truyn dn quang
bng rng nn tch hp c dch v thoi v dch v truyn s liu.
Song song vi vic thit lp lp chuyn ti trc v vng, VNPT v ang
gp rt trin khai lp truy nhp ca mng NGN vi cc Media Gateway v h
thng bng rng cng ngh xDSL h tr cc kt ni ADSL v SHDSL. Vi h
tng mng xDSL ny, VNPT cung cp dch v truy nhp Internet bng
100
rng MegaVNN ti nhiu tnh, thnh ph trn c nc. Ch tnh n nm
2005, c nc c khong 180.000 cng xDSL [11].

Chng 4 IPTV vit nam

4.1 Tnh hnh pht trin dch v IPTV
4.1.1 Tnh hnh pht trin dch v IPTV trong khu vc
Cui thp k trc, cng s pht trin ca cc dch v truyn hnh v tinh,
s tng trng ca dch v truyn hnh cp s, v c bit l s ra i ca
HDTV li du n i vi lnh vc truyn hnh. Tuy nhin, hin nay trn
th gii xut hin mt phng thc cung cp dch v mi cn mnh hn vi
e da s lm lung lay mi th c. Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)
ra i, da trn s hu thun ca ngnh vin thng, c bit l mng bng
rng, IPTV d dng cung cp nhiu hot ng tng tc hn, to nn s cnh
tranh mnh m hn cho cc doanh nghip kinh doanh dch v truyn hnh.
Hng In-Stat, mt hng nghin cu th trng cng ngh cao c uy tn, gn
y d bo rng th trng cc dch v IP Video ti khu vc chu - Thi
Bnh Dng s tng trng ti gn 80% mi nm t nay n nm 2010 v s
to ra mt th trng 4,2 t USD. Hng ny cng d on chu s chim ti
mt na trong tng s thu bao TV ca cc cng ty in thoi trn ton th
gii vo nm 2009 vi tng s thu bao ti thiu 32 triu [11]. Cc s liu
ny cho thy trong nhng nm cn li ca thp k ny, IPTV s tr thnh mt
dch v c th trng rng ln trn ton cu vi chu tip tc dn u trong
101
vic thu ht khch hng. Cc con s ny cng cho thy y l mt th trng
nng ng vi rt nhiu c hi cho cc nh cung cp dch v truyn hnh c
m hnh kinh doanh, hnh thc cung cp dch v v cng ngh hp l.
Informa Telecoms & Media d bo IPTV s c s dng bi trn 35% cc
h gia nh s dng dch v truyn hnh s Hng Kng vo nm 2010, con
s ny s gn tng ng vi s h gia nh dng dch v truyn hnh cp
(khong 37%). Cng ty ny cng d bo s c n 13% cc h s dng dch
v truyn hnh s Singapore s nhn tn hiu truyn hnh s thng qua
ng dy DSL ca h, iu ny lm cho IPTV tr thnh mt nn tng truy
nhp s ph bin hn rt nhiu so vi truyn hnh s mt t (DDT). Informa
cng d bo rng DSL s chim ti 9,2% cc h gia nh s dng truyn hnh
s c, 6,2% New Zealand, 5,8% i Loan, 5,7% Nht Bn v 4,2%
Hn Quc [11]. Truyn hnh cp vn s thng tr n nm 2010, nhng sau
IPTV s thc s l i th cnh tranh vi truyn hnh s mt t v v tinh
i vi ngi xem truyn hnh chu .
S pht trin ca IPTV chc chn s nhanh hn, nhng vi s s ha ca
truyn hnh cp v v tinh, cc nh cung cp s phi cnh tranh ginh
c khch hng mi. Ty thuc vo th trng c th, cc nh khai thc dch
v IPTV s phi b sung vo dch v truyn hnh qung b nhiu knh vi vic
m rng cung cp cc dch v nh VoD, Replay-TV (network DVR), In-home
DVR, Multi-room Service, v.v... PCCW Hng Kng, nh cung cp dch v
IPTV ln nht th gii vi trn 500.000 thu bao, a HDTV v VoD vo
cung cp trn mng DSL ca mnh. SOFTBANK ca Nht Bn cng nhm
n xy dng ni dung ln n 5.000 gi cho cc phim truyn Nht Bn v
Holywood trn dch v DSL/FTTH Video-On-Demand [11].
102
4.1.2 Tnh hnh pht trin dch v IPTV ti Vit Nam
Ti Vit Nam, hin c nhiu nh khai thc dch v vin thng ln ang
cnh tranh nhau nhm cung cp cho khch hng cc dch v bng rng vi
cht lng cao v gi r. H cng nhn ra xu hng pht trin ca truyn
hnh trc tuyn v VoD ang c nhng bc i mnh m. Mt s Website
cung cp th nghim cc chung trnh truyn hnh trc tuyn ca
VietNamNet, Cng ty VTC, i truyn hnh thnh ph H Ch Minh ghi
nhn s lng truy cp rt ln, cho thy sc hp dn ca dch v ny i vi
cng chng.
Tuy nhin, cho n nay ti Vit Nam mi ch c FPT Telecom l doanh
nghip vin thng u tin chnh thc khai thc v cung cp dch v IPTV
trn h thng mng bng rng ADSL/ADSL2+ t ngy 03/03/2006 sau mt
nm th nghim v hin ti c 500 khch hng th nghim u tin. FPT
Telecom mua cc thit b nhn sng t v tinh truyn trn mng v cng
k kt bn quyn t VTV v HTV pht sng 32 knh truyn hnh trn
Internet phc v cho cc khch hng ca FPT. Hin FPT ang tm kim
cc phng thc hp tc tng t nh vi VTC c thm mt s knh phim
truyn ca i ny. Vi mt thu bao ADSL 2+ ca FPT, khch hng c th
xem mt lc 3 knh truyn hnh ng thi. Hin FPT ang c gn 100.000
thu bao ADSL, FPT s cung cp dch v gi tr gia tng IPTV cho cc khch
hng ny. Ngoi FPT, cc doanh nghip khc nh VNPT, Viettel cng ang
chun b cho qu trnh trin khai dch v IPTV trn mng bng rng [11].
4.2 Kh nng trin khai cng ngh IPTV ti Vit Nam
4.2.1 Nhu cu th trng
nh gi nhu cu ca th trng (khch hng) i vi dch v IPTV,
nh cung cp ni dung VASC t chc mt cuc thm d nhu cu ti 04
103
thnh ph H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh, Nng, Hi Phng. Mc tiu
ca cuc thm d nhm nghin cu th trng trn cc mt: tm hiu thi
quen gii tr cc loi ca cng chng, tm hiu mc chp nhn ca cng
chng i vi dch v truyn hnh trc tuyn, video theo yu cu v cc cc
dch v gi tr gia tng ca IPTV: tng, gi c, d bo nhu cu s dng
dch v IPTV, phn tch d liu thu c nhm xut cc nh hng kinh
doanh cho dch v [11].
i tng nghin cu: Tp trung kho st cc i tng l cc c nhn
trong tui 18 - 50 c quan tm n dch v gii tr truyn hnh v bit s
dng internet trn c nc, ring i tng c phng vn trc tip ch gii
hn 4 a bn tiu biu l H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh, Hi Phng v
Nng. S lng kho st trc tip c phn b tng a bn nh sau:
thnh ph H Ni 301 mu, thnh ph H Ch Minh 301 mu, thnh ph
Nng 209 mu, thnh ph Hi Phng 200 mu [11].
Kt qu thm d nhu cu th trng: X hi cng pht trin, nhu cu gii tr
ca ngi dn cng cao. Hu ht cc gia nh u c TV v u a DVD,
VCD, CD. Thi quen xem TV/phim, nghe nhc ti nh chim phn ln thi
gian gii tr. Ti 4 thnh ph c kho st, gn 1/3 ngi dn c nhu cu
truy cp Internet v khong 1/8 dn chng c thi quen xem phim ti rp v
chi Video game. Mt na i tng kho st c ng k s dng truyn hnh
cp/k thut s cho thy ngi dn rt hng th vi cc loi hnh dch v gii
tr truyn hnh, c bit l hnh thc dch v Tivi c tr tin. Th phn ca cc
nh cung cp dch v l khc nhau, nhng xt mt cch tng th th cc nh
cung cp dch v truyn hnh cp/k thut s p ng c hn 70% nhu
cu gii tr truyn hnh ca khch hng. Gn mt na khch hng hi lng vi
104
nh cung cp dch v nh s a dng v cc knh v chng trnh truyn
hnh, 1/4 cn li hi lng v cht lng ni dung chng trnh. Trong khi
c khong 1/3 khch hng mong i c thm nhiu knh truyn hnh, thuyt
minh v ph ting Vit. Chi ph cho dch v gii tr truyn hnh hin ti vo
khong 46.000 ng. Mc chi thp nht l TP. Nng gn 26.500, cao
nht l Hi Phng, khong 69.000. Cm nhn v dch v IPTV: tng
cung cp dch v truyn hnh qua Internet (IPTV), video theo yu cu (VoD)
v cc dch v cng thm ca IPTV (nh: truy cp Internet v email trn
Tivi, in thoi hin th hnh nh v in thoi VoIP, chc nng ghi chng
trnh, chi game) c ng o khch hng quan tm. Ti Nng, 90%
ngi c hi u th v vi dch v ny. K n l TP.HCM v Hi Phng
vi 81% v 80%, cui cng l H Ni vi ch hn 54% [11].
D bo nhu cu s dng dch v IPTV: Kh nng ng k s dng dch v
IPTV ti Hi Phng khng cao, cha ti 1/4 khch hng ngh s ng k s
dng dch v ny trong vng 1 nm ti. H Ni c khong 43%, Nng gn
50% v thnh ph H Ch Minh cao nht vi 55% (trong 34% mong mun
ng k trong vng 6 thng ti). Nu cn c trn thi quen gii tr ti gia nh
ca i a s ngi dn th nhu cu s dng dch v IPTV l rt cao v vic
pht trin ni dung cho cc dch v IPTV c th bt u trin khai ngay t
thi im ny, cng sm cng tt. Nh vy, xt trn gc nhu cu th trng,
a s khch hng c nhu cu s dng loi hnh dch v IPTV v sn sng tr
thm mc ph dch v c c kh nng gii tr thun tin, cht lng [11].
105
4.2.2 Kh nng p ng nhu cu dch v IPTV ca mng vin thng Vit
Nam
Vi mng bng hp truyn thng, ch mt s dch v n gin ca IPTV l
c th thc hin c. Cn c th trin khai thnh cng dch v IPTV th
mng bng rng ng vai tr tin quyt, bi v ch vi mng bng rng mi c
th bo m cung cp y bng thng theo yu cu cho cc dch v IPTV
(nh truyn hnh, Video, Games, v.v...).
Cho n nay, th trng bng rng ti Vit Nam ang trong giai on pht
trin bng n nhu cu v cn rt nhiu tim nng. S lng thu bao bng
rng ca Vit Nam t xp x 200.000 vi s tham gia ca cc nh cung
cp dch v VNPT, FPT Telecom, Viettel, SPT, ... D kin n cui nm 2006,
s lng thu bao bng rng ca Vit Nam s t khong 300.000 v n
2008 s lng ny s pht trin ln ti 800.000 n 1.000.000 thu bao [11].
ng thi vi vic trin khai cc cng ngh hu tuyn xDSL/PON v cng
ngh v tuyn bng rng (WiFi/WiMAX, CDMA, ...) ca cc nh cung cp
dch v Vit Nam, th IPTV li cng c c hi pht trin mnh m v bo
m cho s thnh cng ca loi hnh dch v mi ny.
Vic chuyn i cu trc mng li t chuyn mch knh truyn thng theo
thi gian sang mng NGN vi cng ngh chuyn mch gi l mt s chuyn
i mnh m v cng ngh, ph hp vi xu th pht trin chung ca cc nc
pht trin trn th gii. Do vy, cc nh cung cp dch v ca Vit Nam
chn NGN lm bc pht trin tip theo trong vic tm kim cc gii php
pht trin mng. Mng NGN s cho php trin khai cc dch v a dng vi
gi thnh thp, gim thiu thi gian a dch v mi ra th trng, gim chi
ph khai thc mng v dch v, ng thi nng cao hiu qu u t v to
ngun doanh thu mi ngoi doanh thu t cc dch v truyn thng. NGN cho
106
php tng cng kh nng kim sot, bo mt thng tin v tin cy trong khi
gim thiu c chi ph vn hnh. NGN c xy dng trn tiu ch m, cc
giao thc chun v giao din thn thin. NGN thng nht mng hu tuyn
truyn thng v chun truyn ti m thanh, hnh nh, d liu khng dy.
4.3 Cc kin v xut khi trin khai cng ngh IPTV ti Vit Nam
T nhng dch v m cng ngh IPTV s mang li, vi nhu cu th trng
v kh nng p ng ca mng vin thng Vit Nam. Tc gi xin a ra mt
s kin xut trin khai:
- Vi h tng mng truy nhp hu tuyn v v tuyn bng rng trn c s
mng NGN hin i m cc nh khai thc cung cp dch v ca Vit Nam
v ang hng ti xy dng th vic trin khai dch v IPTV l hp l v kh
nng bo m p ng yu cu trin khai.
- Vn bo mt v m bo cht lng ca dch v trn mi trng
Internet l cha kho u tin pht trin cng ngh IPTV.Trong bng
thng v ng truyn l thch thc ln, khi gii quyt c cc vn th
vic trin khai cng ngh ny s thnh cng.

107

Kt lun

Kt qu t c ca lun vn
Lun vn nghin cu v cng ngh truyn hnh qua mng IP, ng dng
v kh nng nh hng ca cng ngh ny cng nh cc khi nim quan trng
v cng ngh truyn hnh.
108
Tc gi tp trung trnh by nhng c tnh ca b giao thc TCP/IP v
chnh l ct li em li s hiu bit v loi truyn hnh c th c
truyn ti trong mi trng TCP/IP.
Vi mc ch ca lun vn l nghin cu v cng ngh IPTV c nh gi
kh nng trin khai, nn tc gi i su nghin cu nh gi nhu cu th
trng (khch hng) i vi dch v m cng ngh IPTV s mang li, d bo
nhu cu s dng dch v, phn tch d liu thu c nhm xut cc nh
hng th trng v pht trin c s h tng IPTV trong tng lai.
Lun vn cng gii thiu cc gii php trin khai thnh cng cng
ngh IPTV nh: c s h tng truyn thng, thit b phn cng v gii php
phn mm.
Hng pht trin ca ti
Tc gi xin cp mt s hng nghin cu trong tng lai:
Nghin cu cc ng dng trn mng bng rng ti th trng Vit Nam v
iu kin pht trin cc dch v bng rng trong thi gian ti.
Nghin cu kh nng trin khai cng ngh IPTV ti Vit Nam vi u im
dn s tr v thch s dng cng ngh mi, hi vng y s l iu kin tt
trin khai cng ngh ny.
Nghin cu thm mt s cng ngh nn mi nht gip cho vic truyn ti
Video theo nh dng MPEG-4 cht lng cao.
Ti liu tham kho
Cc ti liu
1. Gilbert Held (2006), Understanding IPTV, CRC Press
2. Lawrence Harte (2007), IPTV Basics, ISBN: 193281356X
3. William Cooper, Graham Lovelace (2006), IPTV Guide, Informitv
109
4. Cisco system (version 3), Gio trnh h thng mng my tnh CCNA,
t(1), tr.261-289.
5. Hong Tin, V c L (2000), Truyn hnh s, NXB KHKT.
6. Ths. ng Quang Dng, Cu trc d liu trong h thng Truyn hnh
cp K thut s, Tp ch Bu chnh Vin thng.
7. K.S Nguyn Vnh Nam, Gii php trin khai mng truy nhp quang
kt hp vi cng ngh xDSL, Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT-Hi ngh
Khoa hc ln th VI.
Cc website:
8. http://www.iptv-news.com
9. http://www.iptv-asia.net
10. http://www.iptvnews.net
11. http://www.tapchibcvt.gov.vn
12. http://www.planet.com.vn

Tm tt lun vn

Lun vn c trnh by thnh 4 chng:
110
Chng 1 trnh by tm tt c c nghin cu v mc ch cng nh t chc
ca lun vn
Chng 2 trnh by kin thc c bn v cc cng ngh truyn hnh v
truyn hnh qua mng IP
Chng 3 trnh by cng ngh IPTV bao gm cc cng ngh v gii php
nh: c s h tng truyn thng cho IPTV, cc thit b phn cng, cc gii
php phn mm, cc dch v gi tr gia tng v m hnh IPTV trn nn NGN.
Chng 4 tm hiu tnh hnh pht trin dch v IPTV, kh nng trin khai
v mt s kin xut khi trin khai cng ngh IPTV Vit Nam.
Trong phn kt lun a ra nhng kt qu m lun vn t c v kin
ngh v nhng nghin cu tip theo.
T kho
Cng ngh IPTV, Cng ngh xDSL, Mng bng rng, Phim theo yu
cu, Truyn hnh tng tc.

luận án IPTV

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luận án IPTV

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Lun vn tt nghip Cao hc XLTT&TT 2005 2007

Nghin cu v cng ngh truyn hnh qua mng IP

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