Compressible Flow: Continuity 1A1V1 = 2A2V2 Momentum dp = -VdV Energy cpT1 + V12 = cpT2 + V22 Incompressible Flow: Continuity

A1V1 = A2V2 Momentum (Bernoullis equation) p1 + V12 = p2 + V22 Speed Of Sound a= Speed of a gas flow measured by Pitot tube, which senses total pressure p0. For incompressible flow: V1= Shear stress at the wall, w w = ( )y=0 Laminar incompressible boundary layer, on a flat plate: =

Local Reynolds Number Re,x= Plate Reynolds Number Re,L=

Cf =

For an airfoil, the lift, drag, and moment coefficients are defined as: cl cd cm For a finite wing, the lift, drag, and moment coefficients are defined as:

Total drag coefficient for a finite wing. cd is profile drag. And is drag due to lift, (CD,i), which includes both the contributions due to induced drag and parasite drag (due to angle of attack different from L=0) CD= cd Total drag coefficient for entire aircraft: CD= cD,e is the total of wings profile drag friction and pressure drag of tail surfaces, fuselage landing gear et
CD,e

CD,0 is the parasite drag coefficient at Pressure coefficient:

zero lift
At maximum L/D & minimum thrust required, zero-lift drag equals drag due to lift. =

Compressibility correction for subsonic flow: Lift slope for a finite wing a is given by:

a0=slope from App. D a= CL a -L=0)

Mcr: free=stream Mach number at which sonic flow is first achieved at some point on a body

Thrust Required, for level unaccelerated flight: Choose a value of V and cacluate the lift coefficient: CL= Mach angle and calculate CD from

the known drag polar for the airplane: CD= CD,0 + where CD,0 is the parasite drag coefficient at zero lift TR =

Power required for level, unaccelerated flight: PR is a minimum when CL3/2/CD is a maximum PR = Power Available: PA = P =TRV

R=2 E= ( ln )max = )max =

( ( )

Rate of Climb: ( )max =

( )

R/C=

Takeoff Ground Roll: sLO =

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Power off Glide Angle: Tan= R= ( ) where h is altitude

Landing Ground Roll: sL= Load Factor n= Turn Radius in level turning flight
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Absolute ceiling is defined as the altitude where maximum R/C=0ft/min. Service ceiling is defined as the altitude where maximum R/C =100ft/min. Propeller-driven Airplane Range, R and endurance, E: R= ln

R=

Turn Rate, in level turning flight: =

Excess Power Ps = Maximum range occurs at maximum CL/CD. Maximum endurance occurs at sea level with maximum Jet-propelled Airplane