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have in front of you the second issue of our magazine on Russian defense equipment. Much has been written about it, information collected and money made by so doing. However, it has been done by anyone, but us. Not our country and, above all, not those who created this technology. Today, as before, there is very keen interest in the Russian defense industry. You will find many visitors from abroad in our design offices and defense enterprises. They buy little, tend ing rather to concentrate on obtaining technical data and information about new models. Some foreign publishers closely connected with the military industrial complex in the West are also quite active. This curiosity is easy to understand: competition on the world arms market is very high and weaponry is expensive. So collecting information in good time about promising pro jects and finding out which models are to be shown at exhibitions can be used to reduce a competitor's chances. The arms market demands a very careful approach. And it is accessible to us, without a doubt. For many of our models are superior to the goods offered by our com petitors. Our magazine can assist in promoting Russian equipment on the world market. Trade, like everything else, has its own strict laws. One of these is the unquestionable need to advertise goods, services and opportunities. So we address our invitation to cooperate, first and foremost, to Russian heads of the defense industry, creators and producers of military equipment and dual purpose high technologies. You were known in the past too, of course, mainly to special services in the West. Today you and your offers should be heard by military and business circles the world over. Russia has only recently begun to trade in arms as an ordi nary commodity. Here high quality, professionally designed and printed advertisement of your produce and proposals can be a guarantee of success. This is why we prepare our magazine in Moscow and print it at one of the world's top printing bases in Italy. The world is used to high quality in advertising and magazines. It's the norm. And if we were to try to sell a piece of mil itary equipment costing, say, ten million dollars with the help of an advertising prospectus print ed in black and white on newspaper quality paper, any potential client might think that the quality of what we are selling is the same as that of the prospectus. Particularly if they were not already familiar with our produce. At the same time we are also addressing ourselves to foreign business circles, companies and banks. Our magazine is distributed widely in the CIS among enterprises of the military industrial complex. It provides an ideal opportunity to tell Russian producers about your firms and cooperation offers. Our magazine is a commercial publication and we shall be happy to place your advertisement on its pages. Our offers are also intended for manufacturers of civilian produce. In Russia and other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States military production is being reduced and an extensive program of the conversion of defense enterprises to civilian production is being carried out. Foreign business circles could undoubtedly find some interesting partners here. To give readers a fuller idea of the possibilities of our defense complex we are planning shortly to publish special supplements of ten to twenty pages devoted to enterprises manu facturing arms and military equipment according to regions and primarily those regions where military production has been concentrated historically: Tula, Nizhni Novgorod, St. Petersburg and the Urals. Timely information about exhibitions on weaponry and conversion in the regions could be helpful in both attracting attention to the exhibitions and to the region's potential. We see interesting possibilities for improving our magazine further. We shall do our utmost to make it better, more informative and promotional. With your help, of course. (
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YOU
Nikolay Spasski Deputy Editor in Chief of Military Parade 1
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Oleg Soskovets
First deputy chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation
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Dear readers,
The present age is characterized by major positive changes aimed at strengthening the peace and security of nations. There has been a significant decrease in the level of military strategic confronta tion, and mutual understanding and trust have grown between peoples and states. For the first time in the history of mankind the tendency to reduce offensive weapons has begun to be imple mented in practice. These processes enable Russia to share its achievements in the military technical defense sector. Today the Russian Federation possesses the most up to date defense systems, which it is ready to supply to interested coun tries. These systems have been and continue to be developed by the finest minds in the nation, scientists and designers whose names are known world wide. The weaponry they have created can ensure any state's security and sovereignty. In its military charac teristics it ranks with the weaponry and military technology of the leading companies in the world, and even excels them. Russian weaponry can operate successfully in all climatic conditions. When it organizes military technical, cooperation with foreign countries, Russia proceeds from the need to balance its military political and economic interests. Supporting as it does a policy of openness with regard to the supply of military technology and weaponry, Russia provides annual data for the United Nations international register. It also adheres strictly to international agree ments on the non proliferation and reduction of certain types of weapons. This applies to nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and missile technology, and also to its compliance with UN sanc tions on the supply of conventional weapons to certain countries, including "trouble spots". Consequently the establishment of strict state control over the export of Russian arms and military technol The State Corporation ROSVOOROUZHENIE is taking its first, albeit fairly confident steps. May I express the hope that it will now quick en its pace along the complex path of military technological coop eration with foreign countries. May each new step by the State Corporation augment Russia's wealth and military might and well being of its citizens. Our readers will most probably be interested to hear that the cre ation of ROSVOOROUZHENIE guarantees the consolidation of the state monopoly on the export and import of weaponry and military technology. I should like to add that weaponry is not only a strate its advanced technology. We consider arms sales political and commercial. Consequently this important and, I would add, deli cate sphere of the Russian state's foreign trade will henceforth come under the direct control of the President and Government of Russia.
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ogy is an objective goal today. In accordance with recent Decree issued by the President of the Russian Federation, the exclusive right to sell Russian weaponry on the international market has been granted to the State Corporation ROSVOOROUZHENIE. Created out of three foreign trade associations OBORONEXPORT, Cooperation (GUSK), the new state corporation has inherited their rights and obligations, as well as their finest traditions. These tra ditions are reflected in ROSVOOROUZHENIE's motto "Partnership in Confidence".
SPETSVNESHTEKHNIKA and the General Department for
gic commodity, but also Russia's national property and the fruit of
Wishing you success and prosperity!

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RUSSIAN MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX:
A VIEW FROM THE INSIDE

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he new year had hardly begun, before people were talking about a new "Russian miracle". This time the surprise in the form of the super new Su 34 front line bomber was presented by the Sukhoy Moscow Special Design Bureau. I shall not list all the bomber's merits, of which there are many, believe me. But to put it in a nutshell, there is today no other aircraft in this class which could surpass the Su 34. As we can see, the rumors about the total collapse of the Russian military industrial complex and its lack of scientific and tech nological prospects have proved yet again to be some what exaggerated. However, it must be confessed, that they were based on some rather serious prob lems, with which Russia's defense industry has been confronted recently. The end of military political confrontation, the opposition of blocks, has meant the beginning of large scale structural changes in the industry of the world's leading countries, irrespective of their political hue. In the last two or three years there has been a drop in the level of the militarization of the economy practically everywhere. But perhaps only in Russia has this process assumed such a drastic nature. In 1993 the volume of production of armaments and
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military equipment in Russia was only 47.8% of that for 1991. In that period aircraft and helicopter production dropped 3.8 times, armored materiel more than 5 times, ammunition 4.5 times, and the share of military production in the electronics industry 5.4 times. Today Russia spends only 23% of its defense budget on pur chasing arms, whereas in past years this item account ed for 70% of budget funds. By comparison, in the United States the reduction of expenditure on pur chasing arms and military equipment is only 5% 6% per annum. Thus, the Russian rates of reducing expenditure on arms production are several times higher than the American ones. Even for a country with a fairly stable economy such upheavals would be bound to make themselves felt. All the more so in Russia during this transitional period of deep economic crisis. At the end of 1993 the state debt to the defense industry for manufactured technology and completed research and development work was around one tril lion roubles. This exacerbated even more the position of our enterprises and their personnel, whose salaries remained 1.6 times lower than those in civilian branch es of industry. This resulted in a permanent exodus of highly qualified staff, which at the end of 1993 amounted to around 30% of the overall total. This is by no means a full list of the highly complex economic problems facing the Russian Federation's
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Victor Glukhikh,
Chairman of the State Committee on the Defense Sectors of Industry of the Russian Federation
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State Committee on the Defense Sectors of Industry. We realize that in the new conditions the military industrial complex needs serious reform. The domestic arms market has shrunk considerably, making the pro duction of certain types of armaments and military technology unprofitable. Russia's new military doctrine has a clearly expressed defensive nature. With respect to military production, it envisages the creation of an optimal system of armaments, which will ensure the country's security. In other words, fewer armaments will be pro duced in terms of classification and quantity. This means that Russia's military industrial complex will have to lose its "surplus weight" and we are preparing for this. Not more than 500 enterprises (out of 2,000), which hold key positions in the development of military technology, are to remain in state ownership. They will form the nucleus of Russia's future defense potential. The rest wilt be privatized both with the participation of the state as a shareholder and without. By the end of 1993 the number of privatized enterprises in defense sectors of industry was getting on for 500. This year another thousand will be added to them. Some of them will be utilized for the production of components of military equipment on a contractual basis. But most of them will be totally reorganized for the manufacture of civilian products. They have good technologies, equip ment and qualified personnel, yet the nature of many defense enterprises makes it difficult for them to switch over quickly to the manufacture of civilian prod ucts, which are in demand both on the home and for eign markets. For the reasons outlined above, most of our enterprises unfortunately have neither the time nor the money. And the state should bear not only the moral, but also the material responsibility for making sure that the reform of the military industrial complex is effective, and that its research institutes, design bureaus and plants become the driving force of the Russian economy. This is a question, first and foremost, of state cred
its, without which the implementation of the 14 feder al conversion programs (ecology, transport, medicine, communications, etc.) would be impossible. I am con fident that investments in the defense industry will be profitable. We possess unique technologies, which have aroused great interest abroad as well. They refer to new materials, means of transport, and medical instruments and equipment. In June some of them will be on view at our exhibition in Seoul. The Russian military industrial complex can finance its reform itself, and here too I should like to say a few words about the export of Russian military technology. The world arms market exists, as long as there is a demand for arms. And the winner is the one who makes better and cheaper arms than the rest. I can say con fidently that on the basis of these criteria Russia's chances are pretty high and we intend to win a worthy place on this tough market. At the beginning I men tioned the Su 34 frontline bomber. I can add that in the sphere of aviation technology alone we are ready to offer the Su 27, MiG 29 and MiG 31 fighters, the A 40 "Albatros" amphibian aircraft, and the Ka 50 and Mi 28 combat helicopters. In firing range and projec tile power the "Smerch" multiple launch rocket system has no equal. At firing displays in Abu Dhabi 63 of the 64 shells fired by it hit the target. The specialists were also most impressed by our T 80 tank, the armored BMP 3 infantry fighting vehicle, the "Tochka U" tacti cal missile and the S 300PMU and "Tor" air defense systems. This is only a small part of the list of high technol ogy military produce, which we could offer on the world arms market. But in returning to it Russia does not want to make use of the dubious methods that are being wrongly attributed to her. Observing the stan dards of the world community, our country will at the same time take all the necessary steps, including those at governmental level, to protect its own arms producers. (
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MILITARY TECHNICAL COOPERATION OF RUSSIA WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES:
TODAY AND TOMORROW

ilitary technical cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign countries implies inter state relations in the supply or sale of military pro duce, provision of services and investments in this domain. Russia's military technical cooperation is, as that of most countries, subject to state monopoly. Military technical cooperation aims to ensure Russia's national security, economic, military and political interests via the receipt of hard currency for state needs and the proper maintenance of its defense potential. Military technical cooperation comprises delivery to foreign countries of arms, combat equipment and technologies, as well as the provi sion of military technical services. This coopera tion is carried out by the state authorities in accordance with decisions adopted by the President of the Russian Federation in the framework of corresponding decrees, directives, and instructions. One criterion determines the necessity and nature of military tech nical cooperation with specified foreign countries: the attainment of profits for Russia, conformity of such cooperation to its national inter ests in the political, economic and military spheres as well as consoli dation of its national security. For several decades military technical cooperation with foreign countries was carried out by special state organizations. The General Engineering Department (GED), attached to the Ministry of Domestic and Foreign Trade, was set up in the former USSR in 1953. The GED exported arms and combat equipment. It comprised specialized divi sions, which settled a whole range of tasks related to military techni cal cooperation, including the preparation and implementation of gov ernmental directives, intergovernmental agreements and contracts to deliver special equipment. They also carried out market research, ensured the delivery of special equipment and its transportation in the country and abroad, helped clients master and maintain this special equipment, arranged payments with foreign customers and so on. As the volume of work in the field of military technical cooperation increased, the GED set up a General Technical Department (1968) and General Department for Cooperation (1988). These organizations established solid, traditional ties with local developers, manufacturers of arms and combat equipment and foreign partners. They created a vast, effective network of representative offices abroad, which helped procure reliable information on the needs of foreign customers, pro mote our arms and combat equipment on their markets, and undertake
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scheduled sales of this equipment as part of intergovernmental agree ments. These organizations ensured the implementation of a whole range of tasks of military technical cooperation with foreign countries. The strict division of their responsibilities allowed customers to settle their problems on time and reliably. Exports of arms and military technology involve the employment of production and intellectual capacities and consolidate the stance and interests of the Russian Federation on the international arena. They created and continue to create favorable conditions for development of trade and economic relations. These exports constitute a reliable and effective source of hard currency. On average, the former USSR earned two US dollars for every rouble spent on military technical cooperation programs during the period 1981 1990. It should be noted here that a considerable share of these programs was carried out for free or on terms of credit. These credits have stilt not been repaid. Default payments for previously delivered special equipment to Iraq and Libya were caused in part by UN sanctions against these countries. Libya and Iraq amount for 20% of total hard currency pro ceeds. In 1990 1992 direct economic losses sustained by Russia owing to the stoppage of arms deliveries to these countries amounted to $10 billion. Russia did not receive adequate compensation from the world community. In 1991 1992, the special foreign trade organizations attached to the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations (MFER) underwent restruc turing during a worsening crisis of the military sector, caused by the break up of the Warsaw Treaty Organization. Owing to these factors, coupled with a curbing in state financing, the state company "Spetsvneshtechnika", organized from the General Technical Department of the MFER, and the General Department for Cooperation of the MFER failed to discharge their previous duties and began to tackle problems, falling within the jurisdiction of the foreign trade asso ciation "Oboronexport", which in its turn began to discharge duties of the former GED. Owing to ineffective coordination of these three organizations' activity by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations of Russia, unnecessary competition emerged among these special organizations exporting weapons on the international market. This caused economic damage to Russia, as such "competition" brought export prices down and disoriented manufacturers and foreign customers. The lack of a solid legal base and appropriate mechanism for ensuring the coopera tion of all Russian organizations in the military technical sector had serious negative consequences. The state organizations of foreign countries interested in buying our arms often wondered: "Who in Russia is authorized to negotiate
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arms sales?" They were at a loss when "businessmen", people's deputies, entrepreneurs and representatives of various regional foreign trade organizations, who had no experience in this domain, burst on the arms market. Their surprise was genuine, as all competent foreign customers realized that arms sales should remain the state's prerogative, provid ing proper guarantees and control. This competition between Russian organizations developed, as the battle between leading foreign arms exporters intensified. Most promises and assurances by western politicians, who voiced their sup port of the reforms in Russia via the restructuring and stabilization of its economy, formulated in writing by the "G 7", International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the European Bank of Cooperation, and in bilateral treaties between Russia and a number of foreign countries, not to mention other documents, were in fact mere declarations, which were not backed up by practical acts. Credits are often conditioned by terms, which are totally unacceptable in terms of relations between equal partners. Overt attempts are being made to impede Russia's penetration of international weapons markets and undermine the com petitive capacity of our exports. At the same time, some Western governmental, military and busi ness circles pursue a coordinated policy aimed at blocking Russia's penetration onto new arms markets and actively hampering our activi ties to safeguard Russia's position in its traditional regions. Unfortunately, recent measures in this direction were fairly suc cessful. During the past three years the USA more than doubled its arms sales and now amounts for at least half the world arms sales. In 1993 Great Britain ranked first among European countries in terms of arms sales. The results of Persian Gulf War were used for launching an effec tive propaganda campaign aimed at discrediting Russian arms and attempting to portray the superiority of American arms. At the same time, they hushed over the fact that it took 6 AD "Patriot" missiles to destroy one Iraqi "Scad" tactical missile, while Russia's similar defen sive system, for instance, the S 300PMU or S 300V could have destroyed the "Scad" missiles with its first missile, during the repulsion of a massive enemy assault rather than a single attack. Such propa ganda quickly yielded results: whereas in 1989 Russia enjoyed parity with America in arms trade, in 1992 it was pushed back to rank 6th among Western exporters. The emergence of new organizations and enterprises, which enjoyed their right to trade arms on the international markets, wors ened the situation and sharply hampered the state's prerogative in this specific domain, as it clearly led to: a loss of effective state control over arms deliveries to foreign countries. Consequently, our own weaponry could have appeared in hot spots in the CIS, as well as in countries facing economic sanctions imposed by the world community and supported by Russia. This could have led to accusations from the international organizations like the UN, CSCE and others that Russia was involved in arms contraband; a drop in stable prices of our arms and combat equipment. This led to a decline in hard currency proceeds from arms exports; the unauthorized transfer of state of the art technology used to develop and produce arms, when developers and manufacturers were allowed access to the arms markets; damage to Russia's reputation as a reliable and honest partner in the domain of military technical cooperation. Naturally, to gain the upper hand in the competition, Russia's arms exporters had to display more flexibility, smartness, fastidiousness and, most of all, competi tiveness and unity actions. Obviously, a clear cut state concept of arms exports should ensure the priority of national goals. The first step in this direction has been taken. In November 1993, the President of the Russian Federation issued
a decree to set up ROSVOOROUZHENIE, a state corporation to export and import arms and combat equipment. This was done to enhance the effectiveness of military technical cooperation with foreign countries and guarantee the state monopoly of exports and imports of arms and combat equipment. ROSVOOROUZHENIE is successor to Russia's state foreign trade association OBORONEXPORT, the state foreign trade company SPETSVNESHTEKHNIKA and the General Department for Cooperation. ROSVOOROUZHENIE is a state owned corporation, act ing under the direct authority of the Government of Russia. This decree eliminates the aforementioned shortcomings, including unscrupulous competition among Russian exporters. The corporation has set itself the following tasks: to export and import all types of arms, combat equipment, logis tic equipment and dual purpose equipment and technology; to create infrastructural facilities, provide material and technical supplies, and perform technical maintenance of the arms and combat equipment abroad throughout their service life; to determine contract prices on exported arms and services as part of military technical cooperation; to invest in enterprises and research organizations to develop and manufacture competitive weapon systems, and tackle other tasks. Some state functions of management and control of military tech nical cooperation, previously discharged by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations, will be delegated to the corporation. Military technical cooperation between Russia and foreign coun tries is impossible without the state's support. The most important steps are now being discussed. The experience of Russian enterprises in the domain of the military technical cooperation with foreign coun tries over the past two years has revealed the impracticability of attempts to sell at a profit arms and combat equipment on foreign mar kets without competent personnel, research into arms markets, a developed infrastructure abroad, and a number of other provisions. Most large local manufacturers of military produce now realize this fact and prefer the services offered by specialized organizations, as they believe them to be experienced and reliable partners. The eco nomic interest of manufacturers comes first, if only because they receive virtually all the export proceeds. Consequently, the centralization of exports of arms and combat equipment in one state corporation ROSVOOROUZHENIE has created the requisite conditions to implement the concept of the state monop oly on exports and imports of arms and combat equipment. This is a flexible concept. It promotes adaptation to market economy's manage ment and effective coordination of Russia's participants in military technical cooperation, primarily of the leading developers and manu facturers. This comprises all operations, from the organization of exhi bitions of military systems to the receipt of corresponding profits after the sale of these systems, while giving priority to state interests over private ones. The mechanism for such cooperation, which was partially tested by some exporters, has been created in the form of coordination and supervision councils, including a specialization section attached to ROSVOOROUZHENIE. The participation of all these bodies in the devel opment and implementation of current and future expert programs in the sphere of military technical cooperation is envisaged. Naturally, the practical experience of this new corporation will prompt rational ways to its further development aimed at creating financial and industrial groups, including the establishment of filials and branches. All we need is the good will of Russia's participants in military technical cooperation. We must all bear in mind the projected increase in exports and services, including the discovery of new markets and support of traditional ones.
VICTOR SAMOILOV Director General of ROSVOOROUZHENIE State Corporation
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"THE INVISIBLE"
BECOMES VISIBLE
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Igor Yatsenko
The radar boasts one principal plus: its ability to function in the meter wave band makes it invulnerable to homing and anti radar missiles effective in other wave bands. Secondly, the radar can detect so called "invisible" aircraft, including STEALTH technology planes.
t is interesting to note that throughout its 78 year long history, Nizhni Novgorod Television Plant has never kept a low profile, despite the fact that nearly 80% of the hardware it produced was ordered by the mili tary. Contrary to usual procedures, this enter prise always had fairly famous names. The names changed, as did production. Whereas in Spring 1917, the Electrotechnical Works
Diagram depicting the operation of 55Zh6 1 and 1L13 3 meter wave radar
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(the plant's first name) commem orated its birthday by producing military field and outpost tele phone versions for the warring army, now the plant specializes in the production of unique meter wave radar sets. The latest novelties, the radar sets, types 55Zh6 1 and 1L13 3, were shown twice, in 1992 and 1993, at Nizhni Novgorod International Fair and at MOSAEROSHOW exhibition in Moscow. They attracted the inter est of experts at the recent exhi bition of weaponry in Abu Dhabi.
Times have changed and now the plant can openly demonstrate its weaponry and offer it for sale. Now, let us consider the specifics of the radars, which impressed the specialists, both Russian and foreign, and led them to be frequent guests at the plant ever since. The 55Zh6 1 is a high tech, ground based, three coordinate circular scanner set operating in the meter wave band. It detects current (and future) airplanes, helicopters, cruise missiles, bal loons and other air objects in the
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1. The mobile radar on march
face of the most intensive clutter and electronic countermeasures. The radar boasts one princi pal plus: its ability to function in the meter wave band makes it invulnerable to homing and anti radar missiles effective in other wavebands. Secondly, the radar can detect so called "invisible" aircraft, including STEALTH tech nology planes. Indeed, this air craft's invisibility is based on its special shape, which produces an extremely small signal return. In the meter wave band used in radar technology, an aircraft's size is commensurate with wave length, and its shape is no longer important. The "invisibility" of such aircraft is also due to their radio absorbent coating. However, to attain a marked decrease in "visibility" in the meter wave band, one must ensure a substantial increase in the thickness of the "smearing". This inevitably ends up with a
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greater mass of the aircraft and, consequently, a degradation in its flying characteristics. The radar reveals its reliability in all meteorological conditions. It ensures failproof performance at minus 50 C and can withstand almost unlimited heat. Environmental humidity doesn't affect its performance. An appar ently cumbersome antenna mast retains its serviceability under conditions of an ice slick and 35 m/s wind. The radar reveals good mobil ity. Its structures, devices and mechanisms are arranged on eight semi trailers towed by trucks and can be moved by rail, air and water. It can be set up by a crew within less than 24 hours (22 hours, to be precise) without pre liminary training, by merely look ing in the manual. After turning on the power, it is operational within seconds.
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The radar may be controlled equally well from the radar post located in the van and a remote control station equipped with seats for the commander (or operations duty officer), guid ance navigator and operator. The remote station contains radar control equipment and three indi cators. It uses a cable link and is effective at a distance of 1 km from the radar. In addition, it allows connection of another sim ilar radar. The radar displays target position in a three coordinate system. Its coverage is 500 km in range, 40 km in height (16 deg. in elevation) and is unlimited in azimuth. The guaranteed detec tion ranges for a fighter flying at altitudes of 10,000 m and 20,000 m are 300 km and 400 km, respectively; the targets flying at an altitude of 500 m can be detected with confidence at a dis tance of at least 65 km. It has a 2
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fighter detection ceiling of 60 km. As well as the numerous indis putable advantages of the meter wave band, the radar also pre serves a coordinate measuring accuracy. The rms errors do not exceed 500 m in range, 850 m in height and 24 in azimuth. The electronic altimeter determines target elevation as well as range and azimuth, and also ensures a fairly high rate of output of the coordinates in two modes: in semi automatic mode,
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when the operator singles out the targets for tracking, and in auto matic mode the coordinates of the locked on targets are pro duced by a special computer. By sending an interrogation radio signal via the "Parol" (password) IFF system, the target can be identified to establish its national status. It also provides for an air sit uation simulator, which displays the picture on an indicator screen without emitting radio pulses.
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This is extremely useful during the training of radar crews. It also comprises a built in functional test and diagnostics system. Information can be obtained on full readiness of the radar for operation or location of a trouble within the shortest pos sible time. As the equipment is built of units and the optimum number of spares is furnished with a set of spare parts and accessories, the location and replacement of the faulty compo
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2. The 55Zh6 1 three coordinate radar
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nent do not affect, for all practical purposes, the promptness of the crew's actions. The radar may be supplied with electrical power from indus trial mains. If such a power source is not available, it can be powered by a self contained power supply system, consisting of two Diesel driven power plants (four 100 kW and three 50 kW Diesel generator sets, including the reserve ones) and a distribu tor converter. The self contained system is energized and con trolled from the radar post. The radar's designers took into account safety and life sup port systems and ensured that comfortable conditions were pro vided for the crew. The hermetic sealing of the work stations and equipment used to clean the out side air provide reliable protec tion for the crew against the ingress of the chemical and radioactive agents. The radar boasts an effective fire protection system. An air conditioning sys tem contributes to the work's convenience during combat oper ations. The other meter wave band radar, 1L13 3, is successfully employed to monitor air space and integrated in a system used to ensure air traffic control of mil itary and civilian targets. It may also be used in an automated air defense or air force control sys tem, or may be employed inde pendently (e.g., as part of a rapid deployment force). The radar is highly, mobile: its equipment is arranged on three trucks and one trailer. The crew sets up the radar equipment within 45 min. The radar makes it possible to feed at a high rate data on the positions of flying tar gets in two dimensions: in azimuth (unlimited) and in range (up to 300 km). The highest alti tude a fighter aircraft can be
3. The 1L13 3 two coordinate radar
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detected at is 27 km. Like the 55Zh6 1, the 1L13 3 is equipped with an automatically controlled anti jamming system, which uses multi channel self balancing and digital scan mode selection equipment. It is also provided with monitoring and automatic trouble location equipment. The radar may be powered from the industrial mains or its own electric power plant, com prising two 30 kW Diesel genera tor sets. The air conditioners guaran tee operators' comfort, while the automatic fire fighting system and filtering and ventilating units ensure their safety. The most important feature is its ability to detect "the invisible" aircraft. Clearly, these radars are related to the world's most advanced class of military hard ware. (
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he idea of mass air landings was developed and implemented for the first time in Russia in the late 1920s. In 1928 M. Tukhachevsky held at the head quarters of the Leningrad Military District a war game, entitled "Actions of Air Landing Forces in an Offensive Operation", i.e., a landing offen sive operation mounted by large forces (thousands of soldiers with artillery, tanks and transport vehi cles) on a wide front. Soon after wards, the word "landing" lost its previous meaning (debarkation or descent), and was interpreted as "landing of the ground forces, brought by sea or air, on enemy territory for the conduct of com bat operations". The concept of airborne land ings was implemented in Russia
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with unprecedented speed and in unprecedented quantities. It should be noted that 7,500 sol diers (1,800 paratroopers and 5,700 landing troops), brought into the rear of the "enemy" at one of the exercises in the mid
30s would constitute a fairly large force even nowadays. Such operations were facili tated by new equipment, which was designed by the outstanding designer P. Grokhovsky. Under his leadership in the early 30s,
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The concept of airborne landings was implemented in Russia with unprecedented speed and in unprecedented quantities... 7,500 soldiers (1,800 paratroopers and 5,700 landing troops), brought into the rear of the "enemy" at one of the exercises in the mid 30s would constitute a fairly large force even nowadays.
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Materiel occupies almost one whole pavilion. Amidst the wide range of equipment, a prominent place is occupied by airborne assault vehicles, which remain unique in world practice. These vehicles were first developed in 1965. In 1969 the vehicle designated BMD 1 became operational. This vehicle was a highly maneuver able light tracked vehicle. The hull and many of its components were made of high strength alu minum alloy. It was powerfully armed, was adapted for paradropping and could also swim. Our paratroopers took an immediate liking to this vehicle. It was the first vehicle to be univer sal in terms of its capacities. All previous vehicles were intended to provide artillery support for paratroopers in combat and were essentially light self propelled open artillery mounts. The assault vehicle BMD 1 was armed with a 73mm gun, an antitank guided missile launcher and three machine guns, which extended the range of combat tasks it could attain. In addition, the vehi cle was simple to operate, service and easy to master. All these merits were exhibited in full mea sure during combat operations in Afghanistan.
1. The BMD 3 airborne assault vehicle 2. Ammunition for the BMD 3
Russian designers managed to develop within only two to three years, test, mass produce and service entirely new and unique technology. This success has been continued by future genera tions of Russian designers. Today there are no air droppable vehi cles similar to Russian ones else where in the world. Suffice it to say that the air droppable combat equipment (production type items) exhibited in the Military History Museum of Armored
In 1985 a more sophisticated airborne assault vehicle, the BMD 2, began to be mass pro duced. It was developed on the basis of the airborne assault vehi cle BMD 1, involving a newly designed single seat turret equipped with an armament simi lar to that installed in the infantry fighting vehicle BMP 2. The GROM 73mm smooth bore gun was replaced by the 30 mm auto matic gun 2A42, and the MALYUTKA antitank guided mis sile weapon was replaced by a more sophisticated KONKURS weapon. The vehicle was also equipped with a smoke screen system. The gun and coaxial machine gun are stabilized in two planes. At the same time the ele vation angles permit effective fir ing at air targets. The airborne assault vehicle BMD 2 retained as a whole all prevailing merits of the airborne assault vehicle BMD 1 and also acquired a number of new features. Further improvements in this materiel led to the development of the airborne assault vehicle BMD 3, which differs essentially from the preceding models in all respects. Many novelties were used in its design. This vehicle is a highly mobile air droppable light armored swimming tracked
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vehicle. The vehicle can be trans ported by military transport air craft and, unlike the airborne assault vehicles BMD 1 and BMD 2, can be air dropped via palletless multicanopy parachute system, together with full combat crew stationed inside the vehicle
on universal seats. The combat crew of the air borne assault vehicle BMD 3 consists of a crew and landing team. The crew includes a layer/operator and driver, while the landing team comprises a commander, machine gun opera tor, grenadier, assistant grenadier and rifleman. The hull of the vehicle comprises three compartments: a driver's com partment, fighting compartment and engine transmission com partment. The driver's compart ment houses the driver's, grenadier's and machine gun
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operator's stations. All work sta tions of the driver's compartment are equipped with individual hatches. The fighting compartment is located in the middle portion of the vehicle's hull. It houses a rotating turret, borrowed from the infantry fighting vehicle BMP 2. A rifleman and assistant grenadier are stationed in the rear of the fighting compartment near the engine bulkhead. The rifleman's and assistant grenadier's stations are equipped with ball mounts for firing submachine guns in lateral direction. The aft portion of the
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hull contains a large landing hatch, which enables the combat crew to leave the vehicle over the roof of the engine transmission compartment. The cover of this hatch is equipped with a ball mount for firing a submachine
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gun rearward. A great deal has been done to enhance protection of the crew and landing team. Unlike airborne assault vehicles BMD 1 and BMD 2, the combat crew of the airborne assault vehi cle BMD 3 will not suffer when a mine, containing up to 2.5 kg of explosive, explodes under the track of this vehicle. The radioac tive radiation attenuation ratio is 2.5 compared to 1.5 for preced ing vehicles. The vehicle's armament con sists of a 30 mm automatic gun 2A42 stabilized in two planes, a coaxial 7.62 mm machine gun PKT, and a KONKURS antitank guided missile launcher. This armament is mounted in the rotating turret. The vehicle's fire power was extended substantial ly, using the 30 mm automatic grenade launcher AGS 17, installed on the front hull plate bow mount to the left of the dri ver's station. A bow mount for the 5.45 mm light machine RPKS is located to the right of the driver's station. The engine transmission compartment is located in the aft portion of the vehicle hull. This compartment is separated from the fighting compartment by a heat and noise insulating bulk head. It houses the power plant and transmission accessories. The vehicle is equipped with a new high speed multifuel liquid cooled turbo supercharged six cylinder diesel engine 2V 06 2.
3. BMD 1 airborne assault vehi cles mounted on droppable pallets 4. A BMD 3 airborne assault vehicle negotiates an obstacle 5. Activation of the parachute braking system 6. Movement at top speed 7. The basic armament of the BMD 3 8,9. Ground clearance changes automatically 10. The bow mount of the 30 mm AGS 17 grenade launcher
This engine proved highly reliable during trials in high mountains and, especially, in the sands of the Kara Kum desert. In one of the first prototypes of the vehicle, which was furnished with experimental air cleaner car tridges, the air cleaning duct became unsealed and the engine ran for a long time, sucking in a considerable amount of dust. However, the performance of the engine was not markedly impaired. This engine has another advantage: unlike the V type engines used in airborne assault vehicles BMD 1 and BMD 2, it is well balanced. This ensured a substantial reduction in vibra tions. The engine can operate over the entire ambient temperature range, both on its main diesel
fuel and on substitute fuels, such as the jet fuels T 1, TS 1 and T 2 and gasolines with an octane number of 72 to 76. This ability to consume all types of fuel is essential for the vehicle, which is intended for operational employ ment in the enemy's rear and on its territory. The engine is provided with a closed circuit high temperature liquid type cooling system with forced circulation of cooling liq uid. The engine's air supply sys
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tem consists of an air intake, air cleaner and air ducts. The air intake is equipped with an exten sion tube, which can be operated remotely from the driver's station to take in air when the vehicle is afloat. During cold seasons the engine is started by efficient heater or burnerless torch heat ing system. The alert readiness time of the airborne assault vehi cle BMD 3 is 5 min at an ambient temperature of 25 C and about 20 min at an ambient temperature of 45 C. The vehicle has a full flow hydro mechanical transmission with a differential hydrostatic steering mechanism. The trans mission and steering mechanism is integrated with the engine into one unit, mounted in the vehicle's engine transmission compart ment. This mechanism provides five gears and reverse, permitting both forward and rearward move ment of the vehicle in all gears. The vehicle is controlled when afloat by disconnecting one of the
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water jet propellers from the power drive. It goes backwards by reversing the rotation of the impellers. To ensure crew's safe ty when afloat, the vehicle is equipped with an emergency water pumping system, which can remove from the hull large amounts of water, which got inside owing to damage caused when the vehicle was afloat. The vehicle's track and sus pension system has five bearings and single rubber covered wheels. It comprises a tracked running gear, a suspension and hydraulic system. The tracks are equipped with a rubber metal series joint. If necessary, the track and suspension system can be provided with anti skid tires or asphalt going shoes. The vehi cle's standard equipment includes widened snow and bog going track, which permits pas sage over soft ground. If neces sary, the vehicle can be fitted with the tracks, road wheels and track drive sprocket wheels,
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obtained from the infantry fight ing vehicle BMP 1. The vehicle is equipped with a remote controlled hydraulic track adjuster. It ensures the required degree of track tension in case of any variation in the track enve lope, caused by variation of the ground clearance. The vehicle is provided with a filter ventilating unit, automatic fire fighting system and a smoke screen and illuminating flares launching system. To protect the crew and landing team against powder gases, the vehicle is pro vided with a line, which furnishes clean air to the half masks of the
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11. The BMD 3 is firing on the move 12. A launch of the "Konkurs" ATGM
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13. The driver's station 14. The universal troop seat is used during the parachute dropping of the vehicle complete with crew 15. The vehicle commander's seat
CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRBORNE ASSAULT VEHICLES Type BMD 1 BMD 2 Tracked, swimming, air droppable BMD 3 Tracked, swimming (also in sea), air droppable by means of palletless para chute system with combat crew stationed inside 12.5+3.2% 7 (2 and 5) 3 100 to 500
Ammunition load, pcs: gun antitank guided missile launcher machine guns grenade launcher Stabilizer Gun laying angles, deg.: direction elevation Aiming range of fire, m: gun machine gun PKT grenade launcher AGS antitank guided missile weapon Engine Power, kW Traveling speed, maximum , km/h: highway afloat
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40
300
500 in belts 360 in rack 4 2,000 290 in belts 261 in rack
Two plane, electromechanical 360 4 to +30 1,600 1,300 4,000 Diesel 5D20 177 62 10
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360 5 to +56 4,000 1,500 4,000 Diesel 5D20 177 60 10

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360 5 to +75 4,000 2,000 1,700 4,000 Diesel 2V 06 2 331 70 10 6
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3 4,000
3 2,540 in belts 440 in rack
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Combat weight, t Combat crew (crew and landing team), men Additional seats Ground clearance, mm Armament: number, type, caliber, mm
7.6+2.5% 7 (2 and 5) 100 to 450 1x2A28x73 3xPKTx7.62 MALYUTKA antitank guided missile weapon
8.0+2.5% 7 (2 and 5) 100 to 450 1x2A42x30 2xPKTx7.62
1x2A42x30 1xPKTx7.62 1xAGS 17x30 KONKURS antitank guided missile weapon
personnel. At present such combat vehi cles cannot be found elsewhere in the world. Only the German WIESEL vehicle may be consid ered, albeit with strong reserva tions, as counterpart. Russia remains leading developer of such vehicles. (
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AIR DEFENSE MISSILE SYSTEM
BUK M1
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Sergey Samoilyuk
The BUK M1 is an improved version of the KUB. It was first seen by foreign experts at the MOSAEROSHOW 92 exhibition. The system provides air defense for troops and installations. It can engage army, tactical and strategic aviation air planes, fire support helicopters, cruise missiles and remotely piloted aircraft.
n the early 60's, the designers of the Instrument Making (PRI BOROSTROYENIYE) Research Institute devel oped a variety of medi um range AD missile sys tems KUB (or SA 6, according to NATO classi fication), noted at that time for their high relia bility and fire efficiency. The BUK M1 is an improved version of the KUB. It was first seen by foreign experts
1,2,4. The 9A310M1 self pro pelled launcher 3. The Buk M1 air defense missile system on march 5. The 9C470M1 command post
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at the MOSAEROSHOW 92 exhi bition. The system provides air defense for troops and installa tions. It can engage army, tactical and strategic aviation airplanes, fire support helicopters, cruise missiles and remotely piloted air craft. The system can break up mass current air attack raids against the back drop of inten sive electronic countermeasures. It can accomplish its combat mis sion in the most adverse weather conditions. The BUK M1 is a multi channel equipment. Owing to its fire capacity, it can simulta neously engage up to six targets with each target being locked on by up to four missiles resting on one launcher. The system pro vides circular fire coverage in azimuth. The system includes a com mand post (CP 9C470M1), target acquisition radar (TAR 9C18M1), six self propelled launchers (SPL 9A310M1) and three launcher
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loaders (LL 9A39M1). All of them are carried by a GM 569 type standard self propelled tracked vehicle. It boasts a powerful engine, hydromechanical trans mission, hydrostatic drive and independent torsional suspen sion, which guarantee high cross country capacity, good maneu verability and smooth running over broken terrain. All this enables the BUK M1 to assume fire positions right from a march, without any preliminary organiza tion of the area. All the compo nents of the system use autonomous electric power sup plies driven by gas turbine or traction engine. They are provid ed with navigation aids, topo graphic control and orientation gear, tying in weapon's compo nents to the unified system of coordinates. Commands, operational and technical information are exchanged in the system by wire 1
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PERFORMANCES OF TAR Detection zone, km: in height in range (with zero dead angles and target flight altitude of 100 m) in range (with target flight altitude of 1 to 25 km) Detection zone in angular coordinates, deg: azimuth elevation Resolution: in range, m in angular coordinates, deg Weight, kg
25 35 100 360 40 400 3 4.5 35,000
targets and identifies their national status. Then it transmits this information to the CP over the communication links. Depending on the nature of the prevailing interferences, the TAR automatically selects its operat ing mode (up to 40 or 60 degrees in elevation) and the rate of the
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and radio communication links. High speed digital computers automate combat operation. The computers distribute the targets, process target information, and produce the requisite data for missile launches and their guid ance in flight. It takes five min utes to set up and close down the system, while transfer from standby to combat status requires no more than 20 sec onds. The BUK M1 revolves around the command post, which con trols and coordinates the activi ties of all system's components. It collects and processes the information received from the tar get acquisition radar and self propelled launchers, locks on and tracks up to 15 targets, automat ically distributing the six most dangerous among the launchers. The core of the command post is a digital computer interfaced with
the automated work stations of the CP commander and opera tors. This ensures monitoring of the air situation and combat operation of the system. The CP can operate in independent con trol mode and as part of a cen tralized system (in this case the higher CP acts as the center). The TAR is essentially a three coordinate circular scan radar, involving a multi channel digital processing of incoming signals. Functioning together with the digital computer, it also detects
scan. The self propelled launcher seeks out targets both in pre scribed and designated sectors, identifies their national status, launches the missile, illuminates the target, and updates radar data. Its launching rails carry four missiles ready for firing. The launcher's construction allows it to rapidly change combat posi tions, moving at a top speed of 30 km/h over a distance of several kilometers with its equipment in live mode and ready to operate
PERFORMANCES OF SPL Target detection range, km 85 Detection zone in independent mode: azimuth, deg +60 elevation, deg 7, moving in eleva tion from minus 10 to plus 80 Number of targets engaged at a time 1 Time of readiness for combat from march, min 5 Time of readiness for combat after chang ing position, s 20 Number of carried missiles 4 Weight, kg 32,340
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within at least 20 s. This feature reduces its vulnerability to preci sion. guided weapons. In addi tion, the self propelled launcher includes a multi functional radar set, TV optical tracker, digital computer, and missile guidance channel. Most control operations are carried out by the computer. The radar set provides special operating modes, ensuring, good protection against various types of active jamming signals and clutter suppression. The SPL can function as part of the system (in this case it receives target data from the CP), or as an autonomous unit operating in a prescribed sector of responsibili ty. The launcher loader is used to transport and store missiles. It carries eight missiles: four are resting on the launching rails, while the others are placed on transport cradles. If necessary, it can launch a missile on command from the SPL. The LL incorpo rates a crane, which is used for
PERFORMANCE OF AIR DEFENSE GUIDED MISSILE Destruction zone, m 17 Weight of warhead, kg 70 Length, mm 5,550 Weight, kg 690 speed of 1,200 m/s. The AAGMs are supplied to ground and naval forces in glass reinforced plastic shipping containers, ready for combat employment without the checks of missile borne equip ment. They do not require main tenance during an extended peri od of service (up to 10 years) in varying climates. The missile is fitted with a semi active homing head, an autopilot, active radio fuze, frag mentation warhead, two mode solid propellant motor, turbo generator and hot gas driven actuators. Before a missile's launch, its flight mission is gener ated by the respective systems of the SPL or LL. To fully exploit the missile's capabilities and expand the destruction zone of the sys tem, additional information trans mitted to the missile over the
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mined, the potential threat pre sented by the target is assessed, and the SPL or LL is selected to attack and engage the target to the maximum effectiveness. On receipt of the target data, the SPL seeks out the designated target, identifies it and determines its class, determines the firing tasks and generates the flying mission for the missile, sets the launcher at computed firing angles in azimuth and elevation, and fires the missile at the target as soon as the latter reaches "in range" line. The SPL illuminates the tar get and transmits radio com mands to correct the missile's flight path. Then the missile is placed at the estimated point, where it starts homing flight, and its radar homing device locks on the target. When the missile is located at some preset distance 3
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loading and unloading of the SPL and LL. The system uses a sur face to air, medium range, sin gle stage, solid propellant guid ed missile (AAGM 9M38M1), which uses coasting at the initial stage and homing on the final leg. It is also employed with the SHTIL ship borne multi channel air defense missile system. The missile has a maximum flying
radio correction link is used. A special channel is allocated to receive the radio signals required for flight correction. This channel is used to receive and process incoming information. Combat operations of the system include target detection and identification by the TAR, transmission of the data to the CP, where the route is deter
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The 9A39M1 launcher loader 7. Loading missiles onto the launcher loader 8. The 9C18M1 target acquisition radar 9. The 9A310M1 launcher prepares for firing
PERFORMANCES OF TAR Maximum target killing range, km Minimum target killing range, km Maximum target killing height, km Minimum target killing height, km Number of targets engaged at a time Maximum target speed, m/s Rate of fire, s Minimum time from target detection to missile lift off from SPL, s Maximum number of carried missiles Maximum speed on march, km/h Maximum fording depth, m Maximum terrain gradient on march, deg: longitudinal lateral Maximum gradient of combat position, deg
35 3 22 0.015 6 830 3 20 48 65 1 35 20 6
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to the target, its radio fuze responds and detonates the war head. To maintain the BUK M1 in a state of permanent combat readi ness, several systems are supple mented with maintenance facili ties and a set of non standard ized instruments, an automated test station (for a certain lot of missiles), a vehicle to carry the missiles (the number depends on the local missile supply condi tions), as well as maintenance trucks to service and repair the CP, TAR, SPL, LL and tracked vehicles. The number and types of components comprised in the
system depend on the specific requirements and local conditions and may vary in terms of the number of the SPLs (from two to six) and LLs (from three to six) used. Individual SPLs and SPL+LL sets may be used as self contained combat units. To sum up, it should be noted here that the BUK M1 air defense missile systems are produced in the Russian Federation at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Works in cooperation with a number of other enterprises. The Ulyanovsk Mechanical Works boasts up to date production facilities, which allow mechanical
treatment of parts in unusual configurations, made of all types of metal alloys, high precision assembly, as well as the assem bly of sophisticated electronic hardware. According to military experts, the system has revealed high reliability and high strike effectiveness. For example, dur ing military exercises named DEFENSE 90, DEFENSE 92, AUTUMN 93 and demonstrations of the system to various foreign military delegations, over 80 dif ferent class test targets were destroyed. (
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pecialists have never doubted Russia's priority development of multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS). Hitler's army witnessed it at first sight, over come by its salvo fire near the town of Orsha. This was the famous "Katusha" MLRS. Furthermore, the patent for this invention was granted in 1938 to three Russian designers: Gway, Kostikov and Kleimenov. For the first time they man aged to attain an acceptable degree of combat effectiveness in rocket fire. They did so by salvo fire. In the 1940s single rockets could not be compared with artillery shells in terms of fire accuracy and consistency. Designated BM 13 by its devel opers, this combat multiple launch rocket system fired rock ets along its 16 rails in a salvo within 7 10 seconds, with posi tive results. During World War II a number of multiple launch rocket systems were developed in the USSR. As well as the "Katusha" (BM 13), BM 8 36, BM 8 24, BM 13 N, BM 31 12 and BM 13 SN were developed. Elite mortar units contributed a great deal to the victory over Germany. After the war, developers of combat rocket systems continued their work. In the 1950s the BM 14 (cal. 140 mm, range of fire 9.8 km) and BM 24 (cal. 240 mm and range of fire 16.8 km) were developed. Their fire consistency was increased due to in flight rocket rotation. In the late 1950s most foreign specialists were sceptical about the prospects for multiple launch rocket systems. They held that the MLRS had attained a maximum level of com
ROCKET S Y S T E M S
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Alexei Nedelin
According to the Director General of the "Splav", Academician of the Russian Academy of the Rocket Artillery Sciences, Nikolay Makarovets, this class of artillery weapon fits in with the new Russian military doctrine and that of any other countries, which want to create mobile and powerful Armed Forces in smaller num bers but boasting more effective manpower strength.
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bat effectiveness and could no longer play the main role in the missile artillery armament of the Army. However, designers from the Tula "Splav" enterprise thought otherwise. The talented designer Alexander Ganichev and his fol lowers took the lead in multiple launch rocket systems develop ment. They were commissioned to develop a combat system, 2 3 times as effective as operational ones. In 1963 they developed the "Grad", a new multiple launch
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1. The "Grad" battery at the firing position 2. "Uragan" prepares for firing
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rocket system, which was adopt ed by the Soviet Armed Forces. For the first time, developers incorporated in this system a number of technical innovations, which later became standard items and were used in one form or another in all developed rock et systems in the world. These affected, first of all, the actual design of the rocket. The rocket body was no longer cast from a steel piece. It was made via car tridge production technology from rolled or drawn metal sheets. The rockets also had
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folding fins, which ensured in flight rotation. The fins started to rotate inside the launching tube, when the rocket's guiding pin slid along the groove. The "Grad" system was widely used by the Armed Forces. In addition to a 40 tube launcher, mounted on a "Ural 375" vehicle, a number of its modifications were introduced for various combat operations. For instance, the "Grad V" was designed for Airborne Troops; "Grad M" for the landing ships of the Navy; "Grad P" for guer 2
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rilla activity. In 1974 a 32 tube (120 mm) launcher, mounted on a track laying vehicle and designated "Grad 1", was developed to enhance its cross country capacity in joint actions with armor units. The high combat effective ness, displayed by the "Grad" in various wars and local conflicts, evoked the genuine interest of foreign specialists. Some pro duced multiple launch rocket systems under licence and oth ers bought them in the Soviet Union. Others developed this weapon and then sold it abroad. At the "IDEX 93" exhibition, some countries, including South Africa, China, Pakistan, Iran and Egypt displayed almost identical weapon systems. Their similarity with the "Grad" was so close that some manufacturers advertised the ability of their "developed product" to launch Soviet made rockets. In the 1960s, owing to a number of changes in the mili tary doctrine, some require ments imposed on the weapon's combat effectiveness were reviewed. Increased troop mobil ity on the battlefield led to a dra matic increase in the tactical depth of mission and damage areas. Consequently, the "Grad" could no longer deliver preven tive blows to the tactical combat formations of the enemy. This could only be achieved with a new 220 mm army multi ple launch rocket system, desig nated "Uragan" (Hurricane) by its developers from the town of Tula. The "Uragan" was adopted in the early 1970s. This weapon's specifications remain impressive even today. The "Uragan" covers an area of over 42 ha at a range of 10 35 km with one salvo (16 rocket tubes). A number of scientific problems were resolved by the "Splav"
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specialists during the develop ment of this weapon system. They were the first in the world to design a cluster head and develop its combat components. They incorporated many innova tions in combat and transporter loader vehicles mounted on a "ZIL 135LM" truck. The "Uragan" differs from the "Grad" in its all purpose employment. This is specified by an increased range of fire and a diversified use of ammunition. As well as conventional high explo sive (HE) heads, this weapon
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3. The BM 21 "Grad" launcher

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system also includes cluster heads for various purposes, including incendiary heads, high explosive above surface detonated heads, combat com ponents for remote mining (anti personnel, anti tank and all pur pose mines), and a number of other warheads. Successful application of the multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) and its high marks made missile minded American devel opers review their outlooks. The MLRS was adopted by the USA Army and its allies in the 3
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early 1980s. It hardly differed from the "Uragan" in terms of design and specifications. Some MLRS components even sur passed the "Uragan": it was easy to maintain, some of its opera tions were automatic and new materials were used in its devel opment. This was not surprising, as the MLRS was developed 10 years after its Russian counter part. In technology, especially military developments, ten years is equivalent to a whole epoch. However, the range of fire and damage area of the American MLRS (30 km and 33 ha) were smaller than those of their Russian counterpart. Upon developing a MLRS of their own, American developers concluded that the range of fire of 30 40 km was the most that could be achieved with a multiple launch rocket system. They assumed that any increase in the range of fire would lead to a greater dispersion of the rockets and reduced combat effective ness. Developers from Tula did not agree and developed a new rocket for the "Smerch" capable of throwing its 280 kg head over a distance of more than 70 km. It offered 2 3 times higher accuracy than foreign counterparts. The world became aware of the existence of such a rocket at an exhibition of weaponry orga nized in Malaysia and later on at demonstration firings in Abu Dhabi. The night salvo of "Smerch" greatly impressed spe cialists. Numerous single launches and salvo firings convinced suspi cious guests of the authenticity of the unique specifications declared by the weapon's design ers. How was this feat achieved? The answer was both simple and complicated. The "Smerch" rock ets are guided. Each rocket includes a relatively cheap, but reliable flight control system, which corrects flight trajectory in pitch and yaw. Gas vanes control the flight. The vanes are fed with high pressure gas produced by the onboard gas generator. Most importantly, the rocket rotates in flight about longitudinal axis at high speed. Russian designers were the first to develop a rotated guided rocket for a multiple launch rocket system. They man aged to synchronize the moment of impulse generation in the con trol mechanism, when it was in the correct position in the air. It led to the appearance of a "gas dynamic machine gun", which corrected the rocket's flight direction. Due to this sys tem, the dispersion of rockets in salvo fire doesn't exceed 0.21% of the range of fire. As well as the flight control system, it incorporates a number of other innovations, including an up to date sustainer engine, burning more power generating propellant, and boasts an advanced design cluster head, containing 72 submunitions, 2 kg each. The ratio of the overall rocket weight (800 kg) to the weight of its head (280 kg) serves as an index of the state of the art design of this unique rocket. The combat vehicle can open fire within 3 minutes after its arrival at the firing position, via the automation of initial data pro cessing and pre launch opera tions. The salvo of fire from 12 tubes takes only 38 seconds. Consequently, the "time of retali ation" by the enemy side is reduced to a minimum. The "Oplot" combat and transporter loader vehicles are mounted on powerful MAZ 543M trucks capa ble of moving on all kinds of roads and off the road. This facil itates their timely arrival at new launching positions. The new rocket system
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"Prima", developed recently by the "Splav" enterprise and adopt ed by Russia's Armed Forces, constitutes a further development of the "Grad" system. The new multiple launch rocket system produces a damage area 7 8 times as large as its predecessor; and its time of stay on the firing position is reduced 4 5 times. Therefore, this doesn't affect the range of fire. Two more innova tions incorporated in the new sys tem considerably increase its combat efficiency. First of all, the weapon comprises 50 launching tubes. Secondly, the "Prima" fires more effective rockets. This system can fire all types of "Grad" rockets, as well as some more effective new types. Thus, the HE rocket of the "Prima" has a separable head. On the homing leg of the trajectory the head drops to the ground vir tually vertically. Developers have set the remote impact fuze instead of an impact one. Such a design of the HE rocket provides circular dispersion of fragments, which increase the killing zone. Attempts are still being made to increase the combat effective ness of salvo fire of multiple launch rocket systems. According to the Director General of the "Splav", Academician of the Russian Academy of the Rocket Artillery Sciences, Nikolay Makarovets, this class of artillery weapon fits in with the new Russian military doctrine and that of any other countries, which want to create mobile and power ful Armed Forces in smaller num bers but boasting more effective manpower strength. Small com bat crews enjoy the destructive might of the weapon they control. Nobody is competitive with the multiple launch rocket system during engagements in tactical depth. Each service of the ground force missile artillery is assigned 4
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to perform its own combat mis sions. The missiles are assigned the task of defeating enemy objects of special importance located in the rear, including depots, control posts, rocket launchers and the like. Multiple launch rocket systems are used against tank groupings, troops assembled over large areas, front airfields, and in the remote laying of mine fields. New modifications and mod els of multiple launch rocket sys tems will no doubt possess a number of new innovations, making them even more effec tive. According to Nikolay Makarovets, rocket systems can be perfected in terms of their "intelligence". First, homing and self aiming submunitions must be developed. Secondly, the weapon must be made compati ble with new systems of recon naissance, target acquisition and combat control. Thanks to such a combination the weapon will be used as a reconnaissance and
Brief specifications of the AK 630M gun mount are: Prima Grad Uragan Caliber, mm 122 122 220 Number of tubes 50 40 16 Range of fire, km 20.5 20.5 35 Weight of rocket, kg 70.0 66.5 280 Weight of warhead, kg 26.0 18.4 100 Area covered by salvo, ha 19 3.5 46.2 strike complex capable of tions at combat position will lead defeating small targets within its to a reduction in the combat operating range. Such steps are crew and time for setting up and being taken. For instance, tests closing down of the weapon. All on the joint employment of mul this will increase its survivability. tiple launch rocket system units Last but not the least, increase in with reconnaissance and strike the range of ammunition being systems (the "Zoopark" system used will considerably extend the and aircraft A 50, AWACS type) range of combat missions are on the brink of completion. assigned to multiple launch Third, use of more power gener rocket systems. ating propellants and the incor Russia retains the lead in the poration of some new design development of multiple launch innovations will soon increase rocket systems. Today the the range of fire to 100 km with "Splav" enterprise is ready to out adversely affecting the accu offer multiple launch rocket sys 4. racy of the weapon. Fourth, the tems and modernize for potential reductions in the com prospective customers their own The "Smerch" multiple launch rocket bat crew of multiple launch rock multiple launch rocket systems, system et systems have not been or develop a new system to meet 5. exhausted. The automation of their combat and technical spec loading and preliminary opera ifications. ( "Uragan" delivers fire
AB009
W E A P O N S
GRENADE LAUNCHERS,
IN BURSTS, FIRE!
$
Yuri Stepanov
This weapon is intended to defeat enemy manpower and lire means on open terrain, in trenches, and behind accidents of terrain (ravines, depressions, back slopes, and the like).
MILITARY PARADE
odern weapons enjoy a life and destiny of their own. Many soon become obsolete, to be replaced by more advanced generations, which emerge as a rule every five or seven years. There are, however, exceptions to this rule. The 30 mm automatic
mounted grenade launcher AGS 17, "Plamya" (Flame), is still in service with the troops after twenty years. This unique weapon stands on a par with its foreign counterparts in terms of specifi cations and even outdoes them to a certain extent. The AGS 17 was developed in the precision engineering design bureau. This weapon is intended to defeat enemy manpower and fire means on open terrain, in trenches, and behind accidents of terrain (ravines, depressions, back slopes, and the like).
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The AGS 17 automatics oper ates on the principle of free bolt recoil energy. A comparatively weak explosive charge of the grenade, low rate of the muzzle energy and short barrel enabled designers to use a simple layout for the grenade launcher auto matics. A quick change rifled barrel of the AGS 17 is fixed by a lock with a pin in the receiver. The ribs near the breech ensure rapid dissipation of the heat dur ing prolonged firing. In later modifications designers devel oped thicker barrels with ring grooves, which played the role of
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ribs. The AGS 17 has a selective fire lever, regulating the rate of fire. Its upper position indicates the maximum rate of fire (350 400 rds/min) and its lower posi tion the minimum rate of fire (50 100 rds/min). The two hori zontal hinged grips serve as the main grenade launcher control. The key shaped trigger is placed between these two grips. The loading mechanism is fixed within the receiver. The AGS 17 is fired in short (up to 5 rounds), long (up to 10 rounds) bursts, and automatical ly, as long as the trigger is held back. Grenades fly along flat or steep trajectories. The design of the firing trigger mechanism per mits single shot fire. There are two types of rounds: VOG 17A and VOG 17M. The grenades have a fragmentation jacket with prefabricated elements in the form of springs manufactured from cut wire. The grenades have an explosive charge, weighing some 0.036 kg, and a direct action nose fuze. The VOG 17M has a self destruction device. The weight of the round is equal to 0.35 kg and of the grenade is 0.28 kg. When fired, the grenade is expelled from the barrel under the pressure of powder gases with an initial velocity of 185 m/sec. Within a preset period of time, the fuze is armed in flight. Upon impact with an obsta cle, the fuze detonates the explo sive charge. The grenade explodes together with the frag mentation jacket hitting the enemy's manpower. The radius of the killing zone equals seven meters with 0.9 kill probability. The AGS 17 is equipped with an optical sight PAG 17, which has 2.7X magnification. The metallic 29 round link belt feeds the ammunition to the grenade launcher from the metallic ammu nition box. The AGS 17 is mount ed for firing on a tripod SAG 17.
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The tripod comprises traversing ed in 1980. This grenade launch 1. and elevating sector mecha er is mounted in an enclosed pod The 30 mm AGS 17 nisms, an ejector, and fine level of the production type Mi 24 ing mechanism. In traveling posi helicopter. In terms of design it is "Plamya" grenade tion the tripod is folded and car similar to the AGS 17, albeit with launcher ried by the crewman No. 2. In some differences. The AG 17A is 2,3,4. combat the grenade launcher is equipped with an electric trigger. carried, mounted on the tripod by To cool the barrel during pro The AGS 17 proves reli slings and legs. longed firing, a special appliance able in any seasons The AGS 17 is serviced by a made of aluminum alloy is used. layer and his assistant. The third This grenade launcher weighs 22 number carrying ammunition may kg. The pitch of the barrel rifling be included in the crew. The is reduced from 715 to 600 mm. AGS 17 can be fired from prone, The AG 17A is belt fed. The sitting, kneeling positions and metallic link belt has a 300 round from standing position in a capacity. The rate of fire is trench. The AGS 17 can also be increased up to 420 500 rds/min. mounted on various vehicles fit The lower part of the grenade ted with special equipment. For launcher houses a rounds example, the AGS 17 is installed counter to determine the amount on a bow mount on the BMD 3 of ammunition spent. (assault vehicle) to the left of the To conclude, it is worth not driver. In case of need, it can be ing that the AGS 17 and AG 17A dismounted and used as an have proved that they are effec infantry weapon. tive and reliable infantry support The automatic AG 17A weapons. They stand out owing to grenade launcher was developed the simple design, consistency by the same design bureau by and accuracy of fire. ( order of the Air Force and adopt SPECIFICATIONS MARK 19 AGS 17 AG 17A W87 USA RUSSIA RUSSIA CHINA Caliber, mm 40 30 30 35 Effective range of fire, m 1,600 1,700 1,700 1,500 Rate of fire, rds/min 325 375 350 400 420 500 Initial grenade velocity, m/sec 185 240 185 170 Cartridge box capacity, rds belt 29 300 9/12 Grenade launcher weight, kg 34 18 22 12 Weight of the mount, kg 12 8 Weight of loaded belt box, kg 14.5 Weight of sight, kg 1.0
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AB010
W E A P O N S
"KEDR"
SUBMACHINE GUN
Mikhail Dragunov $ Candidate of Science, Expert Designer at Izhevsk Mechanical Plant
$
According to its specifications, the "Kedr" submachine gun is third genera tion weapon. Its foreign counterparts are: Czech "Scorpion M65", Israeli "Mini Uzi", American "Ingram M11" and "CF S AMP".
n the early 1970s, the designer, Eugene Dragunov, developed a test prototype of the sub machine gun chambered for the 9 mm cartridge of the Makarov's pistol. In 1991 1992 it was modi fied in terms of techno logical modernization and was then mass pro duced. This weapon was nicknamed "Kedr". According to its spec ifications, the "Kedr" submachine gun is third generation weapon. Its foreign counterparts are:
1. The 9 mm "Kedr" submachine gun with different capacity magazines

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Czech "Scorpion M65", Israeli "Mini Uzi", American "Ingram M11" and "CF 3 AMP". The submachine gun func tions on the basis of free bolt recoil energy. The "Kedr" has a classic design with the ammuni tion magazine located in front of the trigger guard. During field stripping, it can be broken up into seven parts and assemblies: a magazine, barrel with receiver and butt, receiver cover, recoil mechanism, bolt, firing trigger mechanism and safety lever. The firing trigger mechanism is of hammer type, provided with a
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main spring. The "Kedr" is intended for automatic and sin gle shot fire. Its weight and size characteristics ensure that the "Kedr" can be fired from hand and shoulder (with butt). Despite the classic image of this weapon, the designer incor porated many unique innovations to improve the prototype's relia bility and easy handling. The "Kedr" has a combined sight, which is automatically switched during the folding of the butt from portage to firing position and back. With the butt unfolded, the sight point with the diopter 1
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The "Kedr" is characterized by good consistency of fire dur ing automatic and single shot fire. At a distance of 25 meters, it provides 100% hits within a circle of R = 5 m during single shot fire and 50% hits during short burst fire. All this warrants that major targets are hit by the first shot or first burst during close quarters fighting. (
mechanism is up; when folded, the front sight point comes up. This facilitates aiming at the tar get when firing both from hand and shoulder (due to the short distance between the eye and sight point). The safety lever, placed in the "Safety" position, blocks the trig ger and pushes the bolt stop into its lower groove, thereby prevent ing the reloading of the subma chine gun. In this case, the safe ty lever pin slightly protrudes from the hole for the operator's fore finger in the trigger guard, which makes it possible to deter mine in darkness the readiness of the weapon to open fire. The safety lever resting in the middle position ensures single shot fire. The "Kedr" is fired automatically, when the safety lever is in up position. When the ammunition is exhausted, the magazine follower raises the stop, which fixes the bolt in rear end position. Despite the high rate of fire (some 1000 rds/min), the "Kedr" is fired in short bursts of 3 4 rounds.
1.43/1.87 20; 30 317 850 950
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SPECIFICATIONS OF 3RD GENERATION SUBMACHINE GUNS "Yati Matic" "Mini Uzi" "Scorpion" "Ingram" Country of origin Finland Czechia Israel USA Caliber/cartridge length, mm 9 x 19 9 x 18 9 x 19 9 x 17 Length, overall, folded/unfolded butt, mm 375 270/513 360/600 248/460 Barrel length, mm 203 112 197 129 Weight w/o cartridges, with full magazine of max. capacity, kg 1.65/2.25 1.35/ 2.70/ 1.59/2.10 Magazine capacity, crt. 20; 40 10; 20 20; 25; 32 16; 32 Initial velocity, m/sec 360 400 317 350 293 Rate of fire, rds/min 600 650 800 950 1,200 Single shots or automatic fire Mode of fire
"Kedr" Russia 9 x 18 305/530 120
Electronintorg ltd.
AB011
A I R
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n October 6, 1977, the renowned test pilot, Alexander Fedotov, made a maiden flight on a new type MiG 29 fighter. The highly maneuverable, two engine air craft with an inte grated aerody namic configura tion and a thrust to weight ratio exceeding one unit carried power ful medium range (R 27) and short range (R 73, R 60) missiles used to defeat maneuvering air targets, a highly effective integrat ed aiming system, comprising a foolproof radar, a quantum optical radar, a helmet mounted sight, navigation and computing devices. Its combat performance, both in long range and close air combat, and particularly the use of the gun during attacks, sur passed the characteristics of con temporary F 14, F 15, F 16, "Mirage" fighters. Several years later flight test ing was successfully completed and the fighter, together with its combat trainer variant MiG 29UB, was put into mass production (about 2,000 aircraft had been manufactured by 1993). This is the main operational fighter in Russia, a number of CIS and for eign states (it was supplied to 13 countries: Bulgaria, Hungary, Germany, India, Iran, Iraq, China, Cuba, Poland, Romania, Syria, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia). A number of states have acquired an aircraft production license. However, life goes on, and in the second half of the 1980s the fighter development proceeded in two directions. One line of mod ernization, comparatively smaller in scope, aimed to enhance the
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MiG 29M: THE FIGHTER

OF THE FUTURE TODAY
$ A n a t o l y B e l o s v e t $ First Deputy Designer General of the ARPC MiG AVA Multimedia Publishing Group
The MiG 29M performance characteristics sur pass those of the modified foreign "Mirage 2000 5", F 15, F 16 and F 18 fighters, as well as new models, developed under the EFA program, and are practically similar to the characteristics of the US F 22 fighter (the ATF program).
fighter's performance characteris tics instrumental in securing air superiority. For that purpose the aircraft was fitted with six new medium range missiles, compris ing active radar homing heads. Additional electronic counter countermeasures improved the performance of the airborne radar. The new fire mode enabled one to engage two targets at a
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time with radar homing missiles. The fighter was fitted with addi tional external fuel tanks, and its bomb load was increased to 4 tons. Consequently, the upgraded MiG 29S air combat fighter out performed America's F 16C, F 15C, F 18C fighters, armed with the AMRAAM missiles, and the "Mirage 2000 5", with Mika mis
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detection and the engagement of air as well as small ground and surface targets and radars. These objectives necessitated considerable structural changes, even though the exterior design of the fighter sustained few alter ations, including the development of a new multipurpose "Zhuk" radar, an optical radar, comput ers, and a weapons control sys tem. The multichannel Doppler pulse radar makes it possible to track up to 10 targets and simulta neously engage up to four targets, as well as carry out terrain map ping. It can also perform other functions required to ensure navi gation, fighting and safe flying. The number of armament sus pension points has been increased to nine, while the total bomb load has reached 4.5 tons. The fighter can use a whole range of domes tically produced "air to surface" missiles, including guided missiles with laser and TV homing heads, guided aerial bombs, and other precision guided weapons. The MiG 29M armament also includes a 30 mm aircraft gun, boasting a high strike accuracy and 80, 130 and 240 mm rockets. The fighter is fitted with an integrated electronic countermea sures system, which incorporates a radiation alarm system, an active
1. The MiG 29M fighter 2,3. The three view drawing of the MiG 29M fighter 4. Swift flight
siles. The MiG 29S is now mass produced and can be exported. Technology ensures transforma tion of existing MiG 29 fighters into modified MiG 29S. The second modernization program, which was wider in scope, aimed to extend the air craft's flight range by increasing its fuel capacity and to impart it multifunction capability, i.e. around the clock all weather
jamming station, a decoy ejection device, "air to radar" missiles including the X 31P supersonic ones. In addition, the domestic "Stealth" technologies reduce the fighter's radar detectability 10 12 times, thereby minimizing the risk of losses from enemy antiaircraft units and improving conditions for combatting enemy fighters. To improve the power to weight ratio with somewhat increased take off weight, the engines also had to be modern ized. The improved thrust to weight ratio, the new electronic remote flight control system, and the local structural reinforcements improve the fighter's maneuver ability and increase permissible g loading. The electronic indication system makes it considerably eas ier for the pilot to handle the equipment and armament. The use of some new materi als, including composite materi als, as well as pioneer process technologies improved certain operational characteristics, reduc ing the weight of some units and the labor intensity of their produc tion. For instance, the forebody and the first two lateral sections are now all welded aluminum lithium alloy constructions. In general, the aircraft's com bat potential has increased con
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THE MiG 29M FIGHTER ARMAMENT VERSIONS FOR DEFEATING GROUND AND AIR TARGETS 6 x X 29T(L) + 2 x R 73 + ET (external tank) 4 x X 29T(L) + 2 x R 73 + 3ET 6 x KAB (guided bomb) 500 Kr + 2 x R 73 + ET 4 x KAB 500 Kr + 2 x R 73 + 3ET 6 x X 25ML + 2 x R 73 + ET 6 x S 24 + 2 x R 73 + ET 11 x FAB(HE bomb) 500 + 2 x R 73 10 x FAB 500 + 2 x R 73 + ET 6 x FAB 500 (3B 500, RBK 500) + 2 x R 73 + 3ET 16 x FAB 250 + 2 x R 73 + ET 4 x B 13 cluster + 2 x R 73 + ET 4 x B 8 cluster + 2 x R 73 + ET FOR DEFEATING SEA AND AIR TARGETS 4 x X 31A + 2 x B 73 + ET 2 x X 31A + 2 x B 73 + 3 x ET FOR DEFEATING ON THE AIR RADAR AND AIR TARGETS 4xX 2xX 6xX 4xX 31P + 2 x R 73 + ET 31P + 2 x R 73 + 3ET 25MP + 2 x R 73 + ET 25MP + 2 x R 73 + 3ET
THE MIG 29M FIGHTER "AIR TO AIR" ARMAMENT VERSIONS 8 x RVV AE 8 x RVV AE + ET (external tank) 6 x RVV AE + 3 x ET 4 x RVV AE + 4 x R 73 2 x R 27ER(T) + 2 x R 27R1(T1) + 4 x R 73 + ET 4 x R 27R1(T1) + 4 x R 73 4 x R 27R1(T1) + 4 x R 73 + ET 2 x R 27ER(T) + 6 x RVV AE 6 x R 73 +3 x ET 8 x R 73 + 1ET
5. A MiG 29M during testing 6. MiG 29M fighter's outboard weaponry

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siderably, especially in air to sur face warfare. The fighting and strike capabilities of the new fight er (the latter concerns strikes against surface and waterborne targets) exceed 2 and 3.5 times, respectively, those of the MiG 29. In other words, the MiG 29M per formance characteristics surpass those of the modified foreign "Mirage 2000 5", F 15, F 16 and F 18 fighters, as well as new mod els, developed under the EFA pro gram, and are practically similar to the characteristics of the US F 22 fighter (the ATF program). The first MiG 29M left the ground in 1986 piloled by Valery Menitsky. The fighter's flight tests (more than 1,000 flights) proved the most successful. The Moscow Aviation Production Group (MAPG) enterprise has already manufac tured an assigned batch of the air
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COMPARATIVE DATA OF MiG 29S, MiG 29M, F 18C Standard take off weight, kg Thrust (with afterburner), kg Thrust to weight ratio: test bed/mission, H=0, M=1,0 Maximum speed, km/h at sea level at high altitude Rate of climb at H=1 km, m/sec Ferry range, km Flight range without external fuel tanks, km at sea level at high altitude Maximum g loading Airborne radar detection range for fighter type targets, km free space earth background, rear/forward hemisphere Channels, targets tracked/attacked Detection range for surface targets with effective area=3000 m2, km Optical radar:
detection range for air targets, rear/forward hemisphere, km
MiG 29S 15,300 2x8,300 1.09/1.5 1,500 2,450 300 2,800
MiG 29M 15,800

2x8,800 (10,000)*
F 18C 16,800 2x7,260 0.86/1.05 1,300 1,900 240 950 2,200 7.5 at 50%
of fuel reserve
1.1/1.45 1,500 2,500 310 3,200
710 900 1,500 2,200 9 after take off 9 after take off 75 35/65 10/2 90 40/90 10/4 120 150 15/ 30/10 2xR 27R(T)/50 4xR 27Z(T)/50
2xR 27ER(ET)/60 2xR 27ER(ET)/60
65 40/60 10/4 120 150

"Air to air" weapon, type/ launch range for targets with effective area = 3 m2, km "Air to surface" weapon
4xAIM 7M/40
4xAIM 120/50
6xRVV AE/50 6xR 73/20 6xR 60MK/12
8xRVV AE/50 8xR 73/20 6xX 25ML 4xX 29T(L) 4xX 31A(P) 6xKAB 500KR 9 4.5 0.97 13.6 1.5 3.8
4xAIM 9M/18 4 x Maverick 4 x Harm 2 x Harpoon 2xGBU 8/10 8 3.8 0.9 3.7 1.15 3.75
Suspension points Maximum bomb load, t Failure free probability per mission Mean time between failures, h Combat potential factor (with MiG 29 = 1) in missions: air to air air to surface * Test bed proved craft. In 1992 1993 the fighter was exhibited at prestigious air shows in Farnborough, Le Bourget and Moscow. The Aviation Research and Production Complex (ARPC)
6 4 0.97 13.6 1.3 1.1
"MiG" is completing its develop ment of a fighter variant, boasting Russian equipment and weapons. The fighter is available for export and the designers and manufac turers are ready to consider any proposals from potential cus tomers, including further aircraft modifications: installation of additional armaments, for instance, long range and super long range "air to air" missiles; installation of equipment and armaments, manufactured in the client's country or any other spec ified state;
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installation of the equipment, fully adapted to the client's infra structure, i.e. instrument dials in the British measuring system; installation of auxiliary multi functional containers, for instance, for reconnaissance pur poses and launching night attacks against small non radar contrast targets; improvement of performance characteristics, organization of licensed production of the aircraft or its units and/or parts, perfor mance of overhaul repairs, main tenance and the establishment of training centers. ( 4
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"MYSTIC" I CLEANS THE SKY

$
Stanislav Smirnov, Sergey Reznichenko
In less than one month the factory pilots flying the "Stratosphera", managed to substantially improve 25 world records on altitude, speed and load lifting capacity of such aircraft. Some of them are entered in the Guinness Book of Records.
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1994
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n 1982 an American reconnaissance satellite photographed a Soviet aircraft of unknown design at the Zhukovski airfield near Moscow. According to the NATO classification system, air craft first detected in the Ramenski Region (the airfield is located in this region) are given the designation "RAM". At first, the unknown air craft was named "RAM M". Several years later, when it became clear that work on the aircraft was nearing its comple tion, it acquired the code name "Mystic". Developed at the V. Myasishchev Experimental Machine Building Factory, the M 17 "Stratosphera" aircraft owed its birth to the global conflict
AB012
1. Wide wings of the "Geophysika" 2. The M 55 "Geophysika" in flight

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between two superpowers: the USSR and USA. The Soviet plane was created as a component of the reconnaissance and strike system similar to the American PLSS system, developed under the "Assault Breaker" program. Such systems were intended to kill with high accuracy the most important stationary and moving targets. To implement this pro gram, the combination of an aeri al reconnaissance system with ground based tactical missile control centers was planned. Reconnaissance data, received from one or several reconnais sance aircraft, would be processed in real time in the air or on the ground. This would ensure rapid receipt of data, thereby guaranteeing accurate hits. If guided weapons were used, the reconnaissance aircraft could perform the functions of fire adjustment planes. The first machine was assem bled in 1978 at the helicopter building factory in Kumertau. In December 1978 it became air
borne for the first time through the factory's pilot Kir Chernobrovkin. Subsequently, the manufacturing process was transferred to the company's workshops: their location next to the general purpose airfield allowed the "Stratosphera" air craft to "jump" into the sky. Witnesses recall how after a short take off run the aircraft roared sharply upwards and disappeared like a mythical bird, owing to its camouflage coloring. In May 1982, the M 17 launched an intensive flight testing program. This was when it was first detect ed by the American satellite. In less than one month the factory pilots flying the "Stratosphera", managed to sub stantially improve 25 world records on altitude, speed and load lifting capacity of such air craft. Some of. them are entered in the Guinness Book of Records. For example, the old record for the time required to climb to an altitude of 12,000 m was sur passed almost twofold.
The specific outlines of the "Stratosphera" are even percepti ble to people, with little contact with aviation. Aerodynamics spe cialists of the Myasishchev com pany managed to retain the two boom configuration of the high altitude reconnaissance aircraft, featuring a short fuselage and a "clean" wing with a 40 meter span. Two boom configured air craft are no longer rare in Russia and abroad. However, when the M 17 was ordered by the Ministry of Defense, it had only one coun terpart: America's TR 1 Lockheed aircraft, which used a standard configuration. Thanks to the renown of the Myasishchev company and, above all, the scientific and tech
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nical potential of its design bureau, it has been able to create a machine boasting better flight performance. Experts are attract ed by its unique wing design, rather than the airframe configu ration. A high lift supercritical wing was designed specially for the M 17 aircraft. To perform flights at a high altitude in the rar efied atmosphere, one needs a wing, which provides a high degree of lift and also possesses a drag, thereby ensuring the attainment of preset flight speeds and maneuvering. Its American counterparts, the TR 1 aircraft and U 2 prototype, both devel oped by the Lockheed company and Kelly Johnson, have a larger wing area and are therefore restricted in terms of maneuver ability and piloting modes: the minimum and maximum speeds at some altitudes are virtually the same. To avoid the specific "dis ease", peculiar to the U 2 high altitude reconnaissance aircraft,
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the "Stratosphera" uses an adjustable trailing edge. The vari able edge wing, also called an adaptive wing, was used in the M 17 much earlier than in foreign
counterparts, as confirmed by a inventor's certificate issued in 1971. One can also use high lift devices on the leading edge, which may expand aircraft's pilot
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The M 17 "Stratosphera" parked at the Monino Air Force Museum 4. The M 17 "Stratosphera" in flight
ing characteristics. The "Stratosphera" employs an original wing tip with variable leading edge sweep, which ensures an increase of the lift drag ratio by more than one unit. In terms of weight and aerody namics this novelty proved to be more advantageous than the Whitcomb tip, which gained fame with aviation specialists at virtual ly the same time. Owing to these technical solutions, the "Stratosphera" acquired the high est level of lift drag ratio, enabling it to glide from an alti tude of 1,000 m over a distance of almost 30 km, with the engine remaining inoperative. At the same time, the machine can be efficiently piloted over the entire range of altitudes from 0 to 25,000 m. Flights in the stratosphere
require a special power plant. In such conditions a type turbojet engine can achieve only 3% of the thrust, which is normally achiev able on the ground. The "Stratosphera" used a RD 36 51V modified engine, which was first designed by the Rybinsk Design Bureau for the Tu 144 supersonic passenger airliner. The time required to create the M 17 did not allow for the construction of a special power plant, which could account for the peculiarities of the new machine. The company's chief pilot notes: "The potentials of the "Stratosphera" aircraft's engine have been fully exhausted, whereas those of the airframe have not. The installation of a more powerful engine will enable the aircraft to climb still higher". The operation and mainte
nance of the U 2 foreign counter part gave its pilots and mainte nance personnel a lot of trouble. The American machine can only take off and land in still, practical ly windless weather. This process is duplicated by another aircraft, flying on a parallel course. During take off the machine jettisons underwing struts. The U 2 plane's airframe boasts a high aspect wing and faired aerody namics, fuel weight ratio of 0.5, and carries a fixed minimum of light weight equipment. According to some sources, Kelly Johnson's creation has limited take off characteristics and out board temperature range. The "Stratosphera" is built like a normally operated aircraft. Take off at minus 20 C presents no difficulties. The flight and nav igation complex of the M 17 is
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designed specially for this machine, enabling to accomplish tasks placed on the precision location and strike system. The pilot's cockpit comprises a stan dard set of indicators. The air craft's avionics contains a set of reconnaissance equipment, which operates on various wavebands, as well as a special communica tions and navigation complex. One M 17 aircraft incorporated a built in 23 mm cannon with a small ammunition supply. Work on the development of the Soviet reconnaissance and strike system lasted a long time, but was finally stopped in 1987. When the famous phantom U 2 and its modifications engaged in radioelectronic reconnaissance as part of the "Desert Storm" operations, the Soviet counter part was already functioning in peaceful mode. By 1990 the M 17 "Stratosphera" was converted into a high altitude ecological reconnaissance plane in accor dance with the "Global ozone reserve" project. The M 17, bear ing the inscription "Happy Christmas" on its fuselage, was blessed by the hierarchs of the Orthodox Church and took off into Moscow's sky to reconnoiter the ozone layer above the capital. The refitted "Stratosphera" can use chemical rockets to cause rain during the draughts or "dis charge" hail clouds and take air samples. A lone launch of the Space Shuttle can destroy 0.3% of the ozone content. In the same way the layer is destroyed by super sonic jet aircraft, flying at alti tudes above 20,000 m. The UN report on the environment states that by 2,000 the thickness of the ozone layer may decrease by 5 to 10%, which may engender an ecological catastrophe on the Earth. Consequently, the problem of protection against hard ultravi olet radiation is now of paramount importance. High altitude aircraft will play a leading role in the solu tion of this problem. The Russian M 55 "Geophysika" is a special aircraft used to accomplish such functions. Insignificant external differences between this machine and its predecessor M 17 "Stratosphera" made it possible to designate the M 55 in the West as "Mystic A". The M 55 has another wing and a slightly altered fuselage. The power plant, consisting of two engines each with a thrust of 5,000 kg, provides a flight dura tion of 6.5 hours at an altitude of 17,000 m. The plane is designed for hail protection. However, it also can spray ozone into the upper layers of the atmosphere, when it has respective on board equipment. A basically new hail protection system, based on the Russian Myasishchev aircraft, reduces the cost of protecting one hectare of the area by 190% and the strength of personnel 50 to 100 fold. The system is simple and safe for the population, animals and buildings. It does not require
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COMPARATIVE TECHNICAL DATA M 17 TR 1 USSR USA 40.3 Wing span, m 31.39 21.085 Length of aircraft, m 19.2 151 Wing area, m2 92.9 1 Crew, men 1 1x7,000 Powerplant power, kgf 1x7,710* 18,400 Take off weight, kg 18,144 2,500 Payload, kg 21,300 Maximum flight altitude, m 1.5 Flight duration, h 12 Maximum flight range, km 4,830 750 Cruising speed, km/h 695** Take off run, m Landing run, m Notes: * uninstalled thrust ** maximum thrust at an altitude of 21,650 m
1 2x5,000 24,000 1,500 21,000 6.5 750 900 780
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M 55 Russia 37.5 22.7
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any closure of airports and air routes during the operation. Operating from one base, the air craft can protect an area over a radius of 100 km, amounting to three million hectares. At present, the efficiency of airborne hail protection methods in the USA, Canada, Austria, FRG and Greece does not exceed 45 to 50%. This can be attributed to the absence of special aircraft, which may carry the reagent into the zone. For hail protection, the front and wings of the plane are usually armored, thereby drasti cally reducing the operating radius of conventional aircraft. According to foreign sources, such aircraft can only reach the hail formation zone in three out of five cases, owing to powerful airstreams in the clouds. The Russian "Geophysika" flies far above the upper edge of a cloud. In one mission it can "clear" away a strip 10 km wide. Today, special equipment is being developed for the M 55 "Geophysika" plane, thereby extending the aircraft's capabili ties in the ecological monitoring of the air media, water basin and land. (
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AIRCRAFT CARRYING
Igor Sutyagin
Scientist, Military Policy and Systems Analysis Center, The USA and Canada Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences
Owing to considerable reductions in land based aircraft, in accor dance with the Treaty on the Limitation of Armed Forces in Europe, and a simultaneous contraction of aircraft basing areas, ensuing from the return of our troops to Russia, air supremacy in the combat area of naval forces can no longer be achieved, even in coastal areas, by the Air Force and Air Defense Forces and is therefore now being assured with the Navy's help. This factor pre determines the need to equip the Navy with aircraft carrying ships, comprising a full strength fighter park, in numbers suffi cient to carry out the tasks assigned to the Navy.
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CRUISER
ADMIRAL KUZNETSOV
he development program of large aircraft carrying ships (heavy air craft carrying cruisers), similar in parameters to the aircraft carriers of the US Navy, stemmed from changes in the strategic military situation in the late 1970s. However, to analyze the current build up of the Russian Navy, one should bear in mind that ever since the missions of heavy aircraft carry ing cruisers and the reasons pro posed by the naval authorities for their continued construction have changed radically. In the postwar period it was assumed that Europe constituted the most likely theater of military operations, with ground forces, front line and long range air forces and air defense forces providing the main combat grouping. The tasks to be assigned to the Navy in warfare in the European theater were con fined to operational support of sea based flanks. At that time it was assumed that groups of front line, long range and air defense air forces would attain all set tasks in the theater of land operations, and also provide air cover for naval units in their combat areas. This objective was assigned to land based aviation. The leadership of the Air Force and Air Defense
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the USSR, and the military circles stopped debating the need to possess aircraft carriers until the mid 1980s. The task of operating on enemy communications was not completely withdrawn in subse quent years, as can be deduced from the draft military doctrine of Russia presented by the military leadership. However, in the new conditions, another weighty sub stantiation of the need to intro duce aircraft carrying ships in the Navy appeared. Following the break up of the Warsaw Pact, state defense efforts were shifted onto the international plane. Therefore, the Navy's provision of Russia's military security acquired an importance, which had not exist ed in previous conditions. Naval actions have become far more complicated. Owing to consider able reductions in land based air craft, in accordance with the Treaty on the Limitation of Armed Forces in Europe, and a simulta neous contraction of aircraft bas ing areas, ensuing from the return of our troops to Russia, air supremacy in the combat area of naval forces can no longer be achieved, even in coastal areas, by the Air Force and Air Defense Forces and is therefore now being assured with the Navy's help. This factor predetermines the need to equip the Navy with aircraft carrying ships, compris
1. "Admiral Kuznetsov" heavy aircraft carrying cruiser 2. The Su 27K fighter takes off from the deck 3. In the cruiser's hangar 4. Landing of the Su 27K fighter
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confirmed their readiness to achieve this goal. As the Soviet war doctrine never comprised combat operations in overseas theaters, the idea of developing aircraft carriers did not enjoy the backing of the General Staff. At some stages this idea was blocked by the leadership of the Air Force and Air Defense. However, the situation varied perceptibly in the late 1970s. The build up of NATO's military power led military experts to assume that the war in the European and other theaters would be protract ed and that its progress and out come would increasingly depend upon manpower and materiel supplies from the North America. The potential convoy combat areas were located beyond Soviet land based aviation, which sub stantiated the need to introduce into the Navy aircraft carrying ships with air groups of mostly fighters. The weightiness of this substantiation was adopted by all services of the Armed Forces of
ing a full strength fighter park, in numbers sufficient to carry out the tasks assigned to the Navy. The ADMIRAL KUZNETSOV heavy aircraft carrying cruiser is already operational with the Russian Northern fleet. The sec ond VARYAG ship is still under construction. The 1143.5 project cruisers represent an improved version of the aircraft carrying ships, creat ed in the Soviet Navy in the form of MOSKVA antisubmarine cruis ers (project 1123) and succeed ed by the type KIEV cruisers (pro jects 1143 1143.4). All these ships were equipped to employ VTOL aircraft and helicopters. In this respect the 1143.5 project cruisers can for good reason be named aircraft carriers, as the shipborne aircraft take off and land in a running mode. The standard displacement of the 1143.5 project cruisers is 55,000 tons, while their total dis placement is 65,000 tons. The main power plant is a boiler tur bine plant, which has a total power of about 200,000 hp. The cruisers have a through flight deck. The bow portion terminates in a springboard inclined at a 15 angle. The aft portion of the flight deck is provided with wire arresters. The aircraft landing on the deck catches the arrester wire via its ventral hook and decelerates at a g force of up to 3.5 g, thereby reducing the land
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alternation of line ups from near and far positions (with respect to the bow) is correlated with the quickness of retraction of the jet deflector of the near line up posi tion. As the OREL cruisers are not equipped with catapults, they cannot compare with America's modern aircraft carriers in terms of rapid air group lift up capacity. American aircraft carriers are equipped with four aircraft launching catapults, located in pairs at an angle to one another in the bow and in the angular section of the deck. This scheme permits the lifting of aircraft into the air at very short intervals of 15 seconds. The standard air group, based on a heavy 1143.5 project aircraft carrying cruiser includes 52 aircraft: 18 type Su 27K air craft, 18 type MiG 29K aircraft and 16 type Ka 27 helicopters. Shipboard fighters Su 27K included in the air group are assigned the prime task of pro viding antiaircraft defense for a naval force. These aircraft have a maximum take off weight of 32 t and a maximum allowable combat weight of 6.5 t, and are equipped with long range air to air missiles R 27ER, R 27ET, R 27EM and R 77 (missiles R 27EM have a max imum launching range of 170 km). Aircraft Su 27K can also be equipped with close air combat missiles R 73. In addition, provi sions are made to equip such air craft with MOSKIT heavy antiship missiles. The maximum unrefu eled range of aircraft Su 27K is 3,000 km, provided that the com bat load is less than its limit value. The MiG 29K aircraft includ ed in the air group of 1143.5 pro ject cruisers, act as fighter bombers. These aircraft, which have a maximum take off weight
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5. The Su 25UTG makes a final approach. Note the KA 27 helicopters in the foreground 6. On the flying deck
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ing strip to 80 100 m. In the bow underdeck portion of the ship there are twelve launchers for the GRANIT antiship missiles. According to original project of the OREL cruisers (which was revised on many occasions), the ship would be equipped with steam catapults: one of them was even constructed on land. However, the projectors failed to provide the requisite structural rigidity of the catapult track. Consequently, the track buckled when the cruiser was subjected to torsional loads on a rough sea, and the catapult failed to func tion. Therefore, two 1143.5 pro ject cruisers were equipped with springboards. The new aircraft carrying ship, the ULYANOVSK nuclear powered 1143.7 project cruiser, was equipped with cata pults. However, the building of this ship was never completed and the ship was scrapped. According to the springboard scheme, the aircraft takes off
from the deck by accelerating its engines at augmented power. At the end of its take off run, the aircraft comes to the spring board, which establishes the required angle of climb and facil itates the take off. Before the engines develop full thrust, the aircraft is held in place on deck by special undercarriage catches, which then sink under the deck, thereby enabling the aircraft to begin its take off run. To deflect the jet of the lined up aircraft, a jet deflector is raised above the deck. The OREL heavy aircraft car rying cruiser has three line up positions: two of them are located along the starboard consecutively at a distance of about 85 meters. However, as takeoff is performed from one springboard, only one aircraft can take off at a time. Naturally enough, to speed up the aircraft lift ups, the line ups from the port and starboard are rapidly alternated. The rapid
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7. The "Island" of the "Admiral Kuznetsov" cruiser 8. Inside view of the cruiser's combat information center
of 17,700 kg and a maximum allowable combat load of 3,000 kg, are equipped with suspension points for aerial bombs (including guided bombs), antiship missiles X 31A and antiradar missiles X 31P. MiG 29K aircraft, acting as fighters, can make a major con tribution to the antiaircraft defense of a naval force, employ ing air to air missiles R 73, R 27ER, R 27ET and R 77. The "Zhuk" airborne radar installed in MiG 29K aircraft permits the engagement of up to four targets at a time. The maximum flight
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range of this aircraft equipped with external tanks is 2,600 km, provided that the payload is less than its limit value. The aircraft take off run over the deck of the heavy aircraft carrying cruiser comes within 102 105 meters for the line up positions located near the bow and 190 meters for the line up positions located far from the bow. To enhance the take off dynamics of the aircraft's ship board versions, they are equipped with engines, enjoying a thrust rating augmented by 10
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to 12%. Therefore, it is reason able that shipboard aircraft Su 27K and MiG 29K are equipped with aerial refueling units. The line up conditions may well require aerial refueling immedi ately or almost immediately after take off, particularly if these air craft are assigned to carry out prolonged flying missions or deliver a heavy payload (e.g., the 4.5 ton MOSKIT antiship missile). The cruiser can also carry modi fied attack aircraft Su 25. World practice of aircraft car riers indicates that radar picket and guidance aircraft or heli copters should be included in the air group to ensure the efficient operation, of ship based aviation and accomplish successful defensive missions. The air group of a heavy aircraft carrying 1143.5 project cruiser may so well include the radar picket and guidance aircraft projected by the S. Yakovlev Design Bureau. For the time being, cruiser borne picket and guidance aircraft are replaced by Ka 27RLD heli copters, which perform similar functions. The air group includes two or three such vehicles. Two to four Ka 27PS search and rescue helicopters are also based on the cruiser. They can lift up to 13 people during rescue operations. The remaining vehi cles (Ka 27PL helicopters) are intended to seek out, detect and destroy submarines. Each vehicle has a three man crew, a maxi mum take off weight of 12 tons
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of the Ka 27 helicopter. They permit the transportation and landing of a marine squad, and provide post landing backup fire for the landing team. The heavy aircraft carrying cruiser is defended by four KLI NOK all weather close in air defense missile systems and eight KASHTAN missile/artillery systems. The KLINOK system will be used to protect the ship against massive attacks by low altitude antiship missiles and other unmanned and piloted air assault weapons. The KASHTAN systems were developed to protect the ship from precision air assault weapons (cruise missiles, guided aerial bombs) at altitudes ranging between 4,000 m and the lower limit. The combat module of each system includes two six barrel 30 mm AO 18 automatic antiaircraft guns (with a total rate of fire of 10,000 rds/min and a maximum firing range of 4,000 to 5,000 m) and eight air defense guided mis siles 9M311 stowed in launching and transporting containers. Another 16 air defense guided missiles stowed in launching and transporting containers are kept under the deck for reloading. Full automation of combat operations, right from target detection to its actual destruction, enables the KASHTAN system to engage up to six targets at a time. (
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and is equipped with two 2,200 hp TVZ 117 shaft turbine engines. The Ka 27 helicopter has a maximum flight speed of 270 km/h, a cruising speed of 230 km/h, a maximum allowable flight range of 800 km and an endurance of 4 h. All modified Ka 27 helicopters are equipped with special gas bags, which enable the helicopters to perform water landings. As well as antisubmarine mis siles APR 2E and guided aerial bombs C 3V, the Ka 27 heli copter may also be equipped with antiship missiles X 35. In case of need, the heavy aircraft carrying cruiser can receive transport and combat helicopters Ka 29, which are also developed on the basis
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must be equipped with special control systems. In many coun tries promising mobile coastal systems comprising such fire control means are being devised. At present, experts rank as one of the most perfect coastal defense systems that of the Coastal Artillery of Sweden. The coast of this country is defended by 70 special batteries equipped with artillery mounts with a caliber of 25 to 210 mm: more than one third of these artillery mounts are mobile. Not surprisingly Russia, whose sea frontiers extend for several thousands of kilometers, devotes a great deal of attention to the development of mobile coastal systems. Much good can be said about the antiship missile systems, which have already been successfully employed in the Navy for years. The high power and long range of their cruise missiles and the jamming immunity of their fire control sys tems make sure that these mobile systems can reliably hit ships of any class. Despite continuous improve ment in cruise missile coastal systems, the creators of combat equipment do not forget the capabilities and advantages of various calibers of artillery sys tems to defend sea frontiers. One novelty of the Russian defense industry is the 130 mm BEREG self propelled artillery system, which can defeat surface ships (including fast ships going up to 200 knots) and landing forces and destroy ground targets. The BEREG system comprises a cen tral station incorporating a fire control system, a combat support vehicle, and six self propelled artillery mounts equipped with 130 mm guns. All vehicles of the BEREG system are mounted on a similar cross country chassis, 1
LANDING FORCE
WON'T GET BY
$
Igor Dubrovin
1. The "Bereg" 130 mm self pro pelled artillery system on the march
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oastal defense is ensured by spe cial coastal defense units: one of their major components is coastal artillery. Current coastal combat require ments contribute to the develop ment of mobile coastal batteries. These mobile bat teries have decided advantages over fixed artillery systems, as they provide defense of a much
larger area, not limited by gun fir ing ranges, and can be impercep tibly transferred to other areas. It is pertinent to note that conventional self propelled artillery mounts currently in ser vice with ground forces cannot ensure efficient coastal defense. The control systems incorporated in these artillery mounts are not intended to solve specific prob lems associated with sea target firing. Consequently, to ensure rapid hitting of small amphibious targets (fighting vehicles, tanks, boats) normally used for naval landings, the artillery mounts
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It is pertinent to note that conventional self propelled artillery mounts currently in service with land forces cannot be used to solve coastal defense problems. The control systems incorporated in these artillery mounts are not intended to solve specific problems associated with sea target firing. Consequently, to ensure rapid hitting of small amphibious targets (lighting vehicles, tanks, boats) normally used for naval landings, the artillery mounts must be equipped with special control systems.
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MAZ 543M, having a 8x8 wheel arrangement. The high cross country capacity of the chassis and the use of night vision kits and navigation equipment enable the vehicles to change rapidly the firing position on the accomplish ment of a combat mission and move in a dispersed manner to a new area in the presence of active and passive jamming employed by the enemy at any time of the day in any weather conditions. Sea and ground targets can be sought, tracked and the fire of the self propelled artillery mounts can be adjusted both by the cen tral station's fire control system and from one or two observation posts or a fire adjustment heli copter. Furthermore, the self propelled artillery mounts can deliver fire decentralized and independently by using their opti cal/electromechanical sights, commander's vision and designa tion devices, ballistic computers and laser rangefinders to obtain target data. The systems of the central station placed in a firing position are supplied with electrical power from the diesel generators of the combat support vehicle. In addi tion, all fighting vehicles of the BEREG system have self con tained power supplies, which enhances their survivability con siderably and enables them to be kept in a state of advanced oper ational readiness for several days. CENTRAL STATION The central station (CS) of the BEREG artillery system consists of the fire control system BR 136, with radar and optoelectron ic acquisition and target tracking channels, and auxiliary equip ment intended to maintain com munications with the vehicles of the artillery system and provide
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COASTAL 100 to 305 mm GUN FIRE CONTROL SYSTEM
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The two channel jamming proof fire control system is intended to accurately deter mine the movement parameters of sea targets (including fast moving targets) and ensure effective firing at once at two out of four tracked targets, using discrete information supplied by the all round radar. The system ensures: continuous 360 sea surface situation surveillance and target acquisition TV optical surveillance of sea and coast situation in a sector of 135 automatic tracking of up to four radar contrast targets, computation of their movement parame ters generation of angles of elevation and traverse for six guns with pointing correction fire control and fire correction against two targets simultaneously independent fire of each gun printing out of fire parameters personnel training
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transfer of the fire onto the next of the targets under tracking. Using the parameters of motion of tracked targets, the fire control system computes total laying angles for six guns in a central laying mode, with due allowance made for ballistic and meteorological corrections and the separation between each gun and the central station. In this case, provisions are made to fully automate all parameter computa tion processes, including auto matic adjustment of fire, using radar observed shell splashes. During the operation of the central station, the information obtained by circular scanning is displayed on a rectangular azimuth scan indicator. This indi cator also displays two electrical cursors associated with the first and second tracking channels. They appear as two thin lines, which can be moved by the oper ators by manual ball type con trols. When the electrical cursors are brought into line with the blips of detected targets, the automatic tracking is initiated. The data obtained from the TV/laser tracking channel are dis played on a TV indicator. Information about the distance to detected objects, obtained from the laser rangefinder, is displayed on a special readout panel. Either of two tracking chan nels can operate in three opera tor controlled modes (manual laying, aided tracking and coast ing) and two automatic modes (programmed target lock on and automatic tracking). In addition, the first channel has provisions for the TV/laser tracking of any detected targets. When the oper ators are in controlled mode and the quality of automatic tracking is being monitored, a special pre cision azimuth range sector indi cator is used to display radar information on the surface situa tion. The fire control channels of the BEREG artillery system also operate in several modes: tie in of the components of the artillery system, operation against sea or coastal targets. At this time, the fire control system BR 136 enables the artillery mounts to fire both in succession and at rates of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 rounds per minute. The firing process can be monitored by the com mander of the artillery system, either by observing the azimuth range indicator or obtaining perti nent information from observa tion posts or a fire adjustment helicopter. The firing results are logged with the aid of digital printers. The central station van is divided into five compartments: engine, antenna station, high fre quency, radio operator and oper ator. The engine compartment houses a diesel electric set to provide standby power (in the absence of power from the com bat support vehicle or centralized power lines) rated at three phase AC power of 30 kW, a voltage of 380/220 V 50 Hz and comprising an insulated neutral and rotary converter to feed the fire control system rated at a power of 15 kW and a secondary voltage of 220 V 400 Hz. The antenna station compart ment houses the receiving and transmitting devices of the fire control system: a circular scan radar antenna with its own rotator and an optoelectronic target detection/tracking channel range finding and sighting device, mounted on an extensible base. The antenna station drive system permits the securing of the antenna station in its traveling
1. The "Bereg" 130 mm self propelled artillery system on the march 2. The 130 mm self propelled artillery mount 3. The combat support vehicle 4. The central station
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normal living conditions for the personnel. Fire control system BR 136 provides circular or sector radar and TV optical scanning of the sea surface at any time of the day. It can operate satisfactorily in the face of passive and active jamming. The fire control system permits automatic tracking of up to four radar targets: two of them can be hit simultaneously. After hitting a target, the fire control system permits virtually instant
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extinguishing system control pan els. The operator's compartment houses stations for the comman der of the BEREG self propelled artillery system, central station commander, fire control man, artillery electrician and radiome ter operator. The artillery system commander's station is equipped with navigation, communication and signaling facilities, an obser vation and target designation sight, folding tables for work on topographic maps, a standby fire control director and a telephone set to maintain communications with observation posts. To reduce the blind zone during the opera tion of the observation and desig nation sight, the commander can raise it via lifting mechanisms, which are mounted on the van's roof. The CS commander's station is equipped with a first fire con trol channel director and commu nication equipment to ensure communications with the artillery mounts. Similar equipment, used to enable the self propelled artillery mounts to fire on the basis of data obtained from the second channel, is installed at the fire control man's station. The guns can be redistributed among the fire control channels. Devices associated with the first and second target tracking channels are located at the artillery electrician's and
Deploying the "Bereg" artillery system
PRINCIPAL TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTROL SYSTEM Surface target detection range, km more than 35 Error in determining total laying angles, maximum, mrad 3 Readiness time, maximum, min 3 Power drawn from 380 V 50 Hz line, kW 15 Mass, kg: fire control equipment 5,000 antenna station 470 TV/laser station 235 Antenna speed, rpm 15 to 25 Service life, minimum, yrs 20
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position, its raising and lowering in the automatic and manual modes through a van roof open ing, closed by covers in the trav eling position. The antenna sta tion is supplied with microwave power through a special movable waveguide transmission line. Some fire control system devices, including the transmit ter, polarization controller and waveguide pressure controller, are contained in the high fre quency compartment, which is provided with special microwave radiation shield and equipped with a special shielded door. The radio operator's com partment houses a primary processor, a microwave receiver, a digital computer and the equip ment of the radiotelegraph oper ator's and electrician driver's stations. The radiotelegraph operator's station is equipped with a radio set, intercommunica tion switchgear devices, a line communication unit (used to maintain communications with the combat support vehicle), an individual fan and heater. The radio set's antenna can be stowed in the traveling posi tion during any movement of the central station. Special controls are provided in the driver's cab. The electrician driver's station is also equipped with a diesel elec tric set remote control panel and power supply, life support, instrument ventilation and fire
radiometer operator's stations. These stations include a range finding and sighting device con troller and communication equip ment. To facilitate the setting up of the central station on rough ter rain, the van is provided with spe cial jacks, enabling the crew to ensure horizontal antenna rota tion. Since the jacks are provided with both electromechanical and manual drives, the crew can level off the central station even in an emergency. Two air conditioners are mounted in the front of the van above the driver's cab: one for the instrument ventilation system and the other for the crew life support system. SELF PROPELLED ARTILLERY MOUNT
5. The 130 mm A 222 gun is ready to fire 6. The self propelled artillery mount in traveling position 7.
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with a night channel, a quantum ves two rotary amplifiers of the gun laying system, a generator rangefinder, ballistic data com puter and a plotting board for providing direct current to the independent operations, radio jacks, which ensure the rigidity of set, internal and external line the chassis during firing, and voice communication control storage batteries and power sup equipment and lighting, heating ply units, laying and fire control and ventilating equipment. systems. This area of the turret The gun layer's station is also contains a fan, which equipped with an optical sight, a reduces the gas content in the air light signal unit and lighting, and during firing. The required venti intercommunication equipment. If lating air is taken in through a obstacles may get in the field of pipe, which is raised above the fire, the gun layer allows for this roof. possibility by entering pertinent COMBAT SUPPORT VEHICLE information into a special no fire This vehicle continuously pro area coordinate input unit, locat vides regulated power for the ed at his station. BEREG coastal artillery system. It The stations for two front houses a removable power supply loaders are arranged symmetri unit with two diesel electric sets: cally near the round feed trays each one is rated at a voltage of 380/220 V 50 Hz and a power of about the gun bore axis. The sta tions for the rear loaders are 30 kW. The capacity of the fuel arranged, near ammunition tanks located nearby ensures stowage racks and their loading continuous operation of the gear. Two stowage racks are diesel electric sets for seven located at these stations for the days. In addition, the extensive storage and transportation of at capacities embodied in the least 40 rounds. A power compartment is design of the combat support mounted on the chassis adjacent vehicle permit the use of this to the movable turret. It houses a vehicle for other purposes. Consequently, the turret power generating set, which dri PRINCIPAL TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SELF PRO PELLED ARTILLERY MOUNT Caliber, mm Rate of fire, minimum, rds/min Firing range, minimum, km Ammunition load, minimum, rds Type of round Types of shells 130 10 20 40 Fixed HE frag. with base fuze AA with nose fuze Practice (for practice firing) Training (for training crews and checking materiel)
The 130 mm gun of self pro pelled artillery mount A 222 is mounted in a turret, which can rotate on a rotary support in the form of a special roller bearing. Consequently, naval landing forces can be engaged over a wide sector of 120. The gun can be laid for elevation in a range of 5 to +50. Laying of the gun on a target can be carried out either automatically on the digital codes received from the central station or in aided mode with the sighting device of the artillery mount. In the latter case it is assumed that self propelled artillery mount A 222 is engaged in independent combat and does not maintain contact with the central station and combat sup port vehicle. The potential inde pendent functioning of each of the six self propelled artillery mounts enhances substantially the survivability of the entire BEREG artillery system. The turret has specially equipped stations for the com mander, gun layer and four load ers. The commander's station is equipped with a control unit to control the operation of all sys tems (i.e., fire control, laying, ammunition supply, case extrac tion, life support and fire extin guishing systems), an optoelec tronic commander's vision device
PRINCIPAL TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBAT SUP PORT VEHICLE 2x30 Generator power, kW 380/220 Voltage, V 50 Frequency, Hz 7.62 Machine gun caliber, mm 260 Field of fire, deg 8 to +10 Elevation angle, deg
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area. Convenient two and four berth compartments provide good rest for the personnel of the entire artillery system, according to a flexible schedule. The van is provided with special cabinets for drying clothes and footwear with electric heaters and a fan and for stowing personal anti gas equip ment, an ammunition load, gas masks, personal arms and portable storage battery lamps and tanks containing drinking and service water. The van accommodates a mess and a kitchen. The mess can feed four men at a time. Owing to the availability of a fold ing table for games, books, newspapers and magazines, the mess can also be used as a per sonnel recreation room. The food stock and equipment of the kitchen enable the kitchen to cater for ten men for seven days. The combat support vehicle is manned by a crew of four. (
machine gun mount, equipped with 7.62 mm machine gun PKT, mounted on the roof, has proven itself capable of providing close defense of the vehicle. Furthermore, the special equip ment and navigation equipment mounted in the van ensure a timely warning of the crew about radioactive and chemical contam ination and the arrival of the artillery system (or some of its vehicles in case of dispersed movement) in any designated
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eamen adhere to a long standing belief that naval ships are the visit ing cards of their states. There is something behind this view. Indeed, the construction of a ship capable of providing defense far from the native seashore and deal ing crushing blows to an enemy, requires a powerful defense industry. This can only be afforded by a developed state. The ships ploughing the waters of the world ocean may be attacked by other ships, sub marines and aircraft. They may be engaged by torpedoes, missiles, mines and many other combat means, which ship crews need to defend themselves against. In Russia the ALTAIR State Research and Production Association has developed air defense systems capable of ensuring a reliable defense of ships, which are some of the best in the world. They include the KLI NOK naval antiaircraft missile and artillery self defense system, which immediately drew the atten tion of experts at international exhibitions, as it has no equal in terms of its technical characteris tics. The system will provide indi vidual self defense for naval and civil ships against massive attacks by low altitude antiship missiles and pilotless and piloted aircraft. The system can hit up to four tar gets at a time, by launching air defense missiles in a space sector of 60 x 60 and by firing 30 mm artillery mounts. The multichannel operation of the KLINOK system is based on the use of electronically controlled phased antenna arrays and a high speed computer with devel
NAVAL AIR
DEFENSE SYSTEMS
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Oleg Anatoliev
1. The "Klinok" air defense missile system: launcher hatches

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The specialists of the ALTAIR Association believe that the SHTIL system is the most efficient naval weapon against omnidirectional attacks of current and prospective air attack weapons. The system boasts the best technical and economic charac teristics for a naval medium range air defense guided missile weapon. The system is mass pro duced and can be installed on the ships, which are being constructed or refitted.
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underdeck launcher, comprising three or four drum type launching modules. Each launching module contains eight missile transport ing and launching containers. The ammunition load of the air defense system may comprise 24 to 64 missiles, depending on the number of underdeck launchers installed on the ship. At the moment of lift off, the gas dynamic system deflects the missile towards the target. Once the missile has reached a safe alti tude, its engine is started. The high level of allowable g loads and high flight speed of the missile ensure effective destruction of both straight flying and high speed maneuvering targets. The high penetration HE fragmenta tion warhead weighs 15 kg. Its detonation is accomplished via a command from the pulse radio fuze, in close proximity to the tar get. The missiles are accommodat ed in transporting and launching containers, which ensures their preservation, instant operational readiness, convenient transporta tion and launcher loading safety. The missiles do not require checks for 10 years. The KLINOK air defense mis sile and artillery system requires a crew of 13. The KLINOK system can be operated in various climat ic zones. It can defeat targets effectively even in rough sea (up to five points). The modular design of the air defense system means that it can be mounted on ships and other vessels of various classes, with a displacement of more than 800 t. At present the air defense system is installed on the Navy's most modern ships. The ALTAIR State Research and Production Association enjoys
2. Work stations of the "Klinok" AD system operators 3. Work station of the bat talion commander 4. An underdeck launcher
oped software. The system's air and sea target detection radar facilities ensure its full indepen dence and on hand firing in the most adverse conditions. To pro vide fuller interpretation on the air and surface situation, information can be drawn from any other tar get designation systems. The air defense system employs overall automated func tional testing. In addition, the TV optical target tracking equipment built into the antenna post enhances its noise immunity under severe ECM conditions. In view of the high speeds of the targets attacking the ship and subsequently short time available to take a decision on the employ ment of the self defense equip ment, the designers of the KLI NOK system have automated the combat process of this antiaircraft system as much as possible. Consequently, the main mode of missile and artillery mount firing is automatic. Missile firing is accomplished by the use of TV controlled air defense missiles, weighing 165 kg. The missiles are launched ver tically via a catapult. For this pur pose, the ship is equipped with an
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TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE KLINOK SYSTEM Target killing range, km 1.5 to 12 (from 200 m in case of use of 30 mm artillery mount) Target killing altitude, m 10 to 6,000 Target speed, m/s 0 to 700 Number of targets engaged at a time 4 Number of missiles guided at a time 8 Missile guidance method Telecontrol Target detection range, km 45 Response time, s 8 to 24
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TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SHTIL SYSTEM Number of targets engaged at a time 2 to 12 Target bearing zone, deg 360 Target speed, m/s 330 to 830 Target altitude, m 10 to 15,000 Target killing range, km 3.5 to 25 Missile speed, M 3 Weight, kg: missile 690 warhead 70
5. A destroyer equipped with "Shtil" air defense missile system 6. Work stations of "Shtil" air defense sys tem operators 7. A launcher of the "Shtil" AD missile sys tem
good standing as designer and manufacturer of air defense mis sile systems intended for various purposes. To ensure reliable col lective defense of ships against
massive enemy air attacks (for an order of ships on an escort mis sion), the association has devel oped the SHTIL medium range multichannel antiaircraft missile
system, which is also unique in the world. The association has framed the concept and specific structure of a multichannel naval air defense guided missile weapon of a modular type, which guaran tee the weapon's survivability and operational simplicity and provide an opportunity to set up the ordered number (up to 12) of channels on its carrier ship, depending on the ship's displace ment and the customer's require ments. The failure of most devices and even their accidental or com bat damage do not render the modular system operationally inactive. The ammunition load of the SHTIL system may include 24 to 96 missiles, depending on the set purchased by the customer. The single stage solid propellant mis 3
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8. A launching container and antenna station of the "Rif" AD missile sys tem 9. Loading launching con tainers
siles are launched automatically via quick fire single beam launch ers. The missiles are guided by semiactive radar guidance method. Missile homing ensures pinpoint firing accuracy in adverse environmental conditions, while the use of a powerful HE frag mentation warhead, equipped with an adaptive proximity fuze ensures effective strikes on vari ous types of targets. Provisions are made for the simultaneous
guidance of one, two or three mis siles (selected automatically) to each target. The time needed to prepare the air defense missile system for combat does not exceed 3 min utes. During combat, the system can be controlled both in a cen tralized manner from the general ship air defense control systems and independently. The system can also control the combat oper ations of the shipboard artillery. The specialists of the ALTAIR Association believe that the SHTIL system is the most efficient naval
weapon against omnidirectional attacks of current and prospective air attack weapons. The system boasts the best technical and eco nomic characteristics for a naval medium range air defense guided missile weapon. The system is mass produced and can be installed on the ships, which are being constructed or refitted. Specialists of the ALTAIR Association have developed a RIF collective air defense missile sys tem for large surface ships, which usually lead various striking forces. This air defense system is,
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RIF SYSTEM Killing range, maximum, km 90 Target speed, maximum, km/h 4,200 Number of engaged targets 6 Number of missiles guided at a time 12 Firing interval, s 3
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cruising missiles at altitudes of 25 or less meters. The missiles are stowed in underdeck drum launchers. They are launched vertically from a transporting and launching con tainer. Their cruising engines are started after they leave the con tainer. This ensures the fire and explosion safety of the missile magazine. After the lift off of the missile, the drum brings the next missile to the lift off line. The ver tical lift off of the missile obviates the need to lay the launcher. The missile's direction and depression angle after lift off are determined by the program coded into the missile during final preparation. The missiles are loaded into the launcher via a special loader which carries the transporting and launching containers with missiles from the ship deck to the missile magazine and installs them on the guides of the drums. The missile magazine loading opera tion is thereby mechanized almost completely. The ammunition supply com prises 48 to 64 missiles, depend ing on the complement of the air defense system. The air defense missile sys tems developed at the ALTAIR Association in the 70s and 80s
10. The work station of the "Rif" AD missile sys tem's operator 11. A "Rif" AD missile sys tem missile in its launching container. Sectional view
in particular, used on the SLAVA guided missile cruiser which is well known to sailors all over the world. Unlike the KLINOK and SHTIL systems, the RIF air defense missile system can hit air targets at long ranges well beyond the self defense zone of the ships of the order. Furthermore, the RIF system can track up to six targets at a time and guide up to 12 mis siles to these targets. The system uses a single stage solid propellant missile, with a maximum flight range of 90 km. The high speed missile with its powerful warhead and proximi ty fuse permits effective engage ment of fast moving aircraft and
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boast one distinctive feature: use of phased antenna arrays. The Association's scientists and designers have managed to draft adequate techniques for calculat ing and building phased antenna arrays, obtain unique design deci sions and develop simple low cost know how to manufacture these antenna arrays. This has enabled the designers to use phased antenna arrays in the development of conversion marine navigation systems and air traffic control radar systems. Our scientists have mastered current methods of mathematical and semiscale modelling used to move object control systems, and developed the mathematical mod els of radio control systems. This permits a substantial reduction in the time required to design and test prototypes. During the equipment's man ufacture, thin and thick film techniques, microassemblies, microstrip lines and multilayer printed circuit boards are employed. Such air defense systems as the RIF, SHTIL and KLINOK were displayed many times at various international exhibitions and are well known outside Russia. (
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A NEW ROLE
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One of the best accomplishments of Russia's military industrial com plex might have disappeared, if it were not for conversion. Based on design work and know how obtained during the development of military tactical missiles, the bureau's designers offered a brand new article the "Sphera" geophysical rocket complex.
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i ll ii ts a PM ub h ri y n gP a G rr a od ue p
Alexei Mesyatsev
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n 1980 a new tactical mis sile system, fitted with the OTR 23 "Oka" missile (SS 23 or "Spider", according to the Western terminology), entered service with the Rocket Forces and Artillery of the Soviet Ground Troops. Developed at the Kolomna Machinery Design Bureau under the supervision of chief designer Sergei Nepobedimy, this missile system was unique and remains as such up to date. Owing to its outstanding performance charac teristics, easy operation and high combat efficiency, the "Oka" has proved a masterpiece of domestic and world rocket building. With a launch weight of less than five tons, the missile carried a 450 kg warhead over up to 400 km. Its autonomous inertial guid ance system and on board digital computer ensured a hit with a high accuracy. The introduction
TECHNICAL DATA Length of rocket, m Diameter of rocket, m Launch weight of rocket, kg Weight of head, kg Weight of payload, kg Injection height, km: 265 kg head 415 kg head Deviation from design trajectory at 0.9 maxi mum height, km, max. Rocket fragments dropping radius, km, max.
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7.5 0.92 3,300 265 to 415 80 to 230 330 275 1 15 2
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of special measures to reduce its warhead's probability of detec tion by radars made it virtually invulnerable to the fire of hostile air defense systems. Clearly the missile's perfec tion, coupled with its extraordi nary combat efficiency and sur vivability, made our "potential enemy" at that time seriously worried. Therefore, during the preparation of the medium range and shorter range missile treaty, the American side insisted on the inclusion of the OTR 23 missile system in the list of weapons sub ject to destruction. Consequently, the Russian army lost a weapon, which could have ensured reliable defense of the state borders. It remains one of the world's best in its class. One of the best accomplish ments of Russia's military indus trial complex might have disap peared, if it were not for conver sion. Based on design work and know how obtained during the
1. The OTR 23 "Oka" tactical missile 2. The OTR 23 missile's launcher
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3. Measuring atmosphere and ionosphere parameters in the area of influence of heavy launch vehicle exhaust products 4. Measuring parameters of local disturbances in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere, caused by nat ural processes or a previ ously launched rocket 5. Measuring parameters of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere, affected by products left by spacecraft (or substances, which simu late these products) 6. Modeling the influence of anthropogenic near space contamination on the opera tion of spacecraft 7. Creating large scale ionized inhomogeneities and diag nosing them on the "Space Earth" route
development of military tactical missiles, the bureau's designers offered a brand new article the "Sphera" geophysical rocket complex. The complex uses a single stage solid propellant rocket. The complex's launch equipment can be mounted on all types of trans port. Coupled with easy operation and servicing and operability in any climatic conditions, the transportability of the complex makes it possible to select any sites to carry out research work. The use of a solid propellant rocket, apart from the ease of handling and its safe employ ment, exerts a less harmful effect on the environmental situation in the launch site area and on the condition of the ozone layer above the launch site, than the launch of rockets, which burn highly boiling propellants. The launch vehicle, possessing a comparatively low launch weight, can inject a payload of up to 415 kg into the upper layers of the atmosphere, the ionosphere and even low orbit space to carry out a wide range of scientific and technical experiments. On the passive leg of the trajectory, the on board equipment is placed in microgravitational conditions for approximately 450 sec, depend ing on the preset flight altitude. The compartment space, accommodating the payload, allows one to install various equipment and instruments. It goes without saying that the "Sphere" geophysical rocket complex offers ample scope for conducting high altitude experi ments. (
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8. Diagram showing practical application of the "Sphera" geophysical rocket complex 9. The "Sphera" geo physical rocket
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SPACE & AVIATION
ENGINES
Engine designers all over the world are extremely interested in cooperation. At the exhibitions we have been organizing since 1990, you can sell know how, buy a license, and even sign contracts on individual engine specimens.
ENGINE SHOW IN MOSCOW
The interview was taken by Alexander Mozgovoi
Between May 11 15, 1994 inclusive, the international exhibi tion "Engines 94" will be held at Moscow's Krasnaya Presnya complex. Victor Chuiko, President of the Association of Aeroengines Manufacturers (ASSAD) and Chairman of the Exhibition's organizing Committee, explains the exhibition's aims. Until recently no specialized exhibitions have been held on engine manufacturing. This can be attributed to the treatment of engines as mere components. Naturally, technical exhibitions quite understandably focus on the finished product, be it an aircraft, automobile, locomotive or ship. At the same time, engine manufac turers have problems of their own, related first and foremost to the actual functioning of engines, which are noted for exceedingly high pressure levels, peripheral velocities and high temperatures. For many engine parts function red hot; in other words, they are heated to temperatures of up to
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1,000 C and over. All this requires special technologies and materials. One should also bear in mind the ecological factors and try to diminish the negative effects of the running engines on the environment. Such problems are better solved in one go. Consequently, engine designers all over the world are extremely interested in cooperation. At the exhibitions we have been organiz ing since 1990, you can sell know how, buy a license, and even sign contracts on individual engine specimens. What makes this exhibi tion so different front those previous shows organized in Moscow in 1990 and 1992 ? The first exhibition in 1990, held in the former Soviet Union, placed emphasis on the conver
sion process. Now we can talk Victor Chuiko about progress in this area. At President of the Association of Aeroengines Manufacturers present, the aeroengine plants of the former Soviet Union are some of the largest motor cultivator producers. They produce annual ly 150,000 units. Engines for the Moskvich cars are made in Ufa, while the clutches are manufac tured in Tyumen and gear boxes in Omsk. The snowmobiles, man ufactured by the enterprises of Rybinsk and Ufa, are in high demand. By now aeroengine manufacturers have mastered production of many other sophis ticated consumer items. However, I feel that conver sion is two faceted. As I already said, it must cater for the needs of the rank and file consumer, and also develop and adapt high technologies used to build mili tary engines for its goals. Consequently, the continuity must be preserved in the field of science and technology. Whether we like it or not, aircraft and mili tary engine building was, is and will remain for the foreseeable future vital to industrial techno logical progress in this country and in the rest of the world. The most recent innovations in gas dynamics, strength calculations and materials science, technolo gies, management of production and servicing, all flow from the same source. A one off lumpsum contribution to research and the creation of a perfect engine can
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lead to the production of a range of sophisticated items, such as civilian aeroengines, turbines for power engineering, ships, gas pumping, etc. Incidentally, today 60% of gas in this country is pumped by the aviation drives, developed by the company, head ed by Chief Designer Academician Nikolay Kuznetsov. Russian aeroengine manufac turers are currently implementing the Russian Government's Resolution "On Initial Measures to Develop Aeroengine Manufacturing in the Russian Federation". Experience has shown that spending on such pro grams may be effected in two ways: one off contributions and many times. We have proposed the one off approach. First of all, we develop next generation mili tary engines and then use them as the basis for the creation of a whole range of civilian engines. Such an approach saves money and resources. Dual purpose technology constituted the highlight of the second Moscow exhibition of aeroengines in 1992. At that time the exhibition was already inter national, reflecting the fact that wide international cooperation in engine manufacturing was not a current trend: rather a fait accompli. The forthcoming exhi bition will also focus on innovative technologies in the field of aero engine manufacturing and the development of missile, automo bile, tractor and ship engines, power plants, mobile and station ary power stations and turbine engineering. Building and fuel and lub materials, test stands and boat engines will also be exhibit ed. Is it worth combining such different things? Each business has top stan dards. Naturally, this also refers
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1. The NK 93 engine
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to the engine manufacturing busi ness. It goes without saying that aviation technology does not always provide the right answer to car or tractor manufacturing problems. And there are areas, which may interest specialists in these industries. Take, for exam ple, high precision casting and the turbine blades, based on the use of directional crystallization or monocrystals. At the same time, aviation engine designers may obtain a lot of useful infor mation, when they become acquainted with the work of their colleagues, who are developing other types of engines. We aim to arrange a meeting of scientists, designers, manufacturers, sellers and buyers at one exhibition, enable them to make contact and do business together. Our aeroengine makers are frequently subjected to scathing criticism that while Russian aircraft are among the world's best, Russian engines stilt lag way behind
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western standards... Such assertions are far from sincere. Our engine makers always produced on command splendid engines for the airmen. However, one must consider the tasks they were set and the way the engines were subsequently treated. For example, an engine with a high bypass ratio, type D 18, was built way back in 1980. It was then used with the military cargo plane An 124 "Ruslan". Unfortunately, no "Boeing 747" class passenger plane with this engine on board was ever built. Why? I don't know. Admittedly, recently the IL 96, equipped with the PS 90 engine, began regular flights. However, ten years were needlessly wasted. Or you may hear some people say over and over again that domestic engines are not economical. First of all, it should be borne in mind that they were designed to assure aircraft take off from short landing strips. This implies a comparatively high er thrust. Secondly, the aerody 2
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ate with engine designers and manufacturers in Russia and other CIS countries. Not surpris ingly, the ASSAD has become an international organization, includ ing such leaders of the world engine manufacturing industry as the British corporation "Rolls Royce", America's "Pratt & Whitney", "Pratt & Whitney of Canada", the French firm SNEC MA, Germany's MTU and South Korea's "Halla". The South Korean firm has become our part ner in the joint venture "RosKorturbo", which develops power plants, using aircraft gas turbines. Will they all take part in the exhibition ? Yes, together with most ASSAD members from Russia and other CIS countries. Now the organization incorporates about 80 enterprises and companies. We think companies, which are not members of the ASSAD, will also participate, including small firms specializing in casting, forg ing and servicing. Many of these companies will find that this exhi bition is the only chance to demonstrate their production potential to a wide range of spe cialists. What events do you plan to organize as part of the exhibition? There will be two scientific symposiums. The first one is ded icated to the development prospects of the engine manufac turing industry in the 21st centu
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2. Base units and engines used in pilot controlled spacecraft. 3. Various types of rocket engines used in automatic inter planetary stations, artificial satellites and pilot controlled spacecraft.
namic standards of Russian planes have not always been on a par with high international levels. This led to increased fuel con sumption. In short, we always had to produce what we were ordered to. However, we can produce engines, which satisfy the newest requirements for weight, life, reli ability, operability and economy. The value of officially registered specific fuel consumption for the aforesaid PS 90 is 0.595. Now, this parameter for the stock pro duced engines leaving the plant is equal to 0.58. One version has it set at 0.57. In similar western engines this value ranges from 0.61 to 0.57. In other words, we satisfy world standards and also keep near the top. Our pilots impress the specta tors all over the world with their flying skills, managing the Su 27 and MiG 29. However, such aero batic figures as the "Bell" and "Cobra" should not be attributed merely to the skill of the aviators and aircraft's high aerodynamics. Equal credit is due to the engine's makers. This fact is often ignored. The L 31 and RD 33 engines installed on the Su 27 and MiG 29 aircraft allow our pilots to use such power settings, which west ern aces flying their fighter planes cannot even venture. We enjoy an undisputed lead in the design of a hypersonic engine, now being developed at the Central Aeroengines Institute (TsIAM). The TsIAM engine suc cessfully passed all trials on test beds and aboard missiles. A speed of 5,000 to 6,000 km/h was attained. Consequently, an air craft, equipped with such an engine, can reach America within 1.5 2 hours. The western manufacturers of engines hold our achievements in high esteem and willingly cooper
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According to an enduring tra
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ry. Engine manufacture is a far more complicated and labor con suming business than aircraft manufacturing. A new generation aircraft can be developed within 4 to 5 years: it requires 8 to 12 years to make an engine. The designs of the next century's engines have already been decid ed. However, the approaches are different. Consequently, for the sake of economy, efforts must be pooled to develop unified con cepts. The second symposium will focus on ecological problems related to engine manufacturing. It will provide a lot of food for thought and help us to determine criteria. As part of the program, we plan to stage an aeroshow in Kubinka near Moscow. The engines will be demonstrated in real work on various aircraft. I would like to point out that the exhibition was welcomed by the Russian government. The holding of such a vast exhibition and symposiums will enable their participants to determine integra tion trends in the engine manu facturing business. Application of new technologies, acquisition of know how, research into the mar kets of the CIS and other coun tries, and the establishment of new partnerships these are some of the results we hope to achieve at the exhibition. ( WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE KHIMMASH DESIGN BUREAU?
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SPECIFICATIONS
Nominal thrust, N Specific impulse, N.s/kg Starting time, s minimum maximum Total operation time, s Number of missions Energy consumption, W for reactor heating for electric valve drive Mass, kg DOT 5 5 2,255 0.05 8,000 1.2x10' 5.5x10' 60 15.8 0.9
DOT 25 DOK 10 DOK 50 DST 25 DST 100 OST 200
4. The S5 92 liquid propellant engine with turbopump feed system, used in the automatic interplanetary sta tion "Phobos". 5. The low thrust liq uid mono and bipropellant engines. 6. The first liquid pro pellant rocket engine RD 1.
25 2,300 0.05 6,000 2.5x10' 6x10' 70 7.9 1.3
10 2,250 0.05 600 1.5x10' 4x10' 40 7.9 0.6
50 2,250 0.05 600 1.5x10' 4x10' 20 16.2 1.1
25 2,790 0.03 4,000 2.5x10' 3x10
100 2,705 0.05 300 1.0x10' 1x10'
200 2,750 0.05 300 1.5x10' 1x10'
15.8 0.9
10.8 1.1
21.6 1.3
dition all state space exploration programs are implemented by some anonymous entities under the aegis of the Academy of Sciences, the Space Research Institute, and lately Glavkosmos or the Research & Production Association "Energiya". The names of other contributors have always been "modestly" omitted. Today we can openly speak about the work of the Design Bureau of the Chemical Machine Building Industry (the Khimmash DB), designer of rocket engines for vir tually all the domestically pro duced spacecraft, stations and modules. Khimmash's designers created more than 120 types of liquid propellant rocket engines and power plants. More than 30 of them are currently used in civil and military aviation. Now, when the market rela tions penetrate the spacecraft industry, rare visitors both from Russia and abroad wonder at the products manufactured by the enterprise and exhibited in its own showroom. There one can see firstborn engines, reusable boosters for the first jet aircraft and liquid propellant engines for ballistic missiles. Next engines of
first and later models of air defense and airborne guided mis siles are displayed. They have ensured reliable aerospace defense of the country. The history of the Design Bureau is intrinsically linked with its founder, Alexei Isaev, who stands in the same row with such luminaries of the rocket and spacecraft industry as S. Korolev, V. Glushko, M. Keldysh, M. Yangel, G. Babakin, N. Pilyugin. The bureau was established in 1943, when a small group of designers headed by A. Isaev began to develop the RD 1 rock et engine for the first pilot con trolled jet aircraft of the Bi series. The creative potential of the DB engineers was revealed during work at a joint project with spe cialists from the S. Korolev Experimental Design Bureau: the two groups had to ensure the safe landing of the first manned orbital spacecraft. For that purpose a descent engine had to be designed to ensure the transfer of the Earth return spacecraft from circumterrestrial orbit to the descent trajectory and its final landing in a designated area. The task was completed in the record
time of 18 months a unique accomplishment for those days as well as present days. Thus, the first world cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin circled the Earth on the "Vostok" orbital spacecraft and landed in the assigned place thanks to the descent engine, developed by the bureau's spe cialists. The showroom also boasts a photograph presented and inscribed by Yuri Gagarin, which says: "To the employees of the Experimental Design Bureau wishing it success in the design of new engines". Similarly designed retrograde rocket engines were used subsequently on all "Vostok" and "Voskhod" spacecraft. The intensive development of cosmonautics in the 1970 1980s necessitated that space researchers create multirole engines. Thus, with the help of the new adjusting braking rocket engine KTDU 35, designed by the Khimmash DB, it became possi ble to return spacecraft to Earth and create thrust impulses for their orbit correction, approach and docking. The KTDU 35 design ensures repeated (up to 25 times) engine starts and oper ation from several fractions of a second to several hundred sec onds. This type of engine was installed on the "Soyuz" space craft, the "Salyut" orbital stations, the "Progress" automatic trans port spacecraft and "Kosmos" series artificial terrestrial satel lites. A high engineering level of
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"Molniya", "Zond", "Kosmos" and "Polyot". Another extremely inter esting piece of machinery is the S5.51 engine, designed for a lunar manned space complex. It consists of two self contained units with pump feed systems: one is a single chamber multiple action unit, the other is two chambered with single action. This design allows one to create a thrust along the vehicle's axis, as well as the forces and moments for its position coordination. The S5.51 plant is designed to pyrotechnically control the engine's start/stop valves, which ensures an automatic starting of one of them, in case the other fails. During the "lunar" program at the end of the 1960s, the Bureau designers created one of the first oxygen hydrogen engines in the country for a space complex launched by the N 1 space launch vehicle. Subsequently it served as a basic layout model for the cryogenic engines currently used in the boosters of the spacecraft upper stages. They are simple and unique in design, reli able in operation, and allow the space vehicle to carry large pay loads. These engines have aroused great interest abroad. Indian spacecraft industry experts have commissioned an oxygen hydrogen engine and are plan ning to mount the specially devel oped KVD 1 engine with a thrust of 7,5 ton force in the booster of a space launch vehicle, which will put communication satellites into geostationary orbit. Another direction of DB research is focused on the devel opment of low thrust liquid pro pellant engines. These are the DOT 5, DOT 25, DOK 10 and DOK 50 monopropellant engines, used for precise attitude control, orbit correction and spacecraft
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design characterizes another Khimmash liquid propellant rock et engine with a pressure feed system, which ensures simultane ous fuel supply for the spacecraft microengines. It helped improve the spacecraft handling charac teristics in pitch and yaw, raised the accuracy of approach and docking procedures, allowed orbit adjustment and deceleration of the space vehicle to ensure its return to Earth. The high opera tional reliability of the engine results from original engineering decisions, application of state of the art technologies and new materials. For instance, the engine of the S5.80 combination plant is fitted with a cardan sus pension, which ensures simple alteration of the thrust force vec tor during spacecraft maneuver ing. The fuel and gas pressurized feed systems include main and back up aluminum tanks and tita nium bottles. This type of liquid propellant rocket engine was widely used in the combination plants of the pilot controlled and pilotless spacecraft "Soyuz" and "Soyuz TM", which can operate autonomously or as part of vari ous complexes (e.g. "Soyuz T" "Salyut" "Soyuz", "Soyuz T" "Salyut" "Progress", "Soyuz TM" "Salyut" "Progress M", "Kvant", "Kristall"). In addition to pilot controlled space exploration, the DB is deeply involved in the research and development of liquid pro pellant and other engines for arti ficial satellites and automatic interplanetary stations. Equipment with the mark of the Khimmash DB is used in virtually all programs of near and outer space exploration. They include engines and base units for the vehicles of the "Luna", "Mars", "Venera", "Vega", "Phobos" series, as well as the satellites
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tion of the airborne astrophysical instruments. The DST 25, DST 100 and DST 200 liquid self ignit ing bipropellant rocket engines are designed to control the move ment of space vehicles. They are operationally reliable, effective, fast responsive and multimode. Their operational reliability is ensured by the niobium alloy combustion chamber with over head protective cover. A new line of the Khimmash DB research is channeled to the development of an electric rocket engine on the basis of ionic accelerators with anode coating. Compared to the liquid propellant engine, the latter has higher energy and service characteris tics, provides control over a wide range of output data, and inter faces with the other spacecraft
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stabilization. The DOT 5 and DOT 25 operate on the basis of thermal and catalytic decomposi tion of hydrazine by a wire cata lyst, electrically heated to a tem perature of 300 C. The iridium catalyst used in the DOK 10 and DOK 50 makes it possible to start the engines without pre heating the fuel. This type of engine has thrust and power parameters, which meet world standards. In addition, the high flame trans parency ensures reliable opera
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capacities, state of the art process equipment, testing facili ties, highly qualified engineers and wide experience in spacecraft research and development create opportunities to design liquid propellant engines with a thrust range from several hundred grams to 60 ton force, and if nec essary, up to 100 ton force. ( ENGINES OF THE "SOYUZ" FAMILY
Sergei Samoilyuk
7. The R27 lift sustainer turbojet two circuit engine provided with afterburner chamber 8. The R27V 300 lift sus tainer turbojet engine 9. The MiG 25P interceptor equipped with R15 300 engines 10. The RDK 300 turbojet short life engine
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systems. Under conversion, the enter prise is manufacturing a range of consumer and producer goods. Accumulated expertise in the development and operation of turbopumps for various types of liquid propellant rocket engines enabled the enterprise to form a subsidiary company to manufac ture pumping equipment for high temperature corrosive liquids (including ammonia water), hydrocarbons and water. The high pressure jettisonable tur bopump extracts oil in off shore fields without conventional off shore platforms and transports it over distances of up to 200 km to coastal terminals or refineries. Another highly effective unit is used for gas and oil well killing in emergencies (e.g. fires, earth quakes) both on land and off shore. It operates from a self contained power plant. However, it should be noted that the main line of the KHIM MASH DB activity remains the same spacecraft engine build ing. The available production
The aero engine research and engineering complex "Soyuz" is one of the leading defense enter prises creating aircraft turbojet engines. Its history dates back to February 18, 1943, when the country's first experimental aero engine plant No. 300 was estab lished in Moscow. The plant was entrusted to develop original pis ton engines for aircraft and orga nize their commercial production. During the Great Patriotic War the staff of the plant developed pow erful aircraft motors AM 39, AM 39B, AM 42, AM 43B, AM 43TR intended for the most popular attack planes of the time the IL 2 and IL 10, and also for MiG 3 fighters. The plant's researchers and designers have made a substan tial contribution to the develop ment and commercial production of various types of turbojet
engines. In 1948, they created the turbojet engine AMTKRD 01 with a maximum thrust of 3,300 kgf. It was the first time in world practice that a turbojet engine was equipped with an 8 stage axial compressor, a reverse flow combustion chamber with 22 indi vidual flame tubes in a common casing, a single stage turbine and a motor driven adjustable jet noz zle. This turbojet engine was intended for an experimental (at that time all riveted) long range bomber EF 140. Later on, the AMTKRD 01 served as the basis for the development of a more powerful engine, AMTRD 2, with a thrust of 4,250 kgf. The plant's specialists contin ued to work actively in the same direction. Within a short time they designed the most powerful engine of its time the AM 3, with a thrust of 8,700 kgf; in later modifications the thrust was brought up to 11,500 kgf. This engine enjoyed a long service life and was convenient for the per formance of minor and medium repairs. It used a special arrange ment for the admission of air from the compressor, which ensured its stable operation at all ratings. The engines of the AM 3 family were used on Tu 16 long range bombers, M 4 strategic bombers and Tu 104 jet liners, which set twenty six world records. In 1955, a Tu 104 plane with RD 3 engines (a modification of the AM 3) made an intercontinental flight from Moscow to New York for 24 hours and 3 minutes, covering a distance of 18,000 km. The AM 5 turbojet engine, which was also designed within a short period of time, featured a record low specific mass (0.22 kg/kg thrust): it was half the size of other turbojet engines pro duced at the time in this country
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A E R O S P A C E
driven by two hydraulic motors. The engine was equipped with a hydromechanical power control system. It has a high gas dynam ic stability and operates reliably at extreme variations of temperature and air pulsation at the inlet. Specialists at the "Soyuz" complex have designed the world's first lift sustainer dual flow turbojet engine, R79, with afterburning for the supersonic vertical take off and landing plane Yak 141. The R79 is equipped with an automatic system, which controls its operation and ensures coupling with the aircraft equip ment. This lift sustainer engine uses a two shaft flow mixing arrangement and consists of six modules. Its rotatable nozzle mixes up the gas flow at all rat ings, including the maximum reheat rating. Structurally it con sists of four wedge shaped sec tions: two of them are synchro nously rotated about their axes in opposite directions by hydraulic motors. The shape of the nozzle can be changed to deflect the thrust vector within up to 95 degrees in five seconds. The noz zle area can be adjusted by eye lids controlled by hydraulic cylin ders. To stabilize the aircraft in bank and yaw during take off and landing, the air is tapped through an annual slot in the compressor and fed to the jet vanes. The thrust of the engine in the aug mented mode is 15,500 kgf. The R79 is equipped with an ecologi cally clean combustion chamber designed at "Soyuz". This cham ber ensures the absence of smoke and a low content of harm ful substances in the exhaust gases. Specialists at the aero engine research and engineering com plex "Soyuz" have designed a short life dual flow turbojet engine RDK 300 intended for
1994 MARCH C
I N D U S T R Y
and abroad. It was the first engine to be equipped with an electrical starter generator: this marked one more step forward in the progress of the country's aero engine industry. The AM 5 was intended for all weather high altitude interceptors Yak 25. The turbojet engine RD 9B designed at "Soyuz" on the basis of the AM 5 featured one more innova tion an afterburner. It had a large thrust and was used on all weather fighters MiG 19. This plane was mass produced as a front line fighter MiG 19 (modifi cations MiG 19S, MiG 19P, MiG 19PM, MiG 19PF) and a recon naissance plane MiG 19R. The first Soviet produced two shaft turbojet engine with afterburning, the R11 300, was also designed at this enterprise. Its thrust was 5,000 kgf: in later modifications it was raised to 6,250 kgf. These engines were installed on the fighters MiG 21, Su 15, Yak 28P, bombers Yak 28R, and reconnaissance planes Yak 25RV. A new turbojet engine, R15 300, was produced for the high altitude interceptor MiG 25. The engine featured an afterburn er with an all rating adjustable nozzle and was intended for flights at supersonic speeds. The MiG 25 plane, equipped with these engines, has set several world records. Since the early 1970s, many aircraft designers in various countries have concentrated on the development of vertical or short take off and landing planes. The first such machine produced in this country was a carrier based fighter Yak 38. It was equipped with a unique lift sus tainer turbojet engine R27V 300 with a thrust of 6800 kgf, designed at "Soyuz". Its special feature involved the provision of curved jet nozzles with jetevators
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pilotless aircraft. This 350 kgf engine is mounted on the pylon or inside the fuselage. It has a sim ple design and is convenient and reliable in operation. The PDK 300 has a state of the art elec tronic hydromechanical automat ic system which controls its func tions: starting, adjustment and stopping. The entire engine equipment is enclosed in one small area. The engine is provid ed with a combustion starter and a small size built in electrical generator furnishing up to 4 kVA for the engine and the aircraft's electrical circuits. "Soyuz" spe cialists are now working on improvements to this engine. They believe that in the near future its modifications will find wide application in the light com mercial aircraft. A great deal of energy has been devoted by the "Soyuz" spe cialists to the development of var ious equipment for the national economy. They have designed an electrothermal installation ETU 75/095 based on the RDK 300. This installation can be used as the main or independent source of electrical power at medium sized and small agricultural enter prises and farms to dry grain and hay, for refrigeration, and the processing of agricultural pro duce. A portable TSM welder, designed at "Soyuz", is now wide ly used in the engineering indus try for contact spot welding of thin walled parts made from high alloy and structural steels, titani um and nickel alloys. The "Soyuz" specialists have designed a unique oxygen hydrogen genera tor to produce an oxygen hydro gen mixture for the hard and soft soldering or welding of thin walled metal structures made from stainless carbon steels. (
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FROM DESIGN BUREAUS
he bombs of the Air Force were consid ered unguided weapons for an extended period of time. To develop pre cision guided bombs, it proved necessary to resolve a number of factors affecting their free fall. To lay a bomb precisely on its target, a bomber had to be navigated so that it assumes a precise combat course. To solve this ballistic task, the adverse effects of atmospheric fac tors were initially reduced and con sequently eliminated completely. This necessitated creation of a bomb control and bomb sight airborne system. In this way developers man aged to introduce corrections to the bomb's trajectory and the weapon became guided. At present guided bombs are the most effective Air Force weapons. They combine high accu racy and warhead power with its rel atively low cost. Russia produces TV and laser guided bombs, depending on the guidance system. Laser guided bombs have a capacity of 500 and 1500 kg. The powerful guided bomb, KAB 1500L Pr (1500 kg) has attracted a great deal of attention. It is suitable for long range and front line aviation aircraft. It can be used to bomb various important high strength and underground fortifica tions, nuclear warhead depots, command posts, and small size tar gets. This bomb comprises a laser semiactive homing device, which ensures probable round deviation from the target of up to seven meters (the latest modifications deviate only 3 meters). The greater part of this deviation is due most of all to instrumental error.
PRECISION GUIDED
$
BOMBS
Sergey Yegorov
$
Tests revealed that bomb's circular probable error did not exceed 3 meters. When the bombs were dropped, the pilots were so sure of success that, once they had been assigned to destroy their tar gets, they warranted the drop on predicted points.
This bomb lacks a "tail" in terms of aerodynamic configuration. It has a cruciform fin assembly in the rear followed by biplane vanes, which ensure high maneuverability. The bomb has front and rear folding fins, which permit its external suspension and arrangement in the bomb com partments of big aircraft. The bomb is fitted with a special subcaliber HE penetration warhead, which can "dig" up to 20 meters in the ground and penetrate field forti fication overheads 3 meters thick.
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Another similar capacity preci sion guided bomb, designated KAB 1500L F, is fitted with HE warhead produced from the standard unguid ed bomb FAB 1500. Upon explod ing, the bomb produces a blasting cone some 20 meters in diameter. This bomb outwardly resembles the KAB 1500L Pr bomb. The range of 1500 kg bomb dropping altitudes varies from 1,000 to 18,000 meters at a carrier aircraft's flight speed of 550 1700 km/h. The huge variety of foreign guid
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1. The MiG 27K frontline fighter bomber armed with the KAB 500Kr guided bomb
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2. The KAB 1500L F laser guided bomb with HE war head 3. The KAB 1500L Pr laser guided bomb with HE pen etration warhead 4. The KAB 500L laser guided bomb
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ed bombs is primarily oriented on diversified guidance systems. Prior to the "Desert Storm" operation, Americans employed mainly HE war heads for their guided bombs. When the HE warheads struck elevator shafts in administrative buildings, they destroyed the ground storeys. However, the fortified buildings remained intact. Then the developer firm intensified development of pen etration warheads, similar to their Russian counterparts. For all its merits, the laser guid ance system for guided bomb war heads also has some drawbacks. As it is semiactive, this system requires uninterrupted illumination by the laser beam up to the bomb's impact. In addition, when bombs are released from high altitudes, the diameter of the laser spot on the earth surface increases, thereby inducing dispersion. The TV guid ance system has none of those drawbacks. The 500 kg KAB 500Kr guided bomb is intended to defeat station ary objectives, including railroad bridges, reinforced concrete fortifi cations, communications nodes and the like. TV matching guidance ensures defeat of camouflaged tar gets. In direct contrast to foreign counterparts, such as American guided bombs AGM 62 Walleye, which lock on optically contrast tar gets, the homing device of the KAB 500Kr determines mutual location of
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optically contrast objectives. Consequently, the target may not contrast with the background, and the warhead will be guided to the point indicated by the marker. Tests revealed that bomb's cir cular probable error did not exceed 3 meters. When the bombs were dropped, the pilots were so sure of success that, once they had been assigned to destroy their targets, they warranted the drop on predict ed points. When the KAB 500Kr bomb was adopted, it turned out that even young pilots could hit tar gets easily. The bomb is fitted with a 380 kg concrete piercing warhead intended to defeat fortified targets. Versions of thermobaric warheads are intend ed to hit personnel both in light shel ters and light armored vehicles. Although targets may be hidden in terrain accidents, caves and other obstacles, the kill area will make up 1500 square meters. The air speeds of bomb carriers, dropping KAB 500Kr bombs, vary from 550 to
1,100 km/hour and altitudes range from 500 to 5,000 meters. The main storage of Russian TV guided bombs constitute ammuni tion with penetration warheads. The concept of combat employment of guided bombs envisages the defeat of priority targets, which are usually heavily protected. Housed in the thick wall envelope, the penetration warhead has also a fragmentation effect. Upon demolishing the obsta cle, such a warhead penetrates the target and hits the environment by powerful fragments rather than by a HE charge. Experts maintain that the weight of the warhead rather than that of the explosive charge is indicative of the fire power of the guided bombs. The firm "Region" has devel oped various capacity TV guided bombs with multi purpose war heads. The KAB 500Kr U training guid ed bomb was developed to practice skills on the combat use of the KAB 500Kr guided bomb. This bomb per mitted simulation of a whole cycle of air bombing and the recording of its results. The KAB 500Kr U consti tutes a 85 kg non droppable con tainer, 1,830 mm long and 350 mm in diameter. The container is equipped with a TV guidance sys tem, similar to that of the KAB 500Kr guided bomb. It is mounted on external pylons. The service life of this training guided bomb is rated at 300 missions. The TV homing heads for various types of guided bombs are devel
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FROM DESIGN BUREAUS
6. The KAB 1500 guided
850 1,300 semiactive laser 1,100 subcaliber, HE penetration Circular probable error, max., m 7 the program, the "picture" of the target is recorded by the TV camera during the bomb's approach to its target. Consequently, the TV homing head design solves the problem of image scaling, comprising only one lens with constant focus distance. The "Impulse" firm can modernize its produce to ensure interface with a specified type of aircraft on the customer's order, using his hard ware. The TV homing head is tested in real conditions. The test proved a total success. Although the TV hom
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850 750 1,300 semiactive laser TV matching 1,180 380 HE armor piercing 7 3
TV matching
bomb with HE or HE pene tration warhead 7. Design of the KAB 500Kr
ing head operates in optical range, it is reliably jam free. Experts from the firm "Region" contend that the Russian bomb, unlike its foreign counterparts, defeats targets, which are even protected by smoke screens.
In the course of drills on combat employment of guided aerial bombs, the Russian Air Force developed a number of effective tactical methods aimed at hitting various types of tar gets during 24 hours a day. (
TV guided bomb
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Caliber, kg Length, mm Maximum cross section, mm Fin assembly span, mm: folded extended Type of guidance system Weight of warhead, kg Type of warhead
TECHNICAL DATA KAB 1500L Pr KAB 1500L F 1,500 1,500 4,600 4,600 580 580
5.
KAB 500Kr 500 3,050 350
KAB 500Kr U 85 1,830 350
The KAB 500Kr guided bomb
oped and produced by the State Scientific Production Enterprise "Impulse". They are designed for guidance of various capacity preci sion bombs, where target is locked on prior to their dropping. Similar bombs can be dropped both from Russian and foreign aircraft, namely from the French Mirage fighters, produced by the firm Dassault Breguet, and England's Jaguar, pro duced by the firm SEPECAT. Targets are picked out and locked on via TV indicators, located in the pilot cock pit. The TV homing head guides pre cisely air bombs on small size tar gets, including mobile launchers of cruise and air defense missiles, con trol centers, ships, bridges and the like. The TV homing head comprises a gyrostabilized TV camera, micro processor and power supply unit. The on board computer correlates data supplied by the TV camera. At calculated intervals, determined by
AB019
FROM DESIGN BUREAUS
1. The 30 mm 2A42 gun installed on the BMP 2 infantry fighting vehicles 2,3. The BMD 3 airborne assault vehicle equipped with the 2A42 gun
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t the end of the 1950s new battle tank tactics stipu lated effective support of tanks from the infantry. Consequently, a special infantry transporter was developed, capa ble of delivering fire on the battle field, both from its organic arma ments and by the mounted infantry. Developers designed two prototypes. One was built on a chassis with a combined propeller and armed with a 76 mm gun. The other was a fully tracked vehicle armed with a 73 mm smooth bore gun. The second prototype was chosen. The vehi cle was developed by designers headed by P. Isakov. Armed with a gun christened "Grom" (Thunder), it was designed by V. Silin. The combat vehicle was known under the code BMP 1. The BMP 1 had two compart ments: for the crew and riflemen, who could deliver fire from indi vidual weapons through the rifle ports. The BMP 1 was armed with a semi automatic gun, using
an active rocket round cham bered for the grenade launcher SPG 9 (basic load equal to 38 shells). As well as the gun, it comprised an anti tank (ATGM) system "Malyutka".
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In actual practice the BMP 1 revealed that it had some of the same shortcomings as its foreign counterparts. For instance, the "Grom" gun was powerful enough, but not as accurate. 1
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Victor Vlasov, Yuri Voronov
The 30 mm automatic guns (2A42, 2A72) aim to hit light armor targets at a range of 1,500 m, AT means, unarmored means and enemy manpower at a range of 2,000 m and air targets flying at 2,000 m altitude. They can fire both single shots and continuously until their ammunition is exhausted.
SMALL CALI B ER FOR AIR AND GROUND
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FROM DESIGN BUREAUS
A.
Although foreign MICVs could hit targets on the first shot due to tracers, their combat effective ness was hampered by the use of 20 mm shells. In the early 1970s the Russian designers were commis sioned to increase the combat effectiveness of the BMP arma ment. Work proceeded in two directions. First of all, a smooth
bore gun was updated. Its new prototype was nicknamed "Zarnitsa". The HE I (High Explosive Incendiary) round was added to the ammunition allowance of the "Grom" gun. This round boasted higher veloc ity (400 m/sec) and a greater range of fire (up to 1,200 m). Second, a small caliber rifled automatic gun was also updated. The gun was developed by the Tula Design Bureau headed by V. Gryazev. It was chambered for the 30 mm cartridge AO 18. The gun's long barrel and short automatic receiver facilitated its arrangement inside the armor and delivery of fire at large ele vations. To reduce the recoil, the
1994 MARCH
The 30 mm 2A42 automatic gun B. The 30 mm 2A72 automatic gun
4. The 30 mm 2A72 automatic gun 5,7. A BMP 1 armed with "Grom" 73 mm smoothbore semi automatic gun 6. Loading ammunition for the 30 mm gun into the BMP 2
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barrel was shifted rearward dur ing firing, together with its muz zle brake. The electric trigger mechanism ensured automatic and single shot fire. Furthermore, the automatic fire was delivered at high and low rates. All these factors increased the gun's combat effectiveness. Intensive tests revealed the combat efficiency of the BMP armed with this automatic gun. It had considerable range and fire accuracy (some 1,500 m). Its large ammunition load numbered 500 cartridges against 38 for "Zarnitsa". The 30 mm gun was very effective against different targets. When it hit a tank, its range finder, optics and some outside rigs became inoperative. If the tank was on the move, its exterior fuel tanks caught fire. In 1980 a new vehicle came into service, named BMP 2. Its gun received the index 2A42.
Electronintorg ltd.
AB019
8. Suspension fitting for the 30 mm 2A42 automatic gun provided on the Ka 50 combat helicopter 9. View of the muzzle brake of the 2A42 gun
THE 30 MM CARTRIDGE
(1) the cartridge with the high explosive incendiary projectile is designed for firing from the 2A42 gun at ground light armored targets.
5 min. 3.5
(2) the cartridge with the one piece armour piercing tracer projectile for firing from the 2A42 and 2A38 guns at ground and air targets. 30 Projectile caliber, mm 0.837 Weight of cartridge, kg 291 Length of cartridge, mm 0.123 Explosive charge weight, kg 0.389 Weight of projectile, kg 950 to 970 Initial velocity of projectile, m/s Initial projectile velocity probable 5 deviation, m/s
Additional cartridge variants: Practical cartridge with inert filler for conducting training firings. System test cartridge with inert filler for checking the materiel for proper func tioning. Training cartridge for training of personnel. The projectile functions properly during firing at ambient temperatures from minus 50 C to plus 50 C. Failure free performance in automatic firing is no less than 0,9999. The projectile is immune to the influence of electromagnetic impulses and ionizing radiation of nuclear explosion.
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The projectile trajectory is marked by yellow and red color line. For training fir ing the practical cartridge is manufactured.
Electronintorg ltd.
Projectile caliber, mm Weight of cartridge, kg Length of cartridge, mm Explosive charge weight, kg Weight of projectile, kg Initial velocity of projectile, m/s Initial projectile velocity probable deviation, m/s Time of burning, s
30 0,853 291 0.127 0.400 960 to 980
SPECIFICATIONS OF SMALL CALIBER GUNS 2A42 2A42 30 30 Caliber, mm Rate of fire, rds/min. 600 800/200 300 350 390 115 82+5 Gun weight, kg Initial shell velocity: HE I, m/s 970 10 HE T, m/s 950+10 AP T, m/s 980+10 Number of grooves 16 Pitch of rifling, mm 715+20 500(200 AP T; Ammunition load, rds 450(150 AP T; 300 HE I) 300 HE I)
The BMP 2 showed its high com bat effectiveness in Afghanistan, during fighting on flat and moun tainous terrain. Some drawbacks of the 2A42 gun were uncovered during com bat. It was manifested in exces sive exhausts of smoke during fir ing, especially at a high rate. The smoke filled the combat compart ment of the vehicle. In addition, the gun was pretty ineffective against enemy grenade launchers "dug" in the ground. Actual com bat also revealed that a low rate of fire from the BMP 2 gun remained effective in all firing modes. Owing to changes in the con ception of BMP armament appli cation, annihilation of enemy manpower posing a threat to tanks, acquired paramount importance. To cope with this problem, the Design Bureau headed by V. Gryazev developed a more powerful armament sys tem, consisting of a small caliber automatic gun, a smooth bore 100 mm gun, firing guided shells along a steep trajectory, and a 7,62 mm machine gun. Fire con sistency increased considerably. The BMP could hit enemy targets on the first shot. The ammunition supply for the 100 mm gun comprised 40 unguided (HEI and HE) and eight
guided shells. The 30 mm gun had 500 cartridges. At the end of the 1980s, when a new vehicle became operational, it was named the BMP 3 and its small caliber 30 mm gun was coded the 2A72. The newer gun possessed similar cartridge and ballistics as the 2A42 gun, but was smaller in weight. Its massive barrel (37 kg) recoiled far more (335 mm), thereby relieving the load off the mount during firing. The 30 mm automatic guns (2A42, 2A72) aim to hit light armor targets at a range of 1,500 m, AT means, unarmored means and enemy manpower at a range of 2,000 m, and air targets flying at 2,000 m altitude. They can fire both single shots and continu ously until their ammunition is exhausted. As mentioned above, the 2A42 gun permits automatic fire at a high and low rates. Single shot and low rate fire is carried out from a weapon control panel. To fire a single shot, a gunner must send an electric impulse by pressing a button on the weapon control panel. To fire another sin gle shot, he must release this button and press it again. The gun's design permits manual fire in the event of power failure, but can only be achieved at a higher rate of fire. The 2A42 gun is gas operat ed. The bolt is closed after its rotation. The gun is belt fed. Two metallic cartridge belts consist of
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the line of the chamber. The bolt is stopped at the sear. Consequently, when a gunner presses the firing button after switchover to another belt, the firing continues without any reloading. The automatics of the 2A72 is based on the use of the barrel recoil energy. The high quality and combat effectiveness of the small caliber guns, developed by the BMP designers attracted the attention of the helicopter designers. As a result, the powerful automatic gun employed by the BMP 2 appeared for the first time in history aboard the Ka 50 tank killer. Such a move dramatically increased the fire power of this flying machine and made it indomitable in the struggle against enemy armor vehicles. (
separate "Crab" type 9H 623 links. The links are locked togeth er by the cartridges. The belts are fed to the gun in succession by a switch located in the back plate of the gun. The cartridge is rammed from the belt into the chamber. The cartridge cases are ejected forwards along the barrel. The guns have a blocking mechanism, which stops firing, when the last cartridge of one of the two cartridge belts comes to
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Electronintorg ltd.
AB020
CONVERSION
PROGRAMS
CONVERSION TANKS
THE NATURE
$
CHALLENGE
Oleg Anatoliyev
$
he earthquake, which struck Armenia at the end of 1988, became a tragedy. At that time our salvagers felt and understood how helpless man is, when faced by real calamities. Soon after the earthquake, work was launched in Russia to develop our own new generation salvage equipment. Today we can declare with confidence that the equip ment now available to Russian salvagers sometimes even sur passes foreign versions in perfor mance. This fact is confirmed by the examples of powerful salvage and emergency salvage machines developed by special ists of the Armored Vehicles Department of the Russian
Defense Ministry, using tanks, which are due to be removed from service and destroyed under relevant international agree ments. It is well known that tanks are the least suitable type of military hardware, which can be adapted to meet the needs of the national economy. One can hardly use tanks as farm tractors. From the very beginning this machine was intended for operation in extreme conditions (absence of roads, fires, radiation and chemical con tamination of the locality, etc.). This determined the "civilian pro fession" of any machines based on tanks: operation in extreme conditions in zones of natural calamities, major industrial acci dents and disasters (alas, so common in our industrial age), and other emergencies. The design of new machines for these purposes, let alone the
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organization of serial production, is an expensive and time con suming process. The use of the tank chassis with armaments replaced by the necessary civilian equipment made it possible to develop quickly, without undue expenses, a number of emer gency salvage machines, which can operate where man was until now powerless. First postwar generation tanks T 54, T 55, and T 62 proved the most suitable. Firstly, during many years of ser vice these tanks have been brought up to a very high level of reliability and trouble free opera tion. Secondly, these machines are simple and easy to service. Thirdly, their transmission gear has a vertical gearbox, which, can, upon slight modification, be used to drive the salvage equip ment. One such machine is a multi purpose track type tractor GTU 1 1
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1994
Military Parade
Electronintorg ltd.
Today we can declare with confidence that the equipment now available to Russian salvagers sometimes even surpasses foreign versions in performance. This fact is confirmed by the examples of powerful salvage and emergency salvage machines developed by specialists of the Armored Vehicles Department of the Russian Defense Ministry, using tanks, which are due to be removed from service and destroyed under relevant international agreements.
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(GTU 1A) developed from tank T 55 (T 62). It is designed to per form salvage and emergency sal vage operations in areas of natur al calamities, major accidents and disasters. The tractor is equipped with two winches, a powerful crane, electric welding equip ment and a bulldozer. The crew is reliably protected from exposure to high temperatures, while the provision of a filtering ventilation
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GTU 1 T 55 (T 62) Prototype 30 Mass, t 2 Crew 50 Maximum speed, km/h 80 (110) Power takeoff, kW (h.p.) 250 (25) Pulling force of the main winch, kN (tf) 5 (0.5) Pulling force of the additional winch, kN (tf) 200 Working length of the main winch cable, m 7 Maximum crane load capacity, t 270 Boom swing angle, deg. 4 Platform load capacity, t provided Welding equipment
1. The GTU 1 multi purpose track type tractor

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system enables the crew to oper ate in zones affected by radiation and chemical contamination. To crush large concrete and other non metallic objects during emergency salvage operations, a special crushing machine has been designed on the basis of tank T 55. The machine is provid ed with a powerful hydropneu matic hammer. Forest fires, fires at log and oil storage areas and other indus trial sites cause great suffering. Such fires are extremely danger ous and difficult to fight. A mobile
1994
fire engine greatly eases the task of fire fighters and makes their work much safer. Power engineers are preoc cupied with maintenance of high voltage transmission lines. As a rule, these lines are extremely long and run through virtually inaccessible areas. In this case the solution was provided by a tank chassis carrying all equip ment required, to maintain power transmission tines. It is difficult to clear up the consequences of accidents and disasters. Therefore, equipment
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designed by tank specialists for these purposes is not confined to the aforementioned examples and includes other machines intended for universal use and specific tasks. All these machines are characterized by high mobili ty, reliability and trouble free performance. In salvaging work debris has to be cleared away, while attempts are made to save people and property. For this purpose salvagers require efficient tools and gear. The activity of the research and development firm 2
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TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CRUSHING MACHINE T 55 Prototype 35 Mass, t 2.5 Boom overhang, m 360 Boom swing angle, deg. 4.5 Height of crushed objects, m hydropneumatic Hammer type 80 Stroke frequency, min 1 20 Stroke energy, kJ
"Prostor", which designs such equipment, constitutes a striking example of the conversion for peaceful uses. Based in the Moscow subur ban city of Krasnoarmeisk, this firm came into being as a result of the economic reforms applied to the research complex of the defense industry. As no budget financing was available, a group of researchers previously engaged in basic research on thermal engineering, engine design, and robotics decided to go on with their R&D work. The researchers tried out var ious options to attract capital required to continue their research. Eventually, they started their own production as a means of earning profits. The first set of multi purpose hydraulic tools produced com mercially at "Prostor" differed from foreign made counterparts in its surprisingly wide opera tional potential and heavy weight. Today "Prostor" manufactures fifth generation tools, featuring much smaller weights and better operational characteristics.
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This could not have been achieved within such a short time without experience and skills of the Russian school of "strength engineers" who design missile systems. The production of cut
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TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FIRE ENGINE T 55 Prototype 36 Mass, t 2 Crew 30 Boom overhang, m 360 Boom swing angle, deg. 0 75 Boom hoist angle, deg. 100 Water pump output, l/s 3000 Foam generator capacity, l 5 Number of foam generators, pcs
The "Berezina" transport vehicle 3. The "Poleseye" topo graphic survey vehicle
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ting and power elements is another field, where the new firm has its own know how. Here, it also took full advantage of past experience and knowledge accu mulated by ammunition design ers. A victim of "directive" conver sion imposed from above, nowa days "Prostor" helps other defense enterprises. By placing orders for components of hydraulic tools with military plants, it helps them keep jobs and pay wages. Such compo nents are manufactured by highly qualified personnel at well known enterprises, which use aviation and space technologies. Some elements of the hydraulic tools have been bor rowed from military hardware, now undergoing conversion. The RN 250 hand pump used in avia tion has proved itself to be the most reliable, efficient, and con venient in operation. The snap
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TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHERRY PICKER "LADOGA" 27.5 Mass, t 0.51 Specific soil pressure, kg/cm2 250 Fuel distance, km 427 (580) Engine power rating, kW (h.p.) 500 Cage load capacity, kg 26 Maximum hoisting height, m 12 Time to hoist cage to 26 m height, min 10 Time to lower cage from 26 m height, min 5 Crew
4. The "Ingul" salvage vehi cle 5. The "Irtysh" salvage and transport vehicle
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hydraulic joints for instantaneous connection of hoses were previ ously used only in SS 20 mis siles. The set of hydraulic tools pro duced by "Prostor" is suitable for many other applications, apart from salvage work. These tools have long been used abroad on construction, erection, repair, and restoration jobs. In Russia and former Soviet republics these tools are popular in utility ser vices, transport, mining, process ing, and chemical enterprises. Whatever .the actual compo sition, the tools work effectively in various climatic and geograph
1994
ic conditions, within the entire range of underground depths and mountain altitudes. The tools have been successfully tested for operation underwater. First of all the naval specialists used a pumping station mounted on
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board a ship, before switching to a fully autonomous version, with the hand pump submerged in water. In these conditions even the addition of new hose sections posed no problem: the construc tion of the joints is such that the 4
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hoses are permanently filled with hydraulic mixture. The system does not require additional flush ing. Today the extended set of equipment includes various load capacity pneumatic jacks. With an initial thickness of 20 mm these "rubber mats" can be blown to the size of a ball, 260 mm in diameter. During the tests a sharpened steel strip was placed edgewise between a 10 ton monolith and a pneumatic jack. The load was repeatedly raised to
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the required height, but the pneumojack ball blown at a pres sure of 0.6 MPa remained intact. "Prostor" offers a set of pro tective clothing and footwear. This protective gear has been tested for flame resistance and stability in aggressive media and its world standard is confirmed by authoritative recommendations and certificates. The tools have been tested for vibration and shock resis tance, exposure to mudflow, heat flow and open flame in extreme
1994 MARCH C
conditions in the Polar North and hot deserts, in sea water and dense fogs. They have success fully passed all tests carried out by specialists of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Defense, the Committee for Emergencies and Civil Defense. The design of the tools ensures high efficiency, maxi mum safety and operational con venience. The first requirement was realized in an in depth study of the conditions the tools were to be used in, with due attention
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6. Tools set for rescue work
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paid to the drawbacks of foreign counterparts. To meet the second requirement, the designers made provisions for an optimum strength margin of the tools and equipped them with various safe ty devices. The armored plastic hoses of the hydraulic system, designed for an internal pressure of 250 atm., have a 4 fold strength margin and operate in a temperature, ranging from 40C to +80C. The hydraulic locks reliably hold the cutting or expanding tools in any position. The third requirement is satisfied by producing tools for right handed and left handed opera tors, by constant improvements in the design and by reducing the dimensions and weight of the tools. Sometimes the "Prostor" spe cialists have to render rather unusual services using their tools. For instance, once they were asked to cut off the tail of a fighter plane which crashed to the ground abandoned by the pilot. It took them a mere 20 min utes to clear up the site of the accident. The site was left in a better state ecologically, as com pared to what it would have been if plasma cutters had been used for the purpose. The tools proved very handy for removing old buses from bus pools. The technical level of the tools, as certified by well known firms, confirms the leading role of "Prostor" in the production of hand operated emergency and salvage tools in Russia. (
7. A DG type jack 8. The KG 250 cutter in action 9. Operation with the RKG 250 expander cutter
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ow can you live in relative comfort working in a field or forest far from home? A mobile complex named "Fieldsville" by its designers makes it possible for geolo gists, prospectors and others who have to work away from sweet home. The first people to appreciate the comforts of living in such a complex were missilemen. It was originally designed to provide normal living conditions for the crews of missile systems RSD 10 (known in the West as SS 20), when on the alert on field launch ing sites. Now this mobile complex, comprising a dormobile (AO 543.1) and lunchmobile (AS 543.1), is yours for the asking. The dormobile is a real home on wheels. It is 12 meters long, more than 3 meters wide and high enough to rule out claustro phobia. A vestibule divides the dormobile into two parts, housing roomettes which may accommo date up to 4 people each if pro vided with double deckers. All in all, the dorm sleeps 24 people who enjoy as much comfort as possible when they are far away from cities and frequently on the move. If you want to dry your clothes or shoes after working in the rain, there is a special dryer at your service. You feel comfort able indoors regardless of out side humidity with air tempera tures as low as 40 C and as high as +50 C. The lunchmobile looks similar to the dormobile. It comprises a small dining room, kitchen and additional premises. Everything has been done to make you feel
A HOME AWAY FROM HOME

$
Gennady Petrov
comfortable whether you eat your lunch or do the cooking. The din ing room with its four folding tables can take care of 16 people at a time and may instantly be converted into a viewing room for TV and video programs. When you enter the lunchmo bile, you first go into an anteroom with a wash stand and a small clothes rack, where you can leave your street clothes. The cooking is done in a well ventilated kitchen with effective smoke ejection. The kitchen equipment serves a variety of purposes including bread making. Next to the kitchen you will find a refrig
1994 MARCH C
erator with 0.75 ton storage capacity. The lunchmobile also has a shower room storing more than two tons of water, which is available to all Fieldsville dwellers. All premises are provided with heating, air conditioning and ventilation. Nearly everything is power operated using as a source a self contained 30 kW, 220 (380) V and 50 Hz power plant. In other words, it is just like in a city. To guarantee timely and effi cient routine maintenance of the complex facilities, including the MAZ 543M base carriers, the
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1. "Fieldsville" chang ing base 2. Maintenance shop MTO AT M1 3. Lunchmobile 4. Home on wheels
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If it proves necessary to change the base, "Fieldsville" soon becomes a maneuvering truck convoy and can move with all its dwellers up to 850 km without refueling.
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complex is supplied with a main tenance shop (MTO AT M1) mounted on a ZIL 131 truck. The
Such mobile complexes are manufactured by the Shumerlya Special Vehicle Plant (Shumerlya, the Chuvash Republic).
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maintenance shop is equipped for various diagnostic operations, adjustments, using electric instruments, fitting work, assem bly, cabinet work, tire repair, hoisting, transportation, the charging of lead acid batteries, welding and painting. At the cus tomer's request, the maintenance shop may be supplied with a small sized screw cutting lathe (IT 1 M). This maintenance shop is part of the standard complement.
However, if the customer wishes, a more elaborately outfitted mechanical maintenance shop (MRM M1) can also be supplied. Here is the list of the basic types of work it can perform: lathe operations, milling, grinding, drilling and fitting work. The equipment of both maintenance shops is universal and can meet the needs of the "Fieldsvillers". In addition, the customers may be offered a battery mainte nance and charging station to maintain and recharge storage batteries for all types of equip ment. The maintenance shops are equipped with their own power units, i.e. three phase AC gener ators (50 Hz, 16 kW, 230 V) dri ven by the main chassis engine through power take off. If it proves necessary to change the base, "Fieldsville" soon becomes a maneuvering truck convoy and can move with all its dwellers up to 850 km without refueling. This will not be tiring for the person nel. The speed depends on the condition of roads: up to 80 km per hour on asphalt and up to 40 km per hour on dirt roads. Even a total lack of roads does not make movement impossible. Water obstacles up to 1.5 m deep will not stop the convoy, as long as their bottom is hard. (
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TOP
SECRET
midst the great array of small arms produced all over the world, there is a whole class of rela tively unknown weapons. This can be attributed to their scarcity in the arms arsenal and the specific aims of their employment by special units of the Armed Forces and secret services, which don't want to advertise their activity. We are talking about special weapons, capable of delivering silent and flameless fire. Their com bat effectiveness and accuracy must meet the most exacting requirements, owing to complicated employment conditions and the high "value" of each shot from such weapons. The TSNIITOCHMACH Institute located in the town of Klimovsk, near Moscow, is a leading Russian enterprise developing such special purpose weapons. This Institute
NO NOISE,
NO MISSES!
$
NO FLAMES &
Alexei Vadimov
$
We are talking about special weapons, capable of delivering silent and flameless fire. Their combat effectiveness and accuracy must meet the most exacting requirements, owing to complicated employment conditions and the high "value" of each shot from such weapons.
develops special small arms, ordered by the Army, Interior Ministry and other agencies, which arm their secret services with simi lar weapons. They comprise under water weapons, pump rifles, pistols, revolvers, submachine guns, machine guns, gas and pyroliquid
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systems, pyrotechnical cutters and many other weapons. Silent and flameless weapons are in particular demand. At recent international weapon exhibitions, the TSNIITOCHMASH successfully exhibited its two weapon systems: a 9 mm BSK special sniper rifle system and a 9 mm silent submachine gun system. The first weapon system com prises a special VSS sniper rifle, cartridge, optic and night sights. The rifle is automatically reloaded, by using the energy of powder gases, which escape from the bar rel through the gas hole. Full bar rel locking occurs while the bolt is rotated along its axis and rests on its 6 combat stops. The firing and trigger mechanism uses a firing pin, which permits single shot and continuous fire. The rifle has a safety catch to ensure safety dur ing its handling and prevent acci
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1. The 9 mm sniper system complete with night sight 2. The 9 mm silent submachine gun sys tem with day time and night sights
1994
dental firing, caused by any unin tentional pull of the trigger, strik ing, dropping or barrel unlocking. The removable magazine accom modates cartridges arranged in two rows. The magazines have 10 and 20 round capacity. The wooden frame rifle butt does not unfold. It is easy to han dle, comfortable and ensures pre cise target aiming. For convenient and concealed portage the rifle can be broken up into three parts and packed into a special briefcase with 450 x 370 x 140 mm dimensions. It takes about one minute to prepare the rifle for firing. The rifle has two standard sights: a day time optic sight 1P43 and night sight 1PN75. Other sights can also be used. The 1P43 sight permits firing during daytime at a range, of up to 400 m. The 1 PN75 sight is used for night firing at a range of up to 300 m. An open
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sight can also be used. The second weapon system comprises a 9 mm silent subma chine gun, special cartridge, and two sights for day time and night firing. The submachine gun is iden tical to the sniper rifle in terms of its main components design. It is also gas operated. Its firing and trigger mechanism permits single shot and continuous fire. The submachine gun has a folded, metallic tubular butt. The pistol hand grip is handy in firing. The box like sector type magazine has a two row cartridge arrange ment. The magazine has a 20 car tridge capacity. Target test shots proved that the submachine gun and sniper rifle are similar to the Kalashnikov AKM assault rifle in terms of reliability. Silent, effective fire is the salient feature of these small arms. Developers from Klimovsk com 2
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SPECIFICATIONS OF THE MSP

SPECIAL SNIPER RIFLE SILENT SUBMA CHINE GUN
SPECIFICATIONS OF THE MSP Caliber, mm Weight, kg: with cartridges w/o cartridges Length, overall, mm Length of barrels, mm Height, mm Combat rate of fire, rds/min Firing range, m Length of cartridge, mm Weight of cartridge, g
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7.62 0.56 0.53 115 66 91 6 150 52 15 3
Caliber, mm Weight, kg: with magazine, w/o cartridges Length, mm Magazine capacity, cart Mode of fire Weight of optical sight, kg Weight of night sight with battery, kg
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2.6 2.5 894 875/615 10/20 20 single/continuous 0.58 2.1

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bined with great skill these conflict ing features in one weapon system. To make the fire almost noise less, they incorporated some inno vations in both the cartridge with a subsound initial velocity and opti mal ballistic characteristics and in the weapon's general design. Other innovations included the development of a unique muzzle silencer and a reduced level of noise, caused by moving parts of the submachine gun. The special cartridges for the sniper rifle and the submachine gun weigh 23 g and have a rather heavy bullet. Despite their low ini tial velocity, the bullets are effec tive in firing against remote targets. The submachine gun and sniper rifle also cut through enemy per sonnel wearing bullet proof vests of I, II, and III levels and are effec tive against unarmored transport means at ranges of up to 400 m. The sniper's rifle bullet can pene trate 2 mm thick steel plate at a range of 500 m, retaining its stop ping power after penetration. These powerful silent weapons have "younger brothers" pistols. One of them was developed in the early 1970s for "silent" firing at short range. It has a low rate of fire, but is very reliable and easy to carry thanks to its compactness. The special small size pistol is called MSP. This pistol is a rare modern multibarrel non automatic weapon. Its simple design, small size and weight are matched by its
3. The MSP special purpose low noise pis tol
easy and safe handling. It can be fired almost instantly. The MSP has two vertically arranged barrels. To load and unload them, the barrel block is pushed forward and up off the frame. During its rotation the pin like extractor extracts the car tridges from the barrel. The pistol employs a hammer type firing and trigger mechanism, with two ham mers housed in the pistol grip. The hammers are cocked by a cock lever before firing. The pistol is equipped with a reliable safety devices: a safety catch which can be placed in two positions (ON and OFF); a trigger lock, which pre
vents firing with partially closed barrel blocks; a safety latch for the cocking of the hammer and inertial lock of the trigger mechanism. Simple effective sights for short range fire can be fixed on the upper part of the barrels. The pistol grip's side plates are connected by a screw. It also holds a ring to be attached to the belt or sling. The barrel's design and the SP 3 cartridge specification ensure silent and flameless fire. The ballis tics are optimized to reduce the sound of the firing and retain the immobilizing effects of the bullet at a time. (
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AB001

Nikolay Spasski Deputy Editor in Chief of Military Parade 1

AVA Multimedia Publishing Group

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SPETSVNESHTEKHNIKA and the General Department for

Wishing you success and prosperity!

RUSSIAN MILITARY INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX:

A VIEW FROM THE INSIDE

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MILITARY TECHNICAL COOPERATION OF RUSSIA WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES:

TODAY AND TOMORROW

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VICTOR SAMOILOV Director General of ROSVOOROUZHENIE State Corporation

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1. The mobile radar on march

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2. The 55Zh6 1 three coordinate radar

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3. The 1L13 3 two coordinate radar

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1. The BMD 3 airborne assault vehicle 2. Ammunition for the BMD 3

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500 in belts 360 in rack 4 2,000 290 in belts 261 in rack

360 5 to +56 4,000 1,500 4,000 Diesel 5D20 177 60 10

360 5 to +75 4,000 2,000 1,700 4,000 Diesel 2V 06 2 331 70 10 6

3 2,540 in belts 440 in rack

8.0+2.5% 7 (2 and 5) 100 to 450 1x2A42x30 2xPKTx7.62

1x2A42x30 1xPKTx7.62 1xAGS 17x30 KONKURS antitank guided missile weapon

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AIR DEFENSE MISSILE SYSTEM

25 35 100 360 40 400 3 4.5 35,000

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3. The BM 21 "Grad" launcher

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1. The 9 mm "Kedr" submachine gun with different capacity magazines

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1.43/1.87 20; 30 317 850 950

"Kedr" Russia 9 x 18 305/530 120

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MiG 29M: THE FIGHTER

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5. A MiG 29M during testing 6. MiG 29M fighter's outboard weaponry

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MiG 29S 15,300 2x8,300 1.09/1.5 1,500 2,450 300 2,800

MiG 29M 15,800

1.1/1.45 1,500 2,500 310 3,200

65 40/60 10/4 120 150

6xRVV AE/50 6xR 73/20 6xR 60MK/12

6 4 0.97 13.6 1.3 1.1

"MYSTIC" I CLEANS THE SKY