. Cch gi tn enzym Hin nay ngi ta tm c hn 2.000 loi enzym xc tc cho hn 2.000 phn ng khc nhau.

. Con s ngy cng c tng thm. My trm enzym phn lp c rt tinh khit, trong s ny c trn 150 loi tinh th ho c (tc l kh ng nht v thnh phn). Nhm enzym tiu ho c nghin cu u tin nn mang nhng tn gi tu tin v d nh pepsin, trypsin, chimozin, phanh... Nm 1898 Duy-c-l ra qui tc gi enzym theo tn La tinh ca c cht hoc ca phn ng sau khi thm v ng "ase" vo gc ch. T ta c tn gi: Amylum - Amylase (enzym phn gii tinh bt) Protein - Proteinase (enzym phn gii protein) U re - Urease (enzym phn gii ur) Oxy - Oxydase (enzym oxy ho) Hydrogen - Hydrogenase (enzym thu phn) Metyl - Metylferase (enzym vn chuyn nhm CH3) 2. Phn loi enzym C nhiu cch phn loi enzym, c th da vo bn cht ho hc ca enzym, cng c th da vo kiu xc tc ca enzym phn loi enzym. 2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht ho hc Nh chng ta bit bn cht ho hc ca enzym l protein. Cho nn, nu da vo bn cht ho hc ngi ta chia enzym ra lm 2 lp: lp enzym n gin v lp enzym phc tp - Lp enzym n gin tng ng vi lp protein n gin, c thnh phn thun tu l acid amin v tnh xc tc sinh hc ca chng c qui nh bi cu trc ca phn t protein. V d enzym: pepsin, trypsin, urease... - Lp enzym phc tp, tng ng vi mt enzim phc tp, trong phn t c 2 phn: phn protein v phn nhm ghp khng phi bn cht protein. Phn protein, k c enzym n gin, gn vi loi protein dng cu nh globulin, albumin, trong enzym phc tp ngi ta gi phn ny l apoenzym phn ny quyt nh tnh c hiu ca enzym. Phn nhm ghp khng phi protein c tn l coenzym. Phn ny c ngun gc khc nhau: c th l nucleotid, nhm hem, cc nguyn t kim loi, ng ch nht l nhiu enzym phc tp, nhm ghp l dn xut ca vitamin. V d: enzym dehydrogenase hiu kh (cha vitamin B2)' enzym decarboxylase (cha vitamin B1), enzym dehydrogenase ym kh (cha vitamin PP)... Mi lin kt gia nhm ghp v phn protein ca phn t enzym c bn vng khng nht nh, loi ny th bn (v d nhm cytocrom), loi khc khng bn lm (nh riboflavin ca enzym dchydrogenase hiu kh.).C loi cha nhm ghp hon ton linh ng nh NAD, NAD.P ca enzym dehydrogenase ym kh. Tnh xc tc thng do c 2 phn ny qui nh, nhm ghp thng nm trong im hot ng ca enzym. 2.2. Phn loi theo c ch xc tc ca enzym

Mi mt enzym c tnh c hiu ring ca n, cho nn nu da vo c im xc tc ca enzym (tc l phn ng do enzym xc tc, kiu hot ng ca enzym) th ti Hi ngh sinh ho hc Quc t cui nm 1961 hp ti Moscow ra mt bng phn loi mi, trong enzym c chia ra lm 6 lp. Oxydoreductase (Lp enzym oxy ho hon nguyn sinh hc) - Hydrolase (Lp enzym thu phn) - Lia se (Lp enzym phn gii cht khng theo con ng thu phn) - Ligase hay Syntetase (Lp enzym tng hp cht) - Transferase (Lp enzym vn chuyn) - Isomerase hay Mutase (Lp enzym ng phn ho) Mi lp li chia thnh nhiu nhm v mi nhm li c nhiu i din. Lp 1 : Oxydoreductase (Lp enzym oxy ho hon nguyn sinh hc) L nhm enzym xc tc nhng phn ng oxy ha kh gia cc c cht trong qu trnh oxy ho kh, cho nn cn c gi l electrontransportase. Nhng enzym ny phn nhiu xc tc s vn chuyn in t. Lp oxydoreductase rt ph bin trong cc m bo ca mi sinh vt v oxy- ho hon nguyn l mt trong nhng qu trnh c bn nht ca s sng. Tu theo mch ni ni chng ly in t (hoc nguyn t H2) m lp oxydoreductase chia ra cc nhm: - Dehydrogenase - Oxydase - Peroxydase - Cytocrom. 1. Nhm dehydrogenase y l enzym oxy - ho hon nguyn xc tc s tch H2 t c cht theo s : SH2 + B BH2 + S C cht b oxy ho (kh) mt i nguyn t H 2 cn cht B nhn H2 (oxy ho) c hon nguyn. Nu B s trn khng phi l oxy m l mt cht khc th dehydrogenase loi ny l ym kh. Cn nu cht nhn B l oxy th dchydrogenase loi ny l hiu kh. Cu trc ca 2 loi enzym ny khc nhau, r rt nht l v nhm ghp ca chng. a- Dehydrogenase ym kh Enzym loi ny ly H2 t c cht truyn cho cht nhn khng phi l O2 C ch : SH2 + B BH2 + S Nhm ghp ca dehydrogenase ym kh c cu trc phc tp cha vitamin PP gi tt l NAD v NAD.P. - NAD (Nicotinamid - adenosin - dinucleotid) - NAD.P (Nicotinanud - adenosin - dinucleotid phosphat) c im ca hai nhm ghp ny l khng lin kt c nh vi enzym m rt d tch khi phn protein ca enzym (rt linh ng).

Trong hot ng oxy-ho chng nhn in t (hoc nguyn t H2) t ehydrogenase ym kh chuyn cho dehydrogenase hiu kh (tc men vng). Cng thc nhm ghp ca dehydrogenase ym kh:

Mi c cht thng c loi dehydrogenase ym kh c hiu tc dng. V d: Ru c alcotholdehydrogenase CH3-CH2-OH CH3-CHO + 2H+ + 2eAcid malic c malatdehydrogenaza COOH-CH2-CHOH-COOH COOH-CH2-CO-COOH + 2H+ + 2eb - Dehydrogenase hiu kh y l nhm enzym tch in t hoc proton hydro v chuyn cho cht nhn l oxy Nhm enzym hiu kh ny hay cn gi l men vng v phn nhm ghp l ribonavin (vitamin B2) c mu vng. l FMN v FAD cng thc nh sau:

Enzym dehydrogenase hiu kh nhn nguyn t H2 t ehydrogenase ym kh thng qua NAD v NAD.P bin thnh dng hon nguyn khng mu. N li chuyn H2 trc tip hoc gin tip (thng qua h thng Cytocrom) cho oxy to thnh H2O hoc H2O2. 2. Nhm oxydase y l nhm enzym oxy ha c cht v chuyn trc tip H2 cho O2 (ch chuyn cho O2 m thi). Loi enzym ny thy nhiu trong m bo thc vt, m bo ng vt t hn. S hot ng ca oxydase nh sau:

oxydase l nhng enzym phc tp cha nguyn t ng bn cnh phn protein. 3. Nhm peroxydase y l nhm enzym oxy ho tch oxy t peroxythydro (H2O2) hoc cc peroxyt hu c khc C cht c oxy - ha nh peroxydase c th thng l polyphenol hoc cc acid amin mch vng.

Thuyt oxy - ha ca Ba-kh c bit nhn mnh vai tr peroxydase i vi nhng peroxyt hu c. y l enzym c nhiu trong m bo thc vt. ng vt c my loi ng k nh verdoperoxydase ca hng cu, lactoperoxydase ca sa. Nh chng ta bit phn ho H2O2 (Cht c) cn c enzym catalase. H2O2 ----catalaza--> H2O + O2 (nu l peroxydase th to thnh oxy nguyn t (O) v tip tc phn ng). V mt cu trc peroxydase v catalase l nhng enzym phc tp c nhm ghp l vng porflrin cha nguyn t st 2 (nhm Hem). 4. Nhm cytocrom Cytocrom (cytos - t bo; chroma - mu sc) l nhng sc t h hp c khp mi t bo sinh vt (tr loi vi khun ym kh), n to thnh h thng cytocrom v cytocrom - oxydase bao gm cc cht cytocrom v enzym oxy - ho cytocrom (tc l cytocrom - oxydase). Cytocrom c trn di 10 loi, k hiu bng ch La tinh a, b, c...

 m bo ng vt ch yu cytocrom a, b, c; vi sinh vt, nm men, cy ci c nhiu loi hn a1, a2, a3, b1... Trng lng phn t ca cytocrom 13 - 16.000 nhm ghp c cu trc nh vng hemin cha nguyn t Fe3+. Trong qu trnh oxy - ho hon nguyn, cytocrom ch nhn v chuyn in t nh s thay i ho tr Fe. Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ V c ch hot ho ca chng, ta thy trong cc t bo ng vt h thng cytocrom ng trung gian gia enzym flavin hon nguyn v oxy, chng nhn in t FMN (hoc FAD) chuyn cho O2: Nguyn t O2 c hot ho mang d in tch (-) O2- s d nng lin kt vi 2 proton H+ to thnh H2O. O2- + 2H+ H2O Qu trnh tin hnh km theo s gii phng nng lng v c tch lu vo ATP s trnh by phn trao i cht v sau)