Technical Overview of 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Feb. 8, 2007
Hyung G. Myung (hgmyung@ieee.org)
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 1
Outline Outline Outline Outline
Introduction
LTE Downlink Physical Layer (OFDMA)
LTE Uplink Physical Layer (SC-FDMA)
Summary and Conclusions
LTE Physical Layer Procedures
LTE System Architecture
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 2
Disclaimer Disclaimer Disclaimer Disclaimer
3GPP LTE standardization process is still on-going at current
moment.
Many of the technical details presented here may change
or evolve into different forms.
Introduction
LTE System Architecture
LTE DL PHY Layer (OFDMA)
LTE UL PHY Layer (SC-FDMA)
LTE PHY Layer Procedures
Summary and Conclusions
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 4
3GPP Evolution 3GPP Evolution 3GPP Evolution 3GPP Evolution
Release 99 (Mar. 2000): UMTS/WCDMA
Rel-5 (Mar. 2002): HSDPA
Rel-6 (Mar. 2005): HSUPA
Rel-7 (???, 2007): DL MIMO, IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem),
optimized real-time services (VoIP, gaming, push-to-talk).
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
3GPP work on the Evolution of the 3G Mobile System started in
November 2004.
Currently, standardization in progress in the form of Rel-8.
Spec scheduled to be finalized by the end of 2007/early 2008.
Target deployment in 2010.
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 5
Requirements of LTE Requirements of LTE Requirements of LTE Requirements of LTE
Peak data rate
100 Mbps DL/ 50 Mbps UL within 20 MHz bandwidth.
Up to 200 active users in a cell (5 MHz)
Less than 5 ms user-plane latency
Mobility
Optimized for 0 ~ 15 km/h.
15 ~ 120 km/h supported with high performance.
Supported up to 350 km/h or even up to 500 km/h.
Coverage
Performance should be met for 5 km cells with slight degradation
for 30 km cells. Up to 100 km cells not precluded.
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 6
Requirements of LTE Requirements of LTE Requirements of LTE Requirements of LTE - -- - cont. cont. cont. cont.
Enhanced multimedia broadcast multicast service (E-MBMS)
Spectrum flexibility
1.25 ~ 20 MHz
Enhanced support for end-to-end QoS
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 7
Key Features of LTE Key Features of LTE Key Features of LTE Key Features of LTE
Multiple access scheme
DL: OFDMA with CP.
UL: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) with CP.
Adaptive modulation and coding
DL modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
UL modulations: QPSK and 16QAM
Rel-6 Turbo code: Coding rate of 1/3, two 8-state constituent
encoders, and a contention-free internal interleaver.
Advanced MIMO spatial multiplexing techniques
(2 or 4)x(2 or 4) downlink and uplink supported.
Multi-layer transmission with up to four streams.
Multi-user MIMO also supported.
ARQ within RLC sublayer and Hybrid ARQ within MAC sublayer.
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 8
Key Features of LTE Key Features of LTE Key Features of LTE Key Features of LTE - -- - cont. cont. cont. cont.
Power control and link adaptation
Implicit support for interference coordination
Support for both FDD and TDD
Possible support for operating as single frequency network
(SFN) to support MBMS
Time-synchronized common waveform transmitted from multiple
cells.
Introduction
LTE System Architecture
LTE DL PHY Layer (OFDMA)
LTE UL PHY Layer (SC-FDMA)
LTE PHY Layer Procedures
Summary and Conclusions
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 10
LTE Network Architecture LTE Network Architecture LTE Network Architecture LTE Network Architecture
E-UTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
NB: NodeB (base station)
RNC: Radio Network Controller
SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node
RNC RNC
SGSN
GGSN
NB NB NB NB
UMTS 3G: UTRAN
eNB
aGW
(MME/UPE)
aGW
(MME/UPE)
S1
X2
E-UTRAN
EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
eNB eNB
eNB
eNB: E-UTRAN NodeB
aGW: Access Gateway
MME: Mobility Management Entity
UPE: User Plane Entity
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 11
LTE Network Architecture LTE Network Architecture LTE Network Architecture LTE Network Architecture - -- - cont. cont. cont. cont.
ePDG
Evolved
Packet Core
GPRS Core
Trusted non 3GPP IP A
ccess
WLAN
3GPP IP
Access
S2b
WLAN
Access NW
S5b
IASA
S5a
SAE
Anchor
3GPP
Anchor
S4
SGi
Evolved RAN
S1
Op.
IP
Serv.
(IMS,
PSS,
etc)
Rx+
GERAN
UTRAN
Gb
Iu
S3
MME
UPE
HSS
PCRF
S7
S6
SGSN
S2a
* 3GPP TR 23.882
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 12
eNB
LTE Network Architecture LTE Network Architecture LTE Network Architecture LTE Network Architecture - -- - cont. cont. cont. cont.
eNB
All radio-related functions.
MME
Manage/store UE control
plane context.
UE authentication.
Mobility management.
UPE
Manage/store UE context.
Packet routing/forwarding.
aGW
(MME/UPE)
aGW
(MME/UPE)
S1
X2
E-UTRAN
EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
eNB eNB
eNB
eNB: E-UTRAN NodeB
aGW: Access Gateway
MME: Mobility Management Entity
UPE: User Plane Entity
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 13
LTE Network Architecture LTE Network Architecture LTE Network Architecture LTE Network Architecture - -- - cont. cont. cont. cont.
internet
eNB
RB Control
Connection
Mobility Cont.
eNB
Measurement
Configuration &
Provision
Dynamic
Resource
Allocation
(Scheduler)
RRC
PHY
MME
UPE
S1
MAC
PDCP
Inter Cell RRM
Radio
Admission
Control
RLC
E-UTRAN aGW
U-Plane
Protocol
Stack
C-Plane
Protocol
Stack
PDCP: Packet Data Convergence Protocol
NAS: Non-Access Stratum
* Details in 3GPP TS 36.300
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 14
PHY Layer Transport Channels PHY Layer Transport Channels PHY Layer Transport Channels PHY Layer Transport Channels
DL transport channel types
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
Multicast Channel (MCH)
UL transport channel types
Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 15
PHY Layer Model for Transport Channel PHY Layer Model for Transport Channel PHY Layer Model for Transport Channel PHY Layer Model for Transport Channel
Example: DL-SCH
CRC
RB mapping
Coding + RM
Data modulation
Interl.
CRC
Resource mapping
Coding + RM
QPSK, 16QAM,
64QAM Data modulation
Interleaving
HARQ
M
A
C

s
c
h
e
d
u
l
e
r
N Transport blocks
(dynamic size S
1
..., S
N
)
Node B
Redundancy for
data detection
Redundancy for
error detection
Multi-antenna
processing
Resource/power
assignment
Modulation
scheme
Redundancy
version
Antenna
mapping
HARQ info
ACK/NACK
Channel-state
information, etc.
Antenna mapping
CRC
RB mapping
Coding + RM
Data modulation
Interl.
CRC
Resource demapping
Decoding + RM
Data demodulation
Deinterleaving
HARQ
UE
HARQ info
ACK/NACK
Antenna demapping
Error
indications
CRC
RB mapping
Coding + RM
Data modulation
Interl.
CRC
Resource mapping
Coding + RM
QPSK, 16QAM,
64QAM Data modulation
Interleaving
HARQ
M
A
C

s
c
h
e
d
u
l
e
r
N Transport blocks
(dynamic size S
1
..., S
N
)
Node B
Redundancy for
data detection
Redundancy for
error detection
Multi-antenna
processing
Resource/power
assignment
Modulation
scheme
Redundancy
version
Antenna
mapping
HARQ info
ACK/NACK
Channel-state
information, etc.
Antenna mapping
CRC
RB mapping
Coding + RM
Data modulation
Interl.
CRC
Resource demapping
Decoding + RM
Data demodulation
Deinterleaving
HARQ
UE
HARQ info
ACK/NACK
Antenna demapping
Error
indications
RM: Rate Matching
UE: User Equipment (Mobile Terminal)
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 16
LTE Frame Structure LTE Frame Structure LTE Frame Structure LTE Frame Structure
Two radio frame structures defined.
Generic frame structure: FDD and TDD.
Alternative frame structure: TDD only.
Generic radio frame has duration of 10 ms. It consists of 20
slots. A slot has a duration of 0.5 ms. 2 slots comprise a
subframe.
A resource block (RB) spans 12 subcarriers over a slot duration
of 0.5 ms. One subcarrier has bandwidth of 15 kHz.

#0 #0 #1 #1 #2 #2 #3 #3 #19 #19
One slot, T
slot
= 15360T
s
= 0.5 ms
One radio frame, T
f
= 307200T
s
=10 ms
#18 #18
One subframe
* T
s
= 1/(150002048) sec
* Generic radio frame structure
a.k.a. TTI (Transmission Time Interval)
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 17
LTE Layer 2 LTE Layer 2 LTE Layer 2 LTE Layer 2
Layer 2 has three sublayers
MAC (Medium Access Control)
RLC (Radio Link Control)
PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol)
Multiplexing
...
HARQ
Scheduling / Priority Handling
Transport Channels
MAC
RLC
PDCP
Segm.
ARQ
Segm.
ARQ
Logical Channels
Radio Bearers
ROHC ROHC
SAE Bearers
Securtiy Security
DL UL
ROHC: Robust Header Compression
SAE: System Architecture Evolution
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 18
MAC MAC MAC MAC- -- -Layer Logical Channels Layer Logical Channels Layer Logical Channels Layer Logical Channels
Control channels: Transfer of control-plane information.
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH), Paging Control Channel
(PCCH), Common Control Channel (CCCH), Multicast Control
Channel (MCCH; only used for MBMS), Dedicated Control
Channel (DCCH)
Traffic channels: Transfer of user-plane information.
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) and Multicast Traffic Channel
(MTCH; only used for MBMS).
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 19
RRC Layer RRC Layer RRC Layer RRC Layer
Terminated in eNB on the network side.
Functions
Broadcast
Paging
RRC connection management
RB (Radio Bearer) management
Mobility functions
UE measurement reporting and control
RRC states
RRC_IDLE
RRC_CONNECTED
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 20
MAC and RRC Control MAC and RRC Control MAC and RRC Control MAC and RRC Control
Integrity protected
Ciphering (FFS)
No integrity protection
No ciphering
No integrity protection
No ciphering
Security
High Limited None or very limited Extensibility
Longer Short Very short Control delay
~ 10
-6
(after ARQ) ~ 10
-3
(after HARQ) ~ 10
-2
(no retransmission) Signalling reliability
RRC message MAC control PDU L1/L2 control channel Signalling
RRC MAC Control entity
RRC control MAC control
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 21
Resource Scheduling of Shared Channels Resource Scheduling of Shared Channels Resource Scheduling of Shared Channels Resource Scheduling of Shared Channels
Dynamic resource scheduler
resides in eNB on MAC layer.
Radio resource assignment based
on radio condition, traffic volume,
and QoS requirements.
Radio resource assignment
consists of:
Physical Resource Block (PRB)
Modulation and Coding Scheme
(MCS)
F
i
x
e
d
D
y
n
a
m
i
c
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 22
Radio Resource Management Radio Resource Management Radio Resource Management Radio Resource Management
Radio bearer control (RBC)
Radio admission control (RAC)
Connection mobility control (CMC)
Dynamic resource allocation (DRA) or packet scheduling (PS)
Inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC)
Load balancing (LB)
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 23
Other Features Other Features Other Features Other Features
ARQ (RLC) and HARQ (MAC)
Mobility
Rate control
DRX (Discontinuous Reception)
MBMS
QoS
Security
Overview of 3GPP LTE
LTE System Architecture
LTE DL PHY Layer (OFDMA)
LTE UL PHY Layer (SC-FDMA)
LTE PHY Layer Procedures
Summary and Conclusions
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 25
DL Overview DL Overview DL Overview DL Overview
DL physical channels
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH)
DL physical signals
Reference signal (RS)
Synchronization signal
DL baseband signal generation

OFDM
Mapper
OFDM signal
generation
Layer
Mapper
Layer
Mapper
Scrambling
Precoding
Modulation
Mapper
Modulation
Mapper
Modulation
Mapper
Modulation
Mapper
OFDM
Mapper
OFDM signal
generation
Scrambling
Related to MIMO transmission
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 26
DL Slot Structure DL Slot Structure DL Slot Structure DL Slot Structure

One downlink slot, T
slot
s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
N
B
W
D
L
s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
N
B
W
D
L
N
B
W
D
L
Resource element
OFDM symbols
DL
symb
N
OFDM symbols
DL
symb
N
O
n
e

r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e

b
l
o
c
k
,

N
B
W
s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
R
B
O
n
e

r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e

b
l
o
c
k
,

N
B
W
s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
R
B
(16.67/512
)
(16.67/384
)
(16.67/256
)
(16.67/128
)
(16.67/64) (16.67/32) Long
(4.69/144)
6,
(5.21/160)
1
(4.69/108)
6,
(5.21/120)
1
(4.69/72)
6,
(5.21/80)
1
(4.69/36)
6,
(5.21/40)
1
(4.69/18)
6,
(5.21/20)
1
(4.69/9)
6,
(5.21/10)
1*
Short CP
length
( s/sam
ples)
7/6
Number of
OFDM symbols
per sub frame
(Short/Long CP)
1201 901 601 301 151 76
Number of
occupied
sub-carriers
2048 1536 1024 512 256 128 FFT size
30.72 MHz
(8 3.84
MHz)
23.04 MHz
(6 3.84
MHz)
15.36 MHz
(4 3.84
MHz)
7.68 MHz
(2 3.84
MHz)
3.84 MHz
1.92 MHz
(1/2 3.84
MHz)
Sampling
frequency
15 kHz
Sub-carrier
spacing
0.5 ms Slot duration
20 MHz 15 MHz 10 MHz 5 MHz 2.5 MHz 1.25 MHz Transmission BW

#0 #0 #1 #1 #2 #2 #3 #3 #19 #19
One slot, T
slot
= 15360T
s
= 0.5 ms
One radio frame, T
f
= 307200T
s
=10 ms
#18 #18
One subframe
* 3GPP TR 25.814
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 27
DL Reference Signal DL Reference Signal DL Reference Signal DL Reference Signal

R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
0 = l 6 = l 0 = l 6 = l
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
0 = l 6 = l 0 = l 6 = l
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
0 = l 6 = l 0 = l 6 = l
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
0 = l 6 = l 0 = l 6 = l
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
0 = l 6 = l 0 = l 6 = l
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
0 = l 6 = l 0 = l 6 = l
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
0 = l 6 = l 0 = l 6 = l
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
0 = l 6 = l 0 = l 6 = l
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
R
3
R
3
R
3
R
3
0 = l 6 = l 0 = l 6 = l
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
R
0
R
0
R
0
R
0
0 = l 6 = l 0 = l 6 = l
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
0 = l 6 = l 0 = l 6 = l
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
R
2
R
2
R
2
R
2
0 = l 6 = l 0 = l 6 = l
O
n
e

v
i
r
t
u
a
l

a
n
t
e
n
n
a
T
w
o

v
i
r
t
u
a
l

a
n
t
e
n
n
a
s
F
o
u
r

v
i
r
t
u
a
l

a
n
t
e
n
n
a
s
Antenna 0 Antenna 1 Antenna 2 Antenna 3
Not used for transmission on this antenna
Reference symbols on this antenna
( ) l k, element Resource
*For generic frame with normal CP
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 28
DL Reference Signal DL Reference Signal DL Reference Signal DL Reference Signal - -- - cont. cont. cont. cont.
2D RS sequence is generated as the symbol-by-symbol
product of a 2D orthogonal sequence (OS) and a 2D pseudo
-random sequence (PRS).
3 different 2D OS and ~170 different PRS.
Each cell (sector) ID corresponds to a unique combination of on
e OS and one PRS ~510 unique cell IDs.
CDM of RS for cells (sectors)of the same eNodeB (BS)
Use complex orthogonal spreading codes.
FDM of RS for each antenna in case of MIMO
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 29
DL MIMO DL MIMO DL MIMO DL MIMO
Support up to 4x4 configuration.
Support for both spatial multiplexing (SM) and Tx diversity (TxD).
SM
Unitary precoding based scheme with codebook based feedback
from user.
Multiple codewords
TxD: SFBC/STBC, switched TxD, CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity)
considered.
MU-MIMO supported.
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 30
Basic Idea of Unitary Basic Idea of Unitary Basic Idea of Unitary Basic Idea of Unitary Precoding Precoding Precoding Precoding
Parallel decomposition of a MIMO channel
1
x
2
x
t
N
x
1
y
2
y
r
N
y
11
h
21
h
1
r
N
h
r t
N N
h
11 1
1 1 1
1
t
r r r t t r
N
N N N N N N
h h
y x n
y h h x n
y H x n
| | | | | | | |
| | | |
= +
| | | |
| | | |
\ \ \ \
= +

H H
H H H H
I
H H H
x n
y
H UDV y UDV x n
U y U U DV x U n
U y D
y x
U
D
V n
n
x
=
= = +
= +
= +
= +

* Narrowband channel
I. E. Telatar, Capacity of Multi-Antenna Gaussian Channels, Europ. Trans. Telecommu., vol. 10, Nov./Dec. 1999, pp. 585-595.
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 31
Practical Unitary Practical Unitary Practical Unitary Practical Unitary Precoding Precoding Precoding Precoding System System System System
For subcarrier k (total of M subcarrriers).
Unitary
Precoding
MIMO Channel
H
k
Receiver
Feedback
Processing:
(Averaging
& quantization of V
k
s)

k
X

k k k
X V X =

k k
H X
k
N
k
Y
k
Z
( ) F

( )
k k
V F V =
{ }
{ }

(Estimation of ) , ; 0, , 1 , ; 0, , 1 = = = = = =

H
k k k k k k k
H H U D V V V k M V V k M
Overview of 3GPP LTE
LTE System Architecture
LTE DL PHY Layer (OFDMA)
LTE UL PHY Layer (SC-FDMA)
LTE PHY Layer Procedures
Summary and Conclusions
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 33
Single Carrier FDMA Single Carrier FDMA Single Carrier FDMA Single Carrier FDMA
What is Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)?
Utilizes single carrier modulation and frequency domain
equalization.
Has similar performance and essentially the same overall structur
e as those of OFDMA system. Also, referred to as DFT-spread
OFDMA.
Has low PAPR because of its inherent single carrier transmitter
structure.
An attractive alternative to OFDMA, especially in the uplink
communications where lower PAPR greatly benefits the mobile
terminal in terms of transmit power efficiency.
For more technical information, a tutorial is available at
http://hgmyung.googlepages.com/scfdma .
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 34
UL Overview UL Overview UL Overview UL Overview
LB #0
C
P
LB #1
C
P
LB #2
C
P
LB #3
C
P
LB #4
C
P
LB #6
C
P
1 slot = 0.5 ms
LB #5
C
P
Used for RS
UL physical channels
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
UL physical signals
Reference signal (RS)
Random access preamble

#0 #0 #1 #1 #2 #2 #3 #3 #19 #19
One slot, T
slot
= 15360T
s
= 0.5 ms
One radio frame, T
f
= 307200T
s
=10 ms
#18 #18
One subframe
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 35
UL Signal Generation UL Signal Generation UL Signal Generation UL Signal Generation
Serial-to-
Parallel
M-
point
IDFT
N-
point
DFT
Zeros
{ }
0 1 1
, ,
N
x x x

Parallel-to-
Serial
{ }
0 1 1
, ,
M
x x x


Subcarrier
Mapping
s
u
b
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
0
M
-
1
Zeros

Modulation
mapper
Modulation
mapper
SC-FDMA
mapper
SC-FDMA
mapper
SC-FDMA
signal gen.
SC-FDMA
signal gen.
Scrambling
One Block
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 36
UL Transmission Parameters UL Transmission Parameters UL Transmission Parameters UL Transmission Parameters
(3.65/7)
or (7.81/15)
33.33/38/64 66.67/75/128 0.5 1.25
(3.91/15)
or (5.99/23)
33.33/75/128 66.67/150/256 0.5 2.5
(4.04/31)
or (5.08/39)
33.33/150/256 66.67/300/512 0.5 5
(4.1/63)
or (4.62/71)
33.33/300/512 66.67/600/1024 0.5 10
(4.12/95)
or (4.47/103)
33.33/450/768 66.67/900/1536 0.5 15
(4.13/127)
or (4.39/135)
33.33/600/1024 66.67/1200/2048 0.5 20
CP duration
( s/# of subcarriers)
SB size ( s/# of
occupied subcarriers
/FFT size)
LB size ( s/# of
occupied subcarriers
/FFT size)
Slot duration
(ms)
Bandwidth
(MHz)
* 3GPP TR 25.814
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 37
UL Reference Signal UL Reference Signal UL Reference Signal UL Reference Signal
Two types of UL RS
Demodulation (DM) RS Narrowband.
Sounding RS: Used for UL resource scheduling Broadband.
RS based on Zadoff-Chu CAZAC (Constant Amplitude Zero
Auto-Correlation) polyphase sequence
CAZAC sequence: Constant amplitude, zero circular auto-
correlation, flat frequency response, and low circular cross-
correlation between two different sequences.
2
2 , 0,1,2, , 1; for even
2
( 1)
2 , 0,1,2, , 1; for odd
2
k
r k
j qk k L L
L
r k k
j qk k L L
L
e
a
e

| |
+ =
|
|
\
+
| |
+ =
|
\
=

* r is any integer relatively prime

with L and q is any integer.
B. M. Popovic, Generalized Chirp-like Polyphase Sequences with Optimal Correlation Properties,
IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. 38, Jul. 1992, pp. 1406-1409.
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 38
UL RS Multiplexing UL RS Multiplexing UL RS Multiplexing UL RS Multiplexing
subcarriers
User 1
User 2
User 3
subcarriers
FDM Pilots CDM Pilots
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 39
UL RS Multiplexing UL RS Multiplexing UL RS Multiplexing UL RS Multiplexing - -- - cont. cont. cont. cont.
DM RS
For SIMO: FDM between different users.
For SU-MIMO: CDM between RS from each antenna
For MU-MIMO: CDM between RS from each antenna
Sounding RS
CDM when there is only one sounding bandwidth.
CDM/FDM when there are multiple sounding bandwidths.
Overview of 3GPP LTE
LTE System Architecture
LTE DL PHY Layer (OFDMA)
LTE UL PHY Layer (SC-FDMA)
LTE PHY Layer Procedures
Summary and Conclusions
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 41
Cell Search Cell Search Cell Search Cell Search
Cell search: Mobile terminal or user equipment (UE) acquires
time and frequency synchronization with a cell and detects
the cell ID of that cell.
Based on BCH (Broadcast Channel) signal and hierarchical SCH
(Synchronization Channel) signals.
P-SCH (Primary-SCH) and S-SCH (Secondary-SCH) are transmitt
ed twice per radio frame
(10 ms) for FDD.
Cell search procedure
1. 5 ms timing identified using P-SCH.
2. Radio timing and group ID found from S-SCH.
3. Full cell ID found from DL RS.
4. Decode BCH.
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 42
Cell Search Cell Search Cell Search Cell Search - -- - cont. cont. cont. cont.
Cell site with 20-MHz transmission bandwidth
SCH
Center carrier frequency
Step 1:
Cell search using synchronization
channel
detect center 1.25 spectrum of
entire 20-MHz spectrum
Example: 10-MHz UE in 20-MHz cell site, SCH bandwidth = 1.25 MHz and BCH bandwidth = 1.25 MHz
Step 2:
BCH reception
BCH
BCH
reception
Initiate data transmission
using assigned spectrum
Step 3:
UE shifts to the center carrier frequency
assigned by the system and initiates
data transmission
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 43
Random Access Random Access Random Access Random Access
Non-synchronized random access.
Open loop power controlled with power ramping similar to
WCDMA.
RACH signal bandwidth: 1.08 MHz (6 RBs)
Preamble based on CAZAC sequence.
CP Preamble
T
CP
T
GP
RA slot = 1 ms
* T
CP
= 0.1 ms, T
GP
= 0.1 ms
UE eNB
Random Access Preamble 1
Random Access Response 2
Scheduled Transmission 3
Contention Resolution 4
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 44
Other Procedures Other Procedures Other Procedures Other Procedures
Synchronization procedures
Radio link monitoring
Inter-Cell synchronization for MBMS
Transmission timing adjustments
Power control for DL and UL
UE procedure for CQI (Channel Quality Indication) reporting
UE procedure for MIMO feedback reporting
UE sounding procedure
Overview of 3GPP LTE
LTE System Architecture
LTE DL PHY Layer (OFDMA)
LTE UL PHY Layer (SC-FDMA)
LTE PHY Layer Procedures
Summary and Conclusions
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 46
Summary and Conclusions Summary and Conclusions Summary and Conclusions Summary and Conclusions
On-going standardization in the form of 3GPP Release 8.
Spec by the end of 2007/early 2008 and target deployment in
2010.
LTE air-interface.
Downlink: OFDMA
Uplink: SC-FDMA
Support for both FDD and TDD.
Flexible spectrum allocation (1.25 ~ 20 MHz).
Advanced MIMO system.
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 47
References and Resources References and Resources References and Resources References and Resources
http://hgmyung.googlepages.com/scfdma
LTE & SC-FDMA references
LTE and SC-FDMA
H. Ekstrmet al., Technical Solutions for the 3G Long-Term
Evolution, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 44, no. 3, March 2006, pp.
3845
H. G. Myung et al., Single Carrier FDMA Technique for Uplink
Wireless Transmission, IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, Sep.
2006
H. G. Myung, Single Carrier Orthogonal Multiple Access
Technique for Broadband Wireless Communications, PhD
Dissertation, Polytechnic University
3GPP LTE Activities
http://www.3gpp.org/tb/home.htm
RAN WG1: Layer 1
RAN WG2: Layer 2 & 3
Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Feb. 8, 07 | Hyung G. Myung 48
References and Resources References and Resources References and Resources References and Resources - -- - cont. cont. cont. cont.
3GPP Release 8 Spec
http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm
36.201: Physical layer; General description
36.211: Physical Channels and Modulation
36.212: Multiplexing and channel coding
36.213: Physical layer procedures
36.214: Physical layer; Measurements
36.300: E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description (layer 2&3 info)
36.401: E-UTRAN; Architecture description
http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/25814.htm(old)
3GPP LTE Layer 1 Contribution Papers (Tdoc)
http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/Meetings-R1.htm